nsn 3g radio planning day2 v1 3

8/20/2019 NSN 3G Radio Planning Day2 v1 3

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1 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

3G RadioNetwork PlanningFundamentals

- Day 2 -


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Agenda – Day 2

• Radio Resource Management

• Pre-Launch Optimisation

• Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family

• WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

• RAN Sharing

• Multilayer Planning


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Radio Resource Management- Objectives -

At the end of this module you will be able to...

• List all RRM entities and explain their function

• Explain the interworking between Load Control, Admission Control and Packet Scheduler

• Describe the different handover possibilities

• List the two most important soft handover

parameters• Describe the difference between non-

controllable and controllable traffic

• Explain why LA, RA, SA and URA area planningis needed

• Explain the cell search/synchronisationprocedure of the UE

• Explain how scrambling code planning affectscell search performance

• Explain the concept of group planning


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NRT trafficRT traffic

Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

PS domainCS domain

Radio Resource ManagementUMTS Traffic Classes

• Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delaysensitive while background class is the most delay insensitivetraffic class.

• Conversational and streaming classes are mainly intended to

be used to carry real time traffic flows.• Interactive class and Background are mainly meant to be used

by traditional Internet applications like WWW, Email, Telnet,FTP and News


5/1525 © NOKIA FILENAMs.PPT/ DATE / NN

Radio Resource ManagementRAN Data Rates

AMR speech

Rate (kbps) 12.20 10.20 7.95 7.40 6.70 5.90 5.15 4.75

PS data

Rate (kbps) 512* 384 320 256 144** 128 64 32 16 8

Non-transparent CS data

Rate (kbps) 57.6 28.8 14.4

Transparent CS data

Rate (kbps) 64 33.6 32 28.8

* RAN2DL** RAN2

Extensive multicall capability

Maximum user data rate 384 kbps (512kbps DL in RAN2)



• Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for efficient utilizationof the air interface resources

• RRM is needed to maximize the radio performance• Guarantee Quality of Service (BLER, BER, delay)• Maintain the planned coverage for each service• Ensure planned capacity with low blocking• optimise the use of capacity

• RRM can be divided into

• Power control• Handover control• Admission control• Load control (Congestion control)• Packet scheduling• Resource Manager

Radio Resource ManagementOverview

Iu

Iur

Iub

Iub

MS

BTS

BTS

SRNC

DRNCPower Control

Power ControlLoad Control

Admission ControlLoad Control

Admission ControlPacket Scheduler Load ControlHandover ControlPower Control



Radio Resource ManagementLogical Model

• AC Admission Control

• LC Load Control

• PS Packet Scheduler

• RM Resource Manager

• PC Power Control

• HC HO ControlPC

HC

Connection based functions

LC

AC

Network based functions

PS

RM



Radio Resource ManagementOverview of RRM Algorithms

• Power control (PC) maintains radio link level quality by

adjusting the uplink and downlink powers.

• The quality requirements are tried to get with minimum transmissionpowers to achieve low interference in radio access network. The basicfunctions of WCDMA power control are:

• Open loop power control (RACH, FACH)• Fast closed loop power control (DCH, DSCH)• Outer loop power control

• Handover Control (HC) controls the active state mobility ofUE in RAN.

• HC maintains the radio link quality and minimises the radio networkinterference by optimum cell selection in handovers. The HandoverControl (HC) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) supports the followinghandover procedures:

• Intra-frequency soft/softer handover• Intra-frequency hard handover• Inter-frequency handover• Inter-system (GSM) handover




• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to

establish a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) is admitted in theRadio Access Network (RAN) or not.

• Admission control is used to maintain stability and to achieve hightraffic capacity of RAN. The AC algorithm is executed when radioaccess bearer is setup or the bearer is modified. The AC measurestake place as well with all kind of handovers.

• Load Control (LC) continuously updates the loadinformation of cells controlled by RNC

• Load Control and provides this information to the AC and PS for radioresource controlling purposes. In overload situations, the LC performs

the recovering actions by using the functionalities of AC, PS and HC.


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• Packet scheduler (PS) schedules radio resources for NRT

radio access bearers both in uplink and downlink direction.• The traffic load of cell determines the scheduled transmission capacity.

The information of load caused by NRT bearers is determined by PS.

• It can be said that PS controls the NRT load when system is not inoverload.

• PS also allocates and changes the bitrates of NRT bearers. PS controls

both dedicated and shared channels.


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Radio Resource ManagementWideband Power Based RRM

• Nokia RRM has the following principles for the operation of network basedalgorithms, admission control, packet scheduler and load control:

• RRM is operating cell basis, i.e. operations are done for a single cellwithout taking neighbouring cells account.

• System load is measured based on total averaged power/ interferencein a cell. In uplink it is the total received wideband interference power(PrxTotal) and in downlink it is the total transmitted power (PtxTotal).

• AC, PS and LC operations are based these two measurements.

• AC, PS and LC operations are done separately for uplink and downlink.

• RRM has the ability to manage cell loading based on the total averageuplink/downlink power, which has the affect of eliminating the cell shrinkageoccurring due to variations in neighbour cell interference levels.

Uplink Downlink

Node B Measurement Total received widebandpower PrxTotal

Total transmittedwideband power PtxTotal

RRM in RNC Keep load at PrxTraget(max)

Keep load at PrxTraget(max)


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Radio Resource ManagementPower Control

• The target of the power control (PC) is to achieve the minimum signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) that is required for the sufficient quality of the connection

• Power control provides protection against large changes in shadowing, immediateresponse for fast changes in signal levels and interference levels (SIR). Powercontrol is also needed to cope with the near far problem

• PC entity fulfils the radio link power related adjustment by the following basicprocedures:

• Uplink open loop PC algorithm and random access procedure• PC for downlink common physical channels

• Fast closed loop PC

• Outer loop PC


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Radio Resource ManagementPower Control Loops

• Fast Closed loop PC measures the Interference level

• Outer loop PC maintains the set quality

SRNC RNC SRNC RNC

Node B

Iub

UE UE

Fast Closed

Loop PC

UL Outer

Loop PC

DL Outer

Loop PC

Immediate response

to fading and fast

changes in signaland interference

levels

”Quality loop”: Maintainsthe specified error rate


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UL Open loop power control for initial power setting of the UE

• UE performs the initial transmission power calculation with the help of received info from RNC• path loss between Node B and UE• uplink interference level (measured by Node B)• required received C/I

• With Random Access Channel (RACH) power ramping is done with preambles

• Preamble: In the beginning mobile sends low power and increases it until Node B is able todetect it

• After the initial transmission and the synchronisation procedure the fast closed loop PC starts.

P2

Downlink / BS

RACHP1

L1 ACK / AICH

Uplink / MS

Preamble

Not detected

Message partPreamble

R di R M t


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Fast Closed loop power control (UL/DL)

• Closed loop PC mechanism aims to maintain a SIR target value specifiedby outer loop PC. The SIR is measured on pilot bits of the dedicated controlchannel and a corresponding transmit power control (TPC) command issent on the reverse link.

• In UL closed loop PC, the BTS measures the SIR on pilot bits of the ULDPCCH and transmits the corresponding Transmit Power Control (TPC)

value on DL DCH. The UE decodes the TPC value and respondsaccordingly

• In DL closed loop PC UE measures the SIR value on pilots bits of the DLDPCH and transmits the corresponding TPC command on UL DPCCH.

• In Nokia RAN 1.5 the DL closed loop PC will be such that a TPC commandwill be generated by the UE for every time slot in a radio frame.

R di R M t


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Outer loop power control • The outer loop PC adjusts the SIR target used by the closed loop PC. The

SIR target is independently adjusted for each connection based on theestimated quality of the connection. The initial value is provided byadmission control functionality in the RNC.

