nowedge organiser€¦ · the result of the application of henna dye on the skin can now be called...
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KNOWLEDGEORGANISER
YEAR 9TERM 3
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Art
Drama
English
French
Geography
History
IT
Maths
Music
Science
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Art
WHA
T ARE
THE C
ULTU
RAL S
IGNI
FICAN
CES O
F MEH
NDI A
ND
HOW
CAN
THES
E BE U
SED
TO IN
FORM
YOUR
PATT
ERN
AND
PRIN
T
REV
IEW
Me
hn
di
vs
He
nn
a
Me
hn
di
an
d h
en
na
are
tw
o t
erm
s co
mm
on
ly a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h e
ach
oth
er.
Me
hn
di
an
d h
en
na
are
tw
o s
yn
on
ym
ou
s te
rms
on
ly e
ach
wo
rd o
rig
i-n
ate
d f
rom
a d
iffe
ren
t la
ng
ua
ge
. “M
eh
nd
i” i
s th
e I
nd
ian
wo
rd f
or
“he
nn
a,”
an
d “
he
nn
a”
is t
he
Ara
bic
wo
rd f
or
“me
hn
di.
”
Yo
u m
ay
als
o fi
nd
defi
nit
ion
s te
llin
g t
ha
t m
eh
nd
i is
th
e a
rt o
f h
en
na
pa
inti
ng
on
th
e b
od
y. T
hu
s, w
e c
an
als
o s
ay
th
at
me
hn
di
is t
he
re
sult
of
tha
t h
en
na
pa
inti
ng
pro
cess
, a
nd
he
nn
a i
s th
e m
ed
ium
use
d i
n c
rea
tin
g a
me
hn
di.
An
d b
eca
use
of
tha
t, m
eh
nd
i a
nd
he
nn
a a
re o
fte
n u
sed
in
-te
rch
an
ge
ab
ly.
If w
e t
alk
ab
ou
t “h
en
na
” a
lon
e,
it c
an
als
o m
ea
n t
hre
e t
hin
gs.
He
nn
a c
an
eit
he
r b
e a
flo
we
rin
g p
lan
t, a
ta
tto
o i
nk
ma
de
fro
m t
he
he
nn
a p
lan
t,
or
sim
ply
a t
att
oo
ma
de
wit
h t
he
dy
e f
rom
th
e h
en
na
pla
nt.
In
oth
er
wo
rds,
he
nn
a i
s a
pla
nt,
a d
ye
, a
nd
a t
att
oo
.
He
nn
a a
s a
flo
we
rin
g p
lan
t th
at
on
ly g
row
s in
are
as
wit
h m
inim
um
te
mp
era
ture
s w
hic
h a
re a
pp
rox
ima
tely
11
de
gre
es
Ce
lsiu
s. T
he
he
nn
a
pla
nt
is a
la
rge
sh
rub
wh
ich
ca
n a
ctu
all
y g
row
up
to
6 m
ete
rs i
n h
eig
ht.
It
ha
s g
ree
n,
me
diu
m-s
ize
d a
nd
ob
lon
g-s
ha
pe
d l
ea
ve
s th
at
gro
w i
n
pa
irs.
Wh
en
th
e h
en
na
pla
nt
is m
atu
re e
no
ug
h,
tho
rns
de
ve
lop
at
its
lea
f b
ud
s p
rote
ctin
g t
he
he
nn
a p
lan
t fr
om
be
ing
ea
ten
by
an
ima
ls.
He
nn
a a
s a
dy
e c
an
be
use
d t
o c
olo
ur
the
sk
inH
en
na
as
a d
ye
ca
n b
e u
sed
to
co
lou
r th
e s
kin
, h
air
, a
nd
fa
bri
c. T
he
re
sult
of
the
ap
pli
cati
on
of
he
nn
a d
ye
on
th
e s
kin
ca
n n
ow
be
ca
lle
d
me
hn
di.
He
nn
a a
s a
ta
tto
o o
r b
od
y a
rt i
s ca
lle
d a
me
hn
di.
Fo
r se
ve
ral
cen
turi
es,
me
hn
di
ha
s b
ee
n k
ep
t in
pra
ctic
e i
n c
ou
ntr
ies
lik
e I
nd
ia,
Afr
ica
, a
nd
ev
en
in
th
e M
idd
le E
ast
. W
e a
re o
fte
n a
we
d w
ith
th
e b
ea
uti
ful
an
d c
olo
urf
ul
he
nn
a t
att
oo
s a
pp
lie
d o
n p
eo
ple
’s s
kin
. M
eh
nd
i h
as
lon
g b
ee
n e
xis
ten
t b
eca
use
th
e e
arl
y p
eo
ple
be
lie
ve
d t
ha
t d
yin
g t
he
he
nn
a p
lan
t o
n t
he
sk
in w
ou
ld b
rin
g l
uck
. A
ny
on
e w
ith
a m
eh
nd
i o
r h
en
na
wo
uld
ha
ve
go
od
fo
rtu
ne
, e
xp
eri
en
ce l
ots
of
lov
e,
an
d p
rote
ct h
imse
lf f
rom
ev
il.
TThe
use
of
he
nn
a d
uri
ng
th
e o
lde
n t
ime
s h
ad
pro
ve
n t
o b
e u
sefu
l. T
he
he
nn
a o
r m
eh
nd
i h
ad
be
en
use
d t
o c
olo
r th
e m
an
es
an
d h
oo
ve
s o
f h
ors
es.
Th
e p
eo
ple
ha
d a
lso
use
d h
en
na
in
co
lou
rin
g t
he
ir w
oo
l p
rod
uct
s, s
ilk
, a
nd
sk
ins
of
an
ima
ls. T
he
me
n d
uri
ng
th
ose
tim
es
als
o u
sed
h
en
na
to
co
lou
r th
eir
be
ard
s. R
eco
rds
als
o s
ho
w t
ha
t e
ve
n p
ha
rao
hs
use
d t
he
he
nn
a p
lan
t in
dy
ing
th
eir
ha
ir a
nd
na
ils.
TThe
he
nn
a t
att
oo
is
on
ly t
em
po
rary
. It
ca
n f
ad
e n
atu
rall
y i
n a
bo
ut
on
e t
o t
hre
e w
ee
ks.
Du
rin
g t
he
pa
st,
the
me
hn
di
or
he
nn
a w
ere
use
d f
or
we
dd
ing
ce
rem
on
ies
an
d o
the
r im
po
rta
nt
rite
s o
r ce
leb
rati
on
s. W
he
n t
he
le
av
es
of
the
he
nn
a p
lan
t a
re c
rush
ed
an
d m
ad
e i
nto
a p
ast
e,
the
y
can
be
ap
pli
ed
on
th
e s
kin
an
d l
ea
ve
a b
ea
uti
ful
tatt
oo
. To
be
ab
le t
o h
av
e y
ou
r o
wn
me
hn
di
or
he
nn
a b
od
y a
rt,
the
pa
inti
ng
me
diu
ms
are
so
ld a
s p
ow
de
rs o
r p
ast
es.
As
of
tod
ay
, se
ve
ral
pe
op
le f
oll
ow
th
e h
en
na
ta
tto
o c
raze
. S
ince
se
ve
ral
tatt
oo
de
sig
ns
can
be
ma
de
ou
t o
f h
en
na
, p
eo
ple
fo
llo
w s
uit
. H
en
na
o
r m
eh
nd
i is
on
ly t
em
po
rary
; th
us,
pe
op
le c
an
se
t a
sid
e t
he
ir w
orr
ies
on
ho
w t
o g
et
rid
of
it.
Su
mm
ary
:
“Me
hn
di”
is
the
In
dia
n w
o“M
eh
nd
i” i
s th
e I
nd
ian
wo
rd f
or
“he
nn
a,”
an
d “
he
nn
a”
is t
he
Ara
bic
wo
rd f
or
“me
hn
di.
