Muhammad Usman Sarawr

Nuclear power plant

INTRODUCTION

As we know the electricity is back bone of the modern society

Due to increase in population is human needs demand of

electricity is also increasing rapidly.

In order to fulfill our need of electricity humans are using

different way to produced electricity.

Hydro electric power plant

Thermal power plant

Solar power plant

Wind power plant

Nucleus power plant

Brief Introduction of Nuclear Reactor

Nuclear reactor is a type of power plant used to generate

electricity.

Fission reactor is used in the reactor to produced

electricity

Uranium platinum and some other materials used as fuel

History Base of the nuclear energy was established when uranium was

discovered in 1789 by martin klaprath , a German chemist.

Over 1939 to 1945 most development was focused on atomic

bomb.

From 1945 attention was given to control fission and production

of electricity.

The first commercial nuclear station started operation in 1950’s

in Russia

Today Now there are over 430 commercial nuclear power plants are

working in 31 countries with over 370,000 MW of total capacity.

They are producing 11% of the world’s electricity as continuous reliable base-load power, without carbon dioxide emission.

56 countries operating 240 research and 180 commercial reactors almost 150 ships and submarines are operating with nuclear energy.

16 countries depends on nuclear power for at least a quarter of there electricity.

France get around three quarter of its electricity from nuclear energy. While Belgium , hungry , Sweden, Switzerland get one third or more. Uk and USA are getting 505 of there energy from nuclear reactor.

Construction and working

Nuclear Reactor:

A nuclear reactor initiate and control the nuclear fission reaction,

responsible for electricity generation.

Fission Reaction:

In fission reaction radioactive material’s catalyzed by

bombarding of gamma rays. A radio active decay is down during

this process.

A radio active decay is down during this process.

Uranium atom transform into lanthanum and beryllium , three

neutrons which cause the reaction forward.

FUEL:Uranium , platinum or thorium on be used as fuel. Uranium

is preferred as it has high melting point.

Containment Building:A containment building is a structure commonly reinforced with

steel and lead blocks of several meters thick which absorbed

radiation to prevent the environment from radioactive pollution.

ModeratorsOnly neutrons a fairly low speed should be used to control chain

reaction. To slow down the speed of fast moving neutrons

moderators are used graphite, heavy water, beryllium.

Control Rods:Control rods are used to control reaction they absorb neutrons

and stop reaction.

These are made up of steel containing high percentage of

cadmium or boron which absorb neutrons

when control rods are completely inserted into the moderator

block then all neutron absorbed and reaction is stoped.

Feed water pump:Feed water pumps are used to feed water at high pressure into

steam generation and also for cooling of steam into water.

Tubine:Turbines are machines that convert kinetic energy which further

move generator to produced electricity.

Generator:

That convert mechanical energy into electrical energy the

rotating shaft of the turbine run generator to produced electricity.

Coolant tower

A coolant is used to reduced temperature of

steam to convert it into water again usually

coolant is water coolant tower contain water

are act as coolant source to cool steam which is

again used to make steam and run turbine.

In FutureAlmost all parts of the worlds are involving in nuclear power

development .e.g.

China govt plan to increase nuclear generation capacity to 58GW

with 30 GW more. Under construction by 2020.

India plans to get 14.5GW up to 2020

Russia plans to its nuclear capacity to 30.5 GW by 2020

USA has plan to built 19 new reactor with capacity more 100GW

more

Pakistan also has plan to built 2 reactor at Karachi sea shore of

total capacity of 2000 MW up to 2024

Every type of power plant in the world has some advantages and

some disadvantages.

Nuclear reactor also has some advantages and disadvantages

Advantages: Small amount of fuel is required as compare to other.

Power plant require less space.

Economical for producing bulk electrical energy.

large deposit of fuel are available around the world.

Does not require large quantity of water.

Reliability of operation.

Disadvantages: Fuel is difficult to recover and highly expensive.

Capital cost is very high

Extraction and commissioning of plant require highly technical

knowledge.

Maintaining cost are high.

Not suitable for variable load.

Disposal of nuclear by product is difficult and problematic.