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CENTER FOR URBAN MINISTRIAL EDUCATION BOSTON, MA. SPRING 2015

NT-613 The Gospel of Mark in Depth

Rev. Luis E. Benavides, Th.D. (978) 754-7301, Lbenavides1@msn.com _________________________________________________________________________________

Class Meeting Time

Thursdays, beginning from 01/29 to 04/23

From 6:30 pm through 9:30 pm

Course Description

The Gospel of Mark is of great relevance because it is the oldest of the four

canonical gospels. Mark is the first written report on the person and ministry of Jesus

the Christ. For this reason, this course aims to construe both the person and mission of

Jesus as they are depicted in Mark as well as the interests and purposes of the writer.

The ultimate goals are personal spiritual formation and the ability to minister the

message of Mark to the contemporary church. To accomplish these goals, the course

centers on the history of interpretation, introductory matters, analysis of structure,

exegesis of the entire text, and major themes such as discipleship, the “Son of Man”

sayings, and the “Messianic Secret” among others.

This course fulfills the various Master of Arts in Depth and Master of Divinity elective

requirements and it fulfills the following articles of the seminary’s mission, vision, and

purpose statements in articles #1, #2, and #3 that reads as follows:

Article 1: To encourage students to become knowledgeable of God's

inerrant Word, competent in its interpretation, proclamation and

application in the contemporary world. Because the teaching of God's

Word is indispensable to the well-being and vitality of God's people, the

seminary has a fundamental responsibility to encourage in its students a

love for Scripture. The seminary is to teach exegetical skills by which

they will be able to apply Scripture effectively.

Article 2: To maintain academic excellence in the highest tradition of

Christian scholarship in the teaching of the biblical, historical and

theological disciplines. Theological education, which is properly done

within and for the Church, ought to function with rigor and academic

integrity. The seminary, therefore, must provide an environment within

which teaching and learning can best occur and encourage high levels of

scholarly competence and research in its faculty.

Article 3: To train and encourage students, in cooperation with the

Church, to become skilled in ministry. The Church and the seminary

share the goal of seeing knowledge, skills and attitudes integrated in the

person who ministers. Both in traditional degree programs and in

continuing education, a combination of careful training and supervised

experience in ministry are educational practices essential to achieving

that goal.

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Course Objectives

After completing successfully this course, the student should be able to:

Cognitive aspects:

Understand the Gospel of Mark in their cultural, historical, and

literary context in which it was written by Mark

Grasp the flow of Mark’s argument in portraying Jesus and theology

of the Gospel.

Identify the major Christological and Pneumatological themes of

Mark.

Affective aspects:

Appreciate the theological contribution of the Gospel of Mark to

Christology and Pneumatology.

Grow in spiritual maturity through careful and consistent application

of the Christian principles found in the Gospel of Mark to our

personal lives and to the life of the church.

Be aware of the contours of the historical interpretation of the Gospel

of Mark and its main scholarly participants.

Psychomotor aspects:

Become cognizant of major glitches-passages and their possible

solutions.

Apply the principles, contents, and implications of Mark’s message to

the teaching and preaching ministries.

Required Textbooks

Strauss, Mark L. Mark: Exegetical Commentary of the New Testament.

Zondervan: Grand Rapids, MI. 2014. ISBN 978-0-310-24358-8, $38.00

Daniel J. Harrington, What Are They Saying About Mark? Paulist

Press, 2005, ISBN: 0-8091-4263-5, $11.60

Sean P. Kealy, Mark’s Gospel: A History of Its Interpretation (from the

Beginning Until 1979) , Paulist Press, 1982. ISBN: 0-8091-2417-

3, $45.00

W. R Telford, the Theology of the Gospel of Mark. Cambridge

University Press, 2009. ISBN: 978-052-43977-0, $26.88

Also a non-paraphrased translation of the Bible is required. Acceptable

translations include NIV, TNIV, NASB, KJV, NKJV, RSV, NRSV, HCS, and ESV.

