notiuni de limba engleza.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
Marius Vasile
Cand veti termina de studiat acest volum veti putea sa:
Formulati pluralul substantivelor si sa
detectati genul cuvintelor.
Folositi correct principalele timpuri verbale.
Explicati de ce engleza pe care o vorbiti va fi
cu atat mai interesanta cu cat veti putea folosi
mai multe cuvinte descriptive.
Marius Vasile
CUPRINS
SELECTION 1 METODE DE STUDIU 3
Citire, ascultare, scriere
SELECTION 2 CUVINTE 5
Singularul si pluralul
Genul cuvintelor
Acum, mai tarziu sau saptamana trecuta
Cuvinte descriptive
Cuvinte pentru indicarea cantitatii
UNIT 1 REVISION: Plurals. Gender of Words.
Now, Yesterday or Tomorrow?
Present
Simple
UNIT 2 Descriptive Words 15
UNIT 3 The Future Tense-Simple Future 19
UNIT 4 Present Perfect 21
UNIT 5 Simple Present Continous 25
And
Simple Past Continous
UNIT 6 Present perfect Continous 29
Marius Vasile
METODE DE STUDIU
STUDIEREA CURSULUI
Studiul
Acesta este primul din cele trei volume de studiu “Prime Share
International” care ofera o introducere facila in folosirea limbii engleze ,
pentru cei fara prea multe cunostinte in domeniu. Este de asemenea un
excellent curs de recapitulare pentru cei care au terminat scoala cu multi ani
in urma si care au uitat multe din cunostintele accumulate.
Veti vedea ca in aceste volume preliminare , in majoritatea exemplelor
date sunt folosite numai cuvinte simple. Gramatica este de asemenea
explicate intr-un mod simplu , fara a va solicita sa invatati prea multio
termini de specialitate
Dup ace veti fi studiat cu atentie aceste trei volume, lucrand fiecare
set de verificari, pe masura ce ajungeti la ele in timplul studierii cursului,
veti fi invatat sufficient pentru a va exprima correct si clar in limba engleza.
Fiecare mapa de curs contine un numar de 10 texte, care constituie o
parte importanta a studiului dumneavoastra. Fiecare test trebuie rezolvat
integral in scris si trimis spre corectare indrumatorului personal. In acest
fel, va verificati pas cu pas cunostintele accumulate.
In aproape fiecare casa se afla un dictionar englez – roman si orice
student care nu are acasa unul poate face rost. Tineti dictionarul langa
dumneavoastra in timp ce studiati sau cititi.
Marius Vasile
Folositi-ve si timpul liber pentru a citi, nu numai perioadele de studio.
In timp ce cititi, invatati cuvintele noi si modul in care ele se inlantuir in
fraze. Astfel, capacitatea dumneavoastra de a intelege engleza creste. Este
foarte important sa citit: cititi articole din ziare si reviste – chiar si
reclame, desi acestea nu sunt totdeauna un ghid de incredere pentru o
engleza mai buna.
Faceti din ascultarea limbii engleze, ori de cate ori e posibil, o parte a
studiului dumneavoastra. Daca ascultati la radio sau la televizor, veti invata
mai multe cuvinte, cum sa le legati intre ele si cum sa le pronuntati corect. A
asculta si a sta de vorba cu alte persoane este un alt exercitiu, dar aici
exista in cele mai multe tari o dificultate, intrucat nu toti oamenii pronunta
la fel, diferentele depinzand in primul rand de zona de origine a persoanelor
in cauza. Dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti sis a vorbiti engleza
standard, adica acea forma a englezei care nu prezinta variatii regionale. Nu
exista in engleza standard cuvinte sau structuri gramaticale care san u fie
folosite in tarile unde se vorbeste engleza ca limba nativa. Cand vorbim
familiar, folosim probabil cuvinte specifice zonei in care traim; dar
dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard.
De asemenea, oamenii fac greseli in vorbirea englezei; trebuie sa invatati sa
Marius Vasile
depistati aceste greseli, astfel incat san u le repetati. In sfarsit, engleza
vorbita sic ea scrisa nu sunt absolut identice; putem vorbi mai liber, mai
familiar decat scriem.
Citind, ascultand si vorbind puteti invata nu numai cuvinte, ci si cum sa
le folositi in fraze, dar este chiar mai important sa exersati folosind aceste
cuvinte pentru a va exprima propriile idei. Incercati sa folositi cuvintele noi
pe care le auziti sau le cititi si curand va veti da seama ca puteti sa va scrieti
propriile ganduri.
