Nuclear Analytical Methods

in the Life Sciences

Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences

Editedby

Roii Zeisler

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD

and

Vincent P. Guinn

University of Califomia, Irvine, CA

.. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

This work also appears as volumes 26 and 27 of the Humana Press journal, Biological Trace Element Research Editor-in-Chief: Gerhard N. Schrauzer

ISBN 978-1-4612-6777-5 ISBN 978-1-4612-0473-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0473-2

Copyright © 1990 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by The Humana Press Inc. in 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1990

AII rights in any form whatsoever reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise) without written permission from the publisher.

This publication is printed on acid-free paper. G

Preface

The 1989 International Conference on Nuclear AnalyticalMethods in the Ufe Sciences was a continuation of a series of confer­ences held by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The first tookplace in Amsterdam in 1967, the second in Bled in 1972, and the thirdin Vienna in 1978. The aim of these conferences has been to stimulatediscussions between scientists who are working as biologists, envi­ronmentalists, and physicians, and those who are working on theadvancement of nuclear analytical techniques.

The 1989 Conference was held at the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST, formerly the National Bureau ofStandards) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The focal point of the Confer­ence was the presentation of results from multidisciplinary researchinvolving nuclear analytical techniques and their applications to thelife sciences. We have obtained contributions from life science fieldsthat relate the nuclear analytical methods to a broad scope ofbiologi­cal, medical, and environmental applications. Deliberately, our defi­nition of nuclear analytical techniques was made flexible. Methodsand applications were treated in a more comprehensive way thanthose at established meetings. Particular consideration was given tocontributions from developing countries.

We are indebted to many people and organizations for theirassistance in making this symposium possible. The Conference wasorganized by the US Department ofCommerce's NIST in cooperationwith the International Atomic Energy Agency, by supplying bothfinancial support and scientific expertise. The meeting was cospon­sored by the American NuclearSociety, theUS DepartmentofEnergy,and theFood and Drug Administration, who provided both organiza­tional and financial support.

We hope that the results of this Conference, presented here,will stimulate the development of new collaborative research effortsbetween the life sciences and analytical fields. A continuation of thisseries of conferences will be a measure of the success of this interdis­ciplinary collaboration.

RolfZeisler and Vincent P. Guinn

v

CONTENTS

v Preface

Neutron Activation and Related Methods

1 Vincent P. GuinnA Short History of Nuclear Activation Analysis

9 Vincent P. Guinn and Marla GavrilasInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Biological Samples

17 Robert R. Greenberg, H. M. Kingston, Rolf Zeisler, and Joost WoittiezNeutron Activation Analysis of Biological Sampleswith a Preirradiation Chemical Separation

27 Sheldon Landsberger, Gary Swift, and Jon NeuhoffNondestructive Determination of Arsenic in Urine by EpithermalNeutron Activation Analysis and Compton Suppression

33 M. Carmo Freitas, M. Carmo Lan~a,Alexandra M. Carvalho,and F. De Corte

CADEIA and REJECT: Codes to Complete Relevant y-yand y-XTrue-Coincidence Lines in Absolute Counting of Gamma Rayswith a LEPD

43 B. Smodis, R. Jacimovic, S. Jovanovic, and P. StegnarDetermination of Trace Elements in Standard Reference Materialsby the ko-Standardization Method

53 J. B. Edward, P. A. Beeley, L. G. Bennett, and J. S. PolandA New Microcomputer-Controlled Neutron Activation Analysis System:Description and Applications for the Analysis of BioenvironmentalSpecimens

63 M. Rossbach, R. Zeisler, and J. R. W. WoittiezThe Use of Compton Suppression Spectrometersfor Trace Element Studies in Biological Materials

75 Nicholas M. SpyrouTomography and Elemental Analysis of Biological Systems

85 Susan F. Stone, Rolf Zeisler, and Glen E. GordonApplication of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis/NeutronActivation Analysis for Protein Quantification

93 ZolUn Szokefalvi-Nagy, Csaba Bagyinka, Istvan Demeter,Komel E. Kovacs, and Le Huen Quynh

Location and Quantification of Metal Ions in EnzymesCombining Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresisand Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission

vii

vm Contents

103 C. L. Hollas, L E. Ussery, K. B. Butterfield, and R. E. MorgadoAnalysis of Biological Samples Using Prompt Gamma RadiationsInduced by 14.7-MeV Neutrons