• The SIR target value is to be set so that the usage of radio resources ismost effective, the power is set to minimum possible, still ensuring that thequality of the connection is good enough.

• In uplink outer loop PC the RNC monitors the link quality and adjusts thenew SIR target accordingly for the fast closed loop PC.

• UE takes care of the downlink outer loop PC. Downlink outer loop PC setsthe SIR target for the downlink fast closed loop PC according to qualityestimates of the received channel.

• Downlink outer loop PC functions are mainly located in the UE, but somecontrol parameters, e.g. BLER target, are set by the RNC.


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P1

P2

• UE1 and UE2 are transmitting on the same frequency=> equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem)

• Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the Node B at all times

• Different path attenuations are compensated by usingpower control.

• Open loop power control: UE adjusts it‟s initial transmitterpower according to received signal level

• Closed loop power control: Node B commands UEto increase or decrease it‟s transmission power at 1.5 kHz It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR)estimates in Node B.

• Closed loop power control also follows the fast fading patternat low and medium speeds (< 50 km/h)

Node BUE2

UE1

TPC commands

TPC commands

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"else "up"

UE adjustspower accordingto TPC commands

R di R M t


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Radio Resource ManagementUplink Outer Loop Power Control

CNRNC

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"else "up"

frame reliability info

(SIR)set adjustmentcommand

outer loopcontrol

if FER increase then(SIR)set "up"else (SIR)set "down"

required (SIR)set for 1 % FER

time

MS stands still

• outer loop TPC maintains linkquality

• optimises capacity / range

• is the "link adaptation" method inWCDMA

• during soft handover: comes aftersoft handover frame selection

Radio Resource Management


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Radio Resource ManagementCommon Channel Power Planning

BTS power allocation rule:For Pilot CPCIH 10 %,For other common channels, 10 %For dedicated channels, the rest

Ec/Ior=fraction of the power of the channel of interestfrom the total BS power.



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Radio Resource ManagementPower Control & Diversity

• At low UE speed, power control compensates the fading : fairlyconstant receive power and Tx power with high variations

• With diversity the variations in Tx power is less

• At UE speed >100km/h fast power control cannot follow thefast fading, therefore diversity helps keep receive power levelmore or less constant

• In the UL Tx affects adjacent cell interference and Rx poweraffects interference within the cell.



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Radio Resource ManagementHandovers

Soft/Softer handover• In Soft HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cells• In softer HO MS is simultaneously connected to multiple cell within same Node B• Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO)

• Intra-frequency handoverHard handover• Intra-Frequency hard handover

• Arises when inter-RNC SHO is impossible

• Decision procedure is the same as SHO

• MEHO and RNC controlled HO

• Causes temporary disconnection of the user

• Inter-Frequency handover (RAN1.5) • Can be intra-BS hard handover, intra-RNC hard handover, inter-RNC hard handover

• Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO)

• Decision algorithm located in RNC

• Handovers both for RT and NRT Services• Inter-System handover (RAN1.5)

• Handovers for CS voice and CS data (NEHO)

• Network initiated cell Re-selection for PS (RT or NRT) data to GSM/GPRS



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Softer HO

Soft-Soft HO

Softer-Soft HO

Soft HO

Radio Resource ManagementSoft Handover



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1. The CPICH Ec/N0 exceeds

Strongest pilot in active set -

Addition Window. The mobile station

starts Addition Time timer

2. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been

continuously higher than Strongest

pilot in active set – Addition Window ,

RNC add the neighbour to Active set

after the Addition Time timer expires.

3. The CPICH Ec

/N0

is smaller than

Strongest pilot in active set - Drop

Window . The mobile station starts

Drop Time timer

4. The CPICH Ec/N0 has been

continuously smaller than Strongest

pilot in active set – Drop Window ,

RNC drops the cell from the active

set to the neighbour set after the

Drop Time timer expires.

Radio Resource ManagementNokia Soft Handover Algorithm

Strongest pilot in active set

Addition Window

Drop Window

MS Ec/N0 value

time Addition Time Drop Time

MS Ec/N0

Neighbor Set Neighbour Set Active Set Active Set Neighbor Set Neighbour Set

1. 2. 3. 4.



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Radio Resource ManagementLoad Control

• The purpose of load control is to optimise the capacity of a cell

and prevent overload situation.• Load control consists of Admission Control (AC) and Packet

Scheduler (PS) algorithms, and Load Control (LC) whichupdates the load status of the cell based on resourcemeasurements and estimations provided by AC and PS.

LC

AC

PSNRT load

Load changeinfo

Load status



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Radio Resource ManagementLoad Control

• Since the main criteria in a WCDMA system for the radio

resources is the interference, the load of the cell under theRNC is measured periodically based on• uplink interference level• downlink transmission power levels

• In uplink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the

total received power of a Node B, PrxTotal • In downlink, the basic measured quantity indicating load is the

total transmitted power of a Node B, PtxTotal



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• PrxTarget (dB) defines the optimal operating point of the cellinterference power, up to which the AC of the RNC canoperate.

Radio Resource ManagementRadio Interface Load in Uplink

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20 Noise rise as a function of fractional load

Fractional load

N o i s e r i s e [ d B ]

PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]

PrxTarget [dB]

Noise floor

FEASIBLE LOAD AREA

MARGINAL LOAD AREA

OVERLOAD AREA



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Load in DLPtxTotal

[dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]

Cell maximum [dBm]

Load

[0...1]

0 1

max _

_ ˆ

BTS tx

total tx

P

P

OVERLOAD AREA

MARGINAL LOAD AREA

FEASIBLELOAD AREA

Load in DLPtxTotal

[dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]

PtxTarget [dBm]+PtxOffset [dB]

Cell maximum [dBm]

Load

[0...1]

0 1

max _

_ ˆ

BTS tx

total tx

P

P

OVERLOAD AREA

MARGINAL LOAD AREA

FEASIBLELOAD AREA

Radio Resource ManagementRadio Interface Load in DL

• In the downlink, the own cell load factor can be defined as theratio of the measured transmission power, PtxTotal, to themaximum transmission power of cell



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Radio Resource ManagementAdmission Control

• Admission Control (AC) decides whether a request to establish a Radio AccessBearer (RAB) is admitted in the RAN or not.

• AC is used to maintain stability and to achieve high traffic capacity of RAN. The ACalgorithm is executed when radio access bearer is setup or the bearer is modified.The AC measures take place as well with all kind of handovers.

• The AC algorithm estimates the load increase, which the establishment of thebearer would cause in the radio network. Both uplink and downlink direction isestimated separately.

• The inter-cell interference effect is estimated. Bearer is not admitted if the predictedload exceeds particular thresholds either in uplink or downlink.

• In decision procedure AC will use the load information produced by the Load Control(LC) and packet scheduler (PS) functionalities of RRM.



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Overload area

Load Target Overload Margin

P o w

e r

Time

Estimated capacity forNRT traffic.

Measured load causedby noncontrollable load


• The traffic can be divided into two groups• Real Time (RT) or non-controllable• Non-Real Time (NRT) or controllable

• THUS some portion of capacity must be reserved for the RTtraffic for mobility purposes all the time. The proportionbetween RT and NRT traffic varies all the time.



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• Since it is not enough to divide the load to RT and NRT one must take into account theinterference coming from surrounding cells.

Traffic is divided into controllable and non-controllable traffic.

Non-controllable traffic = RT users +other-cell users +noise +other NRT users whichoperate minimum bit rate

Controllable traffic= NRT users



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power

time

non-controllable power

controllable power

PrxNc / PtxNc

PrxTotal / PtxTotal

PrxNrt / PtxNrt

PrxOffset / PtxOffset

PrxTarget / PtxTarget

ADMISSION DECISION: A RAB request is accepted if the estimated non-controllable uplink and downlink load, measured in total received interference power and transmitted carrier power, keeps below the planned load target andthe current total load below the overload threshold, defined by target andoffset parameters.



