NOTICE

SAFETY MANUAL

When editing and publishing this Manual, the Association of Missouri Electric Cooperatives has used its best efforts to make it accurate and complete. However, neither the Association of Missouri Electric Cooperatives nor its employees represent themselves to be experts regarding the subject matters contained in the Manual, and do not warrant or claim the contents of the Manual to be an accurate or complete treatment of the subject matter therein. Any user of this Manual is solely responsible for its contents and use, and the Association of Missouri Electric Cooperatives disclaims any liability therefore.

SAFETY MANUAL FOR THE GUIDANCE

OF EMPLOYEES

MISSOURI ELECTRIC

COOPERATIVES

LOSS CONTROL & SAFETY

Revised 2016

SAFETY MANUAL

I hereby acknowledge receipt of the “Safety Manual. I will keep this book available for my continued use while employed by the

Cooperative.

Signature

Date

Cooperative Copy

SAFETY MANUAL

I hereby acknowledge receipt of the “Safety Manual. I will keep this book available for my continued use while employed by the

Cooperative.

Signature

Date

Employee Copy

SAFETY MANUAL PURPOSE

THIS MANUAL HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR THE PURPOSE OF ES- TABLISHING SAFETY RULES FOR THE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES IN MISSOURI. IT WILL FURTHER SERVE TO ENCOURAGE THE USE OF SAFE WORKING PROCEDURES TO PROTECT LIVES AND PROPER- TY WHEN WORKING ON OR AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. IF A SPECIFIC REGULATION OR STANDARD IS NOT COVERED IN THIS MANUAL, OSHA, DOT, ASTM OR OTHER APPLICABLE DOC- UMENTS SHOULD BE REFERENCED.

All Employees:

Safety is an integral part of the operation of the Electric Coop- erative, and all jobs necessary to our operations can be done with both safety and efficiency. The prevention of accidents must be considered a vital part of our every day work, not something to be added as an afterthought. The safety of our people must never be sacrificed for any reason.

It is not enough to want to prevent accidents; the degree of safety achieved is determined by the amount of effort expended in that direction. We know from the past experience of the elec- trical industry that certain work methods and procedures have repeatedly led to accidents causing injury or death. It is only be- cause other men died or were injured that we adopt rules intend- ed to prevent similar accidents.

The practices and rules outlined in this booklet refer to but a few of the most common hazards. It would be impractical to cover all hazardous situations and emergencies. Supervisors and employ- ees must cooperate to develop work techniques that will make every job safe.

Supervisors shall take the necessary steps to assure uniform ob- servance of the work practices contained herein. Anyone in doubt as to the meaning of any provision has the responsibility of dis- cussing the matter with his supervisor. It is the positive obligation of all employees to know these rules; ignorance of them is not an acceptable excuse for violation. Vigilant awareness and voluntary cooperation are the ingredients of safe and efficient work habits.

Manager

SAFETY MANUAL

PART I — GENERAL RULES FOR ALL EMPLOYEESSECTION 1.1 DefinitionsSECTION 1.2 Application and ResponsibilitySECTION 1.3 Reporting Accidents and InjuriesSECTION 1.4 Personal Protection EquipmentSECTION 1.5 Hand and Power ToolsSECTION 1.6 Ladders and ScaffoldsSECTION 1.7 Handling MaterialsSECTION 1.8 Work in Confined SpacesSECTION 1.9 Trenching and ExcavatingSECTION 1.10 HousekeepingSECTION 1.11 Fire PreventionSECTION 1.12 Motor Vehicle and Other Mobile Equipment SECTION 1.13 Office SafetySECTION 1.14 Job BriefingSECTION 1.15 Training

PART II — ELECTRICAL SECTIONSECTION 2.1 GeneralSECTION 2.2 General Lines and EquipmentSECTION 2.3 Protective GroundingSECTION 2.4 Protective EquipmentSECTION 2.5 Working On Overhead LinesSECTION 2.6 Insulated Cables and Underground Systems SECTION 2.7 Testing and Test Facilities

PART III — LINE CLEARANCE AND RIGHT-OF-WAY MAINTENANCESECTION 3.1 Tree TrimmingSECTION 3.2 Right-Of-Way Clearing and Maintenance SECTION 3.3 Use of Herbicides and Other Chemicals

PART IV — WELDING CUTTING AND BRAZINGSECTION 4.1 GeneralSECTION 4.2 Personal Protective EquipmentSECTION 4.3 Arc WeldingSECTION 4.4 Gas and Acetylene Welding, Cutting, Brazing SECTION 4.5 Ventilation

PART V — FIRST AID AND RESUSCITATION PROCEDURESSECTION 5.1 First Aid ProceduresSECTION 5.2 Resuscitation ProceduresSECTION 5.3 Bloodborne Pathogen

PART VI — INFORMATION SECTION

PART I — GENERAL RULES FOR ALL EMPLOYEES

SECTION 1.1 — DEFINITIONS

1.1.1 Approved

“Approved” shall be applied to personal protective equipment, work practices and the like, which are acceptable to the Cooperative and/or to the regulatory body having jurisdiction, such as a local, city, state or federal authority.

1.1.2 Authorized Employee

A qualified employee who has been properly authorized by a supervisor to perform specific or general duties under conditions prevailing.

1.1.3 Barricade

A physical obstruction such as tape, screens and cones that provides a warning and limits access to a hazardous area.

1.1.3 a Barrier

A physical obstruction that prevents contact with energized lines or equipment or prevents unauthorized access to a work area.

1.1.4 Circuit

A conductor or system of conductors through which an electric current is intended to flow.

1.1.5 Clearance

a. For Working: Certification by the proper authority that a specified line or piece of equipment is de-energized, that the proper precautionary measures have been taken, and that the line or equipment is being turned over to the workmen.

b. From Hazard: Adequate separation or protection by the use of devices to prevent accidental contact by persons or objects on approach to a point of danger.

1.1.6 Competent Person

One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary,

I-1

hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

1.1.7 Cooperative

The employing Rural Electric Cooperative which has adopted this safety manual.

1.1.8 Emergency

For the purpose of these rules, an emergency occurs when an unusual condition exists that endangers life and/or property.

1.1.9 Employees

All persons employed by the Cooperative are employees (except contractor’s employees) regardless of whether or not they act in supervisory or other capacity or whether or not they are on a temporary or permanent basis.

1.1.10 Enclosed Space

Is a space that has a limited means of entry or exit. Examples are: oil circuit breakers, substation power transformers and manholes.

1.1.11 Energized

Any material or device which is carrying electrical current or voltage.

1.1.12 Grounded

Permanently connected to earth through a ground connection of sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current-carrying capacity to prevent the building up of voltages which may result in undue hazard to persons or to connected equipment.

1.1.13 Protective Grounding

1.1.13a Temporary Protective Grounding Equipment

A system of ground clamps, ferrules, ground mats and cables designed and suitable for carrying fault current as specified in ASTM F855.04.

1.1.13b Equi potential Grounding

The installation of temporary protective grounding equipment to establish an identical state of electrical potential for two or more items.

I-2

1.1.13c Vehicle Equipment Grounding

The installation of temporary protective grounding equipment from a vehicle to the grounded system neutral to ensure the rapid isolation of the circuit by providing a low resistance path through which enough current can flow to operate circuit over current protection devices. Thus releasing a victim from sustained contact, as well as returning the work area to a relative safe condition.

1.1.13d Personal Protective Grounding

For the purpose of this manual the act of installing temporary protective grounding equipment on conductors and equipment within visual sight of a work location for the purpose of protecting workmen from dangerous voltages while working on lines or equipment.

1.1.13e Remote Grounds

Temporary protective grounding equipment placed on conductors beyond sight of a work location.

1.1.13f Bracket Grounding

A grounding method where temporary protective grounding equipment is installed on both sides of the work site.

1.1.13g Barricade

A physical obstruction such as a combination of cones and tapes, or A-frame type wood or metal structures and tapes intended to provide a warning about and to limit access to a hazardous area.

1.1.13 h Traveling Grounds

The installation of temporary protective grounding equipment to eliminate exposure to differences in electrical potential during conductor stringing operations.

1.1.14 Guard or Guarded

Covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed or otherwise protected by means of suitable covers, casings, barriers, rails, screen, mats, platforms or warning signs or devices which are suitable for removing the possibility of dangerous contact on approach by persons or objects to a point of danger.

I-3

1.1.15 Incline

A horizontal surface which is sloped to the extent that its endpoints are at different heights.

1.1.16 Personal Protective Equipment

Cooperative-approved protective equipment worn by employees as protection to his person, e.g., rubber gloves, rubber sleeves, insulated hard hat, safety harness, safety glasses, etc.

1.1.17 Powered Industrial Truck

Is a mobile, power-driven vehicle used to carry, push, pull, lift, stack or tier material.

1.1.18 Proper

Pertinent, applicable, correct. In accordance with generally accepted good practice or usage.

1.1.19 Qualified Employee (Qualified Person)

One knowledgeable in construction, maintenance and operation of electric power generation, transmission and distribution equipment necessary to perform the job functions at the employee’s classification level and by reason of his training and experience has demonstrated his knowledge of hazards and the ability to safely perform his duties.

NOTE 1: Whether an employee is considered to be a “qualified person” will depend upon various circumstances in the workplace. It is possible and, in fact, likely for an individual to be considered “qualified” with regard to certain equipment in the workplace, but “unqualified” as to other equipment.

NOTE 2: An employee who is undergoing on-the-job training and who, in the course of such training, has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level of training and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person is considered to be a qualified person for the performance of those duties.

1.1.20 Safeguards

Cooperative-approved devices used in connection with or made a part of equipment to protect against unsafe conditions or practices, e.g., barricades, barriers, guards or cover-up material.

1.1.21 Shall and ShouldShall means mandatory; should means recommended.

I-4

1.1.22 Person in Charge

A person in charge is a qualified employee who has been authorized and designated to be in direct charge of work regardless of his job title or classification.

NOTE: (In this manual when the title of superintendent or supervisor is used, it is a person who normally has supervisory duties.)

1.1.23 Spiking

Procedure for detecting energized cables by piercing the insulation with a remotely operated grounded tool.

1.1.24 System Operator

A qualified person designated to operate the system or its parts.

1.1.25 Voltage

a. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two points in an electric circuit.

b. Nominal voltage of a circuit or system is the rated voltage assigned for convenient designation between phase conductors of a multi-phase line, or the two conductors of a single-phase line,whether or not it originates from a multi-phase line and whether or not one of the conductors is grounded. If not otherwise stated, voltages given in this manual are nominal values. The actual voltage of a circuit may be higher or lower than the nominal rating.

1.1.26 Work Zone

Is an area of a highway with construction, maintenance or utility work activities. A work zone is typically marked by signs, channeling devices, barriers, pavement markings, and/or work vehicles. It extends from the first warning sign or rotating/strobe lights on a vehicle to the end WORK ZONE sign or the last temporary traffic control zone.

SECTION 1.2 — APPLICATION AND RESPONSIBILITY

1.2.1 Possession

Each permanent employee shall be provided a copy of these safety rules and it shall be his duty to become familiar with those pertaining to his duties. He should keep the manual readily

I-5

available, add to it any revisions or additions as they are issued. Temporary employees working under close and direct supervision may not be provided with a copy, but supervisors shall familiarize them with practices pertaining to their work.

1.2.2 Compliance

The rules contained in this book shall be complied with by every employee in all circumstances where they are applicable. Violations shall be cause for disciplinary action.

Pertinent governmental codes, standards, rules and orders shall be considered a part of this manual and where any conflict exists, the more stringent requirement shall prevail.

1.2.3 Emergencies, Hazardous Work Not Covered

In an emergency or hazardous situation not provided for in these rules, employees shall act according to their best judgment in order to safeguard life and property. Any unusual action taken shall be reported promptly to the responsible supervisor.

1.2.4 Local Practices

Supplemental safety practices applicable to specified locations may be issued by local management provided they are not in conflict with those contained in this manual.

Supervisors and foremen are expected and authorized to take additional safety precautions and to apply safety practices that are not in conflict with the rules contained in this book.

1.2.5 Responsibilities of Supervisors/Foremen

Each supervisor shall be responsible for:a. The safety of his employees and the public,b. Ensuring that all tools and equipment are safe and in good condition,c. Enforcing safety rules,d. Providing adequate supervision to those employees under his control,e. Informing employees of hazardous conditions.

1.2.6 Responsibilities of Employees

Employees shall share with the employer the responsibility for their own safety and of their fellow workmen and the general public.Each employee shall:a. Follow safety rules and other applicable orders or procedures;b. Report all hazardous conditions and unsafe tools or equipment;

I-6

c. Promptly report all accidents and injuries regardless of severity;d. Use protective equipment provided by the Cooperative;e. Guard against theft, damage and spoilage of all kinds.

1.2.7 Personal Conduct

Drinking alcoholic beverages on the job or working under the influence of alcohol or drugs shall not be permitted and shall be cause for disciplinary action.

Practical jokes, scuffling or horseplay shall not be permitted.

1.2.8 Wearing Apparel - 1910.269 (1) (8)

Employees shall wear clothing suitable to weather conditions and the job being done, as well as in accordance with accepted standards of propriety. In determining what clothing is suitable, management shall consider weather conditions and exposure to occupational hazards, such as sunburn, ground and floor conditions, fire and electrical hazards, etc. ANSI 1506 - 1926.96.

a. Employees, when working around moving machinery, shall not wear torn or ragged clothing, neckties, open gauntlet gloves, loose cuffs, etc. Loose ends of rags and similar materials shall not protrude from pockets. Shirt tails shall be kept inside of trousers.

b. Personal jewelry such as rings and wrist watches shall not be worn where the wearing of such items would introduce a hazard such as near rotating shafts, gears, belts or other sources of entanglement, or where metal parts could contact live electrical parts.

c. Employees exposed to possible electric arcs or open flames shall not wear clothing made of highly flammable material (certain synthetic fabrics).

d. Employees with long hair shall be required to wear hair nets or other protective covering when working near exposed rotating machinery or when exposed to fire hazards.

e. When work is performed within reaching distance of exposed energized lines or equipment, the employees shall remove or render nonconductive, all exposed conductive articles, such as key or watch chains, rings, or wrist watches or bands, unless such articles do not increase the hazards associated with contact ofthe energized part.

I-7

SECTION 1.3 — REPORTING ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES

1.3.1 All Accidents and Injuries

Every injury, no matter how slight, shall be reported to the supervisor or person in charge without delay. The supervisor, or person in charge, is responsible for securing proper medical treatment for an injured employee. This includes providing transportation and accompanying the injured person when necessary. An injured employee should not be allowed to drive himself to medical aid unless his injury is minimal.

1.3.2 First Aid Injuries

First aid injuries, those receiving first aid care only, should be reported on an “injury form” and kept on file when the supervisor feels that there may be further complications or the potential for serious injury present.

1.3.3

Every injury that requires medical treatment shall be reported on appropriate workers compensation forms. This report shall be kept in permanent files at the REC headquarters. All available information, such as nature of injury, degree of disability and cause of injury should be included in this report.

1.3.4 Severe Injuries and Serious Accidents

Injuries of severe nature and accidents where consequences are, or may be, serious shall be reported to supervisors by the fastest means.

1.3.5 Return to Work Notice

After an employee has been off the job for one or more days because of a job-incurred injury, a “Return to Work Notice” shall be submitted as soon as he reports for work. Such injured employee shall present a written return-to-work release from his physician to his supervisor upon return.

1.3.6 A “Motor Vehicle Accident Report” should be filled out and filed at the Cooperative headquarters when the following types of accidents occur:

a. Vehicle accidents involving a Cooperative vehicle whether occurring on a public road or not.

b. Vehicle accident involving a private vehicle driven by a Cooperative employee in the course of his employment.

I-8

1.3.7 Miscellaneous Incidents

The following types of incidents should be reported to the Cooperative headquarters without delay:

a. Vehicle accidents resulting in damage to Cooperative property even though no Cooperative vehicle is involved;

b. Injuries to non-employees occurring on Cooperative property or involving Cooperative lines or equipment;

c. Incidents resulting in the loss or damage to Cooperative property due to theft, vandalism or malicious mischief;

d. Attempted break-ins, arson or malicious mischief,

e. Fires resulting in damage to Cooperative property;

f. Any other incident or occurrence which in the judgment of the supervisor should be called to the attention of the Cooperative headquarters.

SECTION 1.4 — PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

1.4.1 Personal Protection Equipment Inspection

This paragraph pertains to all PPE (head, eye, face, hearing, foot and hand apparel). Each employee is assigned the responsibility for the inspection of PPE before each use to ensure it is clean and in good repair. The supervisor/person in charge or safety losscontrol personnel shall conduct at least a quarterly inspectionof all PPE. Any time PPE is found to be defective it shall be replaced immediately. Employee shall be trained on proper use, care and inspection of PPE.

1.4.2 Head Protection - 1910.135

Approved head protection of class E hard hats (ANSI standard #Z89.1, - 2014) shall be worn by all employees engaged in the following types of work:

a. Power plant maintenance and operationsb. Line construction, maintenance and operationc. Substation construction, maintenance and operationd. Switching operationse. Clearing operationsf. Material handling when exposed to falling objectsg. Other types of work when directed by the person in charge.h. Visitors shall be provided head protection in required areas.

I-9

NOTE: Approved head protection shall be worn by all employees who have occasion to visit or work at locations or jobs where it is compulsory to wear head protection as outlined above.

EXCEPTION: Head protection may not be required on specific jobs or in specific areas designated by the superintendent or supervisor as not requiring the use of head protection.

On job locations common to employees under different supervision, the respective supervisors should consult to determine uniform requirements for protective equipment.

1.4.3 Eye Protection - 1910.133, ANSI Z87.1 - 2015

Each employee who has been provided with safety spectacles by the cooperative while on duty shall wear approved safety spectacles or a higher degree of eye protection when engaged in or is working close to work involving:a. Line or substation construction, maintenance and operation.

Safety spectacles are not a substitute for goggles. Full cover goggles or face shields with safety spectacles shall be worn when an employee is engaged in or is close to work involving:a. Chipping stone, brick, concrete, paint, pipe coatings or metal;b. Power grinding, buffing or wire brushing whether there is a built-in eye shield or not;c. Dust or flying particles (such as using compressed air to clean materials or machinery);d. Flame welding, cutting or burning (approved colored lenses shall be used);e. Drilling overhead with hand or power drill;f. Gunniting, pouring hot lead, hot compounds or the use of other hot or injurious substances;g. Handling acids, caustics, chlorine, ammonia or other similar liquids or gases except when approved complete head coverings are worn;h. Brush chippers;i. Cleaning or scaling pipe;j. Flying particles caused by other workmen, if employee is within range of such particles;k. Any other danger of injury to eyes, or at the direction of the person in charge;l. Jackhammer use.m. Visitors shall be provided eye protection in required areas.

The wearing of contact lenses by employees also requires eye protection while working. Employees shall use eye protection that provides approved side protection when there is a hazard from flying objects.

I-10

1.4.4 Head Shields and Hoods - 1910.133, ANSI Z87.1 - 2015

Approved head shields or hoods shall be worn when electric arc, hydrogen and heliarc welding.

1.4.5 Supplied Air Equipment - 1910.146 & 1910.269 (e)

Approved filtered supplied-air equipment shall be used when:a. Entering or working inside any container or enclosure where an adequate supply of fresh air cannot be assured;b. Sand blasting.

1.4.6 Respirators - 1910.134, ANSI Z88.2 - 2015

Approved respirators shall be worn when:a. Applying paint or other toxic liquids with pressure spray equipment, except in shops where special approved rooms are provided for this purpose;b. Material being buffed creates an abnormal amount of dust;c. Welding (or flame cutting) galvanized iron or when melting zinc, (EXCEPTION: Where movable exhaust hoods with mechanical ventilating equipment are furnished respirators will not be required.);d. Handling lime or other toxic or caustic powdered chemicals;e. Exposed to abnormal amounts of coal dust;f. There is a need for such equipment to protect the health of the employee as determined by the supervisor or by other applicable rules.

1.4.7 Life Jackets, Life Lines and Similar Equipment1910.269 (w) (5) (i)

When the danger of drowning is present, a U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation device shall be worn when:a. At water’s edge or over water capable of flotation;b. On a dock;c. On the walkways of a coal barge;d. Any type boat engaged in Cooperative business.

NOTE: Each personal flotation device shall be maintained in safe condition and shall be inspected frequently enough to ensure that it does not have rot, mildew, water saturation or any other condition that could render the device unsuitable for use.

The rules for wearing safety belts or harnesses with life lines attached are covered under the specific sections in which they apply.

I-11

1.4.8 Hand Protection - 1910.138

Employees shall wear hand protection when exposed to hazards such as:a. Skin absorption of harmful substancesb. Severe cuts or lacerationsc. Severe abrasionsd. Chemical burnse. Puncturesf. Thermal burnsg. Harmful temperature extremes

1.4.9 Foot Protection - 1910.136, ANSI Z41 - 1991

Employees shall wear protective footwear when:a. Working in area where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objectsb. Danger of objects piercing the solec. Where an employee’s feet are exposed to electrical hazards

1.4.10 Chaps

When using a chain saw on the ground, chaps shall be worn.