111 Peter Bode, Marcel de Bruin, Siewart Oldenburg, Albert van der Wiel,and Bert Wolterbeek

A New Technique for the Study of Erythrocyte Survivalby Double Labeling and Use of a Well-Type Ge Detector

119 J. Hoste and C. VandecasteeleCharged-Particle Activation Analysis of Biological Material

133 B. M. Gordon, K. W. Jones, A. L. Hanson, J. G. Pounds, M. L. Rivers,P. Spanne, and S. R. Sutton

An X-Ray Microprobe Facility Using Synchrotron Radiation

143 John L. LaBrecqueRadioisotope Induced X-Ray Emission (RIXE) Studies in Life Sciences

149 M. A. ChaudhriNuclear Analytical Methods for Trace Element Studiesin Calcified Tissues

161 N. M. Spyrou, W. J. Altaf, B. S. Gill, C. Jeynes, G. Nicolaou, R. Pietra,E. Sabbioni, and M. Surian

Fluorine Concentrations in Bone Biopsy Samples Determined by Proton­Induced Gamma-Ray Emission and Cyclic Neutron Activation

169 M. Ung Bao, V. Vemois, N. Deschamps, and G. RevelStudy of Physiopathological Phenomena in Dental Enamelby Neutron Activation Analysis

177 Neil I. Ward, Fadi R. Abou-Shakra, and Steven F. DurrantTrace Element Content of Biological Materials:A Comparison of NAA and ICP-MS Analysis

189 M. Carmo FreitasInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Geological and BiologicalReference Materials Using the ko-Standardization Method

Nuclear Methods in Environmental Studies

195 John W. WinchesterSoluble Metals in the Atmosphere and Their Biological Implications:A Study to Identify Important Aerosol Componentsby Statistical Analysis of PIXE Data

213 Armin Wyttenbach, Sixto Bajo, and Leonhard ToblerMajor and Trace Elements in Spruce Needles by NAA

223 C. Ronneau, J. Patigny-Evers, and J. CaraTransfer of Toxic Elements from the Atmosphereto Cattle and Game Animals

Contents ix

231 R. P. Paiv~ C. J. S. Munita., I. I. L C~ J. Romano, and C. D. AlonsoDetennination of Trace Elements in Aerosol Samplesby Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

243 C. Ronneau, K. Fonsny, and C. MyttenaereProduction of 134Cs Thermo-Generated Aerosols:Study of Their Behavior After Deposition on Spruce Trees

249 D. Berg, W. E. Kollmer, K. Henrichs, and G. VoigtWhole Body Content and Turnover of Cs and K

257 S. S. Krishnan, S. M. W. Lui, R. E. Jervis, and J. E. HarrisonStudies of Cadmium Uptake in Bone and Its Environmental Distribution

263 T. Takeuchi, Y. Nakano, A. Aoki, S. Ohmori, and M. KasuyaElemental Concentrations in Hair of Inhabitantsof a Cadmium-Polluted Area

269 T. Sumitra and S. KongsombatsukDetennination of Manganese in Airborne Particulates in a Dry-eellBattery Factory Using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique

279 S. Akoto Bamford, E. Osae, I. Aboh, C. A. Biney, and L. A. AntwiEnvironmental Impact of the Gold Mining Industry in Ghana

287 M. D. Tshiashala, K. Kabengele, and B. M. LumuTrace Element Determination in Scalp Hair of PeopleWorking at a Copper Smelter

295 K. K. Lobo, M. D. Tshiashala, B. M. Lumu, K. Matamba, and C. RonneauAir Quality Status in Kinshasa as Detennined by Instrumental NeutronActivation Analysis, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,and Ion Exchange Chromatography

307 L. I. Zhuk and A. A. KistMapping Technique Based on Elemental Hair Composition Data

321 Robert E. LeeEnvironmental Specimen Banking:A Complement to Environmental Monitoring

329 Paul R. Becker, BarbaraJ. Koster, Stephen A. Wise, and Rolf ZeislerAlaskan Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project

335 Rajmund Dybczynski, Krzysztof Kulisa, Maria Malusecka,Maria Mandecka, Halina Polkowska-Motrenko, Slawomir Sterlinski,and Zygmunt Szopa