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gPacket Scheduler

• Packet scheduler is a general feature, which takes care of scheduling radioresources for NRT radio access bearers for both UL and DL

• Admission control (AC) and packet scheduler (PS) both participate to the handlingof NRT radio bearers

• Packet scheduler allocates appropriate radio resources for the duration of a packetcall, i.e. active data transmission.

time

bit rate

RACH/FACH, DSCH or DCHallocation

Packet call

NRT RAB allocated, packet service session

Packet scheduler handles

Admission control handles

Short inactive

periods duringpacket call



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gResource Manager

• The main function of RM is to allocate logical radio resources of NodeB according tothe channel request by the RRC layer for each radio connection

• The RM is located in the RNC and it works in close co-operation with the AC and thePS

• The actual input for resource allocation comes from the AC /PS and RM informs thePS about the resource situation

• The RM is able to switch codes and code types for different reasons such as softhandover and defragmentation of code tree.

• Manages the Node B logical resources• Node B reports the available logical HW resources

• Maintains the code tree,• Allocates the DL channelization codes, UL scrambling code, UL channelization

code type

• Allocates UTRAN Registration Area(URA) specific Radio Network Temporary

Identifier(RNTI) allocated for each connection and reallocated when updating URA



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gResource Manager

• Spreading = channelization and scrambling operations (producing thesignal at the chip rate, i.e. spreads the signal to the wideband)

• Downlink: Scrambling code separates the cells and channelization codeseparates connection

• The length of the channelization code is the spreading factor

• All physical channels are spread with channelization codes, Cm(n) andsubsequently by the scrambling code, CFSCR

• The code order, m and the code number, n designates each and everychannellization code in the layered orthogonal code sequences.

user data wid espread data

chanell ization code

scrambl ing code



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gDL Primary Scrambling Code

• DL Scrambling code Info is needed for Synchronization between UE andNode B for cell search & identification procedure during

• call set up• handover

• Cell search procedure in UE & in frame synchronization

• search step 1: slot synchronization to a cell

• search step 2: frame synchronization & code group identification

• search step 2: scrambling code identification

• Each cell has it's own Scrambling code (like BCCH is GSM) which need tobe planned (like frequency planning in GSM)

• Total 512 scrambling codes are available (0…511), they are in 64 groups,each group having 8 codes

• Codes could be allocated from same group of from different groups in theplanning area

Most Importantstep !



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Codes 0 1 2 … 63

0 0 8 16 504

1 1 9 17 505

2 2 10 18 506

3 3 11 19 5074 4 12 20 508

5 5 13 21 509

6 6 14 22 510

7 7 15 23 511

• Here is how Primary Scrambling codes are seen for PlanningEngineer (i=0…511)

gPrimary Scrambling Code

CodeGroup 1



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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule• Scrambling code should be selected in optimum way because

• It has affect to the cell search algorithm (time)

• The call setup/HO performance depends on the reliability of the searchprocedure in cell search step 2 and 3

• There must be large enough separation (minimum reuse) between two cellsusing the same scrambling code (like frequency reuse in GSM)

• Recommended minimum reuse is 64

• Scrambling code Planning Rule

• Minimize the number of used code groups

• Maximize the number of codes per group

• The rule is valid in all neighbour sets in all environments



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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule

• Scrambling code planning is independent for each carrier layer=> same codes could be used

• Cell search time increases when the number of neighbours ishigh like in Urban area

• The size of the neighbour sets should be large enough toinclude all useful candidates but as small as possible to

maintain fast synchronization process



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DL Scrambling Code Planning Rule - Example

• Area with 12 NodeB(1+1+1) sites

• Assign the codes such thatcodes form geographiccluster of cells.

• Two code groups enoughup to 15 neighbours

IntraFreqNcellScrCode

UE

PriScrCode

Cluster of cells

having 2 codegroups

Radio Resource Management S O


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Registration and Service Areas - Overview

• Four Registration areas are known in UMTS

• Location area (LA) in core network CS domain

• Routing area (RA) in core network PS domain

• UTRAN registration area (URA) in UTRAN (not visible to the corenetwork)

• Cell as the smallest entity in the UTRAN (not visible to the core network)

• Service Area (SA)

• Used to inform the core network about the location of a UE locationbased services

• UTRAN does not make use of SA

Radio Resource ManagementL ti A (LA)


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Location Area (LA)

• LA is used for location information in the CS domain of the core network

• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (LAC) No overlap between location areas.

• A LA consists of a set of cells with a size of at minimum one cell and atmaximum an MSC/VLR area.

• A RNC may include many LAs or a LA may span over many RNC areas

• When crossing the border of an LA in idle mode, the UE has to perform alocation (LA) update procedure.

Radio Resource ManagementR ti A (RA)


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Routing Area (RA)

• The RA is used for paging in PS domain of the core network

• Each cell in the network is assigned a single location area code (RAC) No overlap between routing areas.

• A RA has to be a subset of a LA and cannot span upon more than one LA.

A RA has a size of at minimum one cell and at maximum a SGSN area.

• When crossing the border of a RA, the UE has to perform a routing area(RA) update procedure.

• A RNC may include many RAs or a RA may span over many RNC areas.

Radio Resource ManagementUTRAN R i t ti A (URA)


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UTRAN Registration Area (URA)

• URA area is used inside UTRAN, but not at CN level

• Each cell in the network is assigned at least one URA identifier (URAid) Overlapping URA‟s are possible

• Overlapping URA‟s reduces the number of URA updates for a given UE

URA consist of number of cells belonging to either one or several RNCs

URA is used to avoid high amount of cell updates for high mobility UEs.RNC commands the UE to change from CELL_PCH state to URA_PCHstate only URA updates instead of cell updates

URA update is a RRC procedure

Radio Resource ManagementCell


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Cell

• A cell is the smallest entity in the UTRAN, it is not known in the corenetwork

• A cell update takes place if the UE leaves the cell border while it is inCELL_FACH, CELL_DCH or CELL_PCH state.

• Cell update is a RRC procedure

Radio Resource ManagementService Area (SA)


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Service Area (SA)

• The SA identifies an area consisting of one or more cells beloning to thesame LA

• The Service Area Identifier is composed of the PLMN Identifier, theLocation Area Code (LAC) and the Service Area Code (SAC).

• Service Area is used for location based services

• In RAN1.5 the max accuracy is the cell level

• In RAN2.1 the accuracy is better -inside the cell

• In RAN2.0 there is the Service Area Broadcast feature which enablesinformation providers to submit short messages for broadcasting to aspecified Service Area within the PLMN.These messages could be used for informing about e.g. PLMN news,

emergencies, traffic reports, road accidents, delayed trains, weatherreports, theatre programmes, telephone numbers or tariffs…

Radio Resource ManagementImpact of Registration Areas on Common Channel


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p gTraffic

• LA, RA or URA size affects the amount of traffic on PCH in (paging) and on

RACH and FACH (area updates)

• With increasing sizes of LA, RA or URA, traffic on the PCH will increase.

The bigger the registration area, the higher the probability that extraPCH traffic is produced in a cell and the higher the PCH traffic is in thatcell.

With increasing sizes of LA, RA and URA, the traffic on RACH and FACHwill decrease.

The bigger the registration area, the lower the probability for a specificUE to cross an area border and therefore traffic caused by LA, RA orURA updates decreases.

• The planning task is to define the registration area such, that FACH, RACHand PCH traffic is kept low while the battery liftime of the UEs is kept high.