1.4.11 Protection from Flames and Electric Arcs (Clothing)

a. The employer shall assess the workplace to identify employees exposed to hazards from flames or electric arcs.b. For each employee exposed to hazards from electric arcs, the employer shall make a reasonable estimate of the incident heat energy to which the employee would be exposed.c. The employer shall ensure that each employee who is exposed to hazards from flames or electric arcs does not wear clothingthat could melt onto his or her skin or that could ignite and continue to burn when exposed to flames or the heat energy estimated under paragraph b of this section.d. The employer shall prohibit clothing made from acetate, nylon, polyester, rayon and polypropylene, either alone or in blends, unless the employer demonstrates that the fabric has been treated to withstand the conditions that may be encountered by the employee or that the employee wears the clothing in such a manner as to eliminate the hazard involved.e. The employer shall ensure that the outer layer of clothing worn by an employee, except for clothing not required to be arc rated under paragraph 1.4.11 (f) of this section, is flame-resistant under any of the following conditions:

1. The employee is exposed to contact with energized circuit parts operating at more than 600 volts.

I-12

2. An electric arc could ignite flammable material in the work area that, in turn, could ignite the employer’s clothing.3. Molten metal or electric arcs from faulted conductors in the work area could ignite the employee’s clothing, or4. The incident heat energy estimated under paragraph b of this section exceeds 2.0 cal/cm2.

f. The employer shall ensure that each employee exposed to hazards from electric arcs wears protective clothing and other protective equipment with an arc rating greater than or equal to the heat energy estimated under paragraph b of this section whenever that estimate exceeds 2.0 cal/cm2. This protective equipment shall cover the employee’s entire body, except as follows:

1. Arc-rated protection is not necessary for the employee’s hands when the employee is wearing rubber insulating gloves with protectors or, if the estimated incident energy is no more than 14 cal/cm2, heavy-duty leather work gloves with a weight of at least 407 gm/m2 (12 oz/yd2).2. Arc-rated protection is not necessary for the employee’s feet when the employee is wearing heavy-duty work shoes or boots.3. Arc-rated protection is not necessary for the employee’s head when the employee is wearing head protection meeting para graph 1.4.2 if the estimated incident energy is less than9 cal/cm2 for exposures involving single-phase arcs in open air or 5 cal/cm2 for other exposures.4. The protection for the employee’s head may consist of head protection meeting paragraph 1.4.2 and a faceshield with a minimum arc rating of 8 cal/cm2 if the estimated incident- energy exposure is less than 13 cal/cm2 for exposures involving single-phase arcs in open air or 9 cal/cm2 for other exposures, and5. For exposures involving single-phase arcs in open air, the arc rating for the employee’s head and face protection may be 4 cal/ cm2 less than the estimated incident energy.

1.4.12 Hearing Protection - OSHA Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry - 1926.101 & 1910.95-ANSI s3.19-1974

a. Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table G-16 of this section when measured on the A-scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response.b. When employees are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table G-16 of this section, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.

I-13

c. If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, it is to be considered continuous.d. In all cases where the sound levels exceed the values shown herein, a continuing, effective hearing conservation program shall be administered.

Table G-16 — Permissible Noise ExposuresSound levelDuration per day, hours: dBA slow response8.........................................................................................906 ........................................................................................ 924 ........................................................................................ 953 ........................................................................................ 972 ...................................................................................... 1001 1/2 ................................................................................ 1021 ...................................................................................... 1051/2 ................................................................................... 1101/4 or less............................................................................115

e. When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each.f. Hearing protectors shall be provided to all employees exposed to an eight hour time weighted average of 85 decibels or greater.g. Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.h. Approved ear protective devices shall be worn in areas or types of work where it has been determined that noise may be excessive or where required by local safety rules or postings.i. Exposure to excessive noise can cause a gradual decay in hearing ability. It shall be the responsibility of employees to become familiar with the permissible noise exposure scale and also know the sound pressure levels for any equipment they may use.j. Ear protection must be worn when there is a possibility of hearing damage. This occurs when exposed to noise of 90dBA (decibels) for more than eight hours, 95dBA for over 4 hours, 100dBA for over 2 hours or 105dBA for over 1 hour.k. Areas where the noise level is above 90dBA shall be identified, and time limits stated. Employees shall wear proper protective devices when exposed beyond posted limits.l. The following are considered proper ear protection: ear muffs, ear plugs, molded ear protectors or wax-type ear plugs. Plain cotton is not acceptable. Ear Protective devices shall be worn properly and kept clean to reduce the possibility of ear infection. They will be stored in accordance to manufacturer’s guidelines and made available when needed and/or requested.m. Visitors shall be provided with hearing protection in required areas.

I-14

1.4.13 Chemical Protective Equipment

Protective gloves, aprons, face protection and other protective clothing shall be worn:a. When mixing, pouring or handling strong caustics or acids;b. When there is the possibility of any strong chemical coming in contact with the skin or clothing.c. PCB cleanup shall be performed as per EPA requirements.d. Trucks carrying PCB material shall be marked according to the following D.O.T. regulations: “Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations & noise emission requirements” part 397, section397.1 to 397.19. For placarding information, see 397.2.

1.4.14 Personal Fall Arrest System

Fall protection that will stop a rapid descent and not allow a fall greater than 2 ft.

NOTE: Climbing poles requires the use of a fall arrest system.

1.4.15 Barricades for Restricted Work Areas

Yellow and black tape or rope shall be used before work is started to mark off danger areas where people must not go when work is being done in proximity to these areas.

1.4.16 Public Work Area Protection - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices

A most important requirement for operation of an utility vehicle in the roadway is the requirements for work area protection, the proper use of permits, advanced warning signs, flasher lights, vests, paddle signs (slow, stop), flagman and traffic cones or barriers. Each rural electric system needs to continue its training for proper application and use of these warning devices. These devices provide advance warning for the motorists, but also, they provide protection for the workers and equipment working within the zoned area.

SECTION 1.5 — HAND AND POWER TOOLS

1.5.1 Use of Tools - 1910.243 & 1910.269 (i)

a. Hammers with metal handles, screwdrivers or knives with metal continuing through the end or sides of handles, shall not be — used on or near energized electrical equipment.

b. Metal measuring tapes, tapes having metal strands woven into the fabric, metal or metal-bound rules, metal scales and gauges,

I-15

wire or metal bound hose or rope with wire core shall not be used when working on or near energized electric circuits or equipment.

c. Chisels, drills, punches, ground rods and pipes shall be held with suitable holders or tongs (not with the hands) while being struck with a sledge by another employee.

d. Shims shall never be used to make a wrench fit.

e. Wrenches with sprung or damaged jaws shall not be used.

f. Pipe shall not be used to extend a wrench handle for added leverage unless the wrench was designed for such use.

g. Tools shall be used only for the purposes for which they are designed.

h. When using a draw-knife an employee shall not brace the work with his knee or other part of his body.

i. Before making adjustments or changing air tools, unless equipped with quick change connects, the air shall be shut off at the air supply valve ahead of the hose. The hose shall be bled at the tool before breaking connection.

j. Practical jokes with compressed air are strictly forbidden. Compressed air entering or blown against the body may result in serious injury or death.

k. Compressed air shall not be used to clean clothing while being worn nor used to blow dust or dirt out of the hair.

l. Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning purposes except where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. at the nozzle and then only with effective chip guarding.

m. When using a screwdriver or other tools, an employee shall place himself in such a position that he will avoid injury if the tool should slip.

n. Extension cords used with portable electric tools and appliances shall be three-wire type.

o. The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of portable and/or plug connected equipment shall be grounded. Portable tools and appliances protected by an approved system of double insulation, or its equivalent, need not be grounded. Where such use of an approved system is employed, the equipment shall be distinctively marked.

I-16

1.5.2 Care of Tools

a. Each supervisor and employee shall be responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees, including tools and equipment which may be furnished by employees.

b. Tools with sharp edges shall be so stored and handled that they will not cause injury or damage. They shall not be carried in clothing pockets.

c. Any tools with sharp edges shall be guarded.

d. As shock tools, such as chisels, punches, drills, etc., become mushroomed or cracked, they shall be dressed, repaired or re placed before further use.

e. When faces of hammers, sledges, etc., become damaged or worn they shall be repaired or replaced.

f. Wood handles that are loose, cracked or splintered shall be replaced. Taping or lashing them with wire will not be permitted.

g. All cutting tools, such as saws, wood chisels, draw-knives, axes, etc., shall be kept in suitable guards unless special compartments are provided for their storage.

1.5.3 General

a. All files, rasps and other hand tools which have sharp tangs shall not be used without approved handles.

b. Tools, except those normally carried on belts, that must be raised or lowered from one elevation to another shall be placed in approved tool buckets or firmly attached to handlines.

c. Tools or materials shall not be thrown from place to place nor from person to person under any circumstances.

d. Tools shall not be left lying around where they may cause tripping or stumbling.

e. Tools shall never be placed unsecured on elevated places.

f. When working on or above open grating, a canvas or other suitable covering shall be used to cover the grating in order to prevent tools or parts from dropping to a lower level or the danger area shall be barricaded or guarded by a man.

g. Portable electric tools (except those with self-contained power)

I-17

such as electrical drills, saws or other required equipment shall:

(1) Be of the approved double-insulated type or(2) Be equipped with 3-wire cord having the ground wire permanently connected to the tool frame and a means for grounding at the end of the conductor or(3) Be connected to the power supply through an isolating transformer with an ungrounded secondary of not more than 50 volts.

h. The insulation on hand tools should not be depended uponto protect users from shock. This does not apply to approved live- line tools.

i. Extension cord sets used with portable electric tools and appliances shall be of three-wire type and shall be designed for hard or extra-hard usage. Flexible cords used with temporary and portable lights shall be designed for hard or extra-hard usage.

NOTE: Some flexible cords are noted as being designed for hard or extra-hard usage. Examples of these types of flexible cords include hard service cord (types S, ST, SO, STO) and junior hard service cord (types SJ, SJO, SJT, SJTO). A flat cord shall not be used.

1.5.4 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Tools - 1910.269 (i) (4)

a. Hydraulic and pneumatic tools used on or near energized electric lines or equipment shall have non-conducting hoses with adequate strength for the normal operating pressures. The manufacturer’s safe operating pressures for hose, valves, pipes, filters and other fittings shall not be exceeded.

NOTE: If hazardous defects are present, no operating pressure is safe and the hydraulic and pneumatic equipmentinvolved may not be used. In the absence of defects, the maximum rated operating pressure is the maximum safe pressure.

b. Pressure shall be released before connections are broken to avoid the hazards of flying particles or whipping of hose except where quick-acting self-closing connectors are used. Hose shall never be kinked to cut off pressure prior to disconnecting.

c. A pneumatic tool used on energized electric lines or equipment or used where it may contact exposed live parts shall provide protection against the accumulation of moisture in the air supply.

d. A hydraulic or pneumatic tool used where it may contact exposed energized parts shall be designed and maintained for such use.

I-18

e. The hydraulic system supplying a hydraulic tool used where it may contact exposed live parts shall provide protection against loss of insulating value, for the voltage involved, due to the formation of a partial vacuum in the hydraulic line.

f. Employers must ensure that employees do not use any part of their bodies to locate, or attempt to stop, a hydraulic leak.

NOTE: Use of hydraulic lines that do not have check valves and that have a separation of more than 10.7 meters (35 feet) between the oil reservoir and the upper end of the hydraulic system promotes the formation of a partial vacuum.

1.5.5 Portable and Vehicle Mounted Generators - 1910.269 (i) 3

a. The generator may only supply equipment located on the generator or the vehicle and cord- and plug-connected the vehicle.

b. The non-current-carrying metal parts of equipment and the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles shall be bonded to the generator frame.

c. For vehicle-mounted generators, the frame of the generator shall be bonded to the vehicle frame.

d. Any neutral conductor shall be bonded to the generator frame.

SECTION 1.6 — LADDERS, PLATFORMS AND SCAFFOLDS -1910.269 (h), 1910.25, 1910.26

1.6.1 General

a. Ladders shall be inspected frequently and repaired or replaced when found to be defective. Damaged or defective ladders shall be removed from service and tagged or marked as “Dangerous” or “Do Not Use.”

b. An employee shall not use a ladder that has broken, loose or cracked rungs, side rails or braces.

c. When ascending or descending ladders, employees shall have hands free, grip the sides or rungs with both hands, and face the ladder.

d. Boxes, crates, chairs, etc., shall not be used to stand on or to increase the height of ladders.

I-19

e. Only one employee shall work from a ladder (except hook ladders) at one time. If the work requires two employees, a second ladder shall be used.

f. In the configurations in which they are used, ladders and portable platforms shall be capable of supporting without failure at least 2.5 times the maximum intended load.

g. Ladders shall not be placed in passageways, doorways, driveways or a location where they may be displaced by activities being conducted on any other work, unless protected by barricades or guards.

h. Portable metal ladders, ladders with metal side rails or ladders longitudinally reinforced with metal shall not be used near energized equipment or lines.

i. Ladders shall not be painted. They shall be treated only with a transparent non-conducting material.

j. Only approved ladders owned by the Cooperative should be used by employees.

k. Rungs shall be kept free from grease and oil.

l. Portable ladders and platforms may not be loaded in excess of the working loads for which they are designed.

m. Portable ladders and platforms shall be secured to prevent them from becoming dislodged.

n. Portable ladders and platforms may be used only for applications for which they are designed.

1.6.2 Straight Ladders

a. Ladder feet shall be placed on a substantial base.

b. Straight ladders shall not be used unless equipped with approved safety shoes.

c. The foot of the ladder should be placed approximately one- quarter of its supported length away from the vertical plane of its top support.

d. Straight ladders in use shall be tied, blocked, held or otherwise secured to prevent their being displaced.

e. An employee shall not work or stand on either of the top two rungs of a ladder.

I-20

f. A ladder shall never be placed against an unsafe support.

g. Ladders shall not be used as scaffold platforms, unless they are designed for such purpose.

h. The side rails shall extend not less than 36 inches above the landing.

1.6.3 Step Ladders

a. Employees shall not work from the top step of a ladder. (This rule does not apply to safety platform ladders.)

b. While an employee is working on a step ladder (except a safety platform ladder) at a point 10 feet or more above ground or floor, the ladder shall be held by at least one other person.

c. Step ladder legs shall be fully spread when ladder is in use.

1.6.4 Scaffolds - 1910.28(f)

a. Guardrails and toeboards shall be installed on all open sides and ends of platforms more than 10 feet above the ground or floor.

b. When working at an elevation where a standard scaffold would be impractical, an employee shall use an approved safety belt and life line to tie off.

c. When working from a swinging scaffold or boatswain’s chair each worker shall be protected by a safety belt attached to a life line secured independently of the scaffold.

d. Only approved scaffolds provided by the Cooperative shall be used by employees.

e. Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting, without failure at least four times the maximum intended load.

f. Scaffolds shall not be altered or moved horizontally while they are in use or occupied.

SECTION 1.7 — HANDLING MATERIALS

1.7.1 By Hand

a. An employee should obtain assistance in lifting heavy objects or use power equipment if available.

I-21

b. When two or more persons carry or lift a heavy object that is to be lowered or dropped, there shall be a prearranged signal when all are to let go.

c. When two or more persons are carrying one object, each employee, if possible, should face the direction in which the object is being carried.

1.7.2 By Mechanical Means

a. Cranes, derricks and other material handling mechanisms shall be operated only by qualified persons.

b. All equipment in use shall be checked by a competent person at the beginning of each shift.

c. One employee shall give all signals to the operator of the crane, derrick, etc. The operator, however, shall obey the stop signal given by anyone.

d. Hand signals to crane and derrick operators shall be those prescribed by the applicable ANSI standard for the type of crane in use. See illustration of the signals in Data Section.

e. No employee shall be under a suspended load, inside the angle of a winch line, nor shall he stand or work near a cable, chain or rope under tension unless the nature of his work requires it.

f. Accessible areas within the swing radius of the rear of the rotating superstructure of a crane, either permanently or temporarily mounted, shall be barricaded in such a manner as to prevent an employee from being struck or crushed by the crane.

g. Winch lines, ropes, wires, etc., should not be guided by hand when standing within reach of drum or sheave.

h. Wire rope loops shall be made by proper splicing or mechanical clamping or tail section. When U-bolt wire rope clips are usedto form eyes, Table H-20 shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips. When used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that the “U” section is in contact with the dead end of the rope.

I-22

Table H-20 — Number and Spacing of U-Bolt Wire Rope Clips

Improved plow steel, rope

diameter inches

Number of

Drop forged

clips

Other material

Minimum spacing (inches)

1/3.............................. 3 4 35/8.............................. 3 4 3 3/43/4.............................. 4 5 4 1/27/8.............................. 4 5 5 1/41................................. 5 6 61 1/8........................... 6 6 6 3/41 1/4........................... 6 7 7 1/21 3/8........................... 7 7 8 1/41 1/2........................... 7 8 9

i. No employee shall ride on a cable, chain, sling or other hoisting attachment or on material being moved by means of a crane or derrick.

j. When mobile hoists, cranes, booms or similar lifting devicesare used near energized lines or equipment, all persons shall remain in the clear until the lifting devices are outside the distances specified in Modified Table R-6 (Section 2.3 and 2.4). No part of the hoisting equipment or load shall come closer than thedistances specified in Table II (Section 2.2.3.a), unless the truckis properly grounded or barricaded according to the provisions of Section 2.3.2 (Vehicle Grounding).

NOTE: For clearances applicable for crews working on or near overhead lines; See Electric Section 2.2.4 (e.).

k. No motor vehicle equipment having an obstructed view to the rear shall be used unless the vehicle has a reverse signal alarm audible above the surrounding noise level or the vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so.

l. Operators shall never leave the vicinity of cranes, hoists, derricks or other lifting devices while load is suspended.

m. Trucks on which derricks or booms are erected above traveling height shall not be moved except under the immediate direction of a designated employee, who shall give his undivided attention to the movement.

n. Protective pads shall be used where cables or ropes are wrapped around sharp objects or corners.

o. The hoist line shall not be wrapped around the load.

I-23

SECTION 1.8 — WORK IN ENCLOSED SPACES1910.146, 1910.269 (e) and (t)

a. Safe Work Practices

(1) The employer shall ensure the use of safe work practices for entry into and work in enclosed spaces and for rescue of employees from such spaces.

b. Training

(1) Employees who enters enclosed space or who serve as an attendant shall be trained in the hazards of enclosed space entry, in enclosed space entry procedures, and in enclosed space rescue procedures.

(2) Classroom training shall be provided for personnel who enter confined spaces or who as attendants during confined space entries and managers and supervisors who authorized such entries. Training for confined space procedures shall be given initially and whenever there is a change in the procedure. Rescue procedures shall include the following:

(aa) Confined space location, entry schedule, potential hazards and any special provisions of the emergency plan before entry begins.(bb) Rescue personnel are provided with and trained to use the personal protective equipment, including respirator, and rescue equipment for effecting rescue.(cc) Perform the assigned rescue functions and receive training required for entrants.(dd) Practice rescue techniques annually.(ee) Current certification in first-aid and CPR skills shall be maintained by at least one member of the rescue team.

c. Rescue Equipment

Employers shall provide equipment to ensure the prompt and safe rescue of employees from the enclosed space. Therescue equipment must enable a rescuer to remove an injured employee from the enclosed space quickly and without injury. A harness, lifeline, and a self-supporting winch can normally be used in this manner.

d. Evaluation of Potential Hazards

(1) Before any entrance cover to an enclosed space is removed, the employer shall determine whether it is safe to do so by checking for the presence of any atmospheric pressure or temperature differences and by evaluating whether there

I-24

might be a hazardous atmosphere in the space. Any conditions making it unsafe to remove the cover shall be eliminated before the cover is removed.

Note to paragraph d (1):The determination called for in this paragraph may consist of a check of the conditions that might foreseeably be in the enclosed space. For example, the cover could be checked to see if it is hot and, if it is fastened in place, could be loosened gradually to release any residual pressure. An evaluation also needs to be made of whether conditions at the site could cause a hazardous atmosphere, such as an oxygen-deficient or flammable atmosphere, to develop within the space.

(2) When covers are removed from enclosed spaces, the opening shall be promptly guarded by a railing, temporary cover, or other barrier to prevent an accidental fall through the opening, andto protect employees working in the space from objects entering the space. If pressure is present, a suitable means of relieving the pressure slowly to prevent any injury of employees.

e. Hazardous Atmosphere

(1) Entry into a confined space shall be avoided if at all possible Employees may not enter any enclosed space while it contains a hazardous atmosphere, unless the entry conforms to the permit-required confined spaces standard in OSHA 1910.146.

NOTE: An enclosed space must have the atmosphere tested by a qualified person using a calibrated direct reading instrument before any employees are allowed to enter an enclosed space.

(2) Before entering a confined or enclosed space, all levels of the space shall be tested for lack of oxygen and then for the presence of flammable or toxic gases and vapors. Monitoring instrumentation must be calibrated.

(3) If a hazard-increasing work activity is to take place in a confined or enclosed space (i.e., welding, painting, working with solvents and coating,) the air in the space shall be continuously tested for the presence of flammable or toxic gases and vapors or insufficient oxygen. Forced ventilation shall be used as required.

(4) If flammable or toxic gases or vapors are detected or if an oxygen deficiency is found, the space shall be continuously tested and forced ventilation shall be used to maintain oxygen at a safe level and to prevent a hazardous concentration of flammable or toxic gases and vapors.

I-25

f. Attendants

(1) While work is being performed in the enclosed space, an attendant with first-aid training shall be immediately available outside the enclosed space to provide assistance if a hazard exists because of traffic patterns in the area of the opening used for entry. The attendant is not precluded from performing other duties outside the enclosed space if these duties do not distract the attendant from: monitoring employees within the space or ensuring that it is safe for employees to enter and exit the space.

(2) Occasionally, the employee on the surface may briefly enter a manhole or vault to provide nonemergency assistance.

g. Calibration of Test Instruments

Test instruments used to monitor atmospheres in enclosed spaces shall be kept in calibration and shall have a minimum accuracy of + or – 10 percent.

h. Testing for Oxygen Deficiency.