”
We
ca
n a
lso
sa
y t
ha
t a
me
hn
di
is t
he
re
sult
of
tha
t h
en
na
pa
inti
ng
pro
cess
, a
nd
he
nn
a i
s th
e m
ed
ium
use
d i
n c
rea
tin
g a
me
hn
di.
He
nn
a c
an
me
an
a fl
ow
eri
ng
pla
nt,
a d
ye
, a
nd
bo
dy
art
.
Me
hn
di
or
he
nn
a h
ad
be
en
use
d f
or
cen
turi
es.
In
fa
ct,
ev
en
ph
ara
oh
s h
ad
ap
pli
ed
he
nn
a o
n t
he
ir h
air
an
d n
ail
s
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Art
DRAM
A KN
OWLE
DGE
ORGA
NISE
R: Y
EAR
9 TE
RM 3
- T
he T
empe
st
1 W
illia
m
Shak
espe
are
The
proc
ess o
f dev
elop
ing
an id
ea fr
om a
st
imul
i.
2
Repe
titio
n c
3 Fo
rum
thea
tre
mak
es th
e isl
and
seem
mag
ical
. (‘H
ark,
4 Em
body
ha
rk!’)
Act
1 S
cene
2.
5 Im
prov
isat
ion
To d
evel
op d
ram
atic
idea
s in
the
mom
ent.
6 Na
tura
listic
Perfo
rman
ce th
at is
true
to li
fe; a
s re
al a
s pos
sible
.
7 St
imul
i An
idea
that
pro
mpt
s you
to d
evel
op
from
it.
14
G
erm
an p
layw
right
, Ber
tolt
Brec
ht's
idea
s ar
e ve
ry
influ
entia
l. H
e w
ante
d to
mak
e th
e au
dien
ce th
ink,
and
use
d a
rang
e of
dev
ices
to re
min
d th
em
that
they
wer
e w
atch
ing
thea
tre
and
not r
eal l
ife.
15
Aug
usto
Boa
l
Boal
’s T
heat
re w
as a
bout
ad
dres
sing
pol
itica
l and
soc
ial
chan
ge b
y di
rect
ly e
ngag
ing
and
inte
ract
ing
with
the
audi
ence
, th
roug
h te
chni
ques
suc
h as
fo
rum
thea
tre.
16
Ant
onin
A
rtau
d Ar
taud
dev
elop
ed th
e co
ncep
t of
“The
atre
of c
ruel
ty” w
here
by th
e au
dien
ce w
as p
lace
d at
the
cent
re o
f ofte
n tra
umat
ic o
r in
tens
e ex
perie
nces
, wan
ting
the
audi
ence
to fe
el tr
appe
d.
17
Kon
stan
tin
Stan
isla
vski
Stan
sisl
avsk
i adv
ocat
ed a
type
of
thea
tre th
at w
as e
ntire
ly
natu
ralis
tic a
nd c
lose
to re
al li
fe
expe
rienc
es a
s po
ssib
le,
enco
urag
ing
all a
ctor
s to
bec
ome
thei
r sub
ject
s.
18
Dev
isin
g Pr
oces
s
Dev
isin
g in
volv
es th
e de
velo
pmen
t of c
hara
cter
, scr
ipt,
tech
nica
l ele
men
ts s
uch
as
cost
ume,
ligh
ting
and
soun
d.
8 Th
eatre
An
are
a w
here
pla
ys c
an b
e pe
rform
ed
9 Sc
ene
Whe
re so
met
hing
occ
urs o
r a se
ttin
g in
a
stor
y of
the
play
.
10
Audi
ence
Th
e pe
ople
wat
chin
g th
e pe
rform
ance
.
11
Spat
ial
Awar
enes
s Sp
atia
l aw
aren
ess i
s the
abi
lity
to b
e aw
are
of o
nese
lf in
a sp
ace.
12
Dia
logu
e a
conv
ersa
tion
betw
een
two
or m
ore
peop
le.
13
Perfo
rmer
A
pers
on w
ho e
nter
tain
s th
e au
dien
ce
Impo
rtant
thea
trica
l con
cept
s
Key
PEOP
LE
Devi
sing
This
is gr
eat
Th
ey a
re n
ot li
sten
ing
to m
e
This
is aw
ful.
I hat
e m
y lif
e
Th
is co
uld
be o
k.
This
is a
wes
ome!
!!!!!
Tim
elin
e
Subj
ect S
pecif
ic Te
rms
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Dra
ma
Plot
Sum
mar
y Th
e Te
mpe
st (I
.i)
Alo
nso,
the
King
of N
aple
s, is
on a
ship
with
his
son
Ferd
inan
d an
d hi
s com
pani
ons S
ebas
tian,
Ant
onio
, St
epha
no a
nd T
rincu
lo. T
hey
are
stru
ck b
y a
terri
fyin
g,
how
ling
stor
m. T
hey
aban
don
ship
and
swim
to a
nea
rby
islan
d bu
t are
was
hed
asho
re in
diff
eren
t pla
ces.
The
islan
d se
ems t
o be
aba
ndon
ed.
Afte
r the
Sto
rm (I
.ii)
From
a n
earb
y isl
and,
Mira
nda
wat
ches
the
huge
tem
pest
. Sh
e liv
es w
ith h
er fa
ther
Pro
sper
o an
d ha
s litt
le m
emor
y of
he
r life
bef
ore
the
islan
d. P
rosp
ero
tells
his
daug
hter
of t
heir
past
: he
was
the
Duk
e of
Mila
n tw
elve
yea
rs a
go, b
ut h
e w
as so
invo
lved
with
his
book
s and
secr
et st
udie
s tha
t he
did
not r
ealis
e hi
s bro
ther
Ant
onio
was
stea
ling
pow
er fr
om h
im.
One
nig
ht, A
nton
io o
rder
ed so
ldie
rs to
take
Pro
sper
o an
d M
irand
a an
d pu
t the
m o
n a
boat
to th
eir d
eath
. But
they
w
ere
was
hed
asho
re th
is isl
and
safe
ly a
nd h
ave
lived
ther
e ev
er si
nce.
Pro
sper
o ha
s bee
n ru
ler o
f the
isla
nd. P
rosp
ero
has c
reat
ed th
e st
orm
to b
ring
his b
roth
er to
the
islan
d.
Arie
l and
Cal
iban
(I.ii
. con
t./II.
i) Pr
ospe
ro is
a p
ower
ful m
agic
ian
who
con
trols
the
spiri
t Arie
l w
ho c
ompl
etes
task
s for
him
. Pro
sper
o ha
s agr
eed
to
rele
ase
Arie
l afte
r thi
s las
t miss
ion.
Cal
iban
is a
def
orm
ed
sava
ge sl
ave
who
is a
lso u
nder
Pro
sper
o’s c
ontro
l. He
is th
e so
n of
an
old
witc
h, S
ycor
ax, a
nd is
a n
ativ
e of
the
islan
d.
Pros
pero
taug
ht C
alib
an h
ow to
spea
k bu
t Cal
iban
rese
nts
the
cont
rol P
rosp
ero
has o
ver h
im.
Kind
Alo
nso
(II.i)
Ki
ng A
lons
o an
d hi
s you
nger
bro
ther
Seb
astia
n, a
s wel
l as
Ant
onio
(the
usu
rpin
g D
uke
of M
ilan)
, wan
der a
roun
d th
e isl
and.
Kin
g A
lons
o w
eeps
as h
e be
lieve
s his
son
Ferd
inan
d is
dead
. Seb
astia
n an
d A
nton
io p
lot t
o ki
ll Alo
nso
so th
at
Seba
stia
n ca
n be
kin
g. T
hey
are
stop
ped
by A
riel’s
mag
ical
in
terv
entio
n.