Agenda – Day 2


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g y





• RAN Sharing


Pre-Launch OptimisationObjectives


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- Objectives -


• List the actions which are done during pre-launch optimisation

• List the tools which are used during pre-launch optimisation

• List at least three parameters which couldbe tuned during pre-launch optimisation

• Explain the three golden rules for pre-launch optimisation

Pre-launch OptimisationIntroduction


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Introduction

• Pre-launch Optimisation means actions to meet the definedcoverage and quality criteria

• Drive tests are done to test• Coverage for different data rate services• Pilot channel coverage• Soft handover areas and probabilities• Quality (BLER)

• Key Performance Indicators (KPI) are defined to measure thecriteria

• Cell total data throughput• Call setup success rates for different services• Call drop rates• Soft Handover performance

Pre-launch OptimisationProcess


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Process

Network Management• Nokia NetActTM for 3G

• Field Tool Server

RAN Optimisation• pre-defined procedures

• semi / full automated

configuration

Start

WindowAddChange1stepsize

WindrowDropChange1stepsize

CompThresholdChange1stepsize

DropTimer Change1stepsize

NMS: Collect

networkperformancedata

EvaluateKPI

'HO Overhead'.

OK ?

Evaluateallnetwork KPIs.

OK ?

Yes

Gotorelevantoptimisation

flow-chart

No

End

Yes

No

KPIs, counters

air-interface

Field Tool

WCDMA RAN

KPIs,measurements

Configuration

Pre-Launch OptimisationTools


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Tools

• Drive test tools for Coverage verification

• Agilent scanner

• Nemo Technologies TOM

• Ericsson TEMS

• Post Processing tool for rollout verification, planning validation,infrastructure verification and network optimisation

• Actix Analyzer v. 4.1 and NetAct• Network Configuration tool for Performance Info (PI, KPI)

• Network Element Management Unit (Nemu)

• Network protocol analyzer for troubleshooting

• NetHawk

• Uplink and Downlink loading tools

Pre-Launch OptimisationInitial Drive Testing ConfigurationAdditional


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Initial Drive Testing Configuration

Iub(ATM)

Iu-CS( ATM )

STM-1 STM-1

RNC

BTS

Extract radio parameters which are

exchanged over the RRC protocol:

• Uplink SIR target, Downlink BLER

target, UL CRC OK/NOK etc.

• NBAP

•Radio link Measurement report

•Dedicated RRC messages

Nethawk analyser A WCDMA scanner (Agilent, Nemo

Technologies TOM or Ericsson TEMS) can be

used for (passive) idle mode downlink

measurements:

• CPICH Ec/Io

• Active set (neighbor list measurements)

• Location information

When used together with a UE (nomonitoring) and the protocol analyzer, it can

(analysing messaging in Iub interface) be

used to assess the UE behavior

Postprocessing (Actix and/ora customised tool) tool tocorrelate the data from

network and terminal side byusing the timestamp

Additionalterminals (ifavailable) usedto increasenetwork load.Hardblockingwill be used to

limit requirednumber ofterminals

Iu-PS(IP)

Pre-Launch OptimisationLoad Generation


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Load Generation

• Because the load situation in the network in the beginning is small, loadgeneration is needed to simulate the situation in loaded network

• In uplink there is a possibility to generate noise simply by adding noise tothe UL branch to test coverage

• by using the UEs which increases the the load in the cell (noise likeinterference)

• Use X simultaneous Y kbits/s RT services to achieve the load

• In downlink it is more challenging and also important since a smaller or

larger part of the interference is orthogonal and it is less thermal noise like.• Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator (OCNS) is a mechanism used to

simulate the users or control signals on the other orthogonal channels ofa downlink link

• OCNS is a feature candidate in RAN2.1

Pre-Launch OptimisationSoft Handover Optimisation Example


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• There are few parameters thathave a great influence for theSoft Handover of the network

Soft Handover Optimisation Example

Addition

Window

Too wide soft HO

area

Too small soft HO

area

+ Soft HOOverhead

UL macrodiversity

gain decrease- UL Troughput

too high

too low

unnecessary soft

HO branch

addition

- DL Troughput

frequent HOs+ signalling

overhead

• Add Window

• Drop Window

• Maximum Active Set Size

• Drop Time• Transmission power of the CPICH channel

• Replacement Window

Pre-Launch OptimisationOptimising Soft Handover Areas


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KPI improvement

Purpose: Increase networkperformance

Target: Soft Handover Overhead atoptimal point

Method: adjust window_add andwindow_drop parameters

Result: Optimal parameter valuefound

Before After

20

25

30

35

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Simulation Phase

SHOO[%]

Selected

optimalparametervalue

30

Degraded performance

Semi-optimal

Active set

size“Microscopic

analysis”

on area of 1

km2

and 39 sites

p g

Pre-Launch OptimisationOptimisation Based on Statistics


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p• Optimisation is mainly based on Nokia NetAct reports

• Field measurements are used to get additional information from thepinpointed problem spots

• Useful for optimisation• To locate the problem spots geographically and by network elements• To prioritise actions needed with the help of KPIs• To identify reasons for non-performance by giving information on

various statistical indicators and network history

• Basis for area-wide performance improvement• Area wide parameter tuning based on long-term statistics and trends

• Alarms of future problems in fast-growing traffic areas• Prior notice to be able to react in time and to be prepared for network

expansions

Pre-Launch OptimisationDynamic Simulations for Higher Visibility


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y g y

Static simulations

“Snapshot”

StaticMoving randomly oralong roads withrandom speed

Ray-tracing propagationmodel with vector map

Ray-tracingpropagation model

with vector map

Realistic Nokiaalgorithms; also futurealgorithms

Simplified and limitedalgorithms, e.g no powercontrol

No traffic modelRealistic traffic model;

projection of trafficgrowth

Moving in threedimensions

Current softwareversions in use

Statistics collected fromsnapshots

Statistics collectedover time period fromdetailed callsimulations

Traffic is low innetwork launch

Statistics collectedfrom networkmanagementsystemMultipathpropagation

Algorithms

Traffic

Performanceanalysing

Propagation

Mobility

Dynamic simulations

“Movie” Real network

“Reality”

Pre-Launch OptimisationOptimisation Example


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p p

• Initial network plan consisted of total 59 cells, of which 24 werein micro layer and 35 were in macro layer

• In the first optimisation round antenna tilts and bearings weretuned in macro cells

• The sites were already optimised for GSM

• Number of served users increased• outdoor users about 2.5%• indoor users about 2.6%• mixed case about 3.1%

• Change of other to own cell interference i (average)• outdoor: from 0.43 to 0.44• indoor: from 0.47 to 0.43• mixed: from 0.43 to 0.44

Pre-Launch OptimisationMacro: Little i in the beginning


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Pre-Launch OptimisationMacro: Little i after Optimisation


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p

Pre-Launch OptimisationCapacity increase after Optimisation


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Macro layer

Outdoor

Indoor

mixed

optimisedusers change

2206

2079

2211

+14%

+11%

+13%

users

1931

1872

1943

• Total number of users is 2500 both in macro and micro layers

• Indoor case means that 14 dB attenuation has been usedcompared to outdoor

• Mixed case means that 30 % mobiles are inside

• Increase is more than 10 % as shown below

• Biggest outage reason is the max achieved Node B power

1689

1755

1713

+12%

+11%

+13%

1486

1559

1485

Micro layer

optimisedusers changeusers

Pre-Launch OptimisationOptimisation Principles

A id Put cells close to users

Make sure there iscoverage

3 Goldenrules


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ProblemOverlapping of cells,

no clear dominance

Cell sizes do not match

to user distribution

No coverage

Problemindicator

in PlanningTool

- High i- Low capacity- High soft handover

overhead

- Outage due to BTSpower or uplink load

- Other cell do notcollect traffic

- Outage due to UE power- Outage due to DL link

power

Problemindicator

in network

- High noise rise whilelow throughput in UL

- High soft handoveroverhead

- Blocking in some cells- Other cells do not

collect traffic

- Dropped calls- Bad quality- Low bit rates for packets

Solutions

- Antenna downtilt- De-Splitting => 2 cells- Remove sites- SHO parameters?