Before an employee enters an enclosed space, the atmosphere in the enclosed space shall be tested for oxygen deficiency with a direct-reading meter or similar instrument, capable of collection and immediate analysis of data sampleswithout the need for off site evaluation. If continuous forced-air ventilation is provided, testing is not required provided that the procedures used that employees are not exposed to the hazards posed by oxygen deficiency.

i. Testing For Flammable Gases and Vapors

Before an employee enters an enclosed space, the internal atmosphere shall be tested for flammable gases and vapors with a direct-reading meter or similar instrument capable of collection and immediate analysis of data samples without theneed for off-site evaluation. This test shall be performed after the oxygen testing and ventilation required by paragraph f. (1) of this section demonstrates that there is sufficient oxygen to ensure the accuracy of the test flammability.

j. Ventilation, and Monitoring for Flammable Gases or Vapors.

If flammable gases or vapors are detected or if an oxygen deficiency is found, forced-air ventilation shall be used to maintain oxygen at a safe level and to prevent a hazardous concentration of flammable gases and vapors from accumulating. A continuous monitoring program to ensure that no increase in flammable gas or vapor concentration above safe

I-26

levels occurs may be followed in lieu of ventilation if flammable gases or vapors are initially detected at safe levels.

k. Specific Ventilation Requirements

If continuous forced-air ventilation is used, it shall begin before entry is made and shall be maintained long enough for the employer to be able to demonstrate that a safe atmosphere exists before employees are allowed to enter the work area. The forced-air ventilation shall be so directed as toventilate the immediate area where employees are present within the enclosed space and shall continue until all employees leave the enclosed space.

l. Air Supply

The air supply for the continuous forced-air ventilation shall be from a clean source and may not increase the hazards in the enclosed space.

m. Open Flames

If open flames are used in enclosed spaces, a test for flammable gases and vapors shall be made immediately before the open device is used and at least once per hour while the device is used in the space. Testing shall be conducted more frequently if conditions present in the enclosed space indicate that once per hour is insufficient to detect hazardous accumulations of flammable gases or vapors.

NOTE: If work is to be performed in a confined space, the utilities written permit system shall be followed.

SECTION 1.9 — TRENCHING and EXCAVATING1926.650 - 1926.653 Subpart P

1.9.1 General

a. All trenches and excavations in which employees are exposed to danger from moving material shall be guarded by shoring system, proper sloping or other equivalent means. Refer to chart for shoring - OSHA 1926.652, Subpart P, Appendix C, C-1.1 through C-2.3.(1) Trenches or excavations in unstable material, or more than 5 feet in depth, shall be securely shored or sloped to the proper angle of repose.

(2) Other hazards immediately adjacent to a trench or excavation,

I-27

such as trees, boulders, slides, banks or building foundations, shall be examined and necessary and proper precautions taken.

(3) Site conditions, such as surface water drainage and vibration from blasting, traffic or machinery, shall be considered in planning the excavation.

b. Trenches and excavations, in which employees are working, shall be inspected at least daily and more frequently as made necessary by rain storms, freezing and thawing conditions and other hazard- increasing occurrences.

c. Excavated and other material shall be kept at least two feet from the edge of any trench or excavation which employees are required to enter. Where this requirement cannot be met effective barriers or retaining devices shall be used.

d. When employees are required to enter a trench or excavation 4 feet deep or more, approved ladders of proper length and location shall be used.

e. Heavy machinery or material should not be placed near the edge of excavations unless necessary precautions are taken to prevent a cave in.

f. Where an explosive, toxic or oxygen-deficient atmosphere hazardous to employees may be present in a trench or excavation, proper tests shall be made. Work in a hazardous area shall continue only after necessary and proper measures make it safe to do so.

g. Before and during an excavation, effort shall be made to discover the position of and prevent unplanned damage to underground facilities, such as pipe lines, storage tanks, cables, etc. Proper measures shall be taken to protect employees from hazards resulting from exposed facilities.

SECTION 1.10 — HOUSEKEEPING

1.10.1 Inside Housekeeping

a. All building and yards, including physical property of all kinds, shall be maintained in clean and good order.

b. Lamps or fluorescent tubes shall be replaced promptly when burned out or broken.

c. Designated lunch areas shall be maintained clean and orderly at all times.

I-28

d. Washrooms and showers shall be kept in clean and orderly condition.

e. Walks, aisles, stairways, fire escapes and all other passageways shall be kept clear of all obstructions.

f. Any floor or wall opening shall be guarded with standard railings and toeboards. Other means of temporary protection may be used only with an observer present.

g. Tools and materials shall not be placed where they may cause tripping or stumbling hazards or where they may fall and strike anyone below.

h. Adequate measures shall be taken to avoid slipping hazards, which may exist.

i. Work areas shall be neat and orderly at all times.

j. Scrap bins shall be provided and used for broken glass, insulators, sheet metal scraps, used pressurized containers and other waste material.

k. Scrap material of salvage value shall be properly stored until disposed of.

l. Dirty and oily waste rags shall be deposited in approved metal containers provided for the purpose and be disposed of as soon as practical to avoid fire hazard.

m. All commercial cleaning fluids present some fire or health hazard unless proper precautions are taken. Only those solvents which have been approved by the Cooperative shall be used.

n. Gasoline shall never be used as a cleaning or degreasing agent.

o. Carbon-tetrachloride shall not be used for cleaning purposes.

p. Cleaning fluids shall not be used in confined areas without ad equate forced ventilation.

q. Flammable solvents or paints shall be stored in an approved safety cabinet. Cabinet shall be yellow with FLAMMABLE marking.

r. Gasoline shall be kept in approved metal safety container. Container shall be stored in an approved storage cabinet. Cabinet shall be yellow or red with FLAMMABLE marking.

s. Not more than 60 gallons of flammables or 120 gallons of combustible liquids shall be stored in any one storage cabinet. Not

I-29

more than three such cabinets may be located in a single storage area. 1926.152 (b)(3)

t. No smoking or open flames shall be allowed where flammable solvents are being used.

u. Adequate fire extinguishing equipment shall be readily available when using flammable solvents.

1.10.2 Outside Housekeeping

Good housekeeping shall be diligently observed where operations are performed outdoors whether on Cooperative or private property or whether working in public places or on walkways, streets or alleys.

a. Material shall not be piled against building doors or exits.

b. Roofs shall be kept clean and free of refuse, trash or other material which may cause fire, obstructed drains or tripping hazards.

c. Weeds and other rank vegetation shall not be permitted to grow excessively or accumulate in the neighborhood of buildings, tanks, loading tracks, pole storage yards, sub-stations or other hazardous locations.

d. Used or new lubricating or transformer oil shall not be used as a weed killer or to surface dirt or other types of floors or driveways or other areas.

e. Loading docks shall be kept clean and orderly and free of congestion.

f. Snow and ice shall be promptly removed from all walkways and work areas. Snow and icicles hanging over walkways and work areas shall be promptly removed.

g. Structural steel, poles, pipe, bar stock, and other cylindrical materials, unless racked, shall be stacked and blocked so as to prevent spreading or tilting.

SECTION 1.11 — FIRE PREVENTION

1.11.1 Fire Prevention

a. Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all work locations and in all vehicles.

I-30

b. Combustible materials, such as oil-soaked rags, waste and shavings shall be kept in approved metal containers with self- closing lids. Containers shall be emptied as soon as practicable.

c. Clean rags or waste should be kept in metal or metal lined bins with self-closing covers.

d. No clothing shall be allowed to hang on walls, behind doors or in the space back of switchboards. No matches shall be left inclothes placed in lockers. Rubbish and unused clothing shall not be allowed to accumulate in lockers.

e. Flammable liquids such as gasoline, benzene, naphtha, lacquer thinner, etc., shall not be used for cleaning purposes unless approved methods are employed for their safe use.

f. In any building, except one provided for their storage, flammable liquids such as gasoline, benzene, naphtha, lacquer thinner, etc., shall be limited to twenty-five gallons in UL approved, properly labeled containers of not more than two gallon capacity.

g. Employees shall not smoke in proximity to flammable liquids, gases or explosives.

h. If necessary and permitted to burn rubbish, it shall be burned in a suitable enclosure or burner to prevent spreading of the fire. Ifit is necessary that rubbish be burned in the open, it shall never be done within 50 feet of a combustible structure, nor within 25 feet of a building.

1.11.2 Fire Extinguishers

a. Properly maintained fire fighting equipment is an essential part of fire protection. It shall be mounted in the most accessible places and each employee shall be familiar with and know how to operate each piece of equipment so that fires may be promptly extinguished in the beginning. All extinguishers shall be regularly inspected, refilled, weighed, etc., in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and the date of such inspections, refills, etc., recorded on a tag attached to the extinguishers.

b. Access to fire extinguishers and other fire protection equipment shall not be obstructed.

c. Fire hoses and other fire protection equipment shall not be re moved from fire stations or used for purposes other than fire fighting.

I-31

d. Vehicle Fire Extinguishers

1. Vehicles under 10,000 GVWR shall be equipped with minimum 1 each 10 B:C fire extinguisher.2. Vehicles 10,000 lbs and more GVWR shall be equipped with minimum 2 each 60 B:C fire extinguishers in easily accessible, separated locations.3. All miscellaneous equipment with 25 or more horsepower engines shall be equipped with minimum 1 each 10 B:C fire extinguisher.4. All UTVs and ATVs shall be equipped with minimum 1 each 10 B:C fire extinguisher.

NOTE: Additional information regarding extinguisher ratings and capabilities is contained in Data Section VI 6.7.1.

e. Fires are divided into five general classes. These classes and the type of extinguisher designed for use on each are:

1. Class “A” — Fires in combustible material which leaves an ember, such as paper, wood and cloth. Pressurized water is recommended to extinguish this class of fire although dry powder is effective to control the fire, but it does not give the necessary cooling effect.2. Class “B” — Fires in flammable liquids, greases, etc., where a blanketing effect is essential. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide or foam type of extinguisher.3. Class “C” — Fires in electrical equipment where the use of a non-conducting extinguishing agent is of first importance.Use dry chemical, halon or carbon dioxide type extinguisher. DO NOT USE soda-acid, foam pressured water, anti-freeze or water type extinguishers on Class “C” fires.4. Class “D” — Metal fires caused by combustible metals require a special extinguishing agent. Water, gas and certain dry chemicals cannot be used to extinguish a Class “D” fire. Use only agents specifically designed for a Class “D” fire, namely “Dry Powder” not “Dry Chemical.”5. Class “K” — Fires involve cooking oils in commercial cooking equipment.

SECTION 1.12 — MOTOR VEHICLE AND OTHER MOBILE EQUIPMENT

1.12.1 General

a. Only those employees specifically authorized and who possess valid licenses or permits shall operate Cooperative-owned vehicles on Cooperative business.

I-32

b. Drivers shall know and obey all state and local motor vehicle laws that apply to them.

c. Vehicles shall be operated within the legal speed limit and at lower speeds where conditions warrant.

d. A driver shall not permit unauthorized persons to drive, operate or ride in or on a Cooperative vehicle.

e. Seat belts and air bags shall be used when the vehicle is so equipped.

f. Employees shall not ride on the running boards, fenders or any part of any motorized equipment except on the seats or inside the body walls. Employees shall not stand in moving vehicles, unless required by the nature of the operation, such as roadside spraying or stringing wire.

g. Employees shall not ride on loose material or equipment carried on trucks.

h. Employees shall not ride on trailers. Exception: This rule shall not apply to activities such as plowing cable or stringing wire when it is necessary for an employee to operate or tend equipment.

i. Employees shall not jump on or off vehicles in motion.

j. Loss of license or restriction placed on it shall be reported to the supervisor at once.

k. No motor vehicle equipment or earthmoving or compacting equipment having an obstructed view to the rear shall be used unless the vehicle has a reverse signal alarm audible above the surrounding noise level or the vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so.

l. Rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers, rubber-tired front-end loaders, rubber-tired dozers, wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors, fork-lifts, crawler-type tractors, crawler-type loaders, and motor graders, with or without attachments, shall have roll-over protective structures that meet the requirements of OSHA Subpart W of Part 1926.

1.12.2 Vehicle Inspections

a. All vehicles with a GVWR over 10,000 lbs to 26,000 lbs and traveling intrastate (in Mo.) should receive both a visual pre-trip inspection and a documented post trip inspection if a defect is found.

I-33

b. All vehicles with a GVWR over 10,000 lbs to 26,000 lbs and traveling interstate (out of Mo.) shall receive both a visual pre-trip inspection and a documented post-trip inspection if a defect is found.

c. All vehicles with a GVWR over 26,000 lbs shall receive botha visual pre-trip and a post trip inspection if traveling intrastate or interstate. If a defect is found, the inspection must be documented.

1.12.3 Operation

a. The operator of a motor vehicle shall clearly signal their intention of turning, passing or stopping.

b. Drivers shall be prepared to stop and the right-of-way shall be yielded in all instances where necessary to avoid an accident.

c. Drivers following other vehicles shall stay a safe distance behind so that they can stop in the clear distance ahead.

d. Drivers shall keep a sharp lookout for children, especially in school zones or where they are playing, and be prepared for an immediate stop.

e. Trucks or trailers stopped on any public roadway shall be protected by red flags, proper warning lights or reflectors in accordance with DOT requirements.

f. Vehicles shall not be parked on bridges or culverts except when necessary for work.

g. Trucks shall not be operated with tailgates hanging or dangling, unless nature of load requires.

h. Before backing a vehicle, the driver shall definitely determine that the space he needs is clear and he shall back slowly keeping constant lookout during the entire time he is backing. When backing trucks, and other employees are present, one shall be so stationed that he can warn the driver of approaching danger and assist him in maneuvering the vehicle.

NOTE: Whenever possible vehicles should be parked so that backing up is not necessary.

i. When entering or leaving any building or enclosure, or to or from

I-34

an alley or street where vision is obstructed, a complete stop shall be made and the driver shall proceed with caution.

j. Trucks on which derricks or booms are erected above traveling height shall not be moved except under the immediate direction of a designated employee, who shall give his undivided attention to the movement.

k. Before radio equipped cars or trucks are driven adjacent to or beneath energized equipment such as outdoor substations, a check shall be made to ensure that proper clearance will be maintained between the antenna and energized equipment. Where proper clearance cannot be maintained the antenna shall be tied down.

l. Transmitters in trucks and cars shall not be used while the gasoline tank of the vehicle is being filled.

m. All ignition systems and alerting devices connected to mobile radio equipment shall be turned off and no smoking permitted while refueling.

n. No driver shall use a hand-held mobile telephone while driving a commercial motor vehicle intrastate, with a GVWR over 26,000 lbs. If driving interstate, no driver shall use a mobile telephone while driving a commercial motor vehicle over 10,000GVWR.

o. Load limits of booms, derricks and other hoisting equipment shall not be exceeded.

p. When proceeding down grade the clutch shall not be disengaged. Trucks, particularly if heavily loaded, shall be in low or second gear on steep grades.

q. When stopping on an incline, drivers shall be sure that the brakes are properly applied, the vehicle is in gear where possible, the wheels are at an angle against the curb and wheelchocks are installed. This applies whether the vehicle is facing up or down grade.

r. When detached from the towing vehicle, towable equipment and trailers shall be chocked when parked on an incline.

1.12.4 Loading and Hauling

a. Material and equipment shall be loaded so they will not cause a hazard by shifting. Heavy equipment and materials shall be securely fastened by an approved device.

b. Pipe, pike poles, ladders, etc., shall be loaded parallel with the

I-35

truck length and carried as high as practical. No load shall exceed forty (40) feet in length or extend more than five (5) feet to the rear of the vehicle unless permitted.

c. Red flags during the day and red lights at night shall be attached to equipment or material that extends more than four (4) feet beyond the back of the vehicle (flags shall be 18” x 18”).

1.12.5 Accidents

a. Drivers of Cooperative vehicles shall always stop and give their names and addresses and the Cooperative’s name and address when they are involved in an accident. They shall also secure the names, addresses and license numbers of others involved in the accident, and the names and addresses of all available witnesses or others who may have knowledge of the accident.

b. Drivers or other employees shall not determine or admit liability of the Cooperative when any accident occurs.

c. All automobile accidents shall be reported immediately in accordance with Cooperative regulations.

d. Drivers shall be responsible for submitting any reports required by police or other authorities.

1.12.6 Aerial and Digger Derrick Equipment

a. The critical safety components of mechanical elevating and rotating equipment shall receive a thorough visual inspection before use on each shift.

b. No unauthorized field modifications shall be permitted.

c. The operating and maintenance instruction manuals issued by the manufacturer shall be followed.

d. Load limits of the boom, basket and other mechanical equipment shall not be exceeded.

e. A warm-up period and test of the hydraulic system, including lift controls is essential.

f. Drivers of trucks with mounted aerial equipment shall be constantly alert to the fact that the vehicle has exposed equipment above the elevation of the truck cab and provide necessary traveling clearance.

g. The truck shall not be moved unless the boom is lowered and the basket or ladder is cradled. Outriggers should be fully retracted.

I-36

h. Riding in the basket while truck is traveling between locations shall not be permitted. Employees may ride in the basket for short moves at the work location if the basket is returned to the cradled position for each move.

i. Available footing for the truck wheels and outriggers shall be examined carefully to be assured of a stable set-up. If on incline, hand brakes, chocks and/or cribbing shall also be used to ensure stability. The truck should sit approximately level when viewed from the rear.

j. Before lowering stabilizers, outriggers or hydraulic jacks, the operator shall be certain there is no one in a position where they could be injured.

k. When boom must be maneuvered over a street or highway, necessary precautions shall be taken to avoid accidents with traffic and pedestrians.

l. The operator shall always face in the direction in which the basket is moving and shall see that the path of the boom or basket is clear when it is being moved.

m. The operator of an electric line truck may not leave his or her position at the controls while a load is suspended, unless the employer can demonstrate that no employee (including the operator) might be endangered.

n. Employees shall not stand or sit on top edge of the basket or on ladders placed in the basket. Employee’s feet shall be on the floor of the basket the entire time they are working in the basket.

o. Employees shall not belt to an adjacent pole or structure. Employees shall always belt to an approved attachment point. Belting to the attachment point shall be done before the boom is moved.

p. An employee shall not enter or leave the basket by walking the boom.

q. Climbers shall not be worn by employees working in the basket.

r. When two employees are in the basket, one of them shall be designated to operate the controls. One employee shall give all signals, which shall be thoroughly understood by all persons concerned.

s. Baskets should be located under or to the side of conductors or equipment being worked. Raising the basket directly above

I-37

energized primary conductors or equipment should be kept to a minimum.

t. Only approved attachments manufactured for line use shall be allowed on the baskets or the boom of aerial devices.

u. The operator shall be sure that hoses of lines attached to tools cannot become entangled with the levers that operate the boom.

i. Air operated tools shall be disconnected from air supply when not in use.

w. When an aerial device is being used in any manner which might result in contact of an energized conductor with uninsulated parts of the boom, the provisions of 2.2.4 e. (Equipment Near Energized Lines) shall be complied with.

x. When working from an aerial device a harness shall be worn and a lanyard attached to an approved anchorage point.

y. Harness and lanyard shall be inspected before each use.

1.12.7 Working with Helicopters

a. The helicopter operator shall be responsible for size, weight and manner in which loads are connected to the helicopter. If, for any reason, the operator feels the lift cannot be made safely, the lift shall not be made.

b. There shall be constant reliable communications between the operator and ground personnel during the period of loading and unloading. All signal systems to be used shall be checked and understood in advance of hoisting load. (See Data Section for helicopter hand signals.)

c. Sufficient ground personnel shall be provided when required for safe helicopter loading and unloading operations. All employees participating in external load helicopter operations shall be briefed as to their duties prior to each day’s operation.

d. Employees receiving helicopter loads shall wear dust proof goggles and hard hats secured by chin-straps. Loose fitting clothing likely to flap in the down-wash and become snagged on hoist lines, shall not be worn.

e. No person shall approach within 50 feet of a helicopter when the rotor blades are turning unless authorized to do so. When approaching or leaving a helicopter with rotating blades, all employees shall keep their heads down and remain in full view of the operator. Employees shall avoid the area to the rear of the

I-38

cockpit or cabin unless authorized to work there by the operator.

f. All loads shall be properly slung and tag lines shall be of a length that will not permit their being drawn up into the rotor blades.

g. When hooking up loads to a hovering craft, a safe means of access shall be provided for employees to reach the hoist line and engage cargo slings.

h. Hoist wires and other gear, except for pulling lines or conductors which are allowed to “Pay Out” from a container or roll off a reel from a helicopter, shall not be attached to any ground structure, nor be allowed to foul on any fixed structure.

i. Before ground personnel contact a suspended load, the static charge on the helicopter shall be dissipated by means of a grounding device or the ground personnel shall wear approved gloves.

j. When visibility is reduced by dust or other conditions, ground personnel shall exercise special caution to keep clear of main and stabilizing rotors.

1.12.8 Powered Industrial Trucks - 1910.178

Only trained and authorized operators shall be permitted to operate a powered industrial truck. The employer shall ensure that each potential operator of a powered industrial truck is capable of performing the duties that are required of the job but not limited to the following items:

a. When ascending or descending grades, operators must drive with the load upgrade. If the load blocks the truck operator’s view, they must travel with the load trailing. The operational speed of a powered industrial truck can be limited by: surface conditions where the vehicle will be operated, composition of probable loads and load stability, load manipulation, stacking, unstacking, pedestrian traffic, narrow aisles and other restricted places of operation.

b. The lift operator must sound the horn at: cross aisles, blind spots, doorways and intersections. While operating the powered industrial truck, the operator must avoid sudden stops that may injure themselves, spill the load or damage the truck, operating the truck on ramps and other sloped surfaces that could affect the stability of the vehicle.

c. Place forks on floor when truck is parked. Operator shall always drive truck with empty forks in the lowest travel position. The

I-39

operator shall not attempt to move any obstacle or object by ramming it with the forks.

d. Seat belts must be worn when using a powered industrial truck that is in operation.

e. Inspect all bridge timbers or plates used for access into trucks or freight cars, to make certain that they are adequate to support the weight of truck and its load, and that they are secured before driving on them.

f. Keep arms and legs within running lines of the truck.

g. All powered industrial trucks shall be equipped with fire extinguisher.

h. A pre-trip daily maintenance check for powered industrial trucks must include: check of tires, lights, brakes, steering, engineoil, transmission fluid and fuel system. Any safety problems must be reported to management.

i. If used for a manlift, the employee shall use a fall arrest system.

j. When a powered industrial truck is left unattended, load engaging means shall be shut off and brakes set. Wheels shall be blocked if the truck is parked on an incline.

k. When the operator of an industrial truck is dismounted and within 25 ft. of the truck still in his view, the load engaging means shall be fully lowered, controls neutralized, and the brakes set to prevent movement.

l. A safe distance shall be maintained from the edge of platforms while on any elevated dock, or platform. Trucks shall not be used for opening or closing freight doors.

m. Brakes shall be set and wheel blocks shall be in place to prevent movement of trucks or trailers while loading or unloading.Fixed jacks may be necessary to support a semitrailer during loading or unloading when the trailer is not coupled to a tractor. The flooring of trucks or trailers shall be checked for breaks and weakness before they are driven onto.