A Comprehensive Study on the Contents and Leachingof Trace Elements from Fly-Ash Originating from Polish Hard Coalby NAA and AAS Methods

347 K. S. Park, N. B. Kim, H.J. Wood, Y. Y. Yoon, and K. Y. LeeAn Environmental Research on Trace Elementsin Freshwater Fish by Neutron Activation Analysis

x Contents

355 Ilhan Olmez and Marilyn J. HayesIdentifying Source of Groundwater PollutionUsing Trace Element Signatures

363 P. Blasi, G. Capannesi, A. Cecchi, F. Lucarelli, and F. A. SeddaAn Application of INAA and PIXE on the Analysis of Nutritionaland Toxicological Elements in Samples of Drinkable Water

377 P. Bode, M. De Bruin, Th. G. Aalbers, and P. J. MeyerPlastics from Household Goods Waste as a Source of Heavy MetalPollution: An Inventory Study Using INAA as the AnalyticalTechnique

In Vivo Analysis

385 Kenneth J. EllisReference Man and Woman More Fully Characterized:Variations on the Basis of Body Size, Age, Sex, and Race

401 D. M. Franklin, C. J. G. Guthrie, D. R. Chettle, M. C. Scott, H. J. Mason,A. G. Davison, and A. J. Newman Taylor

In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis of Organ Cadmium Burdens:Referent Levels in Liver and Kidney and the Impact of Smoking

407 W. D. Morgan, S. J. S. Ryde, Sarah J. Jones, Ruth M. Wyatt,I. R. Hainsworth, Stephanie S. Cobbold, C. J. Evans,and R. A. Braithwaite

In Vivo Measurements of Cadmium and Leadin Occupationally- Exposed Workers and an Urban Population

415 S. S. Krishnan, K. G. McNeill, J. R. Memagh, and J. E. HarrisonRecent Developments in In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis Facilities

423 S. Mitra, J. F. Sutcliffe, and G. 1. HillA Proposed Three-Phase Counting System for the In Vivo Measurementof the Major Elements Using Pulsed 14 MeV Neutrons

429 S. J. S. Ryde, W. D. Morgan, J. Compston, C. J. Evans, A. Sivyer,and J. Dutton

Measurements of Total Body Calcium by Prompt-GammaNeutron Activation Analysis Using a 2S2Cf Source

Applications in Medical Research

439 D. Behne, S. Scheid, H. Hilmert, H. Gessner, D. Gawlik,and A. Kyriakopoulos

Combination of Neutron Activation Analysis, Tracer Techniques,and Biochemical Methods in the Investigation of Selenium Metabolism

449 Frederique Borguet, Rita Cornelis, and Norbert LamiereSpeciation of Chromium in Plasma and Liver Tissue of Endstage RenalFailure Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Contents Xl

461 D. E. Vance, W. D. Ehmann, and W. R. MarkesberyA Search for Longitudinal Variations in Trace ElementLevels in Nails of Alzheimer's Disease Patients

471 C. Schnier and H. P. BennWhole Body Elimination Routes of Gold in Humans After aSingle-Dose Application of the Antirheumatic Auranofin

479 A. F. Oluwole, O. I. Asubiojo, A. D. Adekile, R. H. Filby, A. Bragg,and C. I. Grimm

Trace Element Distribution in the Hair of Some Sickle Cell AnemiaPatients and Controls

485 Antar N. Garg, Rajiv G. Weginwar, and Varsha SagdeoMinor and Trace Elemental Contents of Cancerous Breast TissueMeasured by Instrumental and Radiochemical Neutron ActivationAnalysis

497 S. Sarmani, L. L. Kuan, and M. A. A. BakarInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Kidney Stones

503 C. K. Jayawickreme and A. ChattStudies on Zinc- and Cadmium-Bound Proteins in BovineKidneys by Biochemical and Neutron Activation Techniques

513 A. Chatt, J. Holzbecher, and S. A. KatzMetabolic Deposition of Selenium and Cadmiuminto the Hair and Other Tissues of the Guinea Pig

521 M. Anwar Chaudhri and A. C. CrawfordCarbon Determination in Human Teeth by Activation with He-3 Ions

Nuclear Analytical Methods and QA

529 A. R. Byrne and J. VersieckVanadium Determination at the Ultratrace Level in Biological ReferenceMaterials and Serum by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis

541 K. HeydomFactors Affecting the Levels Reported for Vanadium in Human Serum

553 Carlo Vandecasteele, Hans Vanhoe, Richard Dams, and Jacques VersieckDetermination of Trace Elements in Human Serumby Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry:Comparison with Nuclear Analytical Techniques

561 Joost R. W. Woittiez and Marco GeusebroekAspects of Accuracy and Precision in the Determinationof As and Sbin Biological Materials by Neutron Activation Analysis

571 Donald A. BeckerHomogeneity and Evaluation of the New NIST Leaf CertifiedReference Materials

xii Contents

579 Susan F. Stone, BarbaraJ. Koster, and Rolf ZeislerInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysisof Standard Reference Material 1941, Organics in Marine Sediment:Element Content and Homogeneity

589 T. Pinheiro, H. Duflou, and W. MaenhautApplicability of Microwave Acid Digestionto Sample Preparation of Biological Materialsfor Analysis by Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)

Trace Element Composition of Biological Materials

599 Forrest H. NielsenNew Essential Trace Elements for the life Sciences

613 D. L. Anderson, W. C. Cunningham, and E. A. MackeyNeutron Capture Prompt-y Activation Analysis of Foods

623 L. Tobler, V. Furrer, and A. WyttenbachActivation Analysis of Human Diet Samples with Epithermal Neutrons

629 M. F. Reis, J. Holzbecher, E. Martinho, and A. ChattDetermination of Selenium in Duplicate Dietsof Residents of Pinhel, Portugal, by Neutron Activation

637 S. M. AI-Jobori, K. M. Shihab, M. JalH, A. Saad, and A. MohsinMultielement Determination in Rice, Wheat, and Barleyby Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

647 A. S. PaschoaNuclear and Atomic Analytical Techniques in Environmental Studiesin South America

661 A. A. KistUse of Nuclear Physics Methods in life Sciences in the USSR

671 Robert M. Parr and Eduardo Cortes-ToroApplications of Nuclear Analytical Methods in the life Sciencesas Exemplified by Recent Research Programs of the IAEA

683 Jacques Versieck, Lidia Vanballenberghe, Ann Wittoek, Gerda Vermeir,and Carlo Vandecasteele

Determination of Mercury in Human Blood Serumand Packed Blood Cells by Neutron Activation Analysis

691 E. Andrasi, J. Nadasdi, Zs. Molnar, L. Bezur, and L. ErnyeiDetermination of Main and Trace Element Contents in Human Brainby NAA and ICP-AES Methods

699 G. Ingrao, P. Belloni, S. Di Pietro, and G. P. SantaroniLevels of Some Trace Elements in Selected Autopsy Organs, and in Hairand Blood Samples from Adult Subjects of the Italian Population

709 D. nuchor, B. Stverak, and L. CiganekTrace Element Distribution in Human Eye

Contents xiii

721 S. Aufreiter and R. G. V. HancockPigmentation and Temporal Effects on Trace Elements in Hair

729 G. S. Zhuang, Y. S. Wang, M. G. Tan, M. Zhi, W. Q. Pan, and Y. D. ChengPreliminary Study of the Distribution of the Toxic ElementsAs, Cd, and Hg in Human Hair and Tissues by RNAA

737 Y. D. Cheng, G. S. Zhuang, M. G. Tan, M. Zhi, and W. ZhouStudy of Correlation of Se Contentin Human Hair and Internal Organs by INAA

743 M. Saiki, M. B. A. Vasconcellos, and J. A. A. SertieDetermination of Inorganic Components in Brazilian Medicinal Plantsby Neutron Activation Analysis

751 Lun Xiao and Jun-Fa QinPIXE Determination of Essential Trace Elementsin Some Traditional Chinese Medicines

757 E. Sabbioni, G. R. Nicolaou, R. Pietra, E. Beccaloni, E. Coni, A. Alimonti,and S. Caroli

Inductively Coupled Atomic Emission Spectrometryand Neutron Activation Analysis for the Determinationof Element Reference Values in Human Lung Tissue

769 Author Index

773 Subject Index

Neutron Activation and Related Methods