Ar fi inutil sa invatati cum se scrie sau cum suna un cuvant, daca nu
stiti si ce inseamna: in aceasta consta ajutorul dictionarului. Trebuie sa fiti
pregatiti pentru o munca grea si constanta, dar asigurati-va ca stiti intelesul
fiecarui cuvand nou si in acest fel veti putea sa-l folositi correct.
Marius Vasile
SINGULARUL SI PLURALUL
Ce sunt cuvintele?
Cuvantul este reprezentat de un sunet sau un grup de sunete
Prin care toti membri unui grup inteleg acelas lucru. Limba reprezinta
totalitatea cuvintelor.
Cand scriem, folosim litere pentru a nota sunetele cuvintelor. Fiecare
sunet existent intr-o mlimba poate fi reprezentat de o anumita litera sau de
un grup de litere. Scrierea sa dezvoltat probabil intr-un mod similar limbii
vorbite. La inceput, se pare ca oameni comunicau unul cu altul prin desene. In
timp desenele au ajuns sa reprezinte lucruri associate cuvintelor, mai de
graba decat obiectul propriuzis. Astfel un soare desenat putea insemna
caldura sau lumina. Prin repetitie, desenele s-ar fi simplificat din ce in ce mai
mult, ajungand in cele din urma sa arate ca literele alfabetului scris. Tot asa,
aceste simboluri ar fi ajuns sa reprezinte sunete independente( probabil
sunetele initiale ale obiectelor) sin u obiecte sau idei.
UNU SAU MAI MULTE DE UNU?
Deseori dorim sa vorbim sau sa scriem despre mai mult de o p[ersoana
sau un lucru, sic el mai simplu mod de a face acest lucru este sa adaugam
litere, ca in exemplele urmatoare:
Marius Vasile
Singular
A dog The dog One dog
Un caine Cainele Un caine,numeral
Plural
Two dogs Some dogs Several dogs
Doi caini Niste caini Mai multi caini
Termenii singular si plural sunt destul de expliciti :
Singular inseamna numai unul, in vreme ce plural inseamna mai mult de unul.
Exemplu :
Bed (pat) beds
House (casa) Houses
Picture (tablou) Pictures
Building (constructie) Buildings
Boat (barca) Boats
River (rau) Rivers
Tree (copac) Trees
Plant (planta) Plants
Flower (floare) Flowers
Girl (fata) Girls
Boy (baiat) Boys
Ship (vapor) Ships
Ball (minge) Balls
Ocean (ocean) Oceans
Mountain (munte) Mountains
Forest (padure) Forests
Lion (leu) Lions
Bird (pasare) Birds
Room (camera) Rooms
Exista cateva moduri de a forma pluralul cuvintelor. Acestea vor fi explicate
in cele ce urmeaza.
Marius Vasile
Plurals :
Solve the following exercises but do not send theam to Another Life
Services.
1. Write down the singular form of these words:
Geese
Feets
Mice
Sheeps
2. Write down the plural of the following words :
Street
Bus
Woman
Tooth
Nouns ending in “o”
Volcano volcanoes
Tomato tomatoes
Most words ending in “o” add “es” for plural; but when there is a vowel
before the “o” just add “s”.
Radio radios
Studio studios
And also :
Photo photos
Piano pianos
Marius Vasile
Nous ending in “ss”, “sh”, “ch”, “x” form their plural by adding an “es”
Class classes
Church churches
Brush brushes
Box boxes
THE GENDER OF NOUNS :
Masculine Feminine Common
Male female both sexes
Actor Actress Child, baby
Boy Girl Spouse
Husband Wife
king Queen Monarch
Lion Lioness Person
Man Women
Master Mistress
Steward stewardees
The ending “ess” is one of the ways of forming the feminine of a
masculine word :
1. Write down the feminine of the follwing words :
Prince
Dog
Baron
2. Write down the masculine of the following words :
Lady
Women
Cow
Marius Vasile
NOW , LATER OR LAST WEEK ?
TODAY, TOMORROW, YESTERDAY
“I” and the action
Tense
Aspect
Present Past Future
SIMPLE I eat I eat yesterday I shall eat
tomorrow
CONTINUOUS I am eating I was eating I shall be
eating
PERFECT I have eaten I had eaten I shall have
eaten
PERFECT +
CONTINUOUS
I have been
Eating
I had been
Eating
I shall have been
eating
Note that each Tense has four aspects,that last one being a
combination of the previous two.The Continuous suggests a preogressive kind
of action, the Perfect – an action covering an interval of time, as opposed to
a moment ( as it is with the Simple Aspect ).