- Antenna tilting- CPICH adjustment

- More sites- Higher link power in DL

Understand

Detect

Solve

Results?? - 10-20% higher capacity- 10-20% higher capacity- Cells collect traffic

more equally

Check

Avoid unnecessaryoverlapping

Put cells close to users

Agenda – Day 2


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• RAN Sharing


Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyObjectives


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- Objectives - At the end of this module you will be able to...

• Name all Nokia Node B„s with theirmaximum configuration

• Explain the signal flow through a Node B• Locate the Node B units in a cabinet

• Describe different HW configurationpossibilities for a Node B

• List all antenna system components

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyOverview


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Nokia UltraSiteWCDMA BTS

Optima Compact

Outdoor


Supreme

Indoor Outdoor


Optima

Indoor

Complete Nokia WCDMA BTS Family for every need

• Nokia UltraSiteTM WCDMA BTS for all indoor and outdoor environments

• Nokia MetroSiteTM WCDMA BTS for "siteless" installations

• Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS for joint GSM and WCDMA networks

NokiaMetroSiteWCDMA

BTS

Indoor Outdoor

Triple-modeNokia UltraSite

EDGE BTS

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUltraSite Optima Compact


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UltraSite Optima Compact

Small high capacity WCDMA BTS with integrated battery back-up• freedom in single cabinet configurations

– 6 WCDMA carriers and IBBU OR 12 WCDMA carriers• 3 or even 6 sector configurations supported with single cabinet

– 3 sectors with IBBU OR 6 sectors

Widest service area• excellent RF performance

– output power 10/20/40 W•

optimized for Nokia Smart Radio Concept – 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet withoutIBBU

Single cabinet solution for quick roof-top installations• unobtrusive in roof-top installations due to low cabinet height

– cabinet height 1300 mm• minimum floor space when battery back-up is needed

– footprint less than 1m2 (790 x 1200 mm)• outdoor cabinet

Outdoor• 1300 x 1200 x 790

mm• -33°C ... +50 °C

• IP55

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUltraSite Optima Compact with RF Extension


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Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUltraSite Optima Compact with IBBU Extension•Rectifiers: 3 x BATA 3.9 kW


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DC

• Power Distribution Unit

(PDU)

• Common Control Unit

(CCUA)

• LTE space: 3 x HU

• Batteries: 90 Ah (@ 48 V

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUltraSite Optima Indoor

Wid t i


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– output power 10/20/40 W

• cost optimized solution for network roll-out

Highest possible capacity for every bandwidth• designed to fully occupy 10 MHz band

– 2+2+2 supported with 1 cabinet

Fits to every site• minimized site requirements due to compact size

– indoor cabinet 1100 x 600 x 600 mm (H x W x D)

• cabinet for indoor installationsIndoor• 1100 x 600 x 600 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C

• IP20

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUltraSite Supreme

High-capacity multimedia BTS


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g p y• supports 6 sectored solutions

• up to 12 WCDMA carriers per cabinet

• cabinet chaining for extreme configurations

– chaining of 4 cabinets supported• optimal for operators with 15 MHz band or more

– 1 cabinet supports up to 4+4+4 with 20Wconfigurations


– output power 10/20/40 W

• full support for Nokia Smart Radio Concept – 2+2+2 with SRC UL/DL supported with one cabinet

Minimized footprint• smallest foot print per WCDMA carrier

– indoor cabinet footprint 600 x 600 mm for 12 WCDMAcarriers

– outdoor cabinet footprint 770 x 790 mm for 12 WCDMAcarriers

• cabinets for indoor and outdoor installations

Outdoor• 1940 x 770 x 790

mm

• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55

Indoor• 1800 x 600 x 600 mm•

-5°C ... +50 °C• IP20

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyMetroSite WCDMA


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"Siteless" WCDMA BTS appropriate for many different applications• cost-effective road-side coverage

• in-fill coverage• indoor services• targeted coverage and capacity for hot spots• multi-layer networks

Revolutionary all-in-one solution

• smallest 2 carrier WCDMA BTS

• everything integrated in a single cabinet – base station, integrated transmission, integrated antenna andshort-term mains failure protection

• common cabinet for indoor and outdoor installations

Macro BTS RF performance in micro BTS size

• as good RX sensitivity as in Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS – output power 8 W

• 996 x 270 x 392 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUltraSite EDGE/WCDMA14


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Configurations

• 1+1+1, 8W• 2+2+2, 4W

BTS capacity• max. 10 Mbit/s per cabinet

Other features• 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and

WCDMA carriers or 12GSM/EDGE TRXs in singlecabinet

• tri- sectored solutions• 2-port uplink diversity as standard

• AC or DC power feedOutdoor• 1940 x 770 x 750 mm• -33°C ... +50 °C• IP55

Indoor • 1800 x 600 x 570 mm• -5°C ... +50 °C• IP20

1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)

3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WA7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)9 Wideband System Clock unit (WSC)10 ATM Multiplexer unit (AXU)11 Interface unit (IFU)12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)13 Transmission unit (VXxx)14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)

KEY:

8

5

6 7

1

2

9

2

2

1

111

12

10

31

3

4 4 4

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUnit Positions in UltraSite Supreme

WEA (1pc)


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WAF (6pcs)Antenna Filter

WEA (1pc)External AlarmUnit

WPA (6pcs)Power Amplifier

WIC(3pcs)

InputCombiner

WTR (6pcs)Transmitter &

Receiver

WSC(2pcs)SystemClock

AXU (1pc)ATM Cross-connectUnit

IFU (5pcs)InterfaceUnit

WPS(3pcs)Power Suppy

WAM (6pcs)Application

Manager

WSM (3pcs)Summing &Multiplexing

WSP(18pcs)

SignalProcessor

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyOptima and Optima Compact Configurations


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Optima

Configuration

Number of

cabinets

Output power

per carrier

Max. HW channel

capacity / HW Rel.1

Max. HW channel

capacity / HW Rel.2

WPA version

1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W3 sector 1

carrier (1+1+1)

1 20W 384 768 20W

2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 40W

2+2+2 1 10W 384 768 20W

OptimaCompact

Configuration

Number ofcabinets

Output powerper carrier

Max. HW channelcapacity / HW Rel.1

Max. HW channelcapacity / HW Rel.2

WPA version

1 carrier omni 1 20W 384 768 20W

1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W

1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 384 768 20W

2+2+2 1 20W 384 768 20/40W4+4+4* 1 20W 384 768 40W

2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 384 768 40W

*Available in Release 2

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySupreme and Triple-Mode Configurations


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Supreme

Configuration

Number of

cabinets

Output power

per carrier

Max. HW channel

capacity / HW Rel.1

Max. HW channel

capacity / HW Rel.2

WPA version

1 carrier omni 1 20W 576 1152 20W

1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W

1+1+1 1 40W 576 1152 20/40W

1+1+1+1+1+1 1 20W 576 1152 20W

2+2+2 1 20W 576 1152 20/40W

4+4+4* 1 20W 576 1152 40W

2+2+2+2+2+2* 1 20W 576 1152 40W 4+4+4+4+4+4* 2 20W 1152 2304 40W

Triple- Mode

Configuration

Number of

cabinets

Output power

per carrier

Max. HW channel

capacity / HW Rel.1

Max. HW channel

capacity / HW Rel.2

1 + 1 + 1 1 8 W 160 320

2 + 2 + 2* 1 4 W 160 320

*Available in Release 2

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySignal Flow ATM Cross Connect

ATM Switching from/toother BS/RNC

Signal ProcessorRAKE R i (D )

Power AmplifierLi lifi ti f 1


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WPAWSM W

S

P

W

S

P

W

S

P

WAM

AXU IFUIub

WIC

WAF

WTR

to WTR of 2. carrier

RF BB

from WTR of 2.

carrier

Tx

Rx

Bi-directional

Tx/Rx

Rx Divfrom/to WTR of 2.

carrier

from/to adj.