Translations not allowed are the Living Bible, the Amplified Bible, Good News for

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Modern Man, the Message, and other paraphrases. I particularly prefer the NIV

and I will be lecturing from the NIV.

Course Requirements

1. Critical Book Review 20%. The student will select Marks’s Gospel: A History

of Its Interpretation to perform this assignment. The book review should be five

pages long, double-spaced with 1” margins, in which the student will do each

one of the following:

Page one: the student should 1) identify the author’s pedigree (credentials),

2) should define the audience to whom the book is intended for, and 3) the

purpose(s) of the writer.

Page two, three, and four: the student should enlist and explain five

strengths and five weaknesses found in the book. Remember that there is no

perfect book. Mao Tse Tung once said that “every argument bears in itself

its own contradiction.”

Page five: the student must appropriate the book by pointing out his/her

learning. Here I need to hear your critical voice in approaching the book.

Please state clearly whether or not you disagree or agree with the author

and why. The due date is 04/23 and be emailed to the instructor.

2. Case-Study and Class Presentation. 10%. Case-study and class discussion on an

assigned article as scheduled in the course outline. Articles will be assigned the first day of

classes. The student (s) will perform a class presentation based on an article

assigned by the instructor from the Course Outline. The student (s) will

prepare a one page summary of the article for the class in an outline format.

Failure to bring this summary/outline to the class presentation will reduce the

grade in 10%. Time allocated for this presentation is 20 minutes, including a

Q/A section at the end. Since the weekly article will be read by the entire class,

full participation is expected in the discussion of the contents of the article.

3. A Greek Word Study. 10%, the purpose of the word study is to understand as

precisely as possible what Mark was trying to convey by his use of this word in

both the immediate context and in the context of his Gospel. An introductory

class about how to prepare and write a word study will be taught the first day

of class.

4. Exegesis Paper. 40%. This paper will be 10 pages in length with a font of 12;

1.5” spacing treating a specific Markan text approved by the professor. The

student is to work directly from the Greek Text. If the student is not familiar

with Koine Greek, then he or she will depend on three different versions of the

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Bible to see how the same biblical text has been translated. This is not a verse

by verse work but a connected thought that can be applied to the contemporary

church. A suggested sequence is this: Linguistic Greek analysis, translation,

meaning of the text then, contextualization, meaning of the text today, and

application to the contemporary church.

Also please consider the following common mistakes in writing an exegesis paper:

Delimitation

1. Failure to delimit your topic sufficiently: This is a common and major error.

2. Lack of proper Koine Greek translation.

3. Poor organization. Another common and major error. Please a) lay out your

goal(s) plainly near the beginning of the paper, b) organize your paper

around your goal(s), c) use subheadings to provide clear delineation of

various sections, and d) summarize your results at the end.

4. Wandering into peripheral areas. Restrict your discussion to that which is

directly pertinent to your goal(s). Decide on disputed questions.

Investigation

1. Overlooking major scholars who comment on your text or topic.

2. Failure to use extra textual materials--ancient or modern. Do not rely on

secondary references to primary materials (unless they are not

available or you cannot read them due to their language).

3. Reliance upon popular level sources which often promote inaccuracies.

4. Reliance upon older materials that reflect positions that are now out-of-date.

Focus on recent scholarly materials.

Argumentation

1. Failure to cover all significant positions on your subject.

2. Failure to reply to all major arguments against your own position or in favor

of other positions.

3. Illegitimate use of scholars as authorities. The authority lies in the evidence

and arguments presented by scholars, not in the scholars themselves.

4. Your paper should not be a report of others opinions, but an

analysis of arguments and evidence expressing your own views in

interactions with scholarship.

5. Papers should be issue-oriented, not book-oriented. That is, you do not cite

scholar A, scholar B, and scholar C at length and then add your own

opinion. You list options, with data supporting or refuting each option,

indicating if you wish which scholars support which option, and

crafting your own conclusion.