Regular verbs from the Past by adding –ed at the end, but there are
also verbs wich have two forms for the past : these are called irregular
verbs ( see Appendix 2 in the Preliminary Course )
Exemple:
“He, She, It” and the Action
Marius Vasile
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
He eats He eat He will eat
He is eating He was eating He will be eating
She eats She eat She will eat
REMEMBER
For the 3rd person singular, add “s” at the end of the verb!
The Present Tense of the Verb “ to like”
AFFIRMATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
I like we like
You like you like
He they like
She likes
It
Verbs ending in “s”, “ss” ,”ch”, “sh”, “z”, “o”, add “es” for the the 3rd person
singular:
To cross- he crosses
To buzz-it buzzes
To push-she pushes
To do-he does
To go-she goes
See also Appendix 3.
Marius Vasile
The Present of the Verb TO HAVE
AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE
I have I’ve Have I?
You have You;ve Have you?
He has
She has
It has
He’s
She’s
It’s
Has he?
Has she?
Has it?
We have We’ve Have we?
You have You’ve Have you?
They have They’ve Have they?
NEGATIVE
1
NEGATIVE
2
NEGATIVE
3
INTEROGARTIVE
1
NEGATIVE
2
I have not I’ve not I’haven’t Have I not? Haven’t I?
You have
not
You’ve not You haven’t? Have you not? Haven’t you?
He has not
She has not
It has not
He’s not
She’s not
It’s not
He hasn’t?
She hasn’t?
It hasn’t?
He
Has she not?
it
He
Haven’t she?
It
We have
not
We’ve not We haven’t? Have we not? Haven’t we?
You have
not
You’ve you
haven’t
You haven’t Have you not? Haven’t you?
They have
not
They’not They
haven’t?
Have they not? Haven’t
they?
Affirmative:
I have=I’ve
Marius Vasile
Present Tense of the Verb TO SEE
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
1
NEGATIVE
2
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
I see Do I see? I do not see I don’t see? Do I not see?
Don’t I see?
You see do you see? You do not
see?
You don’t
see?
Do you not see?
Don’t you see?
He see
She sees
It see
Does he see?
Does she see?
Does It see?
He does not
see
She does
not see
It does not
see
He doesn’t
see?
She doesn’t
see?
It doesn’t
see?
Doesn’t He see?
Doesn’t she see?
Doesn’t It see?
We see Do we see? We do not
see
We don’t
see?
Do we not see?
Don’t we see?
you see Do you see? You do not
see
You don’t
see?
Do you not see?
Don’t you see?
They see Do they see? They do not
see
They don’t
see?
Do they not see?
Don’t they see?
Marius Vasile
Present Tense of the Verb TO READ
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
I read Do I read? I do not read I don’t read? Do I not read?
Don’t I read?
You read Do you read? You do not
read
You don’t
read?
Do you not read?
Don’t you read?
He reads
She reads
It reads
Does he read?
Does she read
Does it read?
He does not
read
She does not
read
It does not
read
He doesn’t
read?
She doesn’t
read?
It doesn’t
read?
Doesn’t he read?
Doesn’t she
read?
Doesn’t it read?
We read Do we read? We do not
read
We don’t
read?
Do we not read?
Don’t we read?
You read Do you read? You do not
read
You don’t
read?
Do you not read?
Don’t you read?
They read Do they read? They do not
read
They don’t
read?
Do they not
read?
Don’t they read?
Marius Vasile
DESCRIPTIVE WORD
What kind of? Person or thing? The way we speak would be very boring without using various
descriptive word to help us express ( and explain ) the colour, shape and size
. the feautures of the things we speak about.
Here you have some adjectives. Look in the dictionary for their
meaning and write it down in the coumms bellow.
COLOUR
Red
Green
Yellow
Blue
Orange
White
Black
Purple
Pink
Brown
SHAPE
Square
Oval
Round
Triangular
Straight
Flat
Curved
CHARACTERISTICS
+
Excellent
Pleasant
Delicious
Beautiful
Nice
Kind
Generous
Friendly
Helpful
Happy
CHARACTERISTICS
-
Unpleasant
Awful
Ugly
Mean
Miserable
Nasty
SIZE
Big
Enormous
High
Large
Medium
Small
Tiny
Gigantic
Huge
Little
Long
Minute
Tall
Vast
Marius Vasile
Try to find other words that express shape, characteristics ( good or bad ),
kind and size and add them to the ones given here. As you have probably
noticed, there are people using a word or a couple of word very often. Try to
avoid this and learn as many descriptive word as you can, rather than saying:
“ a nice evening , some nice people, a nice soup, nice books, nice movies, an
enjoyable holiday”.