1.12.9 Power Mower Equipment - 1910.243 (e) When operating power mower equipment, employees shall:

a. Remove wire, stones, branches and other foreign objects from area to be mowed. Rocks and tree roots shall be avoided.

b. Keep hands and feet from under the machine and out of

I-40

discharge chute while engine is running.

c. Stop engine (or motor) and disconnect spark plug wire(s) before adjusting, repairing or replacing cutting blade(s). If the equipment being used is of the rotary type, special attention shall be given to the condition of the blade mounting bolt or nut.

d. When mowing a terrace, slope or incline, mow lengthwise (across the face of the slope, etc.) instead of up and down.

e. Use extreme caution when pulling a hand mower toward feet.

f. Manufacturer’s maintenance and operation requirements shall be followed.

g. A fire extinguisher shall be on all self-propelled mowers.

1.12.10 ATVs (All Terrain Vehicles)/UTV (Utility Task Vehicles)

a. All ATV/UTV operators shall be familiar with the manufacturer’s owner’s manual.

b. Personal protective equipment shall be worn during operations of any ATV/UTV. This equipment shall include:

(1) Head protection - issued hard hat with chin strap in place under the chin.

(2) Eye protection - issued safety glasses or goggles.

(3) Clothing - gloves for hand protection. Long sleeved shirts and boots should be worn.

c. A pre-inspection check ride will be performed to verify the vehicle to be in safe operating condition before starting the work assignment ride. The pre-inspections shall cover the following items:

(1) Tires and rims - check the rims for damage. Check the tire air pressure. Do not over inflate. You must use a low pressure tire gauge.

(2) Wheels - Inspect lug nuts for tightness and check each axle for wear by grasping the tire and rocking it to feel for looseness. Inspect the constant velocity (CV) boots for holes or tears.

(3) Controls - check operating cable for smooth operation and for any damage. check brake controls for smooth operation and damage.

I-41

(4) Lights and switches - check all lights and operating switches for proper operation.

(5) Oil and fuel - check oil and fuel levels with the engine off.- check chains and belts for wear and tension. If equipped with drive shafts check it for oil leaks. Check chassis for damage, loose bolts, nuts or operation parts.

d. Operations - If the ATV/UTV is designed for one rider, only the operator shall ride the vehicle. The load limit of the vehicle shall be strictly adhered to. Climbers shall not be worn bythe operator. Operators shall be familiar with proper operating riding information in the manufacturer’s owner’s manual. The ATV/UTV is not designed to be driven on roadways. Check any load to be sure it is secure. Never exceed 10 mph when towing a load.

e. Manufacturers maintenance and operation requirements shall be followed.

f. Horseplay with this vehicle is strictly forbidden.

g. When riding in a UTV, seat belts shall be worn.

h. When riding in a UTV cab, nets or doors if equipped shall be used and securely fastened.

i. Before riding an ATV/UTV, the operator shall review all safety labels.

SECTION 1.13 — OFFICE SAFETY

1.13.1 General

a. To avoid strains from improper handling of boxes and bundles of office supplies, ledgers, portable filing cases and office machines, lifting should be done with the back erect, using the more powerful leg muscles.

b. Large boxes or bundles of supplies should be moved by a hand truck or unpacked and delivered in smaller parcels.

c. Bulky objects should not be carried in such a way as to obstruct the view ahead or interfere with free use of handrails on stairways. Get help where necessary.

d. Conservative shoes should be worn to prevent slipping on floors or tripping on stairways.

I-42

e. Water, oil or other liquid spilled on floors presents a dangerous slipping hazard, and should be cleaned up at once.

f. Loose objects such as matches and pencils shall not be left on stairs or floors.

g. Unprotected extension cords shall not be strung across aisles or walkways where people may trip or fall over them.

h. Desk or file drawers or desk slides shall not be left open.

i. Standing on chairs, boxes and other makeshift supports shall be avoided. Only approved ladders or equipment shall be used to reach objects overhead.

j. Doors should be opened slowly to avoid striking anyone on the other side.

k. Running in aisles, corridors, and on stairways is prohibited. Use the handrail when going up or down stairways.

l. In walking, particularly at blind corners, employee should always keep to the right.

m. Use extreme care in opening file cabinet drawers. Opening of overloaded upper drawers, particularly more than one at a time, may tip over the cabinet. Where several tiers of cabinets are used at one location, they should be fastened together.

n. While using power-operated office machines, avoid touching any grounded metal object such as a radiator or water pipe. Defects in the cords or machines shall be reported and promptly repaired.

o. Pins shall not be used to fasten papers together. Use paper clips or stapling machine.

p. Pointed objects, such as uncapped fountain pens, pencils, knives or scissors should not be carried with the point exposed in the pockets, attached to the clothing or through congested aisles or working areas.

q. Gummed strips of envelopes should be moistened with suitable device, not with the tongue. Avoid opening envelopes with finger and sliding hands along edges of paper.

r. Except in proper holders, safety-razor blades shall not be used for cutting paper, sharpening pencils or other cutting operations.

I-43

Do not keep razor blades or other sharp instruments loose in desk drawers.

s. Used pressurized containers, broken glass or other sharp objects should never be placed in waste baskets, but should be safely wrapped, identified and left beside the waste basket for removal.

t. Keep fingers away from cutting edge of paper cutters. The cutting knife on hand-operated cutters should never be left raised while unsupported; it shall always be closed when not in use. Machine-operated cutters shall be properly guarded to prevent inadvertent operation or contact with the cutter.

SECTION 1.14 — JOB BRIEFING

a. The person in charge at each job site shall conduct and document a job briefing with all the employees involved before the start of each job.

1. Number of BriefingsIf the work or operations to be performed during the day or shift is repetitive and similar at least one briefing shall be conducted. Additional briefings shall be required if significant changes occur during the course of the work.

2. Extent of BriefingA brief discussion is satisfactory if the work involved is routine and the employees, by virtue of training and experience, can reasonably be expected to recognize and avoid the hazards involved. A more extensive discussion shall be conducted if the work is complicated or particularly hazardous or the employee(s) cannot be expected to recognize and avoid the hazards involved in the job.

3. Working AloneEmployees working alone shall plan their tasks to be performed as if a briefing were required.

4. The job briefing shall cover the following items:(1) Hazards associated with the job(2) Work procedures(3) Special precautions(4) Energy source controls(5) Personal protective equipment(6) Any questions?

b. The employer shall provide the employee in charge of the job with all available information that relates to the determination of

I-44

existing characteristics and conditions including but not limited to: The nominal voltages of lines and equipment,

1. The maximum switching-transient voltages,2. The presence of hazardous induced voltages,3. The presence of protective grounds and equipment grounding conductors,4. The locations of circuits and equipment, including electric supply lines, communication lines, and fire-protective signaling circuits,5. The condition of protective grounds and equipment grounding conductors,6. The condition of poles, and7. Environmental conditions relating to safety.

SECTION 1.15 — TRAINING

a. All employees performing work covered by this section shall be trained as follows:

1) Each employee shall be trained in, and familiar with, the safety-related work practices, safety procedures, and other safety requirements in this section that pertain to his or her job assignments.2) Each employee shall also be trained in and familiar with any other safety practices, including applicable emergencyprocedures(such as pole-top and manhole rescue), that are not specifically addressed by this section but that are related to his or her work and are necessary for his or her safety.3) The degree of training shall be determined by the risk to the employee for the hazard involved.

b. Each qualified employee shall also be trained and competent in:1) The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of electric equipment.2) The skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts.3) The minimum approach distances specified in this section corresponding to the voltages to which the qualified employee will be exposed and the skills and techniques necessary to maintain those distances.4) The proper use of the special precautionary techniques, personal protective equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and insulated tools for working on or near exposed energized parts of electric equipment, and5) The recognition of electrical hazards to which the employee may be exposed and the skills and techniques necessary to control or avoid these hazards.

I-45

NOTE: For the purposes of this section, a person must have the training required by this paragraph of this section to be considered a qualified person.

c. Each line-clearance tree trimmer who is not a qualified employee shall also be trained and competent in:

1) The skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of electric equipment.2) The skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts, and3) The minimum approach distances specified in this section corresponding to the voltages to which the employee will be exposed and the skills and techniques necessary to maintain those distances.

d. The employer shall determine, through regular supervision and through inspections conducted on at least an annual basis, that each employee is complying with the safety-related work practices required by this section.

e. An employee shall receive additional training (or retraining) under any of the following conditions:

1) If the supervision or annual inspections required by paragraph d of this section indicate that the employee is not complying with the safety-related work practices required by this section, or2) If new technology, new types of equipment, or changes in procedures necessitate the use of safety-related work practices that are different from those which the employee would normally use, or3) If he or she must employ safety-related work practices that are not normally used during his or her regular job duties.

NOTE: To paragraph e (3), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration considers tasks that are performed less often than once per year to necessitate retraining before the performance of the work practices involved.

f. The training required by paragraph a(2) of this section shall be of the classroom or on-the-job type.

g. The training shall establish employee proficiency in the work practices required by this section and shall introduce the procedures necessary for compliance with this section.

h. The employer shall ensure that each employee has demonstrated proficiency in the work practices involved before that employeeis considered as having completed the training required by paragraph a(2) of this section.

I-46

PART II — ELECTRICAL SECTION

SECTION 2.1 — GENERAL

2.1.1 Application

a. In addition to the hazards peculiar to electrical operations, other non-electrical hazards may be encountered. Employees engaged in electrical operations should therefore be familiar with all other sections of the Safety Manual and all other applicable Federal, State and Local regulations that may apply to their work. The rules contained within this section apply to all work on electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus wherever located.

b. All circuits and equipment shall be considered energized at full voltage until de-energized, tested, tagged and grounded perthe provisions of SECTION 2.2.2.c. This is to ensure there is no possible energy source(s) present, such as: induced voltages and/or transient voltages on the system.

c. The provisions of the definition of a “Clearance” (SECTION 1.1.5) shall be followed when work is performed on any electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus under the control ofthe system dispatcher and/or “Person in Charge” (SECTION 1.1.20) at the job-site.

2.1.2 Authorization and Qualifications - 1910.269 (a) (3)

a. Before any work is undertaken on or near electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus, the existing characteristics and conditions of the electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus that are related to the safety of the work to be performed shall be determined. Such characteristics and conditions include, but are not limited to:

1) The nominal voltages of lines and equipment,2) The maximum switching-transient voltages,3) The presence of hazardous induced voltages,4) The presence of protective grounds and equipment grounding conductors,5) The locations of circuits and equipment, including electric supply lines, and fire-protective signaling circuits,6) The condition of protective grounds and equipment grounding conductors,7) The condition of poles, and8) Environmental conditions relating to safety.

b. Maintenance, repair and construction work on electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall not be done until proper authorization has been obtained for performing work, existing

II-1

conditions have been determined and it has been determined that the work can be performed in a safe manner and is clearly understood by each employee.

c. No employee(s) shall begin work on any electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus unless authorized or instructed to do so by the “Person in Charge” (SECTION 1.1.20) at the job-site.

d. When instructions are given by telephone or radio, each speaker shall satisfy himself of the identity and authority of the other person.

SECTION 2.2 — ELECTRIC LINES, EQUIPMENT AND/ OR APPARATUS

2.2.1 Obviously Isolated Electric Lines, Equipment and/or Apparatus

a. Work on obviously isolated electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus may proceed without the protection required in SECTION 2.2.2 De-energized Lines and Equipment.

b. Electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus may be considered to be obviously isolated only when all of the following conditions are met:

(1) The electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus are physically located away from the immediate vicinity of any other electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus.

(2) All connections are removed so that it is impossible to energize the electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus by the operation of any switches, disconnects or readily available jumpers.

(3) There is no possibility of electrical lines, equipment and/ or apparatus becoming energized by accidental contact, magnetic or capacitive induction or any other energy source.

NOTE: Electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus under the direct control of the system dispatcher shall never be considered as obviously isolated.

2.2.2 De-energized Electric Lines, Equipment and/or Apparatus - 1910.269 (m)

a. No work shall be done on electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus where the “System Operator(s)” (SECTION 1.1.21)

II-2

clearance is required until clearance to proceed has been obtained in accordance with existing operating procedures.

b. When electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus are taken out of service, they shall first be de-energized by an appropriate switching device, such as, but not limited to: disconnect switches, circuit breaker(s), fuse(s), re-closer(s) and available line jumpers.

c. (Transmission and distribution lines): Before work is begun on all electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus normally energized in excess of 50 volts the employer shall ensure that:

(1) All switches, disconnectors, jumpers, taps, and other means through which known sources of electric energy may be supplied to the particular lines and equipment to bede-energized and opened. These disconnecting means shall be opened and rendered inoperable, where the design permits, to indicate that employees are at work.

(2) All electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall be tested for voltage with an approved audible and/or visible voltage detector.

(3) All electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus that are tested for voltage shall be grounded to ensure there is no possible energy sources such as: induced voltages and/or transient voltages on the system or the work is performed as though the equipment were energized.

(4) All disconnecting means used to provide isolation in a particular line section shall be tagged according to one or more of the provisions of 2.2.2(c)(5)

(5) Hold cards or tags, prohibiting operation and stating that employees are at work, shall be placed:

(i) On the switch handle(s) on manually operated switches; or(ii) On the disconnecting means; or(iii) At a conspicuous location near the point of operation of the disconnecting means.

(6) If two or more crews will be working on the same lines or equipment, then:

(i) The crews shall coordinate their activities with a single employee in charge; or(ii) Each crew shall independently apply separate tags and coordinate de-energizing and re-energizing the lines and equipment with the other crew(s).

II-3

NOTE: One phase of a two or three phase distribution circuit may be visually disconnected, tested, grounded, tagged and worked on if all three-phase transformer banks are disconnected from that phase to isolate from back feed.

d. Electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus that are not a part of an insulated cable system shall be isolated from all sources of feed by visible disconnecting means.

e. Electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus that are a part of an insulated cable system shall be worked on in accordance with the rules contained in Section 2.6 “Underground Lines and Insulated Cable Systems.”

f. Electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall be grounded according to the provisions of Section 2.3.1 of these rules.

g. Any disconnecting means that are accessible to persons outside the employers control (for example, the general public)shall be rendered inoperable while they are open for the purpose of protecting employees.

h. The employer shall ensure that automatically and remotely controlled switches that could cause the open disconnecting means to close shall be tagged at the point of control. The employer shall render automatic or remote control feature inoperable, unless its design does not so permit.

2.2.3 Energized Electrical Lines, Equipment and/or Apparatus - 1910.269 (l)

a. Approaching Energized Lines and Equipment — Unqualified Employees

When an unqualified employee is working near electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus, the location shall be such that the person and the longest conductive object he or she may contact cannot come closer to any unguarded, energized electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus than the following distances specified in Table II:

TABLE IIUnqualified Employee Approach Distance and Vehicle Grounding

Nominal Voltage Distance–––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––50 — 50,000 (Unqualified Employee) 10 feet750 — 50,000 (Vehicle Grounding) 10 feet50,000 — 200,000 15 feetOver 200,000 20 feet

II-4

0.050 to 0.300

b. Approaching Energized Lines and Equipment — Qualified Employees

Employees who are qualified to work on such electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall not approach or take any conductive object within the approach distances listed in Table R-6 (Modified), from any exposed energized electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus, unless properly protected by suitable approved protective devices or equipment such as: rubber gloves and/or sleeves and cover up, where applicable,

NOTE: For 345kv - 800 kv the minimum working distance and the minimum clear hot stick distance may be reduced provided that such distances are not less than the shortest distance between the energized part and a grounded surface.

TABLE R-6 (Modified)AC Live-Line Work Minimum Approach Distance

NOTE 1: For phase-to-phase system voltages of more than 72.5 kV, nominal:MAD = 0.3048 (C + )VL-G TA + M, whereC = 0.01 for phase-to-ground exposures that the employer can

demonstrate consist only of air across the approach distance (gap),0.01 for phase-to-phase exposures if the employer can demonstrate that no insulated tool spans the gap and that no large conductive object is in the gap, or 0.011 otherwise

II-5

VL-G = phase-to-ground rms voltage, in kVT = maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage; for

phase-to-ground exposures, T equals TL-G, the maximumper-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, determinedby the employer under paragraph (I)(3)(ii) of this section; for phase-to-phase exposures, T equals 1.35T L-G+0.45

A = altitude correction factor from Table R-5M = 0.31 m, the inadvertent movement factora = saturation factor, as follows:NOTE 2: These distances take into consideration the highest switching surge an employee will be exposed to on any system with air as the insulating medium and the maximum voltages shown.NOTE 3: The clear live-line tool distance shall equal or exceed the values for the indicated voltage ranges.NOTE 4: Only qualified employees may work on or with exposed energized lines or parts of equipment and in areas containing unguarded, un-insulated energized lines or parts of equipment operating at 50 volts or more. Electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall be considered and treated as energized unless such lines have been grounded and locked or tagged out.NOTE 5: At least two employees shall be present while the following types of work are being performed:

a. Installation, removal or repair of lines that are energized at more than 600 volts,b. Installation, removal or repair of de-energized lines if an employee is exposed to contact with other parts energized at more than 600 volts,c. Installation, removal or repair of equipment, such as transformers, capacitors, regulators, and other applicable equipment if an employee is exposed to contact with parts energized at more than 600 volts,d. Work involving the use of mechanical equipment, other than insulated aerial lifts, near parts energized at more than 600 volts, ande. Other work that exposes an employee to electrical hazards greater than or equal to those posed by operations that are specifically listed in paragraphs a - d of this section.

Exception to NOTE 5:a. Routine circuit switching, when the employer can demonstrate that conditions at the site allow safe performance of this work.b. Work performed with live-line tools when the position of the employee is such that he or she is neither within reach of, nor otherwise exposed to contact with energized parts, andc. Emergency repairs to the extent necessary to safeguard the general public.

NOTE 6: Avoid contact.

II-6

2.2.4 Work on Energized Electrical Lines, Equipment and/or Apparatus-

a. Working Rules for All Circuits

(1) Only authorized and qualified employees or those under the continuous supervision of an experienced lineman shall work on electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus energized in excess of 50 volts.

(2) Caution shall be exercised to avoid any contact with conductors which will allow the body to complete an electrical circuit.

(3) No employee shall touch any exposed conductors unless they are insulated from other conductive surfaces or uses adequate protective equipment.

(4) Rubber gloves and sleeves shall be worn when working with energized circuits from ground to ground, lock to lock and cradle to cradle, except as provided by cooperative work procedures.

(5) Insulated safety headgear, safety glasses and body harness with lanyard shall be worn when working from an aerial device.

(6) Gloves, sleeves, all cover up material and other insulating devices shall be rated for the highest distribution phase to phase voltage on the system.

(7) A system neutral or a ground wire shall not be opened until the proposed opening has first been jumpered or by-passed.

TABLE I Voltage Requirements

Class Designation of Glove or

Maximum Use

Voltage.A a-c

Maximum Retest

Voltage, a-c

Maximum Retest

Voltage, d-cSleeve (rms). V (rms). V (avg). V

00 500 2,500 10,0000 1,000 5, 000 20,0001 7,500 10,000 40,0002 17,000 20,000 50,0003 26,500 30,000 60,0004 36,000 40,000 70,000

II-7

NOTE 1: The maximum use voltage is the a-c voltage (rms) classification of the protective equipment that designates the maximum nominal design voltage of the energized system that may be safely worked. The nominal design voltage is equal to the phase-to-phase voltage on multiphase circuits. However, the phase- to-ground potential is considered to be the nominal design voltage:

a. If there is no multiphase exposure in a system area and if the voltage exposure is limited to the phase-to-ground potential; orb. If the electrical equipment and devices are insulated or isolated or both so that the multiphase exposure on a grounded wye circuit is removed.

NOTE 2: The proof-test voltage shall be applied continuously for at least 1 minute, but no more than 3 minutes.

AExcept for Class 0 and 00 equipment, the maximum use voltage is based on the following formula: Maximum use voltage = 0.95 a-c maximum retest voltage — 2000

b. Work on circuits above 50 volts but less than 300 volts with protective equipment by direct hand contact (rubber gloving).

(1) Rubber gloves and sleeves shall be worn. If the voltage is less than 300 volts, rubber sleeves do not need to be used under the following conditions;

(i) If the exposed energized parts on which work is not being performed are insulated from the employee; and(ii) If such insulation is placed from a position not exposing the employee’s upper arm to contact with other energized parts.

(2) Secondary circuits, guys, ground wires, telephone lines and similar attachments in close proximity to the work area shall be covered with protective equipment.