6. Lack of evidence for your views. Do not invent; elaborate your views.

Style

1. Over quoting. Use direct quotations reluctantly. See Gordon Fee, NT

Exegesis, 33-46.

2. Inefficient use of footnotes. In addition to providing necessary references,

footnotes should be used for additional bibliographical information (e.g.

Minor textual variants, peripheral arguments, extreme minority

viewpoints, etc.). See Fee, NT Exegesis, 34-5.

3. Footnotes used in this way become a subtext addendum to the main text of

the paper. Footnotes are not employed to further the main argument.

4. Incorrect spelling and other evidence of not proofreading carefully.

5. Lack of attention to Turabian and inclusive language.

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5. Final Exam 20% the exam will be a take home exam, consisting in five essay

style questions from which the student must select two questions to be

answered in an essay format-each one should be no more than three pages.

Some of the questions will require the student to work from the Greek Text, the

required readings, the lectures, and the case-studies discussed in class.

Grading System

The grades for all work have the following numerical guidelines:

Note: All incompletes (I) and Withdrawals (W) must meet the deadlines and

guidelines of the Registrar’s office.

Plagiarism

The Seminary considers all breaches of personal and academic integrity to be

serious offenses. As such, the seminary has a zero tolerance for such behaviors.

Cheating involves, but is not necessarily limited to, the use of unauthorized

sources of information during an examination. Duplication of course requirements

involves the submission of the same (or substantially the same) work for credit in

two or more courses without the knowledge and consent of the

instructors. Plagiarism involves the use of another person's distinctive ideas or

words, whether published or unpublished, and representing them as one's own

instead of giving proper credit to the source. The plagiarism policy applies to

course, including the online interactivity requirements such as discussion forums

or email-based conversations. Any outside information must be quoted and

referenced when used in interactive assignments, just as it would be in longer

assignments.

Use of technology during class meeting is not allowed.

The student must refrain from using cell phones at all times and not to navigate

on the www while in class. Full attention and participation in the class is

expected.

A+ 98-100

A 97-94

A- 93-90

B+ 87-89

B 84-86

B- 80-83

C+ 77-79

C 74-76

C- 70-73

D+ 68-69

D 66-67

D- 65

F Below 65

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COURSE OUTLINE

01/24 Mandatory Orientation at Boston Campus

_____________________________________________

01/29

How to perform a Greek Word Study: The aim of a word study is to understand as precisely as possible what

Mark was trying to convey by his use of this word in both the immediate

context and in the context of his Gospel.

The basics of Koine Greek: The alphabet, punctuation, rough and

smooth marks, accents, diphthongs, and transliterations.

Concordance Work: Using Strong’s Concordance and other resources

Choosing the word: see pages 15 and 16 at the end of the syllabus.

I. Jesus comes preaching the Kingdom (1: 1-45)

A. Introductory and Preliminary Events (1:1-13)

Prolegomena to the Gospel (Author, Date, and Distinctive Features)

The Coming of His proclaimer (Mark 1:2-8)

His Baptism with Water. Ministry in Galilee (Mark 1:9)

His Endowment with the Holy Spirit ( Mark 1:10)

The Divine Witness to His Sonship (Mark 1:11)

His Conflict with His arch enemy (Mark 1:12-13)

B. Calling of the disciples and Jesus' powerful deeds (1:14-45)

Assignments Due:

Reading of Mark in its entirety

Read also:

Strauss: Introduction and Commentary pp. 17-50, Chapters 1-7

Harrington, What are they saying about Mark? Read it entirely

Telford, chapter 1, The Historical Setting of the Gospel of Mark,

pp 1-29

_____________________________________________________________

02/05

II. Controversies with religious authorities: Multitudes and Authorities (2:1-3:6)

Assignments Due:

Reading Mark, 2:1-3:6

Read Also:

Strauss, Chapters: 8-11

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Case-Study #1

Perrin, Currents in Theology and Mission, “Where to Begin with the Gospel

of Mark,” 35 no 6 D 2008, pp 413-419.