Cal
iban
, Ste
phan
o an
d Tr
incu
lo (I
I.ii,
III.ii
) Th
e m
onst
er C
alib
an is
foun
d by
Ste
phan
o an
d Tr
incu
lo.
They
giv
e hi
m a
lcoh
ol to
drin
k an
d he
get
s dru
nk. C
alib
an
offe
rs to
serv
e St
epha
no b
ecau
se h
e be
lieve
s he
is a
god
beca
use
of th
e he
aven
ly d
rink!
Cal
iban
exp
lain
s to
them
ho
w P
rosp
ero
has t
reat
ed h
im a
nd th
at h
e w
ill be
thei
r gu
ide
on th
e isl
and
if th
ey o
verth
row
him
. The
thre
e dr
unks
go
to fi
nd a
nd k
ill Pr
ospe
ro.
Cha
ract
ers
Alo
nso
– Ki
ng o
f Nap
les
Seba
stia
n –
Alo
nso’
s bro
ther
Ferd
inan
d –
Alo
nso’
s son
Ant
onio
– P
rosp
ero’
s bro
ther
. A
nton
io st
ole
Pros
pero
’s ti
tle a
s D
uke
of M
ilan.
G
onza
lo –
the
old
coun
sello
r to
the
King
of N
aple
s Tr
incu
lo –
a je
ster
Step
hano
– a
dru
nken
but
ler
Pros
pero
– th
e rig
htfu
l Duk
e of
Mila
n
Mira
nda
– Pr
ospe
ro’s
dau
ghte
r A
riel –
an
airy
spiri
t; a
slave
of
Pros
pero
’s w
ho e
arns
his
freed
om
Cal
iban
– a
sava
ge a
nd d
efor
med
sla
ve o
f Pro
sper
o’s;
a na
tive
of th
e isl
and
Keyw
ords
wor
ds
colo
nial
ism –
whe
n on
e co
untry
es
tabl
ishes
itse
lf in
ano
ther
cou
ntry
. W
hen
som
eone
col
onise
s a n
ew
coun
try, t
hey
are
calle
d a
colo
nise
r. Th
e or
igin
al in
habi
tant
s of t
he la
nd
are
calle
d na
tives
. us
urp
– to
take
con
trol o
f som
eone
el
se’s
pow
er w
hen
you
do n
ot h
ave
the
right
to. S
omeo
ne w
ho u
surp
s is
calle
d a
usur
per.
te
mpe
st –
a v
iole
nt st
orm
. tre
ason
– a
crim
e th
at h
arm
s you
r co
untry
or g
over
nmen
t. So
meo
ne
who
com
mits
trea
son
is a
traito
r.
callo
us –
whe
n so
meo
ne is
cru
el
and
does
not
car
e ab
out o
ther
pe
ople
. pa
thos
– a
situ
atio
n th
at m
akes
us
feel
sym
path
y or
sorro
w.
dual
nat
ure
– ha
ving
two
sides
. nu
rture
– to
enc
oura
ge o
r sup
port
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f som
eone
or
som
ethi
ng.
Trag
icom
edy
– a
play
that
has
som
e fe
atur
es o
f a tr
aged
y an
d so
me
feat
ures
of a
com
edy.
Ba
ckgr
ound
Info
rmat
ion
Shak
espe
are
was
bor
n in
the
Eliza
beth
an e
ra, n
amed
afte
r El
izabe
th I.
Afte
r she
die
d, J
ames
I be
cam
e ki
ng. T
his p
erio
d of
hist
ory
is ca
lled
the
Jaco
bean
era
, bec
ause
Jac
ob is
the
Latin
for J
ames
. Sha
kesp
eare
lived
and
wor
ked
in b
oth
eras
. Ita
lian
city
stat
es -
A c
ity-s
tate
is a
n ar
ea th
at is
rule
d by
a
maj
or c
ity. D
urin
g th
e El
izabe
than
and
Jac
obea
n er
a, It
aly
was
n't o
ne u
nifie
d co
untry
, but
a n
umbe
r of s
mal
l in
depe
nden
t city
-sta
tes.
Se
a ex
plor
atio
n w
as p
opul
ar in
the
Eliza
beth
an e
ra a
s pe
ople
‘disc
over
ed’ n
ew p
arts
of t
he w
orld
. Que
en E
lizab
eth
I was
obs
esse
d w
ith th
eir d
iscov
erie
s and
was
hap
py to
pay
fo
r the
ir tra
vels.
Led
by
her e
xam
ple,
the
rest
of t
he c
ount
ry
wer
e al
so fa
scin
ated
by
thei
r sto
ries a
nd g
oods
.
‘The
Tem
pest
’ Kn
owle
dge
Org
anise
r
Ferd
inan
d an
d M
irand
a (I.
ii, II
I.i)
Ferd
inan
d ha
s sur
vive
d th
e st
orm
. He
is sa
fely
on
the
islan
d an
d is
foun
d by
Mira
nda.
The
y fa
ll ins
tant
ly in
love
. Pro
sper
o w
ants
to te
st th
at th
e lo
ve is
real
. Fer
dina
nd h
as to
end
ure
hard
labo
ur to
pro
ve h
is in
tent
ions
are
hon
oura
ble.
Mira
nda
pitie
s Fer
dina
nd a
nd w
ants
to m
arry
him
. Pro
sper
o bl
esse
s th
eir m
arria
ge.
The
End
(IV.i,
V.i)
A
mar
riage
for F
erdi
nand
and
Mira
nda
is ar
rang
ed a
nd
cele
brat
ed w
ith a
mas
que
atte
nded
by
spiri
ts. I
t is
inte
rrupt
ed w
hen
Pros
pero
reca
lls th
e th
reat
from
Trin
culo
, St
epha
no a
nd C
alib
an. P
rosp
ero
and
Arie
l sen
d sp
irit d
ogs
to sc
are
them
aw
ay. K
ing
Alo
nso,
Seb
astia
n an
d A
nton
io
mee
t Pro
sper
o. H
e ex
plai
ns w
hat h
as b
een
happ
enin
g on
th
e isl
and.
He
show
s the
m F
erdi
nand
and
Mira
nda
who
are
no
w m
arrie
d. K
ing
Alo
nso
is fil
led
with
regr
et a
nd a
sks f
or
forg
iven
ess f
rom
Pro
sper
o w
hich
he
gran
ts.
Epilo
gue
Pr
ospe
ro d
ecla
res t
hat h
e w
ill be
giv
ing
up h
is m
agic
. Arie
l is
rele
ased
from
his
serv
ice.
The
par
ty tr
avel
bac
k to
Mila
n. W
e do
not
kno
w w
hat h
as h
appe
ned
to C
alib
an.