WSM

from/to adj.

WSM

from/to 2./3. WAM

WSC

CLK

CLK to WSM/

WTR

CLK from/to other

cabinet(s)

Interface UnitTermination point fortransmission

System ClockBaseband referenceclocks. Synchroniseswith Iub

Application Manager ATM termination point

Contol functions for BS

Summing & MuliplexingSumming Tx-Samplesfrom WSP. DistributingRx-Samples from WTR toall WSP

RAKE Receiver, (De-)Spreading, Channelcoding, ...

Transmitter & ReceiverModulation/Demodulation,Tx power control, Rxpower measurementsInput Combiner

2-way combiner & 2-way devider

Antenna FilterFilters, amplifies anddevides the Rx-signal

Linear amplification of 1to 4 carriers

WPA

TxRx

Nokia WCDMA Base Station Family 1+1+1 (20/carrier) without SRC


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WAF

RxRx

WTR

WSM

W

S

P

W

S

P

W

S

P

W

A

M

WAF

WPA

Tx

RxRx

WTR

WSM

W

S

P

W

S

P

W

S

P

W

A

M

WAF

WPA

Tx

RxRx

WTR

WSM

W

S

P

W

S

P

W

S

P

W

A

M

AXU IFUIub

WIC

WIC

WIC

RF section willchange forSRCconfigurations

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink SRC – 1 Carrier 20W

Ant1


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Carrier 1WAF

WPA

Tx

RxRx

WTR

WAF

Tx

RxRx

WTR

WIC

Rx Main

Rx Div3

Rx Div2

Rx Div1

Ant1

Ant2

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink & Downlink SRC – 1 Carrier, 20W/Branch

A t1Tx1


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Carrier 1WAF

WPA

Tx

RxRx

WTR

WAF

Tx

RxRx

WTR

WIC

Rx Main

Rx Div3

Rx Div2

Rx Div1

Ant1

Ant2

WPA

Tx2

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUplink & Downlink SRC – 2 Carriers, 20W/Branch


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Carrier 1

Carrier 2

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

WAF

WAF

WIC

Tx

RxRx

Tx

RxRx

WTR

Txsum

Tx

RxRx

Tx

RxRx

WTR

Txsum

WPA

WPA

Note:

Requires Release 2Units

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUpgrade Path

AddLPA Increased 2 carriers/ 2 carriers/

AddLPA

Add3 LPAs


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• roll-out phase•1 carrier/BTS• 50 Erl/carrier

1st carrier

1+1+120 W

50 Erl

R

O

C

2+2+22x20 W100 Erl

• 2 carriers/BTS• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier

Increasedpower

R

O

C

2+2+26x10 W240 Erl

• 2 carriers/sect• 10W/carrier• 40 Erl/carrier

2 carriers/sector

C

E

C

2+2+26x20 W300 Erl

• 2 carriers/sect• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier

2 carriers/sector

C

E

C

Add1 LPA

2+2+22x10 W80 Erl

• 2 carriers/BTS•10W/carrier• 40 Erl/carrier

2nd carrier

R

O

C

1+1+13x20 W

150 Erl

• 1 carrier/sect• 20W/carrier• 50 Erl/carrier

1 carrier/sector

C

E

C

Add3 TRXs

Add3 TRXs

1+1+140 W

60 Erl

• 1 carrier/BTS• 40W/carrier• 60 Erl/carrier

Increasedpower

R

O

C

Add1 LPA

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyNokia SRC Capacity Growth Path


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2+2+22 x 20W336Erl

• 4-way diversity for maximum cell coverage

• downlink diversity for enhanced capacity

• 6 TRXs or

• 3 dual-TRXs• 3 LPAs• 40 Erl/carrier

• without SRC• 50 Erl/carrier

+3 dBcoverage

gain- 20%capacity

4-way UL div


+75%capacity

gain

DL diversity


+60%capacity

gain

2nd carrier

1+1+120W

120Erl1+1+120W

150Erl

1+1+12 x 20W210Erl

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Overview

• The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains the


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The WCDMA UltraSite Antenna System contains thefollwing components

• Antennas• WCDMA Masthead Amplifiers (MHA)

• Bias-T , supplies WCDMA MHA with DC power throughfeeder cable, provides lightning protection (can also be usedw/o MHA)

• EMP Protector , lightning protection, only needed if no Bias-T is used

• Diplexers, combining/dividing two bands such as WCDMAand GSM to a common feeder line

• Triplexers, combining/dividing three bands such as WCDMAGSM1800 and GSM900 to a common feeder line

• Feeder and Jumper cables, Grounding kits

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System – WCDMA Panels

WCDMA Broadband Antennas

Antenna Type DimensionsWeight Frequency Range Gain Beam

Downtilt


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Antenna Type Dimensions(kg) (MHz) (dBi) Width

Downtilt

CS72761.01 XPol F-Panel 342/155/69 mm 2.0 1710-2170 12.5 65° 2°

CS72761.02 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 6.0 1710-2170 18.5 65° 2°

CS72761.05 Xpol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 17 88° 0°..8°

CS72761.07 XPol F-Panel 1942/155/69 mm 10.0 1710-2170 19.5 65° 0°..6°

CS72761.08 XPol F-Panel 1302/155/69 mm 7.5 1710-2170 18 65° 0°..8°

CS72761.09 XPol F-Panel 662/155/69 mm 3.5 1710-2170 15.5 65° 0°..10°

WCDMA Narrowbeam Antennas

Antenna Type DimensionsWeight

(kg)

Frequency Range

(MHz)

Gain

(dBi)

Beam

WidthDowntilt

CS727762.01 XPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1900-2170 21 30 0°..8°

WCDMA Dual Broadband Antennas (WCDMA/GSM1800 or SRC)


(kg)

Frequency Range

(MHz)

Gain

(dBi)

Beam

WidthDowntilt

CS72764.01 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 18.5/18.5 65°/65° 0°..8°/0°..8°

CS72764.02 XXPol F-Panel 1302/299/69 mm 12.0 1710-2170 17/17 85°/85° 0°..8°/0°..8°

WCDMA Omni Antennas


(kg)

Frequency Range

(MHz)

Gain

(dBi)

Beam

WidthDowntilt

CS727760 Omni 1570/148/112 mm 5.0 1920-2170 11 360° --

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Mast Head Amplifier

• Technical Data Sheet:


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-119 dBm / 200 kHz

-37 dBm / 200 kHz

ANT port in-band 5 dBmout-of-band 20 dBm

BTS port avg 46 dBm in-band

peak 62 dBm in-band

65 dB

71 dB

65 dB

200 - 300 mA

100 msec

UMTS RX, 1920-1980

Alarm Setting Conditions

Alarm current range

Switch time

Critical Input RX filter rejections

Critical TX filter rejections

UMTS TX, 2110-2170

GSM1800, 1805-1880

Passive Intermodulation Products

PIM level in TX band

PIM level in RX band

Rated Power at Ports

+/- 0.5 dB room

+/- 0.9 dB all temps

Insertion Loss 0.6 dB

Response, other freqs0 dB within 20 MHz of

passband

3rd-order intercept 10 dBm

1dB compression -5 dBm

Noise Figure 2 dB

RX band 16 dB

TX band 18 dB

Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ

7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite

11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS

Nominal current 190 mA

Max. current 350 mA

Insertion Loss 3 dB

Return Loss 12 dB

Voltage

Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports

MHA Input Dynamic Range

Bypass Mode

Nominal gain of 12 dB

Gain, RX band

Ripple

DC Power supplied


• Unit typesNokia Triplexer Unit

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System - Diplexers / Triplexers