________________________________________________________________

02/12

II. Teaching and healing around the Sea of Galilee (3:7-6:6a)

A. Reaction to Jesus: Who are the true relatives (3:7-25)

B. Disciples hear the parables (4:1-34)

C. Miracles of Jesus (4:35-5:43)

D. Rejection at Nazareth (6:1-6a)

Assignments Due:

Read Mark 3:7-6:1-6a

Read Also:

Strauss: Chapters 12-20

Telford, chapter 2, The Theology of Mark pp30-163

Case-Study #2

Zeitz, Spirituality Today, “Stages of Faith and the Gospel of Mark,” winter

1984, Vol. 36, No 4, pp 322-332

__________________________________________________________________

02/19 READING WEEK

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02/26

III. Second cycle of teaching and powerful deeds (6:6b-8:21)

A. Sending out of the disciples/death of John the Baptist (6:6b-30)

B. Feeding, walking on water, healing (6:31-56)

Assignments Due:

Read Mark, 6:6-56

Also Read:

Strauss, chapters: 21-25

Case-Study #3

Adams, Tyndale Bulletin “The Coming of the Son of Man in Mark’s Gospel,”

56.1 (2005) pp 39-61

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03/05

C. Controversies over keeping the traditions (7:1-23) (Mark omits entirely

the early Judean Ministry, see John 2:13-4:2)

D. Healings, feeding (7:24-8:10)

E. Demand for a sign: the "leaven" of the Pharisees (8:11-21)

Assignments Due:

Reading Mark, 7:1-8:21

Read Also,

Strauss, chapters: 26-31

Case-Study #4

Edwards, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, “The Authority of

Jesus in the Gospel of Mark,” 37/2 (June 1994) pp 217-233

______________________________________________________________________

03/12

IV. Discipleship: seeing and following (8:22-10:52)

A. Healing the blind (8:22-26)

B. Jesus is 'The Messiah'; first passion prediction; discipleship means

suffering

C. Return to Capernaum: Transfiguration; disciples fail to heal; second

passion prediction (9:2-37)

D. Dispute over greatness / beware of temptation (9:38-50)

Assignments Due:

Read Mark, 8:22-9:50

Read Also,

Strauss, chapters: 32-37.

Case-Study #5

Tolbert, Interpretation, “How the Gospel of Mark Builds Character,” pp 347-

355.

____________________________________________________

03/19

E. True discipleship: marriage, children, wealth (10: 1-31)

F. Third passion prediction / dispute over greatness (10:32-45)

G. Healing the blind (10:46-52)

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Assignments Due:

Read Mark, 10:1-52

Read Also:

Strauss, chapters: 38-42

Case-Study #6

Steele, Restoration Quarterly, “The Theology of Hiddenness in the Gospel of

Mark: An exploration of the Messianic Secret and Corollaries.” 54 no 3

2012, pp 196-185

_____________________________________________________________________

03/26 READING WEEK (classes will take place)

_____________________________________________________________________

04/02 Holy Thursday (no meeting but the student should work in the exegesis

paper)

_____________________________________________________________________

04/09

V. Jesus comes to Jerusalem as messianic King (11:1-13:37)

A. Entry to Jerusalem / cursing of the fig tree / cleansing the temple

(11:1-25)

B. Controversies with religious authorities / parable of the wicked tenants

(11:26-12:44)

C. How disciples are to react to the coming destruction of Jerusalem / no one

know the hour of the parousia (13:1-37)

Assignments Due:

Reading Mark: 11:1-13:37

Read Also:

Strauss, Chapters: 43-53

Telford, chapter 3 Mark and the New Testament, pp 164-213

Case-Study #7

Rhoads, Currents in Theology, “Mission in the Gospel of Mark,” 22 no5 O

1995, pp 322-355

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04/16

VI. Jesus' passion and death (14:1-16:8a

A. Woman's anointing / Judas' betrayal (14:1-11)

B. The Last Supper (14:23-31)

C. Gethsemane: Jesus' prayer/arrest (14:32-52)

D. Trials of Jesus (14:53-15:20)

E. Crucifixion / 'Truly this was the Son of God' (15:21-41)

F. Burial of Jesus / empty tomb: 'He has been raised (15:42-16:8a)

Assignments Due:

Read Mark: 14:1-16:8

Read Also:

Strauss, Chapters: 54-63

Telford, chapter 4 Mark in the Church and in the World, pp214-241

Case-Study #8

Driggers, Biblical Interpretation, The Politics of Divine Presence: Temple as

Locus of Conflict in the Gospel of Mark,” 15 (2007) pp 227-247.

_______________________________________________________________

04/23

VII. The disputed longer ending of Mark (16:9-20)

Assignments Due:

Read Mark, 16:9-20

Read Also,

Strauss, The Endings of Mark’s Gospel, pp727-737

Case-Study #9

Power, Journal of Pentecostal Theology, “The Spirit, the Scriptures, and the

Gospel of Mark,” Pneumatology and Hermeneutics in Narrative Perspective.

11.2 (2003) pp 184-198

_________________________________________________________________

After the course is over:

04/30 Final exam due

05/07 Exegesis paper due

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Bibliographies

Humphrey, Hugh M. A Bibliography For the Gospel of Mark 1954-80. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1981.

Martin, Ralph P. Mark: Evangelist and Theologian. Exeter: Paternoster, 1972.

Mills, Watson ed., The Gospel of Mark. Bibliographies for Biblical Research, NT Series, v. 2. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002.

Neirynck, Franz. The Gospel of Mark: A Cumulative Bibliography, 1950-90. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1992.

Schildgen, Brenda Deen. Power and Prejudice: The Reception of the Gospel of Mark. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999.

Telford, William R, ed. The Interpretation of Mark. Revised Edition. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1995.

Commentaries

Black, Allen. Mark. The College Press NIV Commentary. Joplin, MO: College Press, 1995.

Boring, Eugene. Mark: A Commentary. New Testament Library. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2006.

Brooks, James A. Mark. New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman, 1991.

Cranfield, C.E.B. The Gospel According to St. Mark: An Introduction and Commentary. Cambridge Greek Testament Commentaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959.

Culpepper, Alan R. Mark. Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2007.

Donahue, John R. and Daniel J. Harrington. Gospel of Mark. Sacra Pagina 2. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2001.

Dowd, Sharyn E. Reading Mark: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Second Gospel. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2000.

Edwards, James R. The Gospel According to Mark. Pillar New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.

Evans, Craig A. Mark 8:27-16:20. Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 34B. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001.

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France, Richard T. The Gospel of Mark. New Internationals Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002.

Guelich, Robert A. Mark 1-8:26. Word Biblical Commentary, vol. 34A. Dallas: Word Books, 1989.

Gundry, Robert H. Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

Hooker, Morna D. The Gospel According to St. Mark. Black's New Testament Commentary. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991.

Hurtado, Larry. Mark. New International Biblical Commentary. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1989.

Juel, Donald. The Gospel of Mark. Nashville: Abingdon, 1999.

Kernaghan, Ronald J. Mark. TVP New Testament Commentary. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 2007.

Lane, William. The Gospel According to Mark. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.

Mann, C.S. Mark. The Anchor Bible, vol. 27. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1986.

Marcus, Joel. Mark 1-8. The Anchor Bible, vol. 27. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

_______ . Mark 9-16. The Anchor Yale Bible, vol. 27A. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2009.

Maloney, Francis J. The Gospel of Mark. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002.

Schweitzer, Eduard. The Good News according to Mark. Translated by Donald Madvig. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1970.

Stein, Robert H. Mark. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2008.