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Eng
lish
Year
9 K
now
ledg
e O
rgan
iser
: Ter
m 3
Envi
ronm
enta
l pro
blem
s and
solu
tions
1 Le
pro
blèm
e da
ns m
a vi
lle/m
on v
illag
e c’
est…
.. Th
e pr
oble
m in
my
tow
n/vi
llage
is…
…
2 Le
chô
mag
e un
empl
oym
ent
3 La
crim
inal
ité
crim
e 4
Les d
éche
ts (m
) Li
tter
5
Les d
istra
ctio
ns (f
) En
tert
ainm
ent,
thin
gs to
do
6 Le
s tra
nspo
rts (
m) e
n co
mm
un
Publ
ic tr
ansp
ort
7 Q
ue le
s jeu
nes s
’enn
uien
t Th
at y
oung
peo
ple
are
bore
d 8
Il n’
y a
qu’u
n bu
s par
jour
Th
ere’
s onl
y 1
bus p
er d
ay
9 Il
n’y
a pa
s de
poub
elle
s Th
ere
are
no b
ins
10
Il n’
y a
pas d
e ce
ntre
s de
recy
lage
Th
ere
are
no re
cycl
ing
cent
res
11
Il n’
y a
jam
ais d
e po
lice
dans
la
rue
Ther
e ar
e ne
ver a
ny p
olic
e on
th
e st
reet
12
Il
n’y
a pa
s ass
ez d
e tr
avai
l Th
ere’
s not
eno
ugh
wor
k 13
Il
n’y
a pl
us d
e ci
ném
a/ c
lub
de je
unes
Th
ere’
s no
cine
ma/
yout
h cl
ub
anym
ore
14
il n’
y a
rien
pour
les j
eune
s Th
ere’
s not
hing
for y
oung
pe
ople
15
J’h
abite
I l
ive
16
En v
ille
In to
wn
17
En b
anlie
ue
In th
e su
burb
s 18
À
la c
ampa
gne
In th
e co
untr
ysid
e 19
J’a
ime/
Je n
’aim
e pa
s y h
abite
r pa
rce
que
I lik
e/do
n’t l
ike
livin
g th
ere
beca
use
20
C’es
t tro
p lo
in d
e It’
s too
far f
rom
21
Ce
n’e
st p
as lo
in d
e It’
s not
far f
rom
22
Il
y a
des e
spac
es (m
) ver
ts
Ther
e ar
e pa
rks
23
Il y
a /il
n’y
a p
as b
eauc
oup
de
Ther
e is
not a
lot o
f 24
C
’est
trop
tran
quill
e/br
uyan
t It’
s too
qui
et/n
oisy
25
Il y
a tr
op d
e (c
ircul
atio
n/po
llutio
n)
Ther
e’s t
oo m
uch
traf
fic/p
ollu
tion
Mod
al v
erbs
to g
ive
solu
tions
26
On
doit
You
shou
ld
27
On
ne d
oit p
as
You
shou
ld n
ot
28
Il fa
ut
You
mus
t 29
Il
ne fa
ut p
as
You
mus
t not
30
O
n pe
ut
You
can
31
On
ne p
eut p
as
You
can
not
Les s
olut
ions
32
gasp
iller
l’ea
u to
was
te w
ater
33
ga
spill
er l’
éner
gie
to w
aste
ene
rgy
34
jete
r tou
s les
déc
hets
à la
po
ubel
le
thro
w a
ll ru
bbish
into
the
bin
35
trop
util
iser l
a vo
iture
us
e th
e ca
r too
muc
h 36
ac
hete
r des
pro
duits
bi
os/v
erts
bu
y or
gani
c/gr
een
prod
ucts
37
écon
omise
r l’e
au
save
wat
er
38
écon
omise
r l’é
nerg
ie
save
ene
rgy
39
étei
ndre
la lu
miè
re q
uand
on
qui
tte
la p
ièce
sw
itch
off t
he li
ght w
hen
you
leav
e th
e ro
om
40
met
tre
un p
ull a
u lie
u de
m
onte
r le
chau
ffage
ce
ntra
l
put o
n a
jum
per i
nste
ad o
f tu
rnin
g up
the
cent
ral h
eatin
g
41
pren
dre
une
douc
he a
u lie
u d’
un b
ain
take
a sh
ower
inst
ead
of a
bat
h
42
recy
cler
le p
apie
r/le
s jo
urna
ux/le
ver
re/le
s bo
utei
lles/
les c
anet
tes
Recy
cle
pape
r/
new
spap
ers/
glas
s/
bott
les/
cans
43
re
cycl
er le
plu
s pos
sible
re
cycl
e as
muc
h as
pos
sible
44
ut
ilise
r les
tran
spor
ts e
n co
mm
un
use
publ
ic tr
ansp
ort
45
se d
épla
cer à
vél
o tr
avel
by
bike
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Fre
nch
Les p
robl
èmes
mon
diau
x: W
orld
pro
blem
s
46
Le si
da
AIDS
47
Le
terr
orism
e te
rror
ism
48
La fa
im
hung
er (f
amin
e)
49
La g
uerr
e w
ar
50
La p
auvr
eté
pove
rty
Les s
olut
ions
51
ache
ter d
es p
rodu
its is
sus d
u co
mm
erce
équ
itabl
e bu
y fa
ir-tr
ade
prod
ucts
52
do
nner
plu
s d’a
rgen
t aux
bon
nes
caus
es
give
mor
e m
oney
to
char
ity
53
écrir
e au
gou
vern
emen
t w
rite
to th
e go
vern
men
t 54
po
ur d
eman
der
to a
sk fo
r 55
pl
us d
’arg
ent
mor
e m
oney
56
po
ur le
s pay
s en
voie
de
déve
lopp
emen
t fo
r dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s 57
fa
ire d
u bé
névo
lat
do v
olun
tary
wor
k 58
en
Afr
ique
ou
en In
de
in A
fric
a an
d In
dia
59
orga
nise
r des
act
iviti
és
Org
anise
act
iviti
es
60
pour
col
lect
er d
e l’a
rgen
t to
col
lect
mon
ey
61
parr
aine
r un
enfa
nt à
l’ét
rang
er
spon
sor a
chi
ld
abro
ad
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Fre
nch
Les p
robl
èmes
mon
diau
x: W
orld
pro
blem
s
46
Le si
da
AIDS
47
Le
terr
orism
e te
rror
ism
48
La fa
im
hung
er (f
amin
e)
49
La g
uerr
e w
ar
50
La p
auvr
eté
pove
rty
Les s
olut
ions
51
ache
ter d
es p
rodu
its is
sus d
u co
mm
erce
équ
itabl
e bu
y fa
ir-tr
ade
prod
ucts
52
do
nner
plu
s d’a
rgen
t aux
bon
nes
caus
es
give
mor
e m
oney
to
char
ity
53
écrir
e au
gou
vern
emen
t w
rite
to th
e go
vern
men
t 54
po
ur d
eman
der
to a
sk fo
r 55
pl
us d
’arg
ent
mor
e m
oney
56
po
ur le
s pay
s en
voie
de
déve
lopp
emen
t fo
r dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s 57
fa
ire d
u bé
névo
lat
do v
olun
tary
wor
k 58
en
Afr
ique
ou
en In
de
in A
fric
a an
d In
dia
59
orga
nise
r des
act
iviti
és
Org
anise
act
iviti
es
60
pour
col
lect
er d
e l’a
rgen
t to
col
lect
mon
ey
61
parr
aine
r un
enfa
nt à
l’ét
rang
er
spon
sor a
chi
ld
abro
ad
Year
9: T
erm
3 K
now
ledg
e O
rgan
iser
– D
evel
opm
ent
1 D
evel
opm
ent
The
proc
ess i
n w
hich
peo
ple,
a p
lace
or c
ount
ry m
ake
prog
ress
.
2 In
com
e
The
mon
ey th
at a
per
son,
pla
ce o
r bus
ines
s re
ceiv
es.
3 Ec
onom
y Th
e st
ate
of a
cou
ntry
or r
egio
n in
term
s of t
he p
rodu
ctio
n an
d co
nsum
ptio
n of
goo
ds a
nd se
rvic
es a
nd th
e su
pply
of m
oney
.
4 D
evel
opin
g co
untr
y A
cou
ntry
with
a lo
w in
com
e, lo
w st
anda
rds o
f liv
ing,
hig
h un
empl
oym
ent
and
pove
rty.
5 Em
ergi
ng c
ount
ry
A co
untr
y w
ith im
prov
ing
stan
dard
s of l
ivin
g du
e to
indu
stria
lisat
ion.
De
crea
sing
unem
ploy
men
t lea
ding
to d
ecre
asin
g po
vert
y. H
igh
leve
ls of
in
equa
lity.