(3) Insulated safety headgear, safety glasses and body/basket harness with lanyard shall be worn when working from an aerial device.

c. Work on circuits above 300 volts to up to and including 14,400 volts phase to ground (25,000 volts phase to phase) with protective equipment by direct hand contact (Rubber Gloving).

(1) Rubber gloves and sleeves shall be worn.

(2) The employee shall be isolated from all grounds (wooden poles shall be considered as grounds in this case) by the useof approved supplementary insulation such as an insulated aerial device, lineman’s platform or other insulating device. An insulating basket liner shall be used in an aerial basket.

II-8

(3) Only one phase shall be exposed and worked on at a time. Barriers or insulated guards adequate to withstand the voltage shall be used on energized parts not being worked on when the clearances in Table R-6 (modified) cannot be maintained.

(4) Secondary circuits, guys, ground wires, telephone lines and all grounded surfaces in the work area shall be covered with approved protective equipment. Poles, crossarms, and attached hardware shall be considered as grounded surfaces.

(5) Approved live line tools and techniques shall be used together with the wearing of rubber gloves for opening and closing circuits.

(6) Insulated safety headgear, safety glasses and body/basket harness with lanyard shall be worn when working from an aerial device.

(7) Whenever practical, the circuit breakers or other circuits protection devices shall be set for hot-line tag or non-reclosing operation.

(8) The workmen shall not make intentional physical contact with protective devices installed on energized primary conductors, other than with their rubber gloves or rubber sleeves.

(9) Only nylon strap hoists shall be used for this type of work.

(10) Minimum crew for this type of work is two men; one man shall be on the ground or available to lower controls when an aerial device is used.

(11) Making connections:

(i) In connecting de-energized equipment or lines to an energized circuit by means of a conducting wire or device, an employee shall first attach the wire to the deenergized part;(ii) When disconnecting electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus from an energized circuit by means of a conducting wire or device, an employee shall remove the source end first; and(iii) When electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus are connected to or disconnected from energized circuits, loose conductors shall be kept away from exposed energized parts.

NOTE: If the rules in this section cannot be adhered to, live line techniques shall be used, following the rules inSection 2.4.3.

II-9

d. Work on circuits above 14,400 volts phase to ground (25,000 volts phase to phase):

(1) Approved live line procedures and techniques shall be used for any work on these voltages.

e. Equipment Near Energized Lines or Equipment:

(1) When mechanical equipment such as cranes, power shovels, earth augers, derricks, etc. is not actually engaged in the construction or maintenance of electric lines or facilities, all persons shall remain in the clear until the lifting devices are outside the distances specified in Table R-6 (Section 2.4). No part of the hoisting equipment or load shall come closer than the distances specified in Table II (Section 2.2.3.a), unless the truck is properly grounded or barricaded according to the provisions of Section 2.3.2 (Vehicle Grounding).

2.2.5 Switching

a. Operating of Switches, Disconnects and Cutouts:

(1) The provisions of the Switching and Permit Procedures shall be followed when working on lines or equipment of the cooperative as listed in Section 2.2.2(c).

(2) An employee shall not open or close any switch unless absolutely certain that it is the right one.

(3) Switches shall be left wide open or completely closed. The operator shall make a positive check to see that all blades and arching horns of gang-operated air break switches are in the desired position.

(4) Switches for interrupting load shall not be operated in a hesitating manner. They shall be closed by using sufficient force to make a full contact of blades with one movement and shall be opened with a quick, firm movement.

(5) Single pole disconnect switches, cutouts, and hot clamps shall not be operated except with an approved switch stick or hot line tool.

(6) Tagging procedures as stated in Section 2.2.2(c) shall be followed.

II-10

TABLE IIISUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR

WORKING ON ENERGIZED LINES AND EQUIPMENT

Approved Equipment

Cover-up Equipment

Voltage To Ground

Phase to

Phase

Rubber Gloves

Rubber Sleeves

Insulated Work

Support/ Aerial Device

Other Conductors

Grounded Surfaces

Live Line

Tools & Techniq

ues50 - 300 50 - 300 Required Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required

301 - 750 301 - 750 Required * Required Not Required Required Required

751 - 15,000 751 - 30,000 Required Required Required Required Required Optional

* Exception - Rubber Sleeves required unless the provisions of Sec. 2.2.4(b)(1),(aa) and (bb) are satisfied.

II-

2.2.6 Substations - 1910.269 (u)

a. All electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus must be considered energized unless it is known positively that clearance has been given and all devices providing isolation are de-energized according to the provisions of Section 2.2.2.(c).

b. All conducting parts of such de-energized electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus which are normally energized at 600 volts or above shall be tested for voltage and then grounded before being worked on.

c. Sufficient access and working space shall be provided and maintained about electric equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment.

d. Protective grounds may be removed for equipment testing purposes, but work on the equipment not associated with the test shall be stopped until the grounds are reapplied.

e. When protective grounds are installed on electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus and the path to ground passes through a switch, that switch shall be locked closed and tagged. This practice is permissible in substations only. Grounding through a fuse or a recloser is prohibited.

f. Materials and supplies should not be stacked near substation fences where such stacks could be used by an unauthorized person in climbing over the fence; nor should they be stored under line when it is practical to avoid doing so.

g. When switching is being done in a substation, all unauthorized persons shall stay out of the enclosure.

h. Workmen shall make sure that appropriate signs are in place and are not obscured.

i. Before driving a car or truck into a substation, the radio antenna shall be lowered when possible and secured in place whenever the vehicle will be driven close to energized equipment.

j. Gates in station fences shall be kept closed and locked except when men are working in the yard near the open gate. Doors to enclosures containing live equipment shall be kept closed except when work is being performed inside. Periodic inspections shall be made of station facilities to ensure safety of the public.

k. Conductive fences around substations shall be grounded. When a substation fence is expanded or a section is removed,fence sections shall be isolated, grounded, or bonded as necessary

II-12

to protect employees from hazardous differences in electrical potential.

NOTE: IEEE Std. 80-2000, IEEE guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding, contains guidelines for protection against hazardous differences in electrical potential.

l. When carrying long material in areas where there is a possibility of touching energized equipment, the materials shall be held by at least two men, one at each end, and carried in the hands and not on the shoulders.

m. When working on one section of a substation or compartment adjacent to other sections or compartments where there are energized circuits or equipment, the section or compartment being worked on shall be conspicuously marked with ropes, tapes or barriers to designate the working area.

n. Vehicles and mechanical equipment in energized substations shall comply with the provisions of 2.2.4 e.

o. Unqualified persons may not enter rooms or spaces while the electric supply lines or equipment are energized.

p. Except for fuse replacement and other necessary access by qualified persons, the guarding of energized parts within a compartment shall be maintained during operation and maintenance functions to prevent accidental contact with energized parts and to prevent tools or other equipment from being dropped on energized parts.

q. Guards shall be provided around all live parts operating at more than 150 volts to ground without an insulating covering, unless the location of the live parts gives sufficient horizontal or vertical or a combination of these clearances to minimize the possibility of accidental employee contact.

NOTE: Guidelines for the dimensions of clearance distances concerning electric equipment in substations are contained in the current edition of the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC).Installations meeting the NESC provisions comply with paragraph(q) of this section. An installation that does not conform to the NESC will, nonetheless, be considered as complying with paragraph (q) of this section if the employer can demonstrate that the installation provides sufficient clearance based on the following evidence:

(1) That the installation conforms to the current edition of the NESC that was in effect at the time the installation was made,

II-13

(2) That each employee is isolated from energized parts at the point of closest approach, and

(3) That the precautions taken when work is performed on the installation provide protection equivalent to the protection that would be provided by horizontal and vertical clearances meeting the current edition of the National Electrical Safety Code.

r. When guards are removed from energized equipment, barriers shall be installed around the work area to prevent employees who are not working on the equipment, but who are in the area, from contacting the exposed live parts.

s. Upon entering an attended substation, each employee other than those regularly working in the station shall report his or her presence to the employee in charge in order to receive information on special system conditions affecting employee safety.

t. The job briefing (tailgate meeting) shall cover, information on special system conditions affecting employee safety, including the location of energized equipment in or adjacent to the work area and the limits of any de-energized work area. Job briefing shall also cover items 1 through 6 in Section 1.14.

2.2.7 Miscellaneous Electrical Equipment

a. When working around movable switch mechanisms that may operate without warning, they shall be barricaded or the operating mechanisms made inoperative.

b. Work on lightning arresters shall be done only when they are disconnected from the energized circuit and both terminals are grounded.

c. Before doing any work on rotating equipment, it shall be shut down and properly disconnected from the power source, except when necessary to change commutator brushes, clean with compressed air or add oil.

d. When using compressed air on energized electrical machinery, the air shall be supplied through a moisture accumulator, andan insulating hose and an approved nozzle shall be used. Dust- proof goggles shall always be used when cleaning with compressed air.

e. When using fish tapes to pull conductors, extreme care shall be used to avoid contacting energized equipment.

II-14

f. Before starting work on transformers, the possibility of unplanned backfeed, abnormal voltage or other dangerous conditions shall be eliminated. Transformer cases shall be grounded.

g. Potential transformers, when installed on lines or apparatus to be worked on while de-energized and where there is a possibility of backfeed, shall be disconnected from such lines or apparatus or their secondaries opened before any work is begun.

h. All noncurrent-carrying metal parts of energized electrical equipment that are not properly grounded shall be considered as being energized at the highest voltage to which they may be subjected.

i. Only approved equipment, such as potential transformers, voltage detectors, voltmeters or test lamps, shall be used in phasing out circuits and transformers and in testing for potential.

j. Workmen shall never open a current transformer secondary when the current transformer is connected to the primary and they shall make sure that there is a ground in the secondary circuit before restoring the current transformer to service.

k. Voltage regulators shall be placed in the neutral position and the control circuit opened/fuses removed before they are by-passed.

l. Before employees work on a capacitor, they shall be considered energized at full voltage until they have been disconnected from the line, and the terminals short circuited/ shunted and discharged to ground by an approved method. The terminals shall not be short-circuited/shunted until the capacitors have been de-energized for at least five (5) minutes.

m. Approved procedures shall be followed when replacing capacitors or putting them in or out of service.

n. Employees shall not come in contact with an ungrounded capacitor case until the capacitor has been disconnected from the circuit and the terminals short-circuited/shunted.

o. The exposed terminals of power capacitors in storage shall be short-circuited/shunted.

p. Oil shall not be filtered in energized oil circuit breakers.

q. The provisions of Section 1.8 — Confined Spaces, shall be followed when entering the tank of a transformer, breaker or similar equipment.

II-15

r. Series street lighting:

(1) If the open-circuit voltage exceeds 600 volts, the series street lighting circuit shall be worked in accordance with 1910.269 (q) or (t), as appropriate.

(2) A series loop may only be opened after the street lighting transformer has been de-energized and isolated from the source of supply or after the loop is bridged to avoid an open-circuit condition.

s. All electrical apparatus such as transformers, OCRs, sectionalizers, etc. shall be grounded.

SECTION 2.3 — PROTECTIVE GROUNDING

2.3.1 Protective Grounding - 1910.269 (n)

a. When the grounding of electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus is required by the rules in this manual, it shall be in accordance with the rules of this section.

b. Equipotential zone. Temporary protective grounds shall be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent each employee from being exposed to hazardous differences of electrical potential.

NOTE: See OSHA Appendix C, 1910.269, which contains guidelines for establishing the equipotential zone required by this paragraph. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will deem grounding practices meeting these guidelines as complying with this section.

c. Electrical lines, equipment and/or apparatus which are to be grounded shall be tested for voltage with an audible or visual voltage detector. There are no exceptions.

d. If equipotential grounds are not installed personal protective grounds in bracket configuration shall be installed on the conductor being worked on within sight of the work location. Additional grounds may be installed when specified by the foreman or person in charge.

e. Protective grounds may be removed for equipment testing purposes, but work on the equipment not associated with the test shall be stopped until the grounds are reapplied.

II-16

f. When remote grounds are installed on all three phases of an electrical line at one location in a line section and personnel will contact a single conductor in that line section beyond sight of the remote grounds, a personal ground shall be installed within sight of the work location. The required minimum approach distances for energized conductors shall be maintained from the other two conductors unless a personal ground is installed on them as well.

g. Temporary grounding cable shall be flexible-stranded copper conductor of sufficient current carrying capacity to activate protective devices without damage to the cable, but not less than No.2 copper . They shall be equipped at both ends with ferrules and clamps of approved design (ASTM F855 04) that apply firm pressure that can be applied with live line tools.

NOTE: Minimum size grounding conductor is determined by available system fault current.

h. Attaching and Removing grounds

(1) When attaching grounds, the ground end shall be attached first, and the other end shall be attached second, both by means of a live-line tool and appropriate PPE.

(2) When removing grounds, the grounding device shall be removed from the electrical lines in reverse order, equipment and/or apparatus by means of a live-line tool and appropriate PPE.

i. When connecting traveling grounds, rubber gloves shall be used.

j. Exposed non-current-carrying metal parts of fixed electrical equipment, including motors, generators, frames and tracks of electrically operated cranes, electrically driven machinery, etc., shall be grounded.

k. The path from circuits, equipment, structures, and conduit or enclosures to ground shall be permanent and continuous; have ample carrying capacity to conduct safely the currents liable tobe imposed on it; and have impedance sufficiently low to limit the potential above ground and to result in the operation of the over- current devices in the circuit.

l. Driven rod electrodes shall, where practicable, have a resistance to ground not to exceed 25 ohms (to be tested with ground rod tester). Where the resistance is not as low as 25 ohms, two or more electrodes in parallel shall be used.

II-17

m. Grounding circuits shall be checked to ensure that the circuit between the ground and the grounded power conductor has a resistance which is low enough to permit sufficient current to flow to cause the fuse or circuit breaker to interrupt the current.

n. On metal structures, conductors shall be considered as bonded together and grounded when each is separately grounded to the structure.

o. On wood structures equipped with ground wires or grounded neutrals, the protective grounds may be connected to grounded neutrals. Ground cables shall be attached so that the neutral is part of the equipotential zone. (Ground cables should be attached so that the pole ground wire is not a part of the phase to phaseshort-circuit. On structures without ground wires or grounded neutrals, a temporary ground electrode preferably 50 feet away from any area where anyone is likely to be, may serve as the ground.)

p. When replacing fuses installed on the high-voltage side of power transformers, which cannot be handled with live line tools, safety grounding may be omitted between the fuse and the source of energy if an open air switch, visible to the workman, isolates the fuse from the source of energy. Safety grounding on the primary side of the transformer is preferred to grounding on the secondary side.

q. New lines under construction shall be adequately grounded when:

(1) The conductors are attached to a pole or structure carrying normally energized circuits.

(2) The new line crosses over or under an energized line or a foreign line.

(3) The new line closely parallels an energized line or a foreign line.

(4) Any part of the line under construction is out of sight of the work area.

r. Protective grounds shall be inspected before each use.

2.3.2 Vehicle/Equipment Grounding - 1926.952,1910.269(p)(c)

a. All Vehicles/equipment performing work inside the distances specified in Table II (Section 2.2.3.a), shall be properly grounded

II-18

to the main line neutral, with the use of rubber gloves and a live line tool.

b. When work is being performed within the distances specified in Table II (Section 2.2.3.a), of energized lines or equipment, mobile line equipment shall be properly grounded to the main line neutral, with the use of rubber gloves and a live line tool.

c. When work is being performed within the distances specified in Table II (Section 2.2.3.a), of energized lines or equipment, themechanical equipment such as cranes, power shovels, earth augers, derricks, etc., not actually engaged in the construction or maintenance shall be properly grounded to the main line neutral, with the use of rubber gloves and a live line tool.

d. When work is being performed within the distances specified in Table II (Section 2.2.3.a), of energized lines or equipment theun-insulated or insulated boom-type equipment engaged in the construction or maintenance of electric lines or facilities shallbe properly grounded to the main line neutral, with the use of rubber gloves and a live line tool.

e. If grounding to the main line neutral is too hazardous or impractical to ground a piece of equipment according to the provisions of 2.3.2 (a-d), then the piece of equipment shall be properly barricaded, with a “Vehicle/Equipment Barricade” (SECTION 1.1.12g), to ensure crew safety.

f. A “Vehicle/Equipment Barricade” (SECTION 1.1.12g) for public safety is also recommended, in addition to equipment grounds, in high traffic areas.

g. Mechanical equipment engaged in the construction or maintenance of electric lines or facilities shall not be operated closer to any energized line or equipment than the distances listed in Table R-6 (Modified) unless the following conditions have been satisfied:

(1) An insulating barrier (properly rated cover-up equipment) is installed between the energized part and the mechanical equipment.

(2) The mechanical equipment is effectively grounded and/or barricaded to the provisions of Section 2.3.2 Vehicle Grounding.

h. Vehicle/Equipment grounds shall be fully dispensed from any storage reel or bag and positioned in such a way that they will not cause other hazards in the work area.

i. Vehicle/Equipment grounds shall be inspected before each use.

II-19

SECTION 2.4 — PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - 1910.137 & 1910.269 (l)

2.4.1 Rubber Gloves and Sleeves

CAUTION: Rubber gloves and sleeves provide but a minimum or no protection when exposed to voltages higher than that for which they are rated.

a. General

(1) Rubber gloves shall be worn when working with energized circuits from ground up and back to ground, except as provided by cooperative work procedures.

(2) Sleeves shall be worn when required by the rules in this manual and also when directed by a supervisor.

(3) Rubber gloves and sleeves shall be inspected for corona cracks or other damage both inside and out before each use. Rubber gloves shall be given an air test at least once each day of use. Gloves and sleeves appearing to be damaged shall not be used and shall be exchanged as soon as possible.

(4) Rubber gloves shall not be worn wrong-side out or left in that condition when not in use.

(5) Rubber gloves shall not be worn without leather protectors. Protectors and inter-liners furnished for use with rubber gloves shall not be used for any other purpose.

(6) Rubber gloves and sleeves shall always be stored in canvas bags or other approved containers, and stored where they will not be damaged by sharp objects or exposed to oil or grease. Gloves should never be folded or have other objects placed upon them or stored in the glove bag with them.

(7) Rubber gloves and sleeves shall not be stored or transported where they will be exposed to excessive heat, direct sunlight or near operating electrical equipment that might produce ozone.

(8) Inhibitor compounds commonly used on electrical connections can be very destructive to rubber. Any rubber gloves or sleeves so contaminated shall be promptly cleaned with an approved soap and water and marked to indicate that they have been exposed to inhibitor. Special cleaning methods are necessary when such gloves are retested.

(9) Electrically retest gloves issued for service every 60-90 days

II-20

and sleeves every 120-180 days. New gloves and sleeves shallbe tested before issue. Shelf life on gloves and sleeves shall be no more than 6 months before retesting.

b. Rubber gloves with leather protectors shall be worn:

(1) On poles and structures carrying energized circuits from 50 V to 25 KV, the employee shall wear rubber gloves from ground to ground except as provided by cooperative work procedures.EXCEPTION: When working with live line tools on transmission poles with distribution under build the employee may remove his gloves after the distribution conductors have been covered up and he has climbed above them.

(2) While working on or within reaching or falling distance of any unprotected circuit which is or may become energized above 50 volts. (Reference Table III, Section 2.2.5)

(3) While working on or within reaching or falling distanceof any electrical equipment or metal surface, such as cross-arms, cross-arm braces, transformer cases, which are not effectively grounded and which are or may become energized above 50 volts.EXCEPTION: When terminating a grounded URD cable on a riser pole, rubber gloves may be removed when rated cover-up has been installed and when not within reach or falling distance of any energized conductor or equipment.

(4) During wet or stormy weather while working on or within reaching or falling distance of any conductor or equipment which may become energized at any voltage.

(5) When required by the supervisor or person in charge.

(6) While removing sheath from cables and joints and opening or cutting cables until they have been proven to be de-energized at the work location by positive tests.

(7) When operating manually operated air break switches and disconnects.

(8) When making tests on cables.

(9) When opening, closing, removing or replacing hot-line clamps, fuses or fuse doors and disconnects, when using a live line tool if less than 15 feet long.

(10) When applying and removing protective grounds on circuits from 50 V to 25 KV.

II-21

(11) When pulling in or removing wires or handling other conductive materials near circuits or equipment which are or may be energized above 50 volts.

(12) When working near telephone or other circuits which are subject to induced voltages from high voltage circuits or lightning.

(13) Where required by rules pertaining to insulated cables and underground systems.

(14) When applying and removing protective equipment on lines or equipment energized up to and including 25 KV.

(15) While setting or removing poles or other conductive structures in the proximity of energized lines. Rubber gloves shall be put on before the pole is raised and worn until the pole is secured. See also Rule 2.5.2.

(16) Leather protectors or over-gloves shall not be worn except over rubber gloves. Their use shall conform to table 6.9.

TABLE 6.9Minimum Distances Between

Protector Gauntlet and Cuff of Rubber Glove

Minimum Distance Class of Rubber Glove (inches)

1 001 01 12 23 34 4

c. Rubber gloves shall not be used for direct contact with conductors energized at voltages above 25 KV. Circuits rated above 25 KV will be worked only with live line tools and procedures or the circuit shall be de-energized and grounded before the work is begun.

d. All cover up materials shall be rated for highest distribution phase to phase voltage on the system.

2.4.2 Line Hose, Insulator Hoods, Blankets, Line Guards, Etc.1910.137, 1910.269 (t)

a. Before work is begun on or near energized circuits or apparatus, all live or grounded conductors and surfaces with which an

II-22

employee can possibly come in contact (except that portion of the conductor on which work is to be done) shall be covered with approved protective equipment.