Taylor, Vincent. The Gospel according to St. Mark. New York: St. Martin's Press,

1966. Williamson, Lamar. Mark Interpretation. Louisville: John Knox, 1983.

Witherington, Ben. The Gospel of Mark: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.

Important Books

Ahearn-Kroll, Stephen. The Psalms of Lament in Mark's Passion. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 142. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Best, Ernest. Mark: The Gospel As Story. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1983.

___________. The Temptation and the Passion: The Markan Soteriology. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Black, Clifton. The Disciples according to Mark: Markan Redaction in Current Debate. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1989.

_______ . Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001.

Bland, Dave and David Fleer, eds. Preaching Mark's Unsettling Messiah. St. Louis, Mo.: Chalice Press, 2006.

Blevins, J.L. The Messianic Secret in Markan Research, 1901-1964. Louisville: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1965.

Brodhead, Edwin K. Naming Jesus: Titular Christology in the Gospel of Mark. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1999.

Bryan, Christopher. A Preface to Mark: Notes on the Gospel in Its Literary and Cultural Settings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Chilton, Bruce, gen. ed.; Darrell Bock, asso. ed., et al. A Comparative Handbook to the Gospel of Mark: Comparisons with Pseudepigrapha, the Qumran Scrolls, and Rabbinic Literature. The New Testament Gospels in their Judaic Contexts, 1. Leiden: Brill, 2010. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.

Croy, N. Clayton. The Mutilation of Mark's Gospel. Nashville: Abingdon, 2003.

Diggers, Ira B. Following God through Mark: Theological Tension in the Second Gospel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2007.

Fowler, Robert M. Let the Reader Understand: Reader-Response Criticism and the Gospel of Mark. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991.

Hammerton-Kelly, Robert G. The Gospel and the Sacred: the Politics of Violence in Mark. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993.

Harrington, Daniel J. What Are They Sayings About Mark? New York: Paulist Press, 2005.

Henderson, Suzanne Watts. Christology and Discipleship in the Gospel of Mark, Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 135. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Hengel, Martin. Studies in the Gospel of Mark. London: SCM, 1985. Hooker, Morita D.

The Message of Mark. London: Epworth Press, 1983.

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Horsley, Richard A. Hearing the Whole Story: The Politics of Plot in Mark's Gospel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.

Juel, Donald. The Gospel of Mark. Nashville: Abingdon, 1999.

Kee, Howard C. Community of the New Age: Studies in Mark's Gospel. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977.

Kingsbury, Jack D. The Christology of Mark's Gospel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.

______ . Conflict in Mark: Jesus, Authorities, Disciples. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989.

Marcus, Joel. The Way of the Lord: Christological Exegesis of the Old Testament in the Gospel of Mark. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 2004.

Moore, Stephen D. and Janice Capel Anderson, eds., Mark and Method: New Approaches in Biblical Studies. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.

Oden, Thomas C. and Christopher Hall. Mark. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, New Testament, vol. 2. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2005.

Painter, John. Mark's Gospel: Worlds in Conflict. New Testament Readings. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Peterson, Dwight N. The Origins of Mark: The Markan Community in Current Debate. Leiden: Brill, 2000.

Raisanen, Heike. The 'Messianic Secret' in Mark. Translated by Christopher J. Tuckett. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990.

Smith, Stephen H. A Lion with Wings: A Narrative-Critical Approach to Mark's Gospel. The Biblical Seminar 38. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.

Telford, William R. Mark. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1997.

______ . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Tolbert, Mary Ann. Sowing the Gospel: Mark's World in a Literary-Historical Perspective. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989.

Tuckett, Christopher, ed. The Messianic Secret. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.

Watts, Rikki E. Isaiah's New Exodus in Mark. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997.

________. "Mark." In Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. 111-

250. Edited by Gregory Beale and D.A. Carson. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007.

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GREEK WORDS FROM THE GOSPEL OF MARK

(Adela Yarbro, Mark, pp. 879-880)

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