6 D
evel
oped
A
coun
try
with
hig
h in
com
e, h
igh
stan
dard
s of l
ivin
g, lo
w u
nem
ploy
men
t an
d lo
w le
vels
of p
over
ty.
7 D
evel
opm
ent g
ap
The
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n th
e w
ealth
iest
and
poo
rest
cou
ntrie
s.
8 G
ross
dom
estic
pr
oduc
t (G
DP)
Th
e to
tal v
alue
of g
ood
and
serv
ices
pro
duce
d by
a c
ount
ry in
a y
ear.
9 Co
loni
alis
m
Gai
ning
con
trol
ove
r ano
ther
cou
ntry
and
exp
loiti
ng it
eco
nom
ical
ly.
10
Indu
stria
lisat
ion
Whe
n a
coun
try
mov
es fr
om a
gric
ultu
re (f
arm
ing)
to m
anuf
actu
ring
(mak
ing
prod
ucts
) on
a la
rge
scal
e,
11
De-
indu
stria
lisat
ion
The
clos
ure
of fa
ctor
ies a
nd d
eclin
e of
man
ufac
turin
g.
12
Ineq
ualit
y W
hen
thin
gs a
re n
ot e
qual
/the
sam
e.
13
Slum
s Ar
eas o
f ver
y po
or, s
elf-b
uilt
hous
ing
mad
e fr
om sc
rap
mat
eria
ls.
14
Info
rmal
sec
tor
Par
t of t
he e
cono
my
(jobs
) tha
t are
not
taxe
d or
regu
late
d by
the
gove
rnm
ent.
15
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ent (
FDI)
Ove
rsea
inve
stm
ent o
f mon
ey b
y bi
g co
mpa
nies
(TN
Cs).
16
Fair
trad
e A
mov
emen
t in
whi
ch p
oor p
eopl
e ge
t fai
r pric
es w
hen
selli
ng th
eir
good
s.
17
Aid
Assis
tanc
e in
the
form
of g
rant
s, lo
ans (
mon
ey) o
r foo
d/re
sour
ces.
18
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
How
long
som
eone
is e
xpec
ted
to li
ve fo
r.
19
Gro
ss n
atio
nal
inco
me
(GN
I) G
DP p
lus o
vers
ea e
arni
ngs.
20
Tran
snat
iona
l co
rpor
atio
n (T
NCs
) A
com
pany
that
ope
rate
s in
diffe
rent
cou
ntrie
s suc
h as
Nik
e an
d M
cDon
ald'
s.
Wor
ld m
ap o
f cou
ntrie
s in
com
e in
201
6
http
s://
ww
w.b
bc.c
o.uk
/bite
size/
guid
es/z
c72f
rd/r
evisi
on/3
HDI
rank
Co
untr
y
HDI
valu
e Li
fe
expe
ctan
cy a
t bi
rth
Mea
n ye
ars
of sc
hool
ing
GN
I ($)
1 N
orw
ay
0.95
3 82
.3
12.6
68
,012
2 Sw
itzer
land
0.
944
83.5
13
.4
57,6
25
3 Au
stra
lia
0.93
9 83
.1
12.9
43
,560
4 Ire
land
0.
938
81.6
12
.5
53,7
54
5 Ge
rman
y 0.
936
81.2
14
.1
46,1
36
185
Buru
ndi
0.41
7 57
.9
3.0
702
186
Chad
0.
404
53.2
2.
3 1,
750
187
Sout
h Su
dan
0.38
8 57
.3
4.8
963
188
Cent
ral A
fric
an
Repu
blic
0.
367
52.9
4.
3 66
3
189
Nig
er
0.35
4 60
.4
2.0
906
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Geo
grap
hy
YEAR
9 K
NOW
LEDG
E OR
GANI
SER:
VIC
TORI
AN W
OMEN
1 Vi
ctor
ian
Wom
en
Wom
en th
at li
ved
in th
e Vi
ctor
ian
era
2 Do
mes
tic sp
here
W
omen
’s liv
es re
volv
e ar
ound
hom
e lif
e
3 Pa
ter f
amili
as
Mal
e as
the
head
of t
he h
ouse
hold
4 Pr
estig
e w
ides
prea
d re
spec
t fel
t for
som
eone
on
the
basis
of t
heir
achi
evem
ents
or q
ualit
y
5 Do
mes
tic
viol
ence
Vi
olen
ce b
y on
e pe
rson
aga
inst
ano
ther
in
a d
omes
tic se
ttin
g
6 Ta
boo
Proh
ibite
d or
rest
ricte
d by
socia
l cus
tom
7 Et
ique
tte
The
cust
omar
y co
de o
f pol
ite b
ehav
iour
in
socie
ty
8 Su
bjug
atio
n
The
actio
n of
brin
ging
som
eone
or
som
ethi
ng u
nder
dom
inat
ion
or co
ntro
l
9 Ge
nder
In
equa
lity
Bein
g tr
eate
d di
ffere
ntly
bec
ause
of y
our
gend
er
10
Conv
entio
n a
way
in w
hich
som
ethi
ng is
usu
ally
don
e
11
Trad
ition
al
Beha
viou
r alig
ning
with
pre
viou
s ge
nera
tions
12
Fem
inin
ity
qual
ities
or a
ttrib
utes
rega
rded
as
char
acte
ristic
of w
omen
13
Fe
min
ism
the
advo
cacy
of w
omen
's rig
hts o
n th
e gr
ound
of t
he e
qual
ity o
f the
sexe
s 14
La
bour
w
ork,
esp
ecia
lly p
hysic
al w
ork
15
Stat
us
Socia
l or p
rofe
ssio
nal s
tand
ing
16
Cust
ody
the
prot
ectiv
e ca
re o
r gua
rdia
nshi
p of
so
meo
ne o
r som
ethi
ng
17
Que
en V
ictor
ia
Briti
sh Q
ueen
183
7-19
01
18
Flor
ence
Nig
htin
gale
En
glish
foun
der o
f mod
ern
nurs
ing
19
Mar
ie C
urie
Po
lish-
Fren
ch p
hysic
ist a
nd C
hem
ist
20
Eliza
beth
Gar
rett
Ande
rson
Fi
rst B
ritish
fem
ale
surg
eon
21
Mar
y Se
acol
e Br
itish
-Jam
iaca
n nu
rse
22
Jose
phin
e Bu
tler
Engl
ish fe
min
ist a
nd so
cial r
efor
mer
23
Isabe
lla B
ird
Briti
sh e
xplo
rer a
nd w
riter
24
The
Hous
ehol
d Ge
nera
l Te
rm co
ined
for l
adie
s tha
t ru
n th
eir h
ome
25
Dom
estic
Vio
lenc
e Ac
t 185
3 Le
gal p
rote
ctio
n fro
m
dom
estic
vio
lenc
e
26
Cust
ody
of In
fant
s Act
183
9 W
omen
now
mor
e lik
ely
to
rece
ive
child
cust
ody
27
Mat
rimon
ial C
ause
s Act
18
57
Mad
e di
vorc
e m
ore
avai
labl
e fo
r wom
en
28
Mar
ried
Wom
en’s
Prop
erty
Ac
t 188
4 W
omen
coul
d no
w o
wn
and
cont
rol t
heir
own
prop
erty
29
The
Ange
l in
the
Hous
e Po
em a
bout
Vict
oria
n w
omen
30
Cont
agio
us D
iseas
es A
ct
Regu
late
d pr
ostit
utes
to
redu
ce S
TI’s
31
Que
en’s
Colle
ge fo
unde
d 18
48
Prov
ided
hig
her e
duca
tion
for
wom
en
Focu
s
Impo
rtan
t hist
orica
l con
cept
s
Key
peop
le
Impo
rtan
t fac
tual
cont
ent
1837
Al
exan
drin
e Vi
ctor
ia b
ecom
es
Que
en o
f Eng
land
18
39
Cust
ody
of In
fant
s Act
18
48
Que
en’s
Colle
ge fo
unde
d 18
53
Dom
estic
vio
lenc
e Ac
t 18
57
Mat
rimon
ial C
ause
s Act
18
65
Eliza
beth
Gar
rett
Ande
rson
qu
alifi
es a
s a fe
mal
e Do
ctor
18
84
Mar
ried
Wom
en’s
Prop
erty
Ac
t 19
01
Que
en V
ictor
ia d
ies
Tim
elin
e
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Hist
ory
Term 3 - Animations Audience The target at whom a digital product is aimed.