NOTE: Installing and removing protective equipment on circuits shall be considered as working thereon.

b. When necessary for employees to pass through or near circuits energized at line to line voltages above 50 volts in order to reach a working area above or near the circuits to be worked on, the energized equipment shall be covered with approved protective devices.

c. When passing through or near energized circuits not protected with approved protective equipment, the conductors shall be tied out with live line tools to maintain safe clearances.

d. When installing protective devices, the conductor or apparatus nearest the workmen shall be covered first, then the next nearest and so on, until the working area is fully protected. When the work is completed, the protective devices shall be removed in the reverse order.

e. Line hose, hoods, blankets, line guards, etc., shall be visually inspected before each use.

f. Rubber protective devices shall be stored in special compartments on trucks and elsewhere, where they will not be subjected to damage from tools or other equipment.

g. Line hose, insulator hoods, blankets, line guards, etc. shall be tested at least once every 12 months.

2.4.3 Working With Live Line Tools - 1910.269 (j)

a. Planned work with live line tools shall not be started during unfavorable weather.

b. No work shall be attempted unless the proper equipment is available and the use of it is thoroughly understood.

c. Wherever practical, the circuit breakers or other circuit protection shall be set for Non-reclosing or Hot-line tag operation.

d. Before work with live line maintenance tools is begun, the dispatcher or person having jurisdiction shall be notified. If during live line tool work, an interruption to service occurs, the dispatcher or other person having jurisdiction shall be notified immediately.

II-23

0.050 to 0.300

e. Only approved live line tools shall be used in live line maintenance work.

f. Workmen shall not approach or take any conducting objects without the aid of live line tools, within the distances specified in Table R-6 (Modified) from any exposed energized conductor or equipment. When these clearances cannot be maintained, suitable barriers or insulated guards adequate to withstand the voltage shall be used.

g. The insulation of solid insulating supports, live line tools and hollow aerial device lift arms shall be clean and dry and the clear insulation distances shall conform to the following table:

TABLE IVNominal Clear Hot-Stick

System KV Distance–––––––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––––––––

46 KV and Below 3 feet69 KV 3 feet 6 inches

138 KV 4 feet161 KV 4 feet 6 inches345 KV 8 feet500 KV 12 feet

TABLE R-6 (Modified)AC Live-Line Work Minimum Approach Distance

II-24

NOTE 1: For phase-to-phase system voltages of more than 72.5 kV, nominal:MAD = 0.3048 (C + )VL-G TA + M, whereC = 0.01 for phase-to-ground exposures that the employer can

demonstrate consist only of air across the approach distance (gap),0.01 for phase-to-phase exposures if the employer can demonstrate that no insulated tool spans the gap and that no large conductive object is in the gap, or 0.011 otherwise

VL-G = phase-to-ground rms voltage, in kVT = maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage; for

phase-to-ground exposures, T equals TL-G, the maximumper-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, determinedby the employer under paragraph (I)(3)(ii) of this section; for phase-to-phase exposures, T equals 1.35T L-G+0.45

A = altitude correction factor from Table R-5M = 0.31 m, the inadvertent movement factora = saturation factor, as follows:NOTE 2: These distances take into consideration the highest switching surge an employee will be exposed to on any system with air as the insulating medium and the maximum voltages shown.NOTE 3: The clear live-line tool distance shall equal or exceed the values for the indicated voltage ranges.NOTE 4: Only qualified employees may work on or with exposed energized lines or parts of equipment and in areas containing unguarded, un-insulated energized lines or parts of equipment operating at 50 volts or more. Electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall be considered and treated as energized unless such lines have been grounded and locked or tagged out.NOTE 5: At least two employees shall be present while the following types of work are being performed:

a. Installation, removal or repair of lines that are energized at more than 600 volts,b. Installation, removal or repair of de-energized lines if an employee is exposed to contact with other parts energized at more than 600 volts,c. Installation, removal or repair of equipment, such as transformers, capacitors, regulators, and other applicable equipment if an employee is exposed to contact with parts energized at more than 600 volts,d. Work involving the use of mechanical equipment, other than insulated aerial lifts, near parts energized at more than 600 volts, ande. Other work that exposes an employee to electrical hazards greater than or equal to those posed by operations that are specifically listed in paragraphs a - d of this section.

Exception to NOTE 5:a. Routine circuit switching, when the employer can demonstrate that conditions at the site allow safe performance

II-25

of this work.b. Work performed with live-line tools when the position of the employee is such that he or she is neither within reach of, nor otherwise exposed to contact with energized parts, andc. Emergency repairs to the extent necessary to safeguard the general public.

NOTE 6: Avoid contact.

h. Guards or markers conforming to the clearances given in Table IV should be placed on the handles of live line tools.

i. The clearances given in Table lV shall be at least doubled when using insulated switch sticks that are stored where they may be susceptible to moisture absorption.

j. Rubber gloves shall be worn when placing line guards and hoods on under build distribution circuits whether or not live line tools are used.

k. Under no circumstances shall a workman depend upon another workman to hold a live conductor clear of him with a hand-held stick.

l. As tie wires are removed, they shall be rolled into a ball or cut off as they are unwound, so that under no circumstances will they be long enough to cause a short-circuit by contacting a ground or other conductor.

m. During the installation or removal of a tie wire, a hold-stick shall be used to steady the conductor on the insulator.

n. When moving heavy conductors, blocks shall be used on the live line tool so that they may be moved slowly and carefully.

o. A workman shall not change his position on the pole or structure without first making certain that his new position will place him in the clear, and informing his fellow workmen what he intends to do.

p. Employees shall not stand underneath lines that are being worked on unless actually assisting in the work.

q. While live line work is in progress, no other work of any nature shall be performed on the same pole or structure.

r. Blocks and lines under strain should be snubbed to permanent structures or temporary anchors. They shall never be snubbedto trucks, trailers or other objects that may be moved unless special precautions are taken to ensure that the vehicles remainimmobile.

II-26

s. All live line tools, when not in use, shall be kept in canvas bags or weatherproof boxes provided for that purpose, separated from non-live line tools and stored in a dry place. Live line tools shall not contact metal in storage.

t. Live line tools shall never be laid directly on the ground or against sharp objects such as barb wire fences. Special tool holders or tarpaulins shall be used for this purpose.

u. Precautions shall be taken to avoid stick contamination by rubbing on metal storage containers or other metal surfaces.

v. All live line tools shall be visually inspected before use each day. Tools to be used shall be wiped clean and if any hazardous defects are observed, such tools shall be removed from service.

w. Live line tools shall be regularly tested at intervals not to exceed 24 months or whenever the tool has been repaired or refinished.

SECTION 2.5 — WORKING ON OVERHEAD LINES

2.5.1 Handling Poles DOT 393.100

a. Before starting to unload a load of poles, steel or other materials, the load shall be thoroughly examined to determine possible unloading hazards. In addition, the brakes shall be tightly set and the wheels blocked to prevent movement of the vehicle.

b. Loads of poles shall be unloaded according to a procedure approved by the Cooperative.

c. Poles stored near the job site shall be placed so that they do not interfere with pedestrian or motor vehicle traffic and so they are not a public hazard.

d. When unloading or loading poles, men should work at the ends of the poles wherever possible. Tag lines shall be used when necessary.

e. Poles placed on piles or racks shall be securely blocked to prevent rolling or shifting.

f. Poles loaded on trailers shall be secured to the trailer before towing. A suitable coupling device shall be securely bound to one of the poles to couple the load to the truck, unless a long- tongue trailer is used.

NOTE: consider bundling pole together to create one unit.

II-27

g. When an article of cargo is not blocked or positioned to prevent movement in the forward direction, and the item is longer than 10 ft. in length, then it must be secured by two tie downs for thefirst ten ft. of length, and one additional tie down for every 10 ft. of length, or fraction thereof, beyond the first 10 ft.

NOTE: See exemption for specialty trailers (FMCSA 393.110d).

h. If equipment is equipped with a breakaway breaking system, the system shall be connected to the designated location on the tow vehicle.

i. Properly sized auxiliary safety chains shall be used at all times between truck and trailer being towed.

j. If equipped with a break away breaking system, it shall be attached to the tow vehicle in a separate location from other attachment points.

NOTE: Use chart below.

Chain Load Limits

NOTE: Grade 70 transport chains or greater shall be used for trailers. Chains shall be sized for each chain to carry one-half of the gross trailer weight if using two chains. If using one chain, the chain shall be sized to carry the entire gross trailer weight. Grade 80 alloy chain or greater shall be used for overhead lifting applications.

k. Poles or other long loads being transported along streets or highways shall be plainly marked at the rear with red flags by day and lights by night. State and local regulations covering the movement of loads upon streets and highways shall also be observed. Precautions shall be exercised to prevent blocking of roadways or endangering other traffic. Special caution should be taken to avoid load swinging into other lanes of traffic.

l. Employees shall not ride on any equipment not designed for that purpose including pole dollies and trailers.

II-28

2.5.2 Setting and Removing Poles and Structures

a. All persons not engaged in pole-setting operations shall keep out of the work area.

b. For raising or lowering poles, a truck and winch should be used whenever possible. When starting to pull a pole, a pole jack should be used initially, to prevent overstressing the truck and derrick.

c. Pole holes and footing excavations shall not be left unattended or unguarded in areas where they present a hazard to employees or the public.

d. All excavation work, including auger excavations into which employees are to enter, shall conform to Section 1.9.

e. Where necessary to assure the stability of mobile cranes, the work site shall be graded and leveled to assure a firm foundation and, when the cranes are so equipped, outriggers shall be used. This does not preclude the movement of a crane with a load provided the load is within the rated capacity of the crane without outriggers.

f. Employees shall not stand or pass under a suspended load or adjacent to or over or under a loaded winch line.

g. Hoisting equipment operators shall accept signals only from the employee specifically designated. The operator shall obey a stop signal given by anyone.

h. While setting or removing poles between or near conductors energized above 300 volts:

(1) If safe clearance cannot be maintained, the conductors shall be de-energized or covered with protective devices or spread apart or a pole guard shall be used, to minimize the danger of accidental contact.

(2) Workmen handling the butt of the pole shall wear rubber gloves, whether or not cant hooks, peaveys or slings are used or anytime an object could breach minimum approach distances.

(3) The provisions of 2.3.2 (Equipment near Energized Lines or Equipment) shall be followed when working near energized lines or equipment. Derrick trucks shall be grounded or barricaded and considered as energized equipment.

(4) Poles shall be considered to be conductive objects and the provisions of 2.2.3 b. (Approaching Energized Lines and Equipment) shall be complied with.

II-29

2.5.3 Working on Poles

a. Body belts and fall arrest equipment - 1926.959 & 1910.269 (q):

(1) Approved body belts with a fall arrest system shall be worn by employees working on elevated locations on poles, except where such use creates a greater hazard, in which case other safeguards shall be used.

(2) Wire hooks shall not be attached to body belts or fall arrest equipment.

(3) Body belts, fall arrest equipment, and lanyards shall be inspected before use each day to determine they are in safe working condition.

b. Climbing tools and practices:

(1) Gaffs shall be kept sharp, in good condition and not cut down to less than 1 1/4-inches (inside measurement).

(2) Climbers shall not be worn while doing ground work, driving a vehicle, climbing a ladder (hook ladders excepted) or working in an aerial basket.

(3) Before climbing poles, ladders or other elevated structures, they shall be inspected to be sure they are safe to climb. When there is doubt, they shall not be climbed until made safe by guying, bracing or other adequate means.

(4) While guying a pole, pikes may be used if manned. Unmanned pikes alone shall not be relied upon to support a pole while an employee is on it.

(5) Before removing or adding wires, cables or guys to poles, additional guying or bracing shall be used where necessary to take the additional strain.

(6) When climbing poles, care should be exercised to set the gaffs securely in the pole, and to avoid weather cracks, knots, holes, nails, signs, grounds or other pole attachments.

(7) While an old pole is being replaced by a new pole, workmen should work from the new pole whenever possible. Before stripping the old pole or transferring conductors, the old pole should be lashed to the new pole, supported by a pole derrick or guyed.

II-30

(8) Primary and secondary safeties should not be placed above the top cross arm when it is at the top of the pole.

(9) Cross arm braces or other pole attachments should not be relied upon to support a workman’s weight.

(10) Workmen should not be on poles that are being plumbed, canted or tamped.

(11) Poles shall not have permanent steps lower than 15 feet above ground, unless they are secured within locked enclosures.

(12) Except for those tools carried in the tool belt, all light equipment and tools to be used aloft should be raised and lowered by means of a hand line and canvas bucket, or other suitable container. Care shall be taken by men working overhead to prevent dropping and falling of tools or material. Men on the ground should stay clear of overhead work to prevent being struck by falling objects (recommended at least 10 feet from base of pole).

(13) Tools and material shall not be thrown from the ground to workmen working aloft, nor shall workmen throw tools and material from above to the ground.

(14) Hand lines shall not be less than one-half inch in diameter.

EXCEPTION: When climbing above 100 feet, smaller lines may be used to hoist light material, tools and heavier hand lines. Rope capacities shall comply with Table V.

TABLE V Safe Working Loads and Breaking Strengths of Rope

II-31

NOTE: Manila rope should not be used due to deterioration and becomes unsafe faster than synthetic ropes.

(15) Hand lines shall be carried up the pole uncoiled. The end should be attached to a break-a-way device attached to the tool belt. They shall not be held in the hand while climbing.

(16) When grips are attached to blocks or hoists, safety hooks shall be used when provided to prevent them from falling off.

(17) Tag lines, hand lines and measuring tapes used near energized lines and equipment shall be non-conductive, but not used as a hotline tool without an insulated device provided.

(18) Tag lines shall be used to control loads being hoisted where it is necessary to prevent hazards to workmen or damage to equipment or material.

(19) Hook or other type ladders used aloft shall be positively secured to prevent them from being accidentally displaced.

(20) Hand axes shall not be used on overhead work.

(21) All power tools used in work aloft shall be equipped with approved switches or other control devices. Pneumatic and hydraulic tools, used in proximity to energized lines or equipment, shall have non-conducting hoses, and shall be supplied only with de- moisturized air or insulating fluid.

(22) Metallic hoisting lines shall not be taken above the level of conductors energized above 300 volts unless appropriate precautions are taken.

(23) Metallic slings (chain or cable) shall not be used near energized lines or equipment.

(24) Metal ladders or ladders reinforced by metal in a longitudinal direction shall not be used near energized lines. (Conductive ladders may be used in special transmission line situations if approved by superintendent.)

(25) Descending a pole by sliding down a guy wire or rope is forbidden.

(26) Employees working from poles or other structures shall not pass tools, equipment or material to a workman in an aeriallift while any workman in the bucket is within reaching distance, or the distance specified in Table R-6 (modified) (pages II-24), from an unprotected, energized conductor or equipment.

II-32

(27) When workmen are engaged in work over or near water and when danger of drowning exists, a U.S. Coast Guard approved flotation device shall be worn.

(28) Employees working aloft shall avoid positioning themselves on a supporting cross arm or directly under a conductor or pulling line while it is in motion during stringing or removing operations.

(29) When working on or near energized circuits on wood poles, employees shall not stand on or touch grounded circuits suchas telephone wires, messenger wires, cable sheaths, ground wires, guy wires, or transformer cases.

2.5.4 Use of Fall Protection Equipment - 1910.269 (g) (2)

Fall arrest equipment, work positioning equipment, or travel restricting equipment shall be used by all employees working at elevated locations more than 4 feet above the ground on poles, towers or similar structures.

2.5.5 Stringing or Removing Conductors - 1910.269 (p) & (q)

a. Before beginning operations a job briefing shall be held for all involved employees, setting forth the job plan and the safety precautions required.

b. When pulling in or removing conductors parallel to or crossing circuits or equipment energized above 300 volts, and where there is a possibility of accidental contact or hazardous induced voltages, such energized circuits or equipment shall be de-energized and grounded if practical.

c. When de-energizing and grounding of the adjacent lines are not practical, the following rules shall apply:

(1) Where practical the automatic reclosing feature of the circuit interrupting device shall be made inoperative.

(2) The energized conductors shall be moved safely away from the conductors being strung or removed or suitable guard structures or barriers shall be erected to preclude the possibility of contact, and the conductor being strung or removed shall be kept under positive control.

(3) The conductors being strung or removed shall be grounded by means of suitable moving grounding devices every mile and at both sides of an energized crossing.

II-33

(4) The conductors being strung or removed shall be handled with rubber gloves and insulating lead lines.

(5) Employees tending payout reels shall wear rubber gloves, except as provided by cooperative procedures.

(6) All pulling, tensioning and payout equipment shall be isolated, insulated or effectively grounded.

(7) Reliable communications between the reel tender and the pulling equipment operator shall be maintained.

(8) While the conductor or pulling line is in motion employees shall not be permitted directly under overhead operations nor on the cross arms. An exception is made for only those situations when the employee is required to manually guide the stringing sock over or through the stringing sheave.

(9) Immediately after conductors being strung are sagged and dead-ended they shall be grounded according to the requirements for de-energized lines (according to section 2.3.1) before being clipped in.

NOTE: The protection provided by moving grounding devices (rolling grounds) is considerably less than that provided by standard grounding clamps, therefore, additional safety precautions and PPE may be necessary. Stringing sheaves with neoprene lining, whether conductive or not, shall not be depended on to ground a conductor.

(10) Guard structures and barriers shall be left in place until the conductors are clipped in at the area being protected.

(11) If the above requirements are not met the conductor being strung or removed shall be considered and worked as energized.

(12) Before lines are installed parallel to existing energizedlines a determination shall be made of the approximate voltage to be induced in the new lines or work shall proceed on the assumption that the induced voltage is hazardous. Unless it can demonstrate that the lines being installed are not subject to the induction of a hazardous voltage or unless the lines are treated as energized, the following requirements also apply:

(i) The grounds required in paragraph c (3) shall be left in place until the conductor installation is completed between dead ends.(ii) The grounds required in paragraph c (3) shall be removed as the last phase of aerial cleanup.

II-34

(iii) If employees are working on bare conductors, grounds shall also be installed at each location where these employees are working, and grounds shall beinstalled at all open dead-end or catch-off points or the next adjacent structure.(iv) If two bare conductors are to be spliced, the conductors shall be bonded and grounded before being spliced.

(13) Reel handling equipment, including pulling and tensioning devices, shall be in safe operating condition and shall be leveled and aligned.

d. When conductor is being strung near an energized circuit extreme care shall be used to keep it from being fouled on trees, bushes, crossarms or other objects. If the wire becomes fouled the pulling operation shall be stopped and the tension on the conductor relieved before any attempt to clear it is made.

e. Conductors being strung or removed shall be kept clear of sidewalks, driveways, streets, highways and railroad tracks at all times if possible. Where this is not possible, flagmen shall be stationed to stop or reroute pedestrians and vehicles.

f. An employee going aloft shall not attach conductors to his belt or hold them in his hand, but shall use a hand line to raise them after he reaches the working position on the pole or structure.

g. The protective measures required by 1910.269 (p) (4)(iii) for mechanical equipment shall also be provided for conductors, cables, and pulling and tensioning equipment when the conductor or cable is being installed or removed close enough toenergized conductors that any of the following failures could energize the pulling or tensioning equipment or the wire or cable being installed or removed:

(1) Failure of the pulling or tensioning equipment;

(2) Failure of the wire or cable being pulled, or;

(3) Failure of the previously installed lines or equipment;

h. Load ratings of stringing lines, pulling lines conductor grips, load bearing hardware and accessories, rigging and hoist may not be exceeded.

i. Pulling lines and accessories shall be repaired or replaced when defective.

II-35

j. Conductor grips may not be used on wire rope unless the grip is specifically designed for this application.

k. If, during operation of the mechanical equipment, the equipment could become energized, the operation shall also comply with at least one of the following:

(1) The energized lines exposed to contact shall be covered with insulating protective material that will withstand any contact that might be made during the operation.

(2) The equipment shall be insulated for the voltage involved. The equipment shall be positioned so that its uninsulated portions cannot approach the lines or equipment any closer than the minimum approach distances specified in Table R-6 (modified) (pages II-24).

(3) Each employee shall be protected from hazards that might arise from equipment contact with the energized lines. The measures used shall ensure that employees will not be exposed to hazardous differences in potential. Unless the employer can demonstrate that the methods in use protect each employee from the hazards that might arise if the equipment contacts the energized line, the measures used shall include all of the following techniques:

(i) Using the best available ground to minimize the time the lines remain energized; (usually the system neutral)(ii) Bonding equipment together to minimize potential differences; (section 2.3.2)(iii) Providing grounding mats to extend areas of equipotential; and(iv) Employing insulating protective equipment or barricades to guard against any remaining hazardous potential differences.

NOTE: For clearances applicable for crews working on or near overhead lines see Electric Section 2.2.4 (e.) and 2.3.2.

SECTION 2.6 — INSULATED CABLE SYSTEMS AND UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION 1910.269 (t)

The purpose of this section is the practical safeguarding of persons from hazards arising from the installation, operations and maintenance of insulated cable systems, whether they are buried, carried in duct or exposed, either outside or in buildings.

II-36

2.6.1 General

a. All work on energized UD shall be worked with proper PPE. If upper arm exposure is possible, sleeves shall be worn when required by the supervisor.

b. Before work is done on energized UD components all unauthorized persons, including the public, shall be requiredto leave the work area and remain clear of all hazards involved in the work.

c. Hot stick for UD cables shall be used when opening, closing or bypassing in transformers and junctions.

d. All enclosures, transformers shall have a “WARNING” sign displayed on the outside and a “DANGER-HIGH VOLTAGE” sign on the inside as required by ANSI Z53.1. Under no circumstances shall a danger sign be displayed on the outside.

e. All loop feed enclosures shall have markings, two way feed.

f. All enclosures, transformers, and junctions shall be kept double locked at all times after work has been completed.

g. All cables shall be tagged.

h. Secondary cables shall also be identified.

i. All secondary and primary connections shall be insulated.

j. Ground rods shall be installed at all enclosures and at the riser pole.

k. All UD conduit or U-Guard on poles shall be grounded and marked with warning signs. Metallic conduit shall be grounded.

l. All UD cables should have marking tape 6 inches below grade in trench.

m. Inspection shall be done on UD systems through maintenance programs, including checking for need of backfilling, pads are level, warning and danger signs in place, and enclosures are locked.

n. Before removing the transformer bayonet fuse, release the pressure release valve.