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GSM 900 BTS

GSM 1800 BTS

WCDMA BTS

Insertion Loss,

Port - Common

Isolation, port to

port

Return Loss, any

port

GSM RX band

GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peak

UMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak

-116 dBm

Rated Power at Ports

Passive Intermodulation

RF Performance

0.3 dB

50 dB

>18 dB

•Nokia Triplexer Unit•Nokia GSM 900 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit

•Nokia GSM 1800 / WCDMA Diplexer Unit•Selectable DC pass function in each unit


Nokia Triplexer

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyAntenna System – Bias-T

• FunctionI ti l 0 3 dB

RF Performance


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• Provides DC power for MHAthrough feeder line

• Lightning protection• Features

• Fault monitoring of MHA and Antenna line• Fowards alarms to WAF• Low insertion loss (


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Feeder Type Diameter(inch) Weight(kg/m) Attenuation@2170MHz (dB/100m)

Single Repeated

CS72251 1/2 0.35 80 160 11.9

CS72252 7/8 0.55 120 250 6.52

CS72254 1 5/8 1.45 250 500 4.05

Min. BendingRadius (mm)

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilyUpgrades to Current GSM Antennas

150 mm 150 mm


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Current :

spacediversity

Upgrade : space +

polarizationdiversity

Current : polarizationdiversity

Upgrade: 2 x polarization

diversity withinone radome

1

3 0 0 mm

Space diversity improvesperformance 0.5..1.0 dB

compared to singleradome.

The gain of 2.5 dBassumes single radome. 260 mm

Nokia WCDMA Base Station FamilySRC Antenna Solutions


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2 pcs X-polantennas per

sector up to 3m apart formeach other

2 pcs X-polantennas per

sector installednext to eachothers

One SRCantenna per

sector. Thenumber ofantennas doesnot increase.

Agenda – Day 2



91/152





• RAN Sharing


WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting- Objectives -

At the end of this module you will be able to


92/152



• Describe what can cause interference inWCDMA/GSM Co-Siting

• Describe the different antenna systemsharing solutions

• Describe the meaning of coupling loss andisolation criteria in shared antennas

• List the aspects having influence to theoverall network quality

• Explain the impact of site & antenna

location to the network quality

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-Siting Example: UltraSite & Citytalk

GSM 2+2+2WCDMA 2+2+2GSM

Site Space for 3 cabinets


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•Base Station Equipment: • Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Suppreme with 6 Carriers,• Nokia Citytalk BTS with 6 TRXs.

•Transmission Equipment:• Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio

•Separate Antennalines and SharedAntennas:

• 3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol antennas 65 deg• Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks

•Nokia UltraSite Support:• 7.8 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy• up to 180 Ah battery capacity• Backup time 1 hour

•Site Environmental Data: • Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

•Indoor: 1800 mm x 620 mm•Outdoor: 2310 mm x 1110mm• Weight: Indoor 1030 kg, Outdoor 1290 kg

WCDMA 2+2+2(10 W)

GSM2+2+2



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GSM 2+2+2W 4+4+4+4+4+4

(10 W)

GSM2+2+2

Site Space for 4 cabinets



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•Base Station Equipment: • 2 pcs Nokia UltraSite WCDMA BTS Supreme with 12 carriers in each,• Citytalk GSM BTS with 6 TRXs.

•Transmission Equipment:• Nokia UltraHopper Microwave Radio

•Separate Antennalines and Shared Antennas:• 3 pcs GSM/WCDMA Dual Band X-pol 65 deg/33 deg,

• 3 pcs WCDMA X-pol 33 deg antennas• Optional: Mast Head Amplifiers for one or both networks

•UltraSite Support:• 14.3 kW rectifier capacity with N+1 redundancy• up to 180 Ah battery capacity• Backup time 1 hour

•Site Environmental Data: • Footprint (Width mm x Depth mm)

•Indoor: 2400 mm x 620 mm•Outdoor: 3080 mm x 1110mm• Weight: Indoor 1320 kg, Outdoor 1650 kg

(10 W)2 2 2

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingInterference from Other System

• GSM spurious emissions and intermodulation results of GSM1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity


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1800 interfere WCDMA receiver sensitivity

• WCDMA spurious emissions interfere GSM receiver sensitivity• GSM transmitter blocks WCDMA receiver

• WCDMA transmitter blocks GSM receiver

GSM1800 UL

GSM1800 DL

1710-1785MHz

1805-1880MHz

UMTSUL

UMTSDL

1920-1980MHz

2110-2170MHz

40MHz

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingInterference from Other System

• Two main reasons to isolate GSM and WCDMA

• Blocking


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30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -108

-107.5

-107

-106.5

-106

-105.5

Antenna Isolation (dB)

N o i s e P o w e r

( d B m )

NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz

g

• Sensitivity

1More information: TS 25.104 and GSM 05.05

• GSM1800 BTS can have up to -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz = -80 dBm / 4MHz (relation to 3,84 Mchips)spurious emissions at theantenna connector 1

• Thermal noise floor of theWCDMA band is -108 dBm => intheory -108 dBm - (-80 dBm) = 28dB isolation needed betweenGSM1800 and WCDMA

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingHarmonic distortion

• Harmonic distortion can be a problem in the case of co-siting ofGSM900 and WCDMA


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GSM900 and WCDMA.

• GSM900 DL frequencies are 935 - 960 MHz and secondharmonics may fall into the WCDMA TDD band and into thelower end of the FDD band.

GSM900

935 - 960 MHz

WCDMA

TDD

WCDMA FDD

1920 - 1980

...

2nd harmonics

f GSM = 950 - 960 MHz

1900 -1920MHz

• 2nd harmonicscan be filteredout at the outputof GSM900BTS.

f

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingIM Distortion from GSM1800 DL to WCDMA UL

• GSM1800 IM3 (3 meansthird order) products are

• For active elements IM


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WCDMA

DL

WCDMA

UL

GSM1800

DL

GSM1800

UL

1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz 1920 - 1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz40 MHz

f 1 f

2

f IM3

f IM3 = 2f 2 - f 1

third order) products are

hitting into the WCDMAFDD UL RX band if

• 1862.6 f 2 1879.8 MHz

• 1805.2 f 1 1839.6 MHz

X dBc

products levels are higher

than IM products produceby passive components• Typical IM3 suppressiovalues for power amplifierare -30 … -50 dBcdepending on frequencyspacing and offset• Typical values for passelements are-100 … -160 dBc

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA

• Horizontal separation betweenantennas

B t l t 50dB


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GSM BTS

• By proper antenna placement 50dBisolation reachable

• No deterioration in performance ifGSM BTS compliant with -96dBm

WCDMA BS


• Nokia's diplexer/triplexer combinesGSM/WCDMA to one feeder cable

Di l /T i l i l ti > 50dB

Multiband Antenna


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GSM BTS

• Diplexer/Triplexer isolation > 50dB

• No deterioration in performance ifGSM BTS compliant with -96dBm

WCDMA BS

Nokia Diplexer/ Triplexer


• Multipanel Antenna in use

Antenna isolation >30dB


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GSM BTS

• Antenna isolation >30dB

• General GSM requirementsfulfilled if GSM BTS compliantwith -96dBm

WCDMA BS

Multiband Antenna

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSpurious Emissions from GSM to WCDMA•Worst case scenario

•>30dB isolationMultiband Antenna


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Non-compliant GSM BTS

>30dB isolationassumption

•GSM BTS spuriousemissions comply "oldspec." -30dBm

WCDMA BS

Addiotional filter needed

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingSeparate Antenna LinesTypical Requirement for Minimum Coupling Loss between GSM and WCDMA anten Nokia equipment 30 dB