Purpose The reason for creating a digital product.
Keyframe A point on the timeline where there is a change or movement in the animation
Frame Rate The speed of the animation
Motion Tween Smooth movement or transition
Animation Software The software that creates the animation e.g. Macromedia Flash
Stage The area of white space where the animation takes place
Layer Similar to transparent sheets of paper which allow you to organise your animation
Free Transform Tool Allows you to move, resize or rotate an object
Group A tool which allows you to edit multiple items in one go
Storyboard Used to plan an animation scene-by-scene
Evaluate A review of the good points and improvements for an animation
Timeline Used to organise and control the movie through a series of individual frames
YEA R 9 TER M 3 Math ematic s Knowledge Organiser
Topic/Skill Definition/Tips Example 1a. Congruent Shapes
Shapes are congruent if they are identical - same shape and same size. Shapes can be rotated or reflected but still be congruent.
1b. Congruent Triangles
4 ways of proving that two triangles are congruent: 1. SSS (Side, Side, Side) 2. RHS (Right angle, Hypotenuse, Side) 3. SAS (Side, Angle, Side) 4. ASA (Angle, Side, Angle) or AAS ASS does not prove congruency.
2a. Parallel Parallel lines never meet.
2b. Perpendicular
Perpendicular lines are at right angles. There is a 90° angle between them.
3. Vertex A corner or a point where two lines meet.
4. Angle Bisector
Angle Bisector: Cuts the angle in half. 1. Place the sharp end of a pair of compasses on the vertex. 2. Draw an arc, marking a point on each line. 3. Without changing the compass put the compass on each point and mark a centre point where two arcs cross over. 4. Use a ruler to draw a line through the vertex and centre point.
knowledge organiser - M aths
YEA R 9 TER M 3 Math ematic s Knowledge Organiser
5. Perpendicular Bisector
Perpendicular Bisector: Cuts a line in half and at right angles. 1. Put the sharp point of a pair of compasses on A. 2. O pen the compass over half way on the line. 3. Draw an arc above and below the line. 4. Without changing the compass, repeat from point B. 5 . Draw a straight line through the two intersecting arcs.
6. Perpendicular from an E xternal Point
The perpendicular distance from a point to a line is the shortest distance to that line. 1. Put the sharp point of a pair of compasses on the point. 2. Draw an arc that crosses the line twice. 3. Place the sharp point of the compass on one of these points, open over half way and draw an arc above and below the line. 4. Repeat from the other point on the line. 5 . Draw a straight line through the two intersecting arcs.
7. Perpendicular from a Point on a L ine
G iven line PQ and point R on the line: 1. Put the sharp point of a pair of compasses on point R. 2. Draw two arcs either side of the point of equa l width (giving points S and T) 3. Place the compass on point S, open over halfway and draw an arc above the line. 4. Repeat from the other arc on the line (point T). 5 . Draw a straight line from the intersecting arcs to the original point on the line.
8. C onstructing Triangles (Side, Side, Side)
1. Draw the base of the triangle using a ruler. 2. O pen a pair of compasses to the width of one side of the triangle. 3. Place the point on one end of the line and draw an arc. 4. Repeat for the other side of the triangle at the other end of the line. 5. U sing a ruler, draw lines connecting the ends of the base of the triangle to the point where the arcs intersect.
knowledge organiser - M aths
YEA R 9 TER M 3 Math ematic s Knowledge Organiser
9. Constructing Triangles (Side, Angle, Side)
1. Draw the base of the triangle using a ruler. 2. M easure the angle req uired using a protractor and mark this angle. 3. Remove the protractor and draw a line of the exact length req uired in line with the angle mark drawn. 4. Connect the end of this line to the other end of the base of the triangle.
10. Constructing Triangles (Angle, Side, Angle)
1. Draw the base of the triangle using a ruler. 2. M easure one of the angles requ ired using a protractor and mark this angle. 3. Draw a straight line through this point from the same point on the base of the triangle. 4. Repeat this for the other angle on the other end of the base of the triangle.
11. Constructing an E q uilateral Triangle (also makes a 6 0° angle)
1. Draw the base of the triangle using a ruler. 2. O pen the pair of compasses to the exact length of the side of the triangle. 3. Place the sharp point on one end of the line and draw an arc. 4. Repeat this from the other end of the line. 5. U sing a ruler, draw lines connecting the ends of the base of the triangle to the point where the arcs intersect.
12. L oci and Regions
A locus is a path of points that follow a rule. F or the locus of points closer to B than A, create a perpendicular bisector between A and B and shade the side closer to B. F or the locus of points equidistant from A, use a compass to draw a circle, centre A. F or the locus of points equidistant to line X and line Y, create an angle bisector.
knowledge organiser - M aths
YEA R 9 TER M 3 Math ematic s Knowledge Organiser
F or the locus of points a set distance from a line, create two semi- circles at either end j oined by two parallel lines.
13. E qui distant A point is equi distant from a set of obj ects
if the distances between that point and each of the obj ects is the same.
14. Pythagoras’ Theorem 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 = 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
F or any right angled triangle:
Used to find missing lengths. a and b are the shorter sides, c is the hy potenuse (longest side).
15. 3D Pythagoras’ Theorem
F ind missing lengths by identify ing right angled triangles. Y ou will often have to find a missing length you are not asked for before finding the missing length you are asked for.
Can a pencil that is 20cm long fit in a pencil tin with dimensions 12cm, 13cm and 9cm? The pencil tin is in the shape of a cuboid. Hypotenuse of the base = √122 + 132 = 17.7 Diagonal of cuboid = √17.72 + 92 =19.8𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
N o, the pencil cannot fit.
knowledge organiser - M aths
Mus
ic -
Year
9 K
now
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Ter
m 3
Ke
y Si
gnat
ures
and
Acc
iden
tals
1 C
Maj
or
2 G
Maj
or
3 D
Maj
or
4
F M
ajor
5 Sh
arp
Raise
s the
not
e by
1 se
mito
ne
6 Fl
at
Low
ers t
he n
ote
by 1
sem
itone
to
7 N
atur
al
Canc
els a
ny a
ccid
enta
l in
the
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Mus
ic
Mus
ic -
Year
9 K
now
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Ter
m 3
to th
e rig
ht fo
r one
bar
. th
e le
ft fo
r one
bar
. ke
y sig
natu
re fo
r one
bar
.
8
Gun
s N
' Ros
es, o
ften
abbr
evia
ted
as G
NR
, is
an A
mer
ican
har
d ro
ck b
and
from
Los
Ang
eles
, Cal
iforn
ia,
form
ed in
198
5. G
uns
N' R
oses
' deb
ut
albu
m, A
ppet
ite fo
r Des
truct
ion
(198
7),
reac
hed
num
ber o
ne o
n th
e B
illbo
ard
200
a ye
ar a
fter i
ts
rele
ase,
on
the
stre
ngth
of t
he T
op 1
0 si
ngle
s "W
elco
me
to th
e Ju
ngle
", "P
arad
ise
City
", an
d "S
wee
t Chi
ld o
' M
ine"
, the
ban
d's
only
sin
gle
to re
ach
num
ber o
ne o
n th
e B
illbo
ard
Hot
100
.