2.6.2 Switching Circuits

a. Cooperative switching procedures, including hold carding

practices, shall be followed when sectionalizing underground systems.

II-37

b. When an underground circuit has opened, the route of the circuit shall be patrolled for obvious hazards before the circuit is reclosed.

c. Eye protection, safety hats and rubber gloves shall be worn during switching operations. Rubber sleeves shall be worn for added protection when upper arm exposure is possible.

d. An employee shall use a hot stick approved for UD use in performing all operational functions within UD equipment, transformer vault, junction module or pad mounted equipment. Minimum length shall be 8 feet.

e. Any UD primary circuit shall be de-energized by opening one or more devices. De-energizing shall be done with load break elbow connectors, load break fuse cutout at the riser pole, load break tool or other approved device.

2.6.3 Grounding

NOTE: A capacitance charge can remain in a UD cable after it has been disconnected from the circuit and a static-type arc can occur when grounds are applied to these cables.

a. All UD cables and equipment that have been energized or could become energized from any source shall be considered as energized until the equipment is positively proven to bede-energized or has been grounded.

b. Before doing work on de-energized primary circuits or equipment:

(1) A visible open break shall be provided;

(2) A test for voltage shall be made with an approved audible or visual voltage detection device;

(3) The equipment shall be grounded, and;

(4) When working on loop feed, primary URD: The neutral (even when jacketed) shall be jumped prior to cutting. Before making personal contact with the conductor, you shall determine that no voltage exists between the exposed ends of the primary cable.

Or

The primary and neutral to be cut shall be completely isolated from all sources of feed before the neutral can be opened by any means.

II-38

Or

The complete primary loop shall be de-energized and properly grounded before the neutral is opened by any means.

NOTE: Grounds can be removed for testing.

c. When work is to be done on equipment or cables of underground system, precautions to prevent backfeed shall be taken. This shall include grounding of the secondary conductors where applicable.

d. De-energized cable shall be grounded at a point as close to the work as possible before work is started.

e. Before cutting into a cable or opening a splice the cable shall be positively identified and verified to be the proper cable. Spiking procedures shall be used to verify that a cable is de- energized. De- energized cable shall be spiked before it is cut.

2.6.4 Rubber Glove Use

a. Rubber gloves shall be worn before any UD compartment or enclosure (including a service pedestal) is opened. Rubber sleeves also shall be worn when required for protection from contact with grounded equipment such as submersible transformer cases and pad-mount enclosures.

b. Rubber gloves shall be worn when removing animals, vines, weeds, grass or vegetation of any kind that has grown into an energized UD installation.

c. Rubber gloves shall be worn when energized primary cables are moved, handled or protected.

d. Rubber gloves shall be worn when work is performed on energized secondary and services.

e. Rubber gloves shall be worn when installing a temporary screw ground rod for testing of URD cables with fault finding equipment, and etc.

2.6.5 Work On Energized Equipment

a. When work is performed on cables or apparatus carrying more than 50 volts, employees shall take extra precautions in the use of necessary rubber protective equipment, in observing required clearances, and in using proper tools in order to prevent short circuits.

II-39

b. When energized pad-mounted equipment is unlocked and opened, they shall be directly attended by a workman. The pad mounted equipment shall be kept closed and locked at all other times.

c. A primary or secondary system neutral circuit on any energized circuits shall not be opened under any circumstances. When working on any buried cable, metallic sheath or concentric neutral, continuity shall be maintained by bonding across opening or equivalent means.

d. Only those elbow connectors designed and approved for load break use shall be used to connect or disconnect an energized circuit.

e. Only tools with insulated handles shall be used for making energized secondary connections or when work is performed within energized service pedestals, pad-mount compartments or submersible transformer enclosures.

f. Only one energized secondary or service conductor shall be worked on at any one time, and protective devices shall be used to insulate or isolate it from others.

g. Before any attempt is made to replace a damaged cable or blown fuses the customer’s service should be checked for faults by the use of suitable voltmeter.

2.6.6 Excavation and Trenching - 1926.651

a. A competent person shall be onsite when an open trench is present

b. Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective system, hazardous atmospheres or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.

c. Where the competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.

II-40

d. Before excavating in any area where any buried facilities are suspected, such facilities shall be located as accurately as possible and other utilities shall be notified of the proposed work. Missouri One Call (Dig-Rite) shall be notified.

e. Mechanical excavating equipment shall be used only when there is no known danger of contacting buried facilities. Excavation to a distance of 12 inches from the expected location of the cable may be done with mechanical equipment, but the last 12 inches shall be dug with hand tools having non-conducting handles.

f. If buried facilities are damaged, the following steps shall be taken:

(1) The owner of buried facility shall be notified at once.

(2) The area shall be barricaded until hazardous conditions are eliminated.

(3) If gas lines are contacted, the gas company is to be notified immediately. If punctured, local fire and police authorities shall also be notified according to federal regulations. Residents of the area shall be notified if direct danger is probable.

NOTE: Damage is often not apparent without close examination.

g. Open trenches shall be closed or properly barricaded at the end of each day’s work.

h. Trenches shall be kept clear and free of objects that might damage cables.

i. Short sections of scrap cable could provide false indications of the location of buried cables; all scrap cable, regardless of length, shall be removed from the job area.

NOTE: Scrap cable shall not be discarded in trench.

j. Extreme caution shall be used when switching multi-phase due to ferro-resonant overvoltage possibilities.

k. When required because of excavating depth, OSHA standards 1926 Subpart P for shoring, ramping and grading shall be followed.

l. All surface encumbrances that are located that could create a hazard to employees shall be removed or supported, as necessary, to safeguard employees - 1926.651 (a).

II-41

m. Means of egress from trench excavations 1926.651 (c)(2): A stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe means of egress shall be located in trench excavations that are 4 feet (1.22 m) or more in depth so as to require no more than 25 feet (7.62 m) of lateral travel for employees.

n. Employees shall be protected from excavated or other materials or equipment that could pose a hazard by falling or rolling into excavations. Protection shall be provided by placing and keeping such materials or equipment at least 2 feet (.61 m) from the edge of excavations or by the use of retainingdevices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations or by a combination of both if necessary.

o. Employees exposed to public vehicular traffic shall be provided with, and shall wear, warning vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high-visibility material.

p. A ladder or other climbing device shall be used to enter and exit a manhole subsurface vault exceeding 4 feet (122 cm) in depth. No employee may climb into or out of a manhole or vault by stepping on cables or hangers.

q. Equipment used to lower materials and tools into manholes or vaults shall be capable of supporting the weight to be lowered and shall be checked for defects before use. Before tools or material are lowered into the opening for a manhole or vault, each employee working in the manhole or vault shall be clear of the area directly under the opening.

2.6.7 Hazardous Atmospheres - 1926.651 (g)

a. Where oxygen deficiency (atmospheres containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen) or a hazardous atmosphere exists or could reasonably be expected to exist, such as in excavations inlandfill areas or excavations in areas where hazardous substances are stored nearby, the atmospheres in the excavation shall be tested before employees enter excavations greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) in depth.

b. Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent employee exposure to atmospheres containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen and other hazardous atmospheres. These precautions include providing proper respiratory protection or ventilation in accordance with OSHA subparts D and E of this part respectively.

c. Adequate precaution shall be taken such as providing ventilation, to prevent employee exposure to an atmosphere containing a concentration of a flammable gas in excess of 20

II-42

percent of the lower flammable limit of the gas.

d. When controls are used that are intended to reduce the level of atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels, testing shallbe conducted as often as necessary to ensure that the atmosphere remains safe.

2.6.8 Accumulated Water in Excavations

a. Employees shall not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water, or in excavations in which water is accumulating unless adequate precautions have been taken to protect employees against the hazards posed by water accumulation. The precautions necessary to protect employees adequately vary with each situation, but could include special support or shield systems to protect from cave-ins, water removal to control the level of accumulating water or use of a safety harness and lifeline.

b. If water is controlled or prevented from accumulating by the use of water removal equipment, the water removal equipment and operations shall be monitored by a competent person to ensure proper operation.

c. If excavation work interrupts the natural drainage of surface water (such as streams), diversion ditches, dikes or other suitable means shall be used to prevent surface water from entering the excavation and to provide adequate drainage of the area adjacent to the excavation. Excavations subject to runoff from heavy rains will require an inspection by a competent person and compliance with paragraphs a. and b. of this section.

d. Sidewalks, pavements and structure shall not be undermined unless a support system or another method of protection is provided to protect employees from the possible collapse of such structures.

SECTION 2.7 — METER INSTALLATION & REMOVAL

a. Rubber gloves shall be worn while installing or removing meters from energized meter sockets. Leather gloves can be worn if socket is de-energized.

b. Refer to the section 1.4 for clothing requirements

c. Safety glasses and a hard hat shall be worn at all times.

II-43

d. A Meter Puller should be used when installing or removing a meter in an energized base.

e. Meters and meter sockets shall be inspected before a meter is installed.

f. Meters and meter sockets shall be inspected before a meter is removed. If damage is present the service shall be de-energized before removal.

g. A Meter Installation Voltage Check Procedure shall be conducted before a meter is installed in an energized base.

h. When installing a meter the load terminal connections shall be made first followed by the source side connections.

i. Meter connections shall be pushed into place. Never pound on a meter when installing it in the socket.

j. Never spread the jaws of the meter socket.

k. Co-workers shall depart the immediate work area before meter installation or removal.

l. A visual inspection shall be conducted on all instrument rated transformers and under no circumstances shall the secondary terminals of a current transformer be opened while energized.

SECTION 2.8 — TESTING AND TEST FACILITIES -1910.269 (o)

2.8.1 General Requirements

a. These work practices are established and enforced for the protection of each worker from the hazards of high-voltage or high-power testing at all test areas, temporary and permanent. Such work practices shall include, as a minimum test area guarding, grounding, and the safe use of measuring and control circuits. A means providing for periodic safety checks of field test areas shall also be included.

b. Employees shall be trained in safe work practices upon their initial assignment to the test area, with periodic reviews and updates provided as required by paragraph 2.1.2 a.

2.8.2 Guarding of Test Areas

a. Permanent test areas shall be guarded by walls, fences or barriers

II-44

designed to keep employees out of the test areas.

b. In field testing or at a temporary test site where permanent fences and gates are not provided, one of the following means shall be used to prevent unauthorized employees from entering:

(1) The test area shall be guarded by the use of distinctively colored safety tape that is supported approximately waist high and to which safety signs are attached.

(2) The test area shall be guarded by a barrier or barricade that limits access to the test area to a degree equivalent, physically, and visually to the barricade specified in paragraph (1) above.

(3) The test area shall be guarded by one or more test observers stationed so that the entire area can be monitored.

c. The barriers required by b. 1-3 above shall be removed when the protection they provide is no longer needed.

d. Guarding shall be provided within test areas to control access to test equipment or to apparatus under test that may become energized as part of the testing by either direct or inductive coupling, in order to prevent accidental employee contact with energized parts.

2.8.3 Grounding Practices

a. Safe grounding practices for the test facility shall include the following.

(1) All conductive parts accessible to the test operator during the time the equipment is operating at high voltage shall be maintained at ground potential except for portions of the equipment that are isolated from the test operator by guarding.

(2) Wherever ungrounded terminals of test equipment or apparatus under test may be present, they shall be treated as energized until determined by tests to be de-energized.

b. Visible grounds shall be applied, either automatically or manually with properly insulated tools to the high-voltage circuits after they are de-energized and before work is performed on the circuit or item or apparatus under test. Common ground connections shall be solidly connected to the test equipment and the apparatus under test.

c. In high-power testing, an isolated ground return conductor system shall be provided so that no intentional passage of current, with its attendant voltage rise, can occur in the ground grid or

II-45

in the earth. However, an isolated ground return conductor need not be provided if the employer can demonstrate that both the following conditions are met:

(1) An isolated ground-return conductor cannot be provided due to the distance of the test site from the electric energy source; and

(2) Employees are protected from any hazardous step and touch potentials that may develop during the test.

NOTE: See OSHA 1910.269 Appendix C of this part for information on measures that can be taken to protect employees from hazardous step and touch potentials.

d. For tests in which grounding of test equipment by means of the equipment grounding conductor located in theequipment power cord cannot be used due to increase hazards to test personnel or the prevention of satisfactory measurements, a ground that the employer can demonstrate affords equivalent safety shall be provided, and the safety ground shall be clearly indicated in the test set-up.

e. When the test area is entered after equipment is de-energized, a ground shall be placed on the high-voltage terminal and any other exposed terminals.

(1) High capacitance equipment or apparatus shall be discharged through a resistor rated for the available energy.

(2) A direct ground shall be applied to the exposed terminals when the stored energy drops to a level at which it is safe to do so.

f. If a test trailer or test vehicle is used in field testing, its chassis shall be grounded. Protection against hazardous touch potentials with respect to the vehicle, instrument panels, and other conductive parts accessible to employees shall be provided by bonding, insulation or isolation.

2.8.4 Control and Measuring Circuits

a. Control wiring, meter connections, test leads and cables may not be run from a test area unless they are contained in a grounded metallic sheath and terminated in a grounded metallic enclosure or unless other precautions are taken that the employer can demonstrate as ensuring equivalent safety.

b. Meters and other instruments with accessible terminals or parts

II-46

shall be isolated from test personnel to protect against hazards arising from such terminals and parts becoming energized during test. If this isolation is provided by locating test equipment in metal compartments with viewing windows, interlocks shall be provided to interrupt the power supply if the compartment cover is opened.

c. The routing and connections of temporary wiring shall be made secure against damage, accidental interruptions, and other hazards. To the maximum extent possible, signal, control, ground, and power cables shall be kept separate.

d. If employees will be present in the test area during testing, a test observer shall be present. The test observer shall be capable of implementing the immediate de-energizing of test circuits for safety purposes.

2.8.5 Safety Check

a. Safety practice governing employee work at temporary or field test areas shall provide for a routine check of such test areas for safety at the beginning of each series of tests.

b. The test operator in charge shall conduct these routine safety checks before each series of tests and shall verify at least the following conditions:

(1) That barriers and guards are in workable condition and are properly placed to isolate hazardous areas;

(2) That system test status signals, if used, are in operable condition;

(3) That test power disconnects are clearly marked and readily available in an emergency;

(4) That ground connections are clearly identifiable;

(5) That personal protective equipment is provided and used as required;

(6) That signal, ground, and power cables are properly separated.

II-47

PART III — LINE CLEARING AND RIGHT-OF-WAY MAINTENANCE

SECTION 3.1 — TREE TRIMMING

3.1.1 General

a. When tree trimming, tree felling, brush loading or brush disposal operations are under way on street, highway or any other area ac- cessible to the public, “Utility Work Ahead” signs, cones, red flags or flares, barricades and other warning devices (or combinations thereof) shall be used to protect vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

NOTE: Use approved eye, head and hearing protection. See Sec- tion 1.4 (Chaps shall be worn while using a chainsaw on the ground).

b. Dead or rotted limbs, regardless of size, shall not be used by employees for support.

c. No work shall be done in a tree until employee is securely tied to a safety line or belted to the tree.

d. The safety line shall be crotched in such a manner as to prevent its “working out” on a lateral limb.

e. When working in a multiple-trunk tree the safety line shall prefer- ably be crotched around a main trunk other than the one which the employee is working. These ropes shall have a minimum diam- eter of 0.5 inches (1.2 cm) with a minimum breaking strength of 2,300 pounds (10.2 kg). Synthetic rope shall have elasticity of not more than seven percent. Rope shall be inspected before each use.

f. Employee shall crotch his safety line in two places if a single crotch does not adequately protect him from falling into energized lines or falling back into trunk of tree.

g. The safety line shall not be used as a pull rope or as a hand-line to lower limbs or branches.

h. The ground end of a safety rope shall not be allowed to dangle over roadways and shall be kept free from obstructions, passing vehicles, etc.

i. The taut-line hitch shall not be released until the climber is on the ground.

j. Branches or other material shall not be dropped unless the im- mediate area has been cleared so that there is no possibility of injury to persons or damage to property. If the possibility of injury

III-1

or damage is apparent, a rope shall be used to lower branches or other materials.

k. When lowering heavy tree members, employees shall not tie or wrap fall lines around hands or bodies.

l. Employees shall not attempt to clear limbs or brush from under that side where the climber is working.

m. Employees shall obtain assistance or use power equipment if available, when lifting logs or other heavy loads.

n. When hauling brush on a truck, employees should not stand on or straddle the loaded brush.

o. Brush should be hauled away promptly or otherwise disposed of where necessary to prevent injury to persons or damage to passing vehicles.

p. When hauling brush, care shall be taken that it doesn’t extend over the sides of the truck.

3.1.2 Tree Trimming Near Energized Conductors

a. Only employees familiar with the special techniques and hazards involved in line clearing shall be permitted to perform the work if it is found that an electrical hazard exists.

b. Before an employee climbs, enters or works around any tree, a determination shall be made of the nominal voltage of electric power lines posing a hazard to employees.

c. Wires in proximity to tree trimming shall be considered as ener- gized, unless proven to be dead and are grounded.

d. Parts of trees in contact with or likely to contact conductors or equipment that are within the distances specified in Table R-6 (Modified), energized above 50 volts, shall be cut with insulated tools or employee shall wear rubber gloves when making cut. Limbs being removed from contact with wires are to be handled with the same precautions as the wires themselves. Care shall betaken to prevent limb being removed from coming in contact with employee’s body.

e. Employees shall never pass between or contact wires energized at voltages above 50 volts.

f. Where tree work is performed near energized conductors the clearances given in Table R-6 (Modified) shall apply.

III-2

g. Employees shall not remove tree limbs or branches from above energized conductors while other employees are working in trees below the conductors in the same span.

h. Broken or fallen wires shall not be handled except by authorized linemen.

i. When working near energized conductors the employee shall have his safety line so secured that in the event he slips or a limb breaks, he will swing free and clear of the energized conductors.

j. Tree limbs shall not be dropped on conductors.

k. Ropes shall not be thrown over conductors or crossarms for the purpose of using the conductor or crossarm as a support or hitch.

l. Dry ropes shall be used in trees through which energized conduc- tors pass.

m. When using aerial basket equipment, ladders or platforms, employee shall take care not to bring himself or the equipment any closer than the minimum approach distance listed in Table R-6 (Modified) to the energized lines.

n. There shall be a second line-clearance tree trimmer within normal (that is, unassisted) voice communication under any of the following conditions:

(1) If a qualified line-clearance tree trimmer is to approach closer than 10 feet (305 cm) any conductor or electric apparatus ener- gized at more than 750 volts or

(2) If branches or limbs being removed are closer to lines ener- gized at more than 750 volts than the distances listed in Table R-6 (Modified)

(3) If roping is necessary to remove branches or limbs from such conductors or apparatus.

III-3

0.050 to 0.300

TABLE R-6 (Modified)AC Live-Line Work Minimum Approach Distance

NOTE 1: For phase-to-phase system voltages of more than 72.5 kV, nominal:MAD = 0.3048 (C + )VL-G TA + M, whereC = 0.01 for phase-to-ground exposures that the employer can

demonstrate consist only of air across the approach distance (gap),0.01 for phase-to-phase exposures if the employer can demonstrate that no insulated tool spans the gap and that no large conductive object is in the gap, or 0.011 otherwise

VL-G = phase-to-ground rms voltage, in kVT = maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage; for

phase-to-ground exposures, T equals TL-G, the maximumper-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, determinedby the employer under paragraph (I)(3)(ii) of this section; for phase-to-phase exposures, T equals 1.35T L-G+0.45

A = altitude correction factor from Table R-5M = 0.31 m, the inadvertent movement factora = saturation factor, as follows:NOTE 2: These distances take into consideration the highest switching surge an employee will be exposed to on any system with air as the insulating medium and the maximum voltages shown.NOTE 3: The clear live-line tool distance shall equal or exceed the values for the indicated voltage ranges.

III-4

NOTE 4: Only qualified employees may work on or with exposed energized lines or parts of equipment and in areas containing unguarded, un-insulated energized lines or parts of equipment operating at 50 volts or more. Electric lines, equipment and/or apparatus shall be considered and treated as energized unless such lines have been grounded and locked or tagged out.NOTE 5: Avoid contact.

3.1.3 Tree Felling

a. Trees to be felled shall be inspected for dead limbs which may break or broken limbs lodged in the tree, either of which may fall into the work area as the job progresses.

b. No one shall be allowed to work in a tree located near a tree that is being felled if there is any danger of its being struck by any part of the falling tree.

c. All persons not engaged in the felling operation shall be kept clear of guide ropes and other rigging.

d. Clear warning shall be given to all employees in areas where trees are to be felled or heavy tree members are to be dropped.

e. Once the felling of a tree has been started, it shall be completed before leaving the job.

f. When trees or heavy tree members are felled, all exposed walks, roadways and lawns shall be protected if necessary with a cribbing of branches to avoid property damage.

3.1.4 Tools and Power Equipment

a. Ropes shall be inspected prior to use. Damaged sections shall be cut out and destroyed or the rope replaced.

b. Ropes shall be kept away from fire, acids, oil, gasoline, chemicals and all sources of excessive heat.

c. Dragging ropes over rough surfaces and sharp objects, such as rocks, shall be avoided. Ropes shall be stored separately from sharp edged cutting tools.

d. Rope ends shall be secured to prevent their unraveling.

e. Climbing ropes shall not be spliced.

f. A rope that is wet, that is contaminated to the extent that its insulating capacity is impaired, or that is otherwise not considered

III-5

to be insulated for the voltage involved may not be used near exposed energized lines.

g. The cutting edge of tools shall be suitably sheathed or guarded except while in actual use.

h. When not in actual use, the trimmer’s saw shall be returned to the scabbard.

i. Axes shall not be used in trees or carried on the shoulder.

j. Tools shall not be thrown into or dropped from a tree; they shall be raised or lowered by a suitable rope line.

k. A pruner shall not be laid on a limb, in a crotch or hooked on a wire or rope. It shall be hooked over a limb strong enough to hold its weight.

l. Ladders shall be removed from the base of the tree when not in use.