EXERCISE:
Answer the following questions but do not send them to ANOTHER
LIFE SERVICES. Use a dictionary to identify the following word. You are
given the first two letters of the word, the number of letters of the whole
word and its meaning.
ci..................... 8 letters shaped like a circle
ch………………….. 8 letters bright and lively
be…………………. 9 letters lovely to look at
de…………………. 9 letters tasting very pleasant
ex…………………. 8 letters stirring stimulating
en………………… .. 9 letters which gives pleasure or joy
ex……………….. .. 9 letters very good indeed
me………………….. 6 letters neither large nor small
mi…………………… 6 letters very small indeed
mi……………………. 9 letters very sad and depressed
Marius Vasile
WORD TO SHOW QUANTITY
“How much” and “How many”?
Fiind in the dictionary the meaning of the words:
About
Any
Few
Little
Much
Many
None
Several
Some
Compare
Womens Oil
Many Objects BUT Much Water
Cups of coffee coffee
Marius Vasile
The Future Tense-Simple Future
The Simple Future of the Verb “TO WATCH”
AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 TRADUCERE
I shall watch I’ll watch Voi privi
You will watch You’ll watch Vei privi
He will watch
She will watch
It will watch
He’ll watch
She’ll watch
It’ll watch
Va privi
We shall watch We’ll watch Vom privi
You will watch You’ll watch Veti privi
They will watch They’ll watch Vor privi
NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2
I shall not watch I shan’t watch
You will not watch You won’t watch
He will not watch
She will not watch
It will not watch
He won’t watch
She won’t watch
It won’t watch
We shall not watch We won’t watch
You will not watch You won’t watch
They will not watch They won’t watch
Marius Vasile
INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE 1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE 2
Shall I watch Shall I not watch? Shan’t I watch?
Will you watch Will you not watch? Won’t you watch?
Will he watch
Will she watch
Will it watch
Will he not watch?
Will she not watch?
Will it not watch?
Won’t he watch?
Won’t she watch?
won’t il watch?
Shall we watch Shall we not watch? Won’t we watch?
Will you watch Will you not watch? Won’t you watch?
Will they watch Will they not watch? Won’t they watch?
Marius Vasile
The Present Perfect Tense
The Present Perfect of the Verb “TO PLAY”
AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE
I have played I’ve played Have I played?
You have played You’ve played Have you played?
He has played
She has played
It has played
He’s played
She’s played
It’s played
Has he played?
Has she played?
Has it played?
We have played We’ve played Have we played?
You have played You’ve played Have you played?
They have played They’ve played Have they played?
NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2
I have not played I’ve not played
You have not played You’ve played
He has not played
She has not played
It has not played
He’s not played
She’s not played
It’s not played
We have not played We’ve not played
You have not played You’ve not played
They have not played They’ve not played
Marius Vasile
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Have I not played? Haven’t I played?
Have you not played? Haven’t you played?
Has he not played?
Has she not played?
Has it not played?
Hans’t he played?
Hans’t she played?
Hans’t it played?
Have we not played? Haven’t we played?
Have you not played? Haven’t you played?
Have they not played? Haven’t they played?
The Present Perfect of the Verb “ TO DO”
AFFIRMATIVE 1
AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE
I have done I’ve done Have I done?
You have done You’ve done Have you done?
He has done
She has done
It has done
He’s done
She’s done
It’s done
Has he done?
Has she done?
Has it done?
We have done We’ve done Have we done?
You have done You’ve done Have you done?
They have done They’ve done Have they done?
Marius Vasile
NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2
I have not done I’ve not done
You have not done You’ve not done
He has not done
She has not done
It has not done
He’s not done
She’s not done
It’s not done
We have not done We’ve not done
You have note done You’ve not done
They have not done They’ve not done
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Have I not done? Haven’t I done?
Have you not done? Haven’t you done?
Has he not done?
Has she not done?
Has it not done?
Hasn’t he done?
Hasn’t she done?
Hasn’t it done?
Have we not done? Haven’t we done?
Have you not done? Haven’t you done?
Have they not done? Haven’t they done?
Marius Vasile
THE SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND
THE SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS
The Present Continous of the verb “TO SMILE”
Affirmative 1 Affirmative 2
Interrogative
I am smiling I’msmiling Am I smiling?
You are smiling You’re smiling Are you smiling?
He is smiling
She is smiling
He’s smiling
She’s smiling
Is he smiling?
Is he smiling?
We are smiling We’re smiling Are we smiling?
You are smiling You’re smiling Are you smiling?