Sw
eet C
hild
O’ M
ine
Nov
embe
r Rai
n
Wel
com
e To
The
Jung
le
Para
dise
City
Axl R
ose
Slas
h
Izzy
Str
adlin
Duff
McK
agen
Stev
en A
dler
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Mus
ic
Mus
ic -
Year
9 K
now
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Ter
m 3
9
Mic
hael
Jos
eph
Jack
son
(Aug
ust 2
9,
1958
– J
une
25, 2
009)
was
an
Amer
ican
sin
ger,
song
writ
er, a
nd
danc
er. D
ubbe
d th
e "K
ing
of P
op",
he is
re
gard
ed a
s on
e of
the
mos
t sig
nific
ant
cultu
ral f
igur
es o
f the
20t
h ce
ntur
y an
d on
e of
the
grea
test
ent
erta
iner
s.
Be
at It
Billi
e Je
an
Thril
ler
Blac
k or
Whi
te
Mic
hael
Jack
son
10
Run
-DM
C w
as a
n Am
eric
an h
ip
hop
grou
p fro
m H
ollis
, Que
ens,
New
Yo
rk, f
ound
ed in
198
3 by
Jos
eph
Sim
mon
s, D
arry
l McD
anie
ls, a
nd J
ason
M
izel
l. R
un-D
MC
is w
idel
y ac
know
ledg
ed a
s on
e of
the
mos
t in
fluen
tial a
cts
in th
e hi
stor
y of
hip
hop
cu
lture
and
one
of t
he m
ost f
amou
s hi
p ho
p ac
ts o
f the
198
0s.
It’s T
ricky
It’s L
ike
That
My
Adid
as
Pete
r Pip
er
Rev
Run
DMC
Jam
Mas
ter J
ay
11
The
Polic
e w
ere
a Br
itish
rock
ban
d fo
rmed
in L
ondo
n in
197
7. T
he P
olic
e be
cam
e gl
obal
ly p
opul
ar in
the
late
19
70s
and
early
198
0s. E
mer
ging
in
the
Briti
sh n
ew-w
ave
scen
e, th
ey
play
ed a
sty
le o
f roc
k in
fluen
ced
by p
unk,
regg
ae, a
nd ja
zz.
Mes
sage
in a
Bot
tle
Don’
t Sta
nd S
o Cl
ose
To M
e
Wal
king
On
The
Moo
n
Can’
t Sta
nd L
osin
g
Stin
g
Stew
art C
opel
and
Henr
y Pa
dova
ni
Andy
Sum
mer
s
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Mus
ic
Sect
ion
2 –
Endo
crin
e sy
stem
Endo
crin
e Sy
stem
The
sys
tem
of g
land
s th
at s
ecre
te h
orm
ones
.
Glan
ds o
f the
Hu
man
end
ocrin
e sy
stem
Horm
one
A ch
emic
al s
ecre
ted
by a
gla
nd th
at t
rave
ls in
th
e bl
ood
and
has
an e
ffect
on
a ta
rget
org
an.
The
effe
cts
are
slow
er a
nd lo
nger
-las
ting
than
re
spon
ses
from
the
nerv
ous
syst
em.
The
men
stru
al
cycle
Year
9 T
erm
3 -
Co-o
rdin
atio
n
Sect
ion
1- N
ervo
us s
yste
m
Cent
ral n
ervo
us
syst
em (C
NS)
The
brai
n an
d sp
inal
cor
d to
geth
er.
Co-o
rdin
ates
th
e re
spon
se o
f eff
ecto
rs.
Ref
lex
actio
n A
fast
, aut
omat
ic re
actio
n. D
oes
not i
nvol
ve
thin
king
parts
of t
he b
rain
.
Refle
x Ar
c
Syna
pse
The
gap
betw
een
two
neur
ons.
Allo
ws
man
y di
ffere
nt n
euro
ns to
con
nect
.
Stim
ulus
– a
cha
nge
in th
e en
viro
nmen
t
Rece
ptor
– d
etec
ts a
stim
ulus
Sens
ory
neur
on –
tran
smits
ele
ctric
al im
pulse
tra
vels
to th
e CN
S
Rela
y ne
uron
– in
the
spin
al c
ord.
Tra
nsm
its
elec
trica
l im
pulse
s fr
om th
e se
nsor
y to
the
mot
or n
euro
n
Mot
or n
euro
n –
trans
mits
impu
lses
from
CN
S to
ef
fect
or
Effe
ctor
– p
rodu
ces
a re
spon
se.
Can
be a
m
uscl
e or
gla
nd
Resp
onse
– th
e ch
ange
in re
spon
se to
the
stim
ulus
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Sci
ence
Year
9 –
Ter
m 3
- S
ubst
ance
Se
ctio
n 1:
Bon
ding
Key
Ter
ms
1 Io
n An
ato
m th
at is
cha
rged
bec
ause
of g
ain
or lo
ss o
f ele
ctro
ns.
2 Io
nic
bond
Th
e bo
nd b
etw
een
two
oppo
site
ly c
harg
ed io
ns (m
etal
and
non
-met
al).
Oc
curs
bec
ause
of e
lect
rost
atic
attra
ctio
n.
3 El
ectro
stat
ic at
tract
ion
The
forc
e th
at h
olds
two
oppo
site
ly c
harg
ed io
ns to
geth
er.
A st
rong
forc
e.
4 M
etal
s In
ioni
c bo
ndin
g, m
etal
s lo
se e
lect
rons
to b
ecom
e po
sitiv
ely-
char
ged
ions
.
5 No
n-m
etal
s In
ioni
c bo
ndin
g, n
on-m
etal
s ga
in e
lect
rons
to b
ecom
e ne
gativ
ely-
char
ged
ions
. 6
Gian
t lat
tice
A la
rge
3D s
truc
ture
that
con
tain
s a
lot
of b
onds
. 7
Cova
lent
bon
d A
bond
form
ed w
hen
non-
met
als
shar
e el
ectr
ons.
A s
tron
g bo
nd.
8 M
olec
ule
A sm
all g
roup
of a
tom
s he
ld to
geth
er w
ith c
oval
ent
bond
s. N
ot c
harg
ed.
9 Po
lymer
Ve
ry la
rge
cova
lent
com
poun
ds w
ith m
any
repe
atin
g un
its.
10 M
etal
lic b
ondi
ng
The
elec
tron
s in
the
oute
r sh
ell o
f met
al a
tom
s ar
e de
loca
lised
and
so
are
free
to m
ove
thro
ugh
the
who
le s
truct
ure.
The
sha
ring
of d
eloc
alis
ed
elec
tron
s gi
ves
rise
to s
tron
g m
etal
lic b
onds
.
11 A
lloy
A m
ixtur
e of
tw
o or
mor
e el
emen
ts, a
t lea
st o
ne o
f whi
ch is
a m
etal
. E.g
. st
eel
Prop
erty
R
easo
n
13 H
igh
mel
ting
poin
t Th
ere
is a
stro
ng e
lect
rost
atic
forc
e be
twee
n th
e po
sitiv
e an
d ne
gativ
e io
ns in
the
gian
t lat
tice.
A la
rge
amou
nt o
f ene
rgy
is ne
eded
to o
verc
ome
this
forc
e.
14 C
ondu
ct e
lect
ricity
w
hen
liqui
d/ m
olte
n Io
ns a
re a
ble
to m
ove
so th
ere
is a
flow
of c
harg
ed io
ns (c
urre
nt).
15 D
o no
t con
duct
el
ectri
city
whe
n so
lid
Ions
are
in fi
xed
posi
tions
so
cann
ot fl
ow.
