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Unit 4

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The motherboard represents the logicalfoundation

of the computer. In other words, everything that

makes a computer a computer must be attached

to

the motherboard. From the CPU to storagedevices,

from !" to printer ports, the motherboardprovides the connections that help them work

together.

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"otherboard is essential to computeroperation because of two ma#or buses itcontains$

The system bus and the I%& bus. 'oth carryevery signal throughout the motherboardand to every component connected to themotherboard.

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Form Factorsis the design of the motherboard. !lthough all motherboards have some features

in common, their layout and si(e varies a greatdeal. The most common motherboard designs incurrent use include !T), "icro !T), 'T), and*+).

The following sections cover the details of thesedesigns.

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!T) and "icro !T)

The !T) family of motherboards has dominated desktopcomputer designs since the late -/s. !T) stands for0Advanced Technology Extended,0 and it replaced the

!T and 'aby1!T form factors developed in the mid -2/sfor the I'" PC !T and its rivals. !T) motherboards havethe following characteristics$

! rear port cluster for I%O ports 34pansion slots that run parallel to the short side of the

motherboard +eft side case opening 5as viewed from the front of a tower

PC6 In practice, though, the "ini1!T) design is not widely used.

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Motherboard

Type

Maximum

Width

Maximum

Depth

MaximumNumber of

Expansion

Slots

Typical Uses

ATX 12" 9.6" Seven Full tower

Mini-ATX 11.2" 8.2" Seven Full tower

microATX 9.6" 9.6" Four Mini tower

FlexATX 9.0" 7.5" Four

Mini tower,

small form

factor

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&ne problem with !T) design has been the issue of

system cooling.

Compared to !T) , 'T) motherboards have the following$

7eat1producing components, such as the process, ormemory, chipset, and voltage regulator, are relocated toprovide straight1through air8ow from front to back forbetter cooling.

The processor socket is mounted at a 9:1degree angle tothe front of the motherboard to improve cooling.

! thermal module with a hori(ontal fan ;ts over theprocessor for cooling.

The port cluster is moved to the rear left corner of themotherboard.

'T) cases include multiple rear and side air vents forbetter cooling.

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*+) designed for

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Serial (COM)

Parallel (LPT)

PS/2 mouse

PS/2 keyboard

USB 2.0 (Hi-Speed USB)

10/100 or

0/100/1000 Ethernet

(RJ-45)

Audio

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The PCI slot can be used for many types ofadd1on cards, including network, video,audio, I%&, and storage host adapters for

=C=I, P!T!, and =!T! drives. There areseveral types of PC I slots, but the onefound in desktop computers is the @1bitslot running at "7(.

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The !BP slot was introduced as a dedicated

slot for high1speed video 5> graphicsdisplay6 in -?. =ince @//:, the PCI34press 4-? slot has replaced it in mostnew systems. There have been severalversions of the !BP slot, re8ecting changesin the !BP standard.

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PCI - "'ps!BP -4 @?? "'ps

!BP @4 : "'ps

!BP 94 -,/?? "'ps!BP 24 @,- "'ps

PCI 4- :// "'ps

PCI 49 @,/// "'psPCI 42 9, /// "'ps

PCI 4-? 2, /// "'ps

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"otherboards also include mass storageinterfaces such as 3I>3%P!T!, =!T!, and =C=I.

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3I>3%P!T! Until recently, most motherboards

included two or more 3I>3%P!T! hostadapters for P!T! devices such as hard

disks, C> or >D> drives, tape backups,and removable1media drives. 3ach hostadapter uses a 9/1pin interface and cancontrol up to two drives.

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"ost recent systems have anywhere from

two to as many as eight =erial !T! 5=!T!6host adapters. 3ach host adapter controls asingle =!T! drive, such as a hard disk orrewritable >D> drive.

The original =!T! host adapter design did nothave a skirt around the connector, making iteasy for the cable to become loose. "anylate1model systems now use a skirted designfor the host adapter.

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Most recent systemshave anywhere from

two to as many as

eight Serial ATA

(SATA) host adapters.Each host adapter

controls a single

SATA drive, such as a

hard disk orrewritable DVD drive.

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=C=I systems are usually used in servers andpower workstations, as opposed to regular PCs.The following have been common uses for =C=I$

7igh1performance and high1capacity hard drives Image scanners

emovable1media drives such as Eip. 7igh1performance laser printers 7igh1performance optical drives, including C>1

&", C>1, C>1A, >D>1&", and others

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Ahat kind of slot does the CPU need Ahat kind of memory does the motherboard support

7ow much memory does it re"Ioutput

7ow does the bus speed match up to the processor

capabilities and to the memory that I might be using

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emember to avoid electrostatic discharge 53=>6.

Cards should H;t the slot.

Use gentle rocking rather than brute force$

'rute force can break the electrical tracesunderneath the motherboard.

!ttach any devices that the card was made touse$

*etwork connections%antennas

Printers

U=' devices

=peakers

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=ystem does not recogni(e the card. Is it plug JnK play

Is it properly seated

7ave you read the instructions

=ome need the driver to be installed beforephysical installation.

Card causes problems with other devices.

Check for Hresource con8icts.

Card does not perform beyond a basic level. Check website for driver updates.

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