3.1.5 Chain Saws and Power Trimming Equipment

NOTE: See OSHA Regulations CFR Part 1926 Subpart I, Tools — Hand and Power, Section 1926.300 - 1926.302, 1910.269 (r) (4).

a. Chain saw operators shall be instructed to daily inspect the saws to ensure that all handles and guards are in place and tight, that all controls function properly, and that the muffler is opera- tive.

b. Hard hats, eye and hearing protection shall be worn by em- ployee when using chain saws or power trimming equipment.

c. When starting a chain saw on the ground, it shall be placed on or against a solid support.

d. The operator shall grip the chain saw with both hands during the entire cutting operation.

e. Saw bumper should be against tree or limb before starting a cut.

f. Chain saw operators shall, when necessary, clear the immedi- ate area around their work to make certain that brush will not interfere with either the chain or operator.

g. When moving between work locations the chain shall not be turning and the hand shall be off the throttle lever.

III-6

h. The chain saw engine or motor shall be stopped:

(1) When working on any part of the chain or cutting bar.

(2) While unit is unattended.

(3) Anytime safety is not fastened, motor shall be turned off.

(4) When the saw is being carried up or down into a tree by any employee.

i. A gasoline driven chain saw engine shall be stopped when being refueled. If gas is spilled on chain saw during refueling, it shall be wiped off before engine is started.

j. A gasoline driven chain saw should not be used above shoulder level.

k. Employees shall not approach power saw operator within the reach of the saw while the saw is in operation.

l. Employee shall never hand a pneumatic pruner or saw to an- other employee unless it is disconnected from air hose.

m. Pneumatic and electric tools shall not be left unattended if connected to power source.

n. Pneumatic and electric tools shall not be adjusted or repaired while connected to power source.

o. Power saws weighing more than 10 pounds when used in trees shall be supported by a separate line except when working from an aerial lift device.

p. No person other than the operator shall be within 10 feet of a backpack power unit when it is in operation.

3.1.6 Chippers

NOTE: Chippers, when used in combination with aerial devices, shall be either unhooked or properly grounded to system neutral. If unattached, units must be out of reaching distance and both wheels must be chocked.

a. Chippers shall never be parked directly under tree being trimmed.

b. Employees shall not permit spectators to stand near machine while feeding brush into chipper.

III-7

c. Full cover goggles or face shield, hard hats and ear protection shall be worn by employee when feeding brush into chipper. Loose clothing and jewelry shall not be worn.

d. Employee shall never place hands or other part of body into brush hopper while chipper is in operation.

e. Tools or other metallic objects shall not be used to push brush into chipper. Sweepings, which may contain foreign objects such as stones and nails, shall be loaded on truck and not fed into the chipper.

f. Ignition key shall be removed when chipper is left unattended and shall be equipped with a locking device in the ignition system.

g. Access panels for maintenance and adjustment of chipper blades and associated drive train shall be in place and secure during opera- tion of the equipment.

h. Brush chippers not equipped with mechanical in-feed system shall be equipped with an in-feed hopper of length sufficient to prevent employees from contacting the blades or knives of the machine during operation.

SECTION 3.2 — RIGHT-OF-WAY CLEARING AND MAINTENANCE

3.2.1 General

a. When two or more men are cutting brush they shall be sepa- rated by at least 10 feet.

b. All tree and brush burning shall be done in such a manner as to prevent damage to nearby trees, crops, buildings or other prop- erty. Fires shall not be started if there is any doubt that they can be adequately controlled.

c. Trees and brush should not be burned in proximity to overhead lines and trees.

d. Trees and brush shall not be burned on public streets or high- ways or where smoke would create a hazard or a public nuisance.

e. Fires shall be extinguished or otherwise safely contained before employees leave the work site.

f. When it is necessary to work in the vicinity of poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, employees should keep sleeves rolled down and wear gloves.

III-8

g. Employees should stay clear of smoke when burning poison ivy, oak or sumac. They should also avoid contact with objects that have brushed or cut such growth.

NOTE: A thorough scrubbing with soap and water is good preven- tive measure in the event of contact with poison ivy, oak or sumac or skin-irritating chemicals.

h. Under no circumstances shall anyone except the operator ride on a bulldozer or any other heavy equipment used in land clearing.

i. Bulldozers used in clearing and brush piling shall be equipped with overhead brush guards to protect operators.

j. Employees shall not anchor equipment to railroad tracks, fences or structures belonging to others.

k. When emerging from right-of-way prior to road travel, employ- ees shall check brakes and brake lines.

3.2.2. Stump Cutters

a. Stump cutters shall be equipped with enclosures or guards to protect employees.

b. Each employee in the immediate area of stump grinding opera- tions (including operator) shall wear personal protective equipment as required. (See section 1.4)

SECTION 3.3—USE OF HERBICIDES AND OTHER CHEMICALS

3.3.1 General

a. “Certified noncommercial applicator”, is any individual, whether or not he or she is a private applicator with respect to some uses, who is certified to use or to supervise the use of, any pesticide which is classified for restricted use only on lands owned or rented by him or his employer.

b. Each cooperative is responsible for notifying local police and fire departments of chemicals being used under the “Right-to- Know” regulations. A list of these chemicals must also be posted for employees to read and MSDS sheets made available for their reference.

c. Before using any herbicide or other chemical, employees shall read the label carefully and follow directions of both the label and MSDS safety sheets.

III-9

d. Employees shall avoid breathing spray mist or skin contact with spray material whenever possible.

e. Spraying shall not be done when wind may carry spray beyond intended distance.

f. Oil and other liquids, spilled on power spray equipment, shall be removed as soon as possible to prevent falls from slippery surfaces.

g. Hose connections on hydraulic sprayers shall be checked before use to prevent damage to connections or hoses.

h. Herbicides and other chemicals shall never be left where they would create a nuisance to persons or property.

i. Empty containers shall be disposed of in accordance with local, state and federal regulations. They shall never be thrown into ponds, lakes or streams.

j. Spray wastes shall be disposed of in accordance with local, state and federal regulations.

k. If respirator protection and protective clothing is recommended by the chemical manufacturer, it shall be worn.

l. For sprayers and related equipment, walking and working sur- faces shall be covered with slip-resistant material. If slipping hazards cannot be eliminated, slip-resistant footwear or handrails and stair rails meeting the requirements of OSHA, Subpart D may be used instead of slip-resistant material.

III-10

PART IV — WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING

SECTION 4.1 — GENERAL

a. Workmen designated to operate welding, cutting, and brazing equipment shall have been properly instructed and qualified to operate such equipment.

b. Printed rules and instructions covering operation of equipment supplied by the manufacturers shall be strictly followed.

c. The operator shall report any equipment defect or safety hazard to his supervisor and the use of the equipment shall be discontin- ued until its safety has been assured. Repairs shall be made only by qualified personnel.

d. Suitable fire extinguishing equipment shall be maintained in a state of readiness for instant use.

e. Cutting or welding shall be permitted only in areas that are fire safe.

f. All combustibles shall be at least 35 feet from work site. Where impracticable, combustibles shall be protected with flameproof covers or otherwise shielded.

g. Clothing that has been contaminated with flammable materials such as oil, gas or paint, shall not be worn during welding, brazing or cutting operations.

h. Floors shall be swept clean of combustible materials for a radius of 35 feet. Combustible floors shall be kept wet, covered with damp sand, or protected by fire-resistant shields.

i. First aid equipment shall be available at all times. All injuries shall be reported as soon as possible for medical attention.

j. Employees shall be knowledgeable before using any flux, coating, covering, filler metal or welding rod is used. All warnings and venti- lation requirements given shall be strictly observed for the material being used.

k. Welders shall be aware of the location of the fume plume and the symptoms of “metal fume fever”. Operators shall keep their head out of the fume plume at all times. Symptoms of metal fume fever shall be reported to the supervisor immediately.

l. Where work permits, the welder should be enclosed in an indi- vidual booth painted with a finish of low reflectivity such as zinc

IV-1

oxide (an important factor for absorbing ultraviolet radiations) and lamp black or shall be enclosed with noncombustible screens similarly painted. Booths and screens shall permit circulation of air at floor level.

m. Workers or other persons adjacent to the welding areas shall be protected from the rays by noncombustible or flameproof screens or shields or shall be required to wear appropriate goggles.

n. No welding, cutting, or other hot work shall be performed on used drums, barrels, tanks or other containers until they have been cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are no flammable materials present or any substances such as greases, tars, acids or other materials which when subjected to heat, might produce flammable or toxic vapors.

o. All hollow spaces, cavities or containers shall be vented to permit the escape of air or gases before preheating, cutting or welding. Purging with inert gas is recommended.

SECTION 4.2 — PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT- 1910.251 - 1910.255

a. Employees exposed to the hazards created by welding, cutting or brazing operations shall be protected by personal protective equipment which shall include proper eye, face, hand, clothing and respiratory protection. Appropriate clothing required for any welding operation will vary with the size, nature and location of the work to be performed.

b. Helmets or hand shields shall be used during all arc welding or arc cutting operations. Helpers or attendants shall be provided with proper eye protection.

c. Goggles, helmets or other suitable eye protection shall be used during all gas welding, oxygen cutting operations and arc welding.

d. All operators and attendants of resistance welding or brazing equipment shall use transparent face shields or goggles, depending on the particular job, to protect their face and eyes as required.

e. Eye protection in the form of suitable goggles shall be provided where needed for all other brazing or welding operations.

f. Helmets and hand shields shall be arranged to protect the face, neck and ears from direct radiant energy and shall be made of a material which is an insulator for heat and electricity.

g. Helmets, shields, and goggles shall not be readily flammable and

IV-2

shall be capable of withstanding sterilization.

h. Helmets shall be provided with filter plates and cover plates designed for easy removal and all parts shall be constructed of a material which will not readily corrode or discolor the skin.

i. Goggles shall be ventilated to prevent fogging of the lenses as much as practicable.

j. All glass for lenses shall be tempered, substantially free from striae air bubbles, waves and other flaws and shall be kept clean and free of dust or dirt.

k. Lenses shall bear some permanent marking by which the source and shade may be readily identified.

l. The following is a guide for the selection of the proper shade numbers. All filter lenses and plates shall meet the test for transmis- sion of radiant energy prescribed in ANSI Z87.1 - 1994.

NOTE: In gas welding or oxygen cutting where the torch produces a high yellow light, it is desirable to use a filter or lens that absorbs the yellow or sodium line in the visible light of the operation.

m. Protective gloves, aprons, etc. shall be worn as necessary during welding and brazing operations to protect against burns from hot slag, sparks and radiant energy.

IV-3

SECTION 4.3 — ARC WELDING - 1910.254

a. Electrode holders, when not in use, shall be so placed that they cannot make electrical contact with persons, conducting objects, fuel or compressed gas tanks.b. Cables with splices within 10 feet of the holder shall not be

used. The welder shall not coil or loop welding electrode cable around parts of his body.

c. Machines which have become wet shall be thoroughly dried and tested before being used.

d. Cables with damaged insulation or exposed bare conductors shall be replaced. Joining lengths of work and electrode cable shall be done by the use of connecting means specifically intended for the purpose. The connecting means shall have insulation adequate for the service conditions.

e. Special protection against electric shock shall be supplied when welding is performed under wet conditions or during conditions of high humidity.

f. When arc welding is to be suspended for any substantial period of time, such as during lunch or overnight, the machine shallbe disconnected from power source and all electrodes shall be removed from holders. Holders shall be carefully located so that accidental contact cannot occur.

g. Tapping of an electrode against a gas cylinder to strike an arc shall be prohibited.

h. Grounding of the welding machine frame shall be checked. Special attention shall be given to safety ground connections of portable machines.

i. Before starting operations all connections to the machine shall be checked to make sure they are properly made. The work leadshall be firmly attached to the work; magnetic clamps shall be freed from adherent metal particles of spatter on contact surfaces. Coiled welding cables shall be spread out before use to avoid serious over- heating and damage to insulation.

SECTION 4.4 — GAS & ACETYLENE WELDING,CUTTING, BRAZING - 1910.253

a. Cylinders shall be stored in a well-protected, well-ventilated, dry location, at least 20 feet from highly combustible materials such as oil or excelsior. Cylinders should be stored in definitely assigned

IV-4

places away from stairs, elevators or gangways. Assigned storage spaces shall be located where cylinders will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects, or subject to tampering by unauthorized persons. Cylinders shall not be kept in unventilated enclosures such as lockers and cupboards.b. Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from the actual welding or cutting operation so that sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them, or fire-resistant shields shall be provided.

c. Valve protection caps shall always be in place, hand-tight, except when cylinders are in use or connected for use.

d. Acetylene cylinders shall be stored valve end up.

e. Care shall be exercised in handling all high-pressure cylinders. They shall not be dropped or jarred. Bumping mats, hydraulic tailgates or other approved methods shall be used in lowering cylinders from trucks.

f. Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease), a mini- mum distance of 20 feet or by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 feet high having a fire-resistance rating of at least one-half hour.

g. Cylinders, cylinder valves, couplings, regulators, hose and ap- paratus shall be kept free of oily or greasy substances and shall not be handled with oily hands or gloves. A jet of oxygen must never be permitted to strike an oily surface, greasy clothes or enter a fuel oil or other storage tank.

h. Cylinders shall not be dropped or struck, permitted to strike each other violently or otherwise roughly handled.

i. Cylinder valves shall be closed, regulators removed and valve protection caps shall be put in place before cylinders are moved.

j. Cylinders not having hand wheels shall have keys, handles or nonadjustable wrenches on valve stems while these cylinders are in service.

k. Cylinder valves shall be closed when work is finished or when cylinder is empty.

l. Cylinders shall not be placed where they might become part of an electric circuit.

m. Cylinders, whether full or empty, shall never be used as rollers or supports and their numbers and markings shall not be tampered with. Safety devices and valves shall not be tampered with or any attempt made to repair them. If trouble is experienced, the supplier

IV-5

shall be notified immediately.

n. No person, other than the gas supplier or owner, shall attempt to mix gases in or refill a cylinder.

o. A hammer or wrench shall not be used to open valves. If valves cannot be opened by hand, the supplier shall be notified.

p. Before connecting a regulator to a cylinder valve, the valve shall be opened slightly and closed immediately. The valve shall be opened while standing to one side of the outlet; never in front of it. This procedure shall never be done on fuel-gas cylinder valves near other welding work or near sparks, flames, or other possible sources of ignition.

q. Cylinder valve shall be closed and gas released from regulator before a regulator is removed from cylinder valve.

r. Nothing shall be placed on top of a cylinder when in use which may damage the safety device or interfere with the quick closing of the valve.

s. If cylinders have leaky valves or fittings which cannot be stopped by closing of the valve, the cylinders shall be taken outdoors away from sources of ignition and slowly emptied.

t. Leaking cylinders shall be plainly marked with a warning not to approach them with a cigarette or other source of ignition. The supplier shall be notified immediately.

u. “No Smoking” signs shall be posted at entrances to areas where hydrogen is used or stored.

v. Cylinder valves shall always be opened slowly.

w. An acetylene cylinder valve shall not be opened more than one and one-half turns of the spindle. Preferably no more than three- fourths of a turn.

x. Valve-protection caps shall not be used for lifting cylinders from one vertical position to another. Bars shall not be used under valves or valve-protection caps to pry cylinders loose when frozen to the ground or otherwise fixed; the use of warm (not boiling) water is recommended. Valve-protection caps are designed to protect cylin- der valves from damage.

y. Unless cylinders are secured on a special truck, regulators shall be removed and valve-protection caps, when provided for, shall be put in place before cylinders are moved.

IV-6

z. Cylinder valves shall not be tampered with nor should any attempt be made to repair them. If trouble is experienced, the sup- plier should be sent a report promptly indicating the character of the trouble and the cylinder’s serial number. Supplier’s instructions as to its disposition shall be followed.

(aa) A warning should be placed near cylinders having leaking fuse plugs or other leaking safety devices not to approach them with a lighted cigarette or other source of ignition. Such cylinders should be plainly tagged; the supplier should be promptly notified and his instructions followed as to their return.

(bb) Safety devices shall not be tampered with.

(cc) Fuel-gas shall never be used from cylinders through torches or other devices equipped with shutoff valves without reducing the pressure through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold.

(dd) Compressed gas cylinders shall be legibly marked, for the purpose of identifying the gas content, with either thechemical or the trade name of the gas. Such marking shall be by means of stenciling, stamping, or labeling, and shall not be readily removable. Whenever practical, the marking shall be located on the shoulder of the cylinder.

(ee) Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored near highly combustible material, especially oil and grease; or near reserve stocks of carbide and acetylene or other fuel-gas cylinders or near any other substance likely to cause or accelerate fire or in an acetylene generator compartment.

(ff) Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease), a minimum distance of 20 feet (6.1 m) or by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 feet (1.5 m) high having a fire-resistance rating of at least one-half hour.

(gg) When transporting cylinders by a crane or derrick, a cradle, boat or suitable platform shall be used. Slings or electric magnets shall not be used for this purpose. Valve-protection caps, where cylinder is designed to accept a cap, shall always be in place.

IV-7

SECTION 4.5 — VENTILATION - 1910.252 (c)

a. Mechanical ventilation shall be provided when welding or cut- ting:

1) In a space of less than 10,000 cubic feet per welder.2) In a room having a ceiling height of less than 16 feet.3) In confined spaces or where the welding space contains parti- tions, balconies, or other structural barriers to the extent that they significantly obstruct cross ventilation.Such ventilation shall be at a rate of 2,000 cubic feet per minute per welder, except where local exhaust hoods and booths or airline respirators are used.Natural ventilation is sufficient where none of the above condi- tions exist.

b. Hoods and booths shall provide a rate of air flow sufficient to maintain a velocity away from the welder of not less than 100 linear feet per minute. Booths shall not restrict air flow at floor level.

c. All air replacing that is withdrawn shall be clean and respirable. Oxygen shall never be used for ventilation purposes, comfort cool- ing, blowing dust from clothing or for cleaning the work area.

d. When any of the following metals are found in either the item being welded or the flux, paste, rod, coating or filler metal, the ventilation requirements outlined in CFR 29 Part 1910.252 (f) (5) through (f) (12) shall be strictly followed:

1) Fluorine compounds 2) Zinc 3) Lead 4) Beryllium 5) Cadmium6) Mercury 7) Cleaning Compounds and Degreasers (especially chlorinated hydrocarbons, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethyl- ene) 8) Stainless steel

e. In such circumstances where it is impossible to provide such ventilation, airline respirators or hose masks approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for this purpose shall be used.

IV-8

PART V — FIRST AID AND RESUSCITATION PROCEDURES

SECTION 5.1 — FIRST AID PROCEDURES

Procedures outlined in this section are intended only to give a general knowledge of safe, effective methods of applying first aid for certain types of injuries. More complete and detailed instructions are given in American Heart Association, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Emergency Medical Services of the State of Missouri, and American Red Cross courses. (See also Resuscitation, next section).

5.1.1 General

OSHA Regulations — Medical Services and First Aid 29 CFR 1910.15129 CFR 1910.26929 CFR 1926.50

a. The employer shall insure the availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matter of occupational health.

b. Provisions shall be made prior to commencement (tailgate conference) of the project for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury.

c. In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician, that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the work- site, which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training including car- diopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training from either the Bureau of Emergency Medical Services of the State of Missouri, U.S. Bureau of Mines, American Heart Association, American Red Cross or equiva- lent training that can be verified by documentary evidence, shall be available at the worksite to render first aid.

NOTE: Employees shall have a valid first aid and CPR certification.

d. (1) First-aid supplies approved by the consulting physician shall be easily accessible when required.

(2) The first-aid kit shall consist of materials approved by the con- sulting physician in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item. The contents of the first-aid kit shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced.

e. Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured

V-1

person to a physician or hospital or a communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service, shall be provided.

f. The telephone numbers of the physicians, hospitals or ambulanc- es shall be conspicuously posted.

5.1.2 Patient Assessment — Primary Survey

Use American Red Cross or American Heart Association Training.

5.1.3 Patient Assessment — Secondary Survey

Use American Red Cross or American Heart Association Training.

5.1.4 General Principles

a. No two situations requiring first aid are the same, and first aiders must be able to select and apply appropriate first aid measures in different circumstances. However, the following procedures are generally applicable:

• Take charge. Instruct someone to obtain medical help and oth- ers to assist as directed.

• Secure the scene. Make area safe, if necessary.

• Make a primary survey of the victim.

• Use a tourniquet only under extreme conditions as a last resort.

• If several people have been injured, decide upon priorities in caring for each victim.

• Make a secondary survey of victim.

• Care for all injuries in order of need.

• Keep the injured person lying down.

• Loosen restrictive clothing when necessary.

• Cover victim to keep him/her warm and dry.

• Keep onlookers away from the victim.

• When necessary, improvise first aid materials using the most appropriate materials available.

• Cover all wounds completely.

V-2

• Prevent air from reaching burned surfaces as quickly as possible by using a suitable dressing.

• Remove small, loose foreign objects from a wound by brushing away from the wound with a piece of sterile gauze.

• Do not attempt to remove embedded objects.

• Place a bandage compress and a cover bandage over an open fracture without undue pressure before applying splints.

• Support and immobilize fractures and dislocations.

• Except for lower jaw dislocations, leave the reduction of frac- tures or dislocations to a doctor.