Prop
erty
R
easo
n 17
Low
mel
ting
and
boilin
g po
ints
(usu
ally
ga
ses
or li
quid
s)
Ther
e ar
e on
ly w
eak
inte
rmol
ecul
ar fo
rces
bet
wee
n th
e m
olec
ules
. N
ot
muc
h en
ergy
is n
eede
d to
ove
rcom
e th
ese
forc
es.
18 D
o no
t con
duct
el
ectri
city
Cova
lent
mol
ecul
es a
re n
ot c
harg
ed.
Sect
ion
4b: P
rope
rtie
s of
Dia
mon
d Pr
oper
ty
Rea
son
23 D
oesn
’t co
nduc
t el
ectri
city
Diam
ond
does
n’t
cont
ain
delo
calis
ed e
lect
rons
or
ions
.
24 V
ery
hard
Ea
ch c
arbo
n bo
nds
to 4
oth
er c
arbo
n at
oms
with
str
ong
cova
lent
bon
ds to
fo
rm a
latt
ice.
25 H
igh
mel
ting
poin
t Ea
ch c
arbo
n bo
nds
to 4
oth
er c
arbo
n at
oms
with
stro
ng c
oval
ent b
onds
to fo
rm a
la
ttice
. A la
rge
amou
nt o
f ene
rgy
is ne
eded
to o
verc
ome
all t
hese
bon
ds.
Sect
ion
2: I
onic
Bon
ding
In io
nic
bond
ing,
met
als
lose
ele
ctro
ns
to b
ecom
e po
sitiv
ely-
char
ged
ions
. No
n-m
etal
s ga
in e
lect
rons
to b
ecom
e ne
gativ
ely-
char
ged
ions
.
12 T
wo
repr
esen
tatio
ns o
f a g
iant
io
nic
latt
ice.
The
line
s re
pres
ent
ioni
c bo
nds.
Sect
ion
3: S
impl
e Co
vale
nt M
olec
ules
C O
O
C
O
O
C O
O
16 C
oval
ent b
ondi
ng in
ca
rbon
dio
xide
Wea
k in
term
olec
ular
fo
rce
Cova
lent
bon
d
Sect
ion
4: G
iant
Cov
alen
t St
ruct
ures
Mad
e of
Car
bon
Sect
ion
4a: P
rope
rtie
s of
Gra
phite
Pr
oper
ty
Rea
son
21 C
ondu
cts
elec
tricit
y Ea
ch c
arbo
n on
ly fo
rms
3 bo
nds
so o
ne e
lect
ron
is d
eloc
alis
ed.
Thes
e el
ectro
ns a
re fr
ee to
mov
e an
d ca
rry
char
ge th
roug
h th
e st
ruct
ure.
22 S
oft a
nd s
lippe
ry
Only
wea
k in
term
olec
ular
forc
es e
xist b
etw
een
laye
rs, s
o la
yers
can
eas
ily
be ru
bbed
off.
19 G
raph
ite
Each
car
bon
form
s 3
bond
s to
oth
er c
arbo
n at
oms.
Arra
nged
in
laye
rs w
ith w
eak
inte
rmol
ecul
ar fo
rces
be
twee
n la
yers
.
20 D
iam
ond
Each
car
bon
form
s 4
bond
s to
oth
er c
arbo
n at
oms.
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Sci
ence
Sect
ion
1: P
rope
rtie
s of
Met
als
Stru
ctur
e Pr
oper
ties
Use
s
29 F
ulle
rene
H
ollo
w-s
hape
d. U
sual
ly
hexa
gona
l rin
gs o
f ca
rbon
ato
ms.
E.g
. Bu
ckm
inst
erfu
llere
ne (C
60)
Very
str
ong.
Hol
low
so
can
cont
ain
othe
r che
mica
ls w
ithin
it.
D
rug
deliv
ery,
lubr
ican
ts.
30 G
raph
ene
A si
ngle
laye
r of
gr
aphi
te.
Very
str
ong.
Has
de
loca
lised
ele
ctro
ns s
o it
is ab
le to
con
duct
ele
ctri
city
. El
ectr
onic
s, c
ompo
site
s.
31 C
arbo
n na
notu
be
Cylin
dric
al tu
bes
of
carb
on a
tom
s th
at a
re
very
long
com
pare
d to
th
eir d
iam
eter
.
Very
str
ong,
ligh
t and
fle
xibl
e. H
as d
eloc
alis
ed
elec
tron
s so
it is
abl
e to
co
nduc
t el
ectr
icity
.
Nan
otec
hnol
ogy,
el
ectr
onic
s, r
einf
orci
ng
(e.g
. ten
nis
rack
ets)
.
Sect
ion
5: S
mal
l Car
bon-
Base
d St
ruct
ures
26 F
ulle
rene
27
Gra
phen
e 28
Car
bon
nano
tube
Sect
ion
6: P
olym
ers
Prop
erty
R
easo
n
34 S
olid
Us
ually
sol
id b
ecau
se th
e in
term
olec
ular
forc
es b
etw
een
poly
mer
m
olec
ules
are
rel
ativ
ely
stro
ng.
32 A
pol
ymer
. Th
e lin
es s
how
co
vale
nt b
onds
. ‘n
’ is
a la
rge
num
ber.
33 P
olym
er m
olec
ules
are
hel
d to
geth
er b
y in
term
olec
ular
forc
es (d
ashe
d lin
es)
Sect
ion
7: M
etal
lic B
ondi
ng
Delo
calis
ed
elec
tron
Posit
ive
met
al io
n
7a P
rope
rtie
s of
Pur
e M
etal
s Pr
oper
ty
Rea
son
37 H
igh
mel
ting
poin
ts
Stro
ng e
lect
rost
atic
forc
es b
etw
een
the
posi
tive
ions
and
del
ocal
ised
el
ectr
ons.
Req
uire
s a
larg
e am
ount
of e
nerg
y to
ove
rcom
e.
38 C
ondu
ct e
lect
ricity
M
etal
s ha
ve d
eloc
alis
ed e
lect
rons
. Th
ese
elec
trons
are
abl
e to
mov
e th
roug
h th
e st
ruct
ure
and
carry
cha
rge.
39 C
ondu
ct h
eat
The
delo
calis
ed e
lect
rons
are
abl
e to
mov
e an
d tr
ansf
er th
erm
al e
nerg
y th
roug
h th
e st
ruct
ure.
40 M
alle
able
Th
e la
yers
are
abl
e to
slid
e ov
er e
ach
othe
r so
the
met
al c
an b
e be
nt a
nd
shap
ed.
The
attra
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e po
sitiv
e io
ns a
nd d
eloc
alise
d el
ectro
ns
prev
ents
the
met
al fr
om s
hatte
ring.
7b
Pro
pert
ies
of A
lloys
Pr
oper
ty
Rea
son
41 H
arde
r tha
n m
etal
s Th
e la
yers
are
dis
tort
ed b
y th
e pr
esen
ce o
f oth
er e
lem
ents
. Th
is pr
even
ts
the
laye
rs fr
om b
eing
abl
e to
slid
e ov
er e
ach
othe
r.
Sect
ion
8: S
tate
s of
Mat
ter
42 S
olid
Stat
e sy
mbo
l –
(s)
43 L
iqui
d
Stat
e sy
mbo
l – (l
)
44 G
as
St
ate
sym
bol –
(g
)
35 A
pur
e m
etal
. It
cons
ists
of m
etal
ions
in
laye
rs w
ith d
eloc
alise
d el
ectro
ns.
36 A
n al
loy.
The
laye
rs h
ave
been
dist
orte
d by
the
pres
ence
of o
ther
ele
men
ts
Know
ledg
e O
rgan
iser -
Sci
ence
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