ns310 evolution of warfare major carlos rascon ns310 evolution of warfare
TRANSCRIPT
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Major Carlos Rascon
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
SOURCES
• Dupuy and Dupuy, “Understanding War from Historical Perspective”, Marine Corps Gazette, June 1985, pp. 53-58
• American National Security, “Terrorism”, September 11, 2002
• RADM Zelibor, “The Warfighter’s Perspective”
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Learning Objectives
• Comprehend the proliferation of terrorism and its use as a political and military method of warfare
• Comprehend the acts against the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001 and explain the U.S.’s response towards Afghanistan in Operation Enduring Freedom
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Terrorism is a Political Act
• A weapon of psychological purposes
• Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnation or clandestine agents usually intended to influence an audience
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Terrorism is a Political Act
• Creates extreme fear and anxiety in a target group larger than immediate victims• “Extra-normal violence in a symbolic act”• Specific victims have no particular
significance to terrorist
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Terrorism is Not Irrational
• Terrorist use logic that links• Goals• Objectives• Strategy
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Political Goals of Terrorism
• Create sense of vulnerability in larger target population
• To publicize terrorists’ plight (gain recognition)
• To embolden their allies and supporters• Provoke violent reaction
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Political Goals of Terrorism
• Force policy change by adversary through public pressure• Turn public against authorities
• Push adversary into self-constraining acts• Martial law
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Terrorism in Historical Perspective
• Acts of terrorism recorded over 2000 years ago in Middle East
• Term “terrorism” coined during the French Revolution (1790’s)
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
“Traditional” Terrorism
• Terrorists’ Concern for legitimacy• Moderated strategy of violence
• Violence calibrated in relation to political objectives • Leaves future possibility for negotiation and political
settlement• Excessive violence reduces legitimacy and claims for
support• PLO & Israel (until 2001)
• Terrorists always claimed credit for their acts
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
“Traditional” Terrorism
• 10% Terrorists caught or killed• 50% caught went to jail
• Therefore low personal risk
• Origins and Actions Nation- Based
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Recent Terrorists Acts against the U.S.
• 1983- U.S. Embassy & Marine Corps Barracks, Lebanon
• 1989- Lockerbe PA103 bombing• 1993- World Trade Center• 1996- Oklahoma City• 1998- East Africa Embassy Bombings• 2000- USS Cole, Yemen• 2001- WTC & Pentagon
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
States Sponsoring Terrorism Today
• Iran
• Iraq
• Syria
• Sudan
• Libya
• North Korea
• Cuba
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
The “New” Terrorism
• Religion based• Self legitimacy – no need for restraint• Sense of superiority- no need for restraint• Personal risk is unimportant; sacred misson
• Greater Violence – Greater “Good”• Death of victims reduces number of non-
beleivers
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
The “New” Terrorism
• 1995: 25% of terrorist attacks religion- based
• Claiming credit for specific acts less important • Political message is
vulnerability and destruction of adversary
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
The “New” Terrorism• Transitional • Better technology and means
for terror effects• Communications• Financial• Weaponry and explosives
• Greater Vulnerability of Modern Urban Technological Societies• Fragile complex systems• Energy• Transport
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September 11, 2001
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Operation Enduring Freedom
• United States response to September 11• Afghanistan harbored terrorists• War against Taliban, not all of Afghanistan
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Operation Enduring Freedom
• Different than Desert Storm• Extended ranges• Targets intermingled with non-targets• Few fixed targets• Non-traditional targets
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
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Tactics
• 92% LGB’s• 85% Non-Fixed• After day 12, 93% of
targets not ID’d to pilot until after launch
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Non-Standard Targeting
• Emphasis on:• Positive ID• Precision Targeting• Blue/White Force
Deconfliction• SOF control direct to
cockpit• Minimal collateral damage
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Operation Enduring Freedom
• Leaflets were dropped on sites before bombing• Both in English and the native languages in
which they were dropped. Quite a variety
• “OSAMA BIN LADEN THE MURDERER AND COWARD HAS ABANDONED AL QAIDA . HE HAS ABANDONED YOU AND RUN AWAY. GIVE YOURSELF UP AND DO NOT DIE NEEDLESSLY. YOU MEAN NOTHING TO HIM. SAVE YOUR FAMILIES THE GRIEF AND PAIN OF YOUR DEATH.”
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Al- Qaida Caves in Tora Bora
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Leadership Interception Operations
• After Taliban Fell, Navy was tasked with ensuring no Taliban or Al-Qaida members fled by sea
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Large Naval Contingent of Coalition Partners
• 100+ Ships from 12 nations
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Targets and Tactics
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Summary
• To counteract terrorism the U.S. has aggressively encouraged countries to stop harboring terrorists.
• The U.S. is working on Homeland Defense to enhance the response capabilities of military, federal, state, and local emergency responders to terrorist incidents and incidents involving weapons of mass destruction
• War on Terrorism
NS310 Evolution of Warfare
Questions?