nuclear chemistry
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Nuclear Chemistry. Chad Van Every. Radioisotopes. A radioisotope is a radioactive isotope of an element. Ex: A natural radioisotope of Uranium-238 is Uranium-235 Radioisotopes are constantly decaying into other elements. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Nuclear Chemistry
Chad Van
Every
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A radioisotope is a radioactive isotope of an element. Ex: A natural radioisotope of Uranium-238 is Uranium-
235 Radioisotopes are constantly decaying into other
elements. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it
takes for one half of a sample of that isotope to decay. Question: If you have 8 grams of an element and its
half-life is 1 day, how many grams are left after 3 days?
Radioisotopes
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- Carbon-14 is a well known radioactive isotope that is used in radiocarbon dating.
- It has a half-life of 5730 years.- Based on its half-life, scientists
can determine the age of plant, animal, and object remains.
-Note: this works up to 30,000 years
Radioisotopes
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One way to make a stable nucleus unstable is with a nuclear bombardment reaction. An atom is bombarded with a stream of
particles such as alpha (α) particles, forming a new nucleus
Ex: α + N → O + H
Radioisotopes
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Biological Effects of Radiation• The SI unit of radioactivity is the becquerel,
named after Henri Becquerel.• A more widely used unit is the curie (Ci), named
after Pierre and Marie Curie.• The rem (roentgen equivalent for man) measures
radiation exposure in humans.
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Biological Effects of Radiation
• A dosimeter measures the total amount of radiation that a person has received.
• A Geiger counter detects radiation.• High energy radiation (such as gamma)
forms free radicals inside the body and can destroy tissue.• NOTE: Radiation damage may affect an
organism directly or it may affect the organism’s offspring, if reproductive cells are affected.
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Biological Effects of Radiation In spite of the hazards of radiation, radioisotopes
are very beneficial in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
• --- Radiotracers use radioactive substances to follow a specified substance as it moves through a natural system.
• --- Radiotherapy uses radioactive substances to help treat cancer.
• --- Radiation can be used to help preserve foods such as strawberries.
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Harnessing the NucleusIn a nuclear fission reaction, a large nucleus
is split into two smaller nuclei of approximately equal mass.Ex: n + U → U → Ba + Kr + 3n
***Mass and charge are conserved***Ex: atomic bombMassive amounts of energy are released and
can be calculated by the equation: E = When one fission reaction occurs, many more
follow behind the first, creating a chain reaction.
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Harnessing the NucleusNuclear reactors are not able to explode like
an atomic bomb because they are regulated by control rods that slow down the speed of the neutrons.
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Harnessing the NucleusIn a nuclear fusion reaction, two small nuclei
join to form a large nucleus.Ex: H + H → He + n
***Mass and charge are conserved***Ex: the sunFusion reactions are still in the experimental
stage because they are very difficult to create and control.
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