Other 50 dB


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Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

WCDMA BTS

Nokia MHAsfor GSM Nokia MHAs forWCDMA

GSM BTS

Nokia Bias-Ts NokiaBias-Ts

Antennasfor GSM

Antennasfor WCDMA

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingShared Antenna Lines with Separate AntennasTypical Isolation Requirement for diplexers used with:

Nokia equipment 30 dBOther 50 dB


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Without Nokia Mast Head AmplifiersWith Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna

Nokia GSM / WCDMADiplexer Units

GSM Antenna WCDMA Antenna

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

Nokia Bias-Ts

Nokia OutdoorBias-Ts

Separate DC feedfor new Nokia MHAsNokia GSM/WCDMA

Diplexer Units withSelectable DC pass

Nokia MHAs for GSM Nokia WCDMA MHAs

Other 50 dB

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingShared Antenna Lines with Shared Antennas

Without Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers With Nokia Mast Head Amplifiers


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GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

GSM/WCDMA Dual BandX-polarized antenna with

2 antenna connectors

(1800/WCDMA wideband elementor

built in diplexer function)

GSM/WCDMA

Diplexer Units inside

GSM BTS cabinet

GSM BTS WCDMA BTS

NokiaBias-Ts

NokiaOutdo

orBias-Ts

Separate DC feedfor new Nokia MHAs

Nokia GSM/WCDMADiplexer Units withSelectable DC pass

GSM/WCDMA Dual Band

X-polarized antenna with4 antenna connectors

(Separate Elements for bothSystems))

p

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna Isolation Measurement Example:

HorizontalAntenna A

(fixed)

Antenna B

UMTS Front View


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horizontal

separationdistance

direction of radiation

2000mm

1000mm

400mm

Side View

650mm

Figure 5. Sketch of measurement configuration

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna Isolation Measurement Example:

Horizontal

GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg

H i t l l t


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Horizontal co-polar measurements

40.00

45.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

0 . 0 0

1 . 0 0

2 . 0 0

3 . 0 0

4 . 0 0

5 . 0 0

6 . 0 0

7 . 0 0

8 . 0 0

9 . 0 0

1 . . .

Distance (m)

I s o l a t i o n

( d B )

1900MHz

1950MHz

1980MHz

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna isolation measurements II: Vertical


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Figure 11. Sketch of measurement configuration

10m

Antenna B

UMTS

Antenna A

GSM1800(fixed)

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingAntenna isolation measurements II: Vertical

oise Floor

GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 deg

85 00


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50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

0 . 0 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 5 0 0 . 7 5 1 . 0 0 1 . 2 5 1 . 5 0

Distance (m)

I s o l a t i o n ( d B )

1900MHz

1950MHz

1980MHz

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingPlanning Rules in Co-siting

• Isolation requirement• With Nokia equipment 30 dB

Wi h N ki i 0 dB


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• Without Nokia equipment 50 dB

• GSM- WCDMA co-siting is possible if antenna isolationrequirement is fulfilled

• By proper antenna placement• minimum Horizontal distance (~0.3 m)• minimum Vertical distance (0.25 m)

• Di- or triplexer is needed in case feeder and antenna isshared between different systems

• Tighter filtering is needed in Antenna line of Non-compliantGSM BTS to avoid the TX power interference to WCDMARx

• Careful frequency planning in GSM won't cause interferenceto WCDMA

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment

• Assessment means the evaluation existing 2G sites & antennasystem and possible interference situation for 2G/3G Co-siting


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DesignCivil

WorksImp Integrate.

N e t w o r k A s s e

s s m e n t

Network Planning & Site Acquisition

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Network Quality

Network

Requested Network Qualityas guaranteed KPI values =Equipment Quality +


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Network Implementation Quality

Equipment Quality

Network

PlanningQuality

q p yNetwork Implementation Quality +Network Planning Quality

Network Quality does NOTdepend only from network planning

170

128 kbps

i = 0.2

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Dominance & little i

BTS TX power 43 dBm

D


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0 500 1000 1500

140

145

150

155

160

165

DL throughput in kbps

M a x i m u m p r

o p a g a t i o n l o s s ( d B

) i = 0.2

i = 0.4i = 0.4

i = 0.6

i = 0.6

i = 0.8

i = 0.8

MS TX power 21 dBm

E c /I o -16.5 dB

BTS E b /N o 1.5

MS E b /N o 5.5

Other to own cell

interference ratio i

0.2, 0.4, 0.6,

0.8

Orthogonality 0.6

Channel profile ITU Vehicular

A, 3 km/h

MS speed 3 km/h

MS/BTS NF 8 dB / 4 dB

Antenna gain 16 dBi

• Doubling of the "little i" will causethroughput to decrease to 70% of the

A B C D

D

C

B

A

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Question

Which one of the sites is suitable for 3G ?


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WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Answer • Low other to own cell interference can

be achieved by planning cleardominance areas:


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dominance areas:

• The cell coverage (and overlap) must beproperly controlled. The cell shouldcover only what it is supposed to cover

• Low(er) antenna heights and down tilt ofthe antennas

• Use buildings and other environmentalstructures to isolate cells coverage

• Use indoor solutions to take advantage ofthe building penetration loss

• Avoid sites "seeing" the buildings in

horizon especially over the water orotherwise open area (due to hugeinterference)

> 3 km

< 300 m

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Impact of tilting

Cell A - uphill gradientCell B - downhill gradient

Connnected to


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• Too high “visibility”across the network

• Has low capacity due tohuge inter-cellinterference and SHOoverhead

relativelylimitedcatchment area

significantlygreater catchmentarea

The obvious solution is toincrease the antenna downtiltto restrict the cell footprint toa more reasonable area

Connnected to

over 15 neighbours!

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingNetwork Assessment - Check List

Basic rulesProblem indicationif rule is not applied

Solutions


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(1) Make surethere is coverage

Dropped callsBad quality

Low bit rates

(2) Avoid unnecessaryoverlapping of cells

Not clear dominance area High inter-cell interference

Low capacity

(3) Locate cellsclose to users

Users at the cell edge high inter-cell interference high soft handover overhead

Do not use this site

1. Use Antenna tilting2. Put Antennas lower3. Do not use the site

(4) Make cell sizesmatch user distribution Blocking in some cells,others do not collect traffic 1. Use Antenna tilting2. Do not use the Site

1. Use Different site2. Use Antenna tilting

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-siting Optimisation Example

• WCDMA 1900 Network

• Identified places for optimisation


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• Urban area: high other-cell interference• Rural area: a few sites collecting a lot of interference

• Optimisation approaches• Antenna down tilting• Antenna lowering

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-siting Optimisation Example - Rural Area

• 27 sites, 49 cells

• Omni, 2-sector and 3-sectorsites


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sites

• Varying antenna heights

• Area 15 km x 15 km

• On average 8 km2 per site

• Terrain: hilly with waters

WCDMA/GSM Co-SitingCo-siting Optimisation Example - Urban Area

• 16 sites, 48 cells

• All 3-sector sites


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• similar height• Area 10 km x 12 km

• On average 7 km2 per site

• Terrain: flat without waters

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Capacity• Down tilting everywhere improved capacity in urban area by

13%, but reduced slightly capacity in the rural area

• The urban area benefited from down tilting because of high


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• The urban area benefited from down tilting because of highoverlapping of the cells before optimisation (=high i)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

N u m b e r o f U s e r s

Rural Urban

Optimization Effect

Before Optim

After Optim

WCDMA/GSM Co-Siting5 Degree Downtilt Everywhere - Coverage

• Coverage probability got lower in urban area after downtilting

nsn 3g radio planning day2 v1 3

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