They are smiling Ther’re smiling Are they smiling?
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 2
I am not smiling I’m not smiling
You are not smiling You’re not smiling
He is not smiling
She is not smiling
It is not smiling
He’s not smiling
She’s not smiling
It’s not smiling
We are not smiling We’re not smiling
You are not smiling You’re not smiling
They are not smiling They’re not smiling
Marius Vasile
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Am I not smiling? Aren’t I smiling?
Are you not smiling? Aren’t you smiling?
Is he not smiling?
Is she not smiling?
Is it not smiling?
Isn’t he smiling?
Isn’t she smiling?
Isn’t it smiling?
Are we not smiling? Aren’t we smiling?
Are you not smiling? Aren’t you smiling?
Are they not smiling? Aren’t they smiling?
Marius Vasile
Simple Past Continous of the Verb “TO SMILE”
AFFIRMATIVE
I was smiling
You were smiling
He was smiling
She was smiling
It was smiling
We were smiling
You were smiling
They were smiling
INTERROGATIVE
Was I smiling?
Were you smiling?
Was he smiling?
Was she smiling?
Was it smiling?
Were we smiling?
Were you smiling?
Were they smiling?
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 2
I was not smiling I wasn’t smiling
You not were smiling You weren’t smiling
He was not smiling
She was not smiling
It was not smiling
He wasn’t smiling
She wasn’t smiling
It wasn’t smiling
We were not smiling We weren’t smiling
You were not smiling You weren’t smiling
They were not smiling They weren’t smiling
Marius Vasile
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Was I not smiling? Wasn’t I smiling?
Were you not smiling? Weren’t you smiling?
Was he not smiling?
Was she not smiling?
Was it not smiling?
Wasn’t he smiling?
Wasn’t she smiling?
Wasn’t it smiling?
Were we not smiling? Weren’t we smiling?
Were you not smiling? Weren’t you smiling?
Were they not smiling? Weren’t they smiling?
Marius Vasile
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUSLY
Present Perfect Continuous of the Verb “TO PLAY”
AFFIRMATIVE 1
AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE
I have been playing I’ve have been playing Have I been playing?
You have been playing You’re have been playing Have you been playing?
He has been playing
She has been playing
It has been playing
He’s have been playing
She’s have been playing
It’s have been playing
Has he been playing?
Has she been playing?
Has it been playing?
We have been playing We’re have been playing Have we been playing?
You have been playing You’re have been playing Have you been playing?
They have been playing They’re have been playing Have they been playing?
NEGATIVE 1
NEGATIVE 1
I have not been playing I’ve not been playing
You have not been playing You’ve not been playing
He has not been playing
She has not been playing
It has not been playing
He’s not been playing
She’s not been playing
It’s not been playing
We have not been playing We’ve not been playing
You have not been playing You’ve not been playing
They have not been playing They’ve not been playing
Marius Vasile
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
1
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
2
Have I not been playing? Haven’t I been playing?
Have you not been playing? Haven’t you been playing?
Has he not been playing?
Has she not been playing?
Has it not been playing?
Hans’t he been playing?
Hans’t she been playing?
Hans’t it been playing?
Have we not been playing? Haven’t we been playing?
Have you not been playing? Haven’t you been playing?
Have they not been playing? Haven’t they been playing?
Marius Vasile
Aspectele verbului in limba engleza
Verbele in limba engleza pot avea patru aspecte: simplu ( Simple ), progresiv (
Continous ), pefect ( Perfect ) si perfect progresiv ( Perfect Continous ). Fiecare
dintre aceste aspecte poate aparea la oricare dintre cele trei timpuri: present (
Present ), trecut ( Past ) si viitor ( Future ).
Aspectele progresiv si perfect le corespunde cate un “ verb auxiliar” ( cu
care se formeaza ), care preia timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ; aspectul
progresiv perfect se formeaza prin combinarea celor doua auxiliare .
Astfel:
“ Continous Tense” se formeaza cu auxiliarul “ to be” :
“ to be” + infinitivul verbului de conjugat + “ing”
( la timpul si persoana verbului conjugat )
“Perfect Tense” se formeaza cu auxiliarul “to have” :
” to have” ( la timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ) + forma a 3 a verbului
conjugat
“ Perfect Continous Tense” se formeaza cu ambele auziliare.” to be” si “to have”:
To have + been + infinitivul de conjugat + “ing”.
Marius Vasile
Transformarea timpurilor verbale in trecerea de la vorbire directa la cea
indirecta
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect No change
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous No change
Shall/will Would
Can No change
Must Could
Could No change
Ought to No change
May Might