nskalsi -m2m based applications for different industry
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Nirmaljeet Singh Kalsi IASBE IIT Roorkee, M Tech IIT Delhi, PhD
Additional Chief Secretary (PWD) & Financial CommissionerGovernment of Punjab
M2M based Applications for Different Industry Verticals - DoT conference on Smart Infrastructure
12th May 2015 , Vigyan Bhawan
The Internet of Things (IOT) is going to be big (though nobody really knows how big…)
28.1 BILLION
“UNITS” IN 2020
26 BILLION“UNITS” BY 2020
$7.1 TRILLION
GLOBAL SOLUTION REVENUES BY 2020
$300 BILLION SERVICES REVENUES
IN 2020
$1.9 TRILLION GLOBAL ECONOMIC
VALUE IN 2020Source: IDC, May 2014 Source: Gartner, March 2014
IoT and IoE now Topping Gartner’s hype cycle, M2M is there for sometimes
Internet of ThingsInternet of Things
Source: Gartner, July 2014
M2M Communication Services
Number of Connected devices in verticals is Going to be huge“Magic” Behind the Power of IoT–Microelectronics
Businesses Societies
People
Online homes
Personalnetwork
Intelligent
transport
Smartutilities
Industry& society
>100B embedded processors shipped (cumulative)
>3 billion utility meters
3B middle class consumers x 10 connected devices30B connected consumer devices
>1 billion vehicles
The Internet of Sensors
Low Power Devices
Reduction in SensorSize
Reduction in Sensor Cost
Low Power MicroController Unit (MCU)
Future Trends in Microelectronics Marketand Potential Areas of Development
Microelectronics
Active internet users
Total populat ion
Active social media accounts
Mobile connections
Active mobile social accounts
FIGURE REPRESENTSMOBILE SUBSCRIPTIONS,NOT UNIQUEUSERS
FIGURE REPRESENTSACTIVE USERACCOUNTS, NOT UNIQUEUSERS FIGURE REPRESENTSACTIVE USER
ACCOUNTS, NOT UNIQUEUSERSFIGURE REPRESENTSTOTAL NATIONALPOPULATION, INCLUDING CHILDREN
FIGURE INCLUDES ACCESS VIAFIXEDAND MOBILECONNECTIONS
JAN2015
DIGITAL INDIA – A Conducive Environment to Launch M2M Apps like Smart CityA SNAPSHOT OF THE COUNTRY’S KEY DIGITAL STATISTICAL INDICATORS
1,265MILLION
URBANISATION: 31%
243MILLION
PENETRATION: 19%
118MILLION
PENETRATION: 9%
946MILLION,
12% Smart
100MILLION
PENETRATION: 8%
We Are Social • Sources:Wikipedia; InternetLiveStats, InternetWorldStats; Facebook, Tencent, VKontakte, LiveInternet;GSMA Intelligence
Growth in the number of active
internet users
Growth in the number of active
Social media accountsGrowth in the number
of mobile subscript ions
Growth in the number of active mobile social
accounts
+14%SINCE JAN 2014
+31%SINCE JAN 2014
+6%SINCE JAN 2014
+39%SINCE JAN 2014
ANNUAL GROWTHGROWTH TRENDS FOR THE COUNTRY’S KEY
DIGITAL STATISTICALINDICATORS
vs. POPULATION: 75%
Enabling Technologies – How does IoT / M2M Value Chain works Internet of Things Architecture
Applicat ionDevelopment
Device
AssetManagement
People and DeviceTracking
Big DataAnalytics
LogisticsManagement
Centralized DataSharing
ProcessOptimization
I PredictiveAnalytics
In-memoryAnalyt ics
DeviceConfiguration
Network
Service Gateway
Ethernet .
Signal Procssor
PerformanceManagement Security Management
GSM .
UMTS
Modular Micro-controller Embedded OS
Radio ModuleI
SIM Module
Network
Ethernet
Tags
Source: Frost & Sullivan.
Bluet oot' i ! l l U l t ra-W ide Band (u:
D60A- Tl 10S U L L I V A
Data Mining Cloud Analytics
CDMA.
2G 2.5G.
3G 4G
Busi
ness
Ap
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Man
agem
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Mul
tiser
vice
Ga
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Net
wor
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Data
Cap
ture
and
Co
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tivity
Sensors , Actuators & D isplays
Key
Tech
nolo
gies
LTE HSPA
Supply ChainCollaboration
Everywhere Cloud based M2M Integration, Platform
@
M2M Integrat ion Platform
Public Safety
Traffic Management
Energy Management
Bus
Water Management
Public Health
Tram
TrainMetro
Subway
Remote Monitoring
Fitness Machines
M2M End-user Applications Everywhere – Diffrent Industry Vertcles
Logistics & Networking
Medical & Healthcare
Transportation & Mobility
Public Transport
Railways
Smart Metering
Air Conditions
Elderly Living
Waste Management
Smart City
Environmental
Smart Grids
First Responders
Green Houses Sports Medicine
Cool Chain Monitoring
Telematics
Reverse Vending
Industrial Automation & Process Control
Ticketing
Smart Buildings
Water Supply, Sanitation & Irrigation
Signage
Automatic Vehicle Location
Remote Monitoring
Retail & Vending
Energy Monitoring
Medical
Elderly Living
Smart City
Smart Building
Green Houses
Cool Chain Monitoring
Agriculture
Retail
Public Safety, Security & Surveillance
Chemicals, Materials& Food
Minerals & Mining
AutomotiveAerospace & Defense
Measurement & Instrumentation
Energy & Power Systems
Information & Communication
Technologies
Consumer Technologies
Markets & Submarket:
• Enabling Technology
• Embedded Cellular M2M Modules
• Connection and service
• Network Connectivity
• Network Security
• Integration Services
• Application Services
• Connected Device Platforms (CDP)
• Application Platforms
• Application Enablement Platforms, AEP and
• Application Development Platforms, ADP
Ente
rpri
se v
iew
of
a S
ma
rt C
ity
Smart World – Sensors for M2M, Smart Cities, IoT and beyond…
Copyright © 2015 RIOT. All rights reserved
10/90 RULE – THE UNCONNECTED THINGS
The Last 100 meter connectivity
The “last 100 meters” represent > 90% potential number of connections• Today, the devices used in the “last 100 meters” are typically not connected, while the wide-area
network is, to a larger extent, connected e.g. through smartphones, Wi-Fi, home routers (e.g. ADSLrouters) and GSM/ 3G / 4G Routers.
Still DisconnectedConnected World
Today’s Smart Phone has Replaced a host of Gadgets & Sensors - Can Act as Last Mile Connector
Copyright © 2015 RIOT. All rights reserved
Citizens with smartphone as “Live and Moving Sensing Assistants”
Smart Phone Sensors Could Act AsCamera Eyes, Video, Photos
Ambient light Eyes
Audio Ears, Sound, Vibration
GPS Location, Position, Presence
Digital Compass Direction
Gyroscope Movement, device orientation
Accelerometer Speed, acceleration
Proximity Closeness
Temp Meter Sensing Hot, Cold
Time High Resolution Time, Navigation Time
Network Information
Route, Navigation
Information Text
Barometer Height, Pressure
FM Radio Agent for Broadcasting emergency messages
Crowdsourcing Via Crowd sensingSpatial – Location, Movement, Speed, Orientation, Navigation
Temporal – Time, Duration, Time variation of Flood levels/ water levels, LBS Tracking
Environmental – Temperature, Light, Noise Level, Humidity, Moisture, Acoustics, Sound, Vibration,
User Characterization – Activity (Mobility Pattern), Social Interactions (Social media)
Physical – Pressure, Height, condition of buildings etc, Thermal Imaging
Information – Audio, Video, text, photograph
Resource Availability – Storage, Memory, Computational, Battery
Intelligent Sensors, Smart Phones as live moving sensors
Big Data - Collection, management & analysis
Communication, Gateway, Networking and Interoperability
Applications, Business Apps, CRM, ERP, Field Force Management
ICT Services Management, Cloud, Computing Resources
Actuators, instrumentation and controls
Privacy and Security of information and Data
Ma
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,Fa
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Sust
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Citiz
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Effic
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urb
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obili
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ublic
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Infr
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uctu
re, R
oads
, Affo
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Spa
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was
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Responsibilities
Tech
nolo
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Esse
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M2M Technology capabilities
Smart Infrastructure Framework –Aligning Responsibilities and Enablers
Smart City – A Big Opportunity to Provide Integrated Public Safety, Security, Policing and Emergency Response Services in India
§ The biggest opportunity for the Indian innovators and entrepreneurs to realize their big dreams.
§ Competiveness, Sustainability and Quality of life, while facilitating huge economic benefits for citizens, businesses and the government alike.
§ Technology embedded across all city functions, touching the entire lifecycle of citizens, allowing monitoring of urban environment in real time to react in time through automated control processes with less or even no human intervention.
§ Smart City makes optimal use of big data available from the embedded & networked sensors and interconnected devices & actuators for better coordination and control of its operations for optimizing the physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, institutional infrastructure and economic infrastructure.
§ Public safety, security, crime control, policing and enforcement, earlierreferred to as a “Safe City Initiative”, are integral part of a smart city.
It works on a back bone of Internet: • Internet of Things
• Assets• Devices• Mobiles and• Static Sensors
• Internet of People• Social networking• Cloud sourcing• Web based Workflow
• Internet of Services• Cloud based solutions• Processes• Tools and Operations
• Internet of Data• Linking of open Data
Smart Integrated Applications and Services – The Bottom line
� We are living differently now
� Enterprises must operate differentlyto win
� Failure to adapt is not an option
� Data is common denominator,
� API’s (and Apps) are the point of control
� Smart M2M Applications and Services� Connected
applications
� Mobile applications
� Embedded applications
� Business Intelligence
Intelligent Sensors, Cameras
Connectivity
Command & Control
Cloud and Data Centre
SAFE CITY Architecture
Enterprize Mobility
Location Based Service
(LBS)
Analog Cameras
IP Cameras
Audio
Infrared
Heat Sensor
Fibre Optics
2G/ 3G/ 4G
Ethernet
Zigbee
Bluetooth 4.0
Laser Guns
SensorFusionSensorFusion
Signal Unification
Signal Unification
DispatchDispatch
Call TakingCall Taking
Camera Integration
Camera Integration
Event Debriefing
Event Debriefing
Capacity planningCapacity planning
Server building, deployment
Server building, deployment
Networkoptimization
Networkoptimization
Server integrationServer integration
Server monitoring
Storage Optimization
Storage Optimization
Analytics & Intelligence
CDR Analytics
Maps integration
Self Disclosure Service
Location Identification
Field Force Automation
Vehicle Tracking
1st Responder Identification
UAV
Picture IntelligenceObject CountHuman CountCrowd Density
A/V Signature Analysis
Streaming on Mobile
Using mobile citizen
Mobile camera integration
Social Adapter Integration
Cross platform application
services
Vehicle detectionPerimeter Detection
Loitering
Speed Violation
Intrusion Detection
Traffic Rule Violation
ANPR
GIS MapsGIS Maps
Rack building , maintenance
WiFi, WiMax
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity from smartphoneof passengers could enable 2-way messagepassing to get information about public transport
Wireless data sharing of free parking spaces could beaccessed by drivers to find the nearest empty parkingspaces through dashboard sensors and cloudconnectivity.
Wireless Charging PointConvergence of Vehicle to Electric Grid (V2G) willbe experienced through charging stations wherehybrid electric vehicle could be charged throughwireless charging system.
Vehicle Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)and In-dashboard Smart RFID chips could beleveraged for automatic toll payment. Thesetechniques will reduce the queue time at tollcollection point, significantly. The preconfiguredaccount within the payment system will automaticallycredit amount while passing through toll collection systems.
Passenger Information
combined with sensor fusion enables vehicle tovehicle (V2V) communication. V2V Telematics datatransfer could help in delivering advanced featuressuch as blind spot detection, night vision, navigationassistance with low energy consumption due to shortrange communication.
Warning messages broadcast about road block oraccident through information broadcast center andsatellite communication could help drivers avoidtraffic jams.
The Internet of VehiclesTechnology Led Innovative Applications Showcase the Next Gen
Automatic Diagnosis of Vehicle
Self Diagnosis leverages data captured fromController Area Network Bus (CAN bus) whichcommunicates with microcontrollers and devices todetect device failure without any host computer andinstantly alerts drivers in case of emergencies. SelfDiagnosis could be connected to cloud analytics toenhance accuracy of the diagnosis through analysisof huge amount of data captured from previousinstances.
Traffic Congestion Information Sharing
Information Broadcast
Pedestrian information obtained by vehicles fromcrossing signals through information serviceinfrastructure (V2I) communication will help tooptimize driving speed at the crossing therebyenhancing safety.
Auto Payment System at Toll CollectionSmartphone Near Field Communication (NFC),
Dedicated Short Range (DSRC) two-waycommunication and Global Positioning System (GPS)
Vehicle Position Information
Information broadcast service center acts as theplatform between the vehicles and satellitecommunication. Any wireless data available fromvehicles and other sensors in traffic control , parkingspaces etc. are captured here to broadcast throughsatellite communication. It acts as the booster toincrease the range of communication betweenvehicles.
Satellite Communication
Cloud Big Data Analytics
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Efficient Parking SolutionSafety System to Avoid Accident
Where is the $?–Disruptive Opportunities
Remote Data AnalyticsBig Data analytics solution to analyze datacollected from various in-car sensors andprovide real-time solution for engineers toimprove safety and performance.
Integrated Software Architecture
Single bus system with opensoftware architecture platformcould enable easy integration ofadvanced features throughsoftware installation process. Itwill minimize deployment time fornew feature sets in cars. Softwaredefined vehicle will also enableeasy detection of faults andeffective troubleshooting.
Collaboration / Partnership Technology Hardware Developers
Adaptive Lighting Systems
Based onweather
thecondition,
road conditiontime of day, sensors automatically regulate
andlight
lightintensity and adjusthigh and low beamof vehicle.
Software Developers
In-Vehicle Behavioural AnalyticsAlong with Interactive platform for in-carentertainment applications such as voicecontrol and gesture control media player,future In-vehicle Infotainment systemcould also implement behavioral analyticsto provide advanced in-dashboard featuresets such as driver heath monitoring forenhancing safety measures.
Smart Phone Integration Smartphone integrationwith in-car system enableseasy access to the car datafor the users and it alsofacilitates vehicle to vehicleconnectivity information sharing.
throughFew
innovative applications gaininginterest are driver healthmonitoring, traffic monitoring,navigation, weather forecast,smart parking, emergencycalling application, driving
engineoptimization andtrouble shooting applications.
Energy HarvestedElectric Car
Car vibration and movement could be harvested to generateenergy from the system to run electric cars and reduce energyconsumption cost. This will require collaboration betweenautomotive technology hardware developers and energytechnology developers for effective integration of the solution.
The Internet of Vehicles
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Device Connectivity SensorsThe connectivity of the bio-parameter sensing devices with the centralizedrepository could be established through a sensor gateway layer whichincludes multiple layers to process data to the repository. OperatingSystem offers the standardized wireless interfaces such as Wi-Fi, Zigbeeand Bluetooth for secured communication of the sensor data to the users.Sensor Protocols help in power efficient delivery of information from sensornodes. Middle ware manages interaction of sensor node with theapplication interface. APIs deliver specific information to the users based onthe devices and its purposes like blood pressure monitoring, weightmeasurement etc.
Health Monitoring DevicesBio-parameter sensing devices integrated with sensors for collection of dataon blood pressure, glucose level, oxygen level, pulse rate and cardiostrength etc. enable easy mode of communication for the end users tounderstand the physiological condition of the body instantly. These sensorsleverage a personal area network (PAN) interface like Bluetooth and localarea network (LAN) interface like Zigbee to transfer data from the devices tothe hosting devices via cloud repositories, thereby enriching information foranalytical functionalities.
The Internet of Health InformationShift towards Centralized Data Repositories
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Centralized RepositoriesThe centralized repository acts as the backbone of massive amount of informationaccessed by individual devices. It is the application server platform which collectsdata from various sensors through wireless connectivity and then implements cloudanalytics on it to deliver accurate information to the remote and on-premise users.Health Information Service providers integrate data from various applicationservers such as Electronic Health Record (EHR), Health Information Exchange(HIE), Personal Health Record (PHR) and Nationwide Health Information Network(NHIN) through cloud computing interface and enables seamless access to hugedata sets for the users through their hosting devices such as mobile, desktop ortablets.
Patient SurveillanceConvergence of RFID chips with bio-parametersensors could facilitate continuous monitoring ofpatients’ condition within the hospital premise.This is one of the most emerging applicationareas in healthcare sector providing immenseopportunity for wearable device manufacturers
Open IntelligentHealth Monitoring
PlatformDeveloping an open intelligentplatform for seamless integrationof data from various data sourcescould be of considerable interestamong healthcare organizationsto centralize data access andenable interoperability of devicesat reduced cost.
3D Printed Organs3D printing equipment manufacturers could leverage the benefits ofbig data analytics to improve accuracy by controlling the variouscritical parameters in the printing process of body organs and help inorgan replacement process for health organizations.
Collaborative / Partnership Technology Hardware Developers
Fridge ControllerOrganic elements andvaccines demand accuratetemperature control withinthe fridge. Analytics solutionproviders could convergewith sensor manufacturersto deliver efficienttemperature control forfridge, automatically.
Software Developers
Camera Pills Micro Machined Sensors (MMS) reedsensors encapsulated within an ingestiblecapsule along with mini video camera, image sensor and controlled throughexternal magnets could be the next bigthing for healthcare technology hardwaredevelopers to enable effective andaccurate diagnosis of internal body parts.
Predictive Assistance
Analytics application for predictive insights onpatient data could alsohave great potential in thefuture. Facilitated byenormous amount of datacollected from various
helps insensor nodes providing enhanced
real-timeaccuracy andinformationstages.
at critical
The Internet of Health InformationWhere is the $?–Disruptive Opportunities
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Where is the $?–Disruptive Opportunities
Secured Smart Grid Network Controller
Advanced network controllers integrated withcyber communication network securitytechnologies for protection against energyhacking could avoid power loss and outages.Device security being a major concern for IoT,this technology area could earn huge return fordevelopers.
Predictive Analytics for Optimized Power Generation
Predictive analytics software solution frombig data participants could enable effectivemonitoring of power usage and would alsobe an important tool at smart grid network control system to predict future powerrequirement and optimize powergeneration sources accordingly.
Energy SharingInfrastructure
Individual rechargeable battery deployment at homenetwork will enable users to save power for future usageand will also facilitate power balancing by sharingenergy to nearby building, offices, hospitals etc. instantlythrough real-time update.
Collaborative / Partnership Technology Hardware Developers
Grid– VehicleCommunication Network
Grid to electric Vehicle
Vehicle (G2V) forcar energy and
to Grid (V2G) forsmart meter data analysiswill need abetweenmanufacturers
convergenceautomobile
and energytechnology developers.
Software Developers
Smart Home SolutionFusion of temperature, smoke, gassensors along with monitoring andanalytics solutions are driving this space.
Dynamic Energy Pricing SolutionSoftware service solutionthrough cloud connectivitycould enable developmentof advanced dynamicpricing solution which willintegrate suppliers priceoffering and analyze themto help users identify thebest power sourcesavailable, based on their usage patterns.
The Internet of Smart Energy
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Future lies in Collaborative Information Sharing
Battlefield Information SharingBattlefield weapons and devices are becoming more advancedwith integration of sensors to monitor their operations from remotelocation and also to analyze the device life. Connected with thecentralized cloud repository through SATCOM helps theheadquarter to accurately understand the battlefield status.Future network communication will be more based on IPv6communication due to its enhanced security and reliability in datacommunication.
Military Headquarter Decision SystemIntelligence built within the several assets of theaerospace and defense industry helps them tooperate autonomously which demands for a reliable,secure and safe monitoring system. MilitaryHeadquarters equipped with cloud connectivity andadvanced big data analytics will help manage theconnected devices through sensor communicationacross the value chain. Sophisticated surveillanceand interoperability with the different assets willenable real-time monitoring and process optimizationto implement strategies quickly for mission criticaloperations.
Inventory Predictive Analytics
Two-way communication of the Inventory solutionwith Headquarter and Manufacturing division will helpto get real-time information to predict demand andsupply and enable optimization in stock management.GPS tracking sensors in the inventory stock will helpin easy tracing of product.
Manufacturing MachinesThe manufacturing division connected withcloud infrastructure will provide real-time
and delivery line for supply chain process.
update on stocksunderstanding theSensor fitted machines will enable detection ofdevice faults in advance which will help inavoiding interruption in the production process.
Equipment Supplier
Next-Generation Cockpit SystemAdvanced cockpit systems will be comprised of
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next-generation technologies like advanced visionsystem for enhanced visibility of surrounding,augmented reality for interactive informationdisplay, touch and voice recognition technologiesfor effortless interaction with the system and bigdata analytics for providing real-time actionableinsights to the pilots. Next-generation cockpits willleverage data from various aircraft sensors andalso from the repository and aircraft surroundingsto provide comprehensive accurate insights fordecision making.
Constant changes in regulatory andsafety policies across the globe could beeffortlessly accessed by equipmentsuppliers to meet compliances of brands.Transparent communication with supplierwill help brands to formulate pricingstrategies more effectively.
The Internet of Machines
For IoT & M2M Applications Data Security/ Information Security is a big concern
Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Authentication
Unauthorised access to Information, data
Unauthorised Modification or Theft of Information, data
Denial of Service or Prevention of Authorised Access
Non-Repudiation
Accountability: Denial of Action That took place, or claim of Action that did not take place
CIA
Tria
dE-
Com
mer
ce
The individual is who he claims to be.
Worldwide trends in Cyber/ Information Security
Top concerns - organizations
Regulatory Non Compliance
State Sponsored
Attacks
Targeted Phishing
Malicious Insiders
Third Party Risk Privilege Abuse
Web Application
Vulnerabilities
Use of Employee−
Owned Mobile Devices
91% increase in targeted attacks
campaigns in 2013
62% increase in the number of
breaches in 2013
Over 552M identities were
exposed via breaches in 2013
23 zero-day vulnerabilities
discovered
38% of mobile users have
experienced mobile cybercrime in past 12 months
1 in 392 emails contain a phishing
attacks
Web-based attacks are up 23%
1 in 8 legitimate websites have a
critical vulnerability
Key Statistics
Targeted attacks grow and evolve
Zero-day Vulnerabilities
and Unpatched Websites Facilitated
Watering-Hole Attacks
Social Media Scams and Malware
Flourish on Mobile
Ransomwareattacks grew
by 500 percent in 2013 and
turned vicious
Attackers are turning to the
Internet of Things
Sophisticated Threat Trends
Cyber-crime
Cyber-espionage
Cyber-terrorism
Cyber-warfare
Threats proliferate
Strategic Layer
Internal Security External Affairs
Critical Sectors
Government Information
Financial Information
Commercial Information Personal Information
Study of Global Security standards |How they fit into the national Ecosystem
Sectoral LawsRBI, SEBI, IRDA, TRAI, DoT
IT Act 2000& its Amendments–Rules U/S 43A, 79, Clauses 66-69, 72
StandardsISO 27001, PCI DSS, SoX, DSFHIPAA, SANS,
Sectoral LawsRBI, SEBI, IRDA,
IT Act 2000& AmendmentsRules U/S 43A, 79, Clauses 66-69, 72
Standards – RBI GuidelinesISO 27001, PCI DSS, SoX, DSF
Department Guidelines issued by various ministries
Standardse-Safe, ISO 27001
IT Act Not Applicable
StandardsISO 27001 for Basic Infosec
ISO 15408 – for ICT Supply chain
Security standards by Industry Associationse.g. ISGF for Power sectors - cybersecurity guidelines
Guidelines defined by CERT-In and NIC.
Special provision defined by Ministry
Reference StandardsFISMA-FIPS
Reference StandardsFISMA-FIPS
Ministry Guidelines Ministries Defence through respective CERTs
Inputs from NSA, PMO also critical in case of drafting policies
Departmental Guidelines
ReferenceStandardsISO series
Although many standards cut-across different sectors, there are specific sectoral standards/guidelines
Strategic Importance
National Importance
Critical Sector
Government Information
Financial Information
Commercial / Personal Information
To Sum Up and The Way Forward
• IoT, IoE and M2M are the next big waves which India can not afford to overlook. Smart City is one example of IoT in action.
• We have to closely work with the Industry to evolve “Open Standards” in the native environment in collaboration with them for adoption of IoT and M2M, especially in the areas of sensors, protocols, data sets, applications etc.
• Today, the majority of devices/ sensing devices used in the “last 100 meters” are typically not connected. This issue needs to be addressed urgently.
• Innovatively use the Citizens with smartphone as “Live and Moving Sensing Assistants” especially in the last 100 meters.
• Security and privacy are one of the biggest concerns which need to ne addressed in a comprehensive manner.
• Adoption of IPV6 would certainly address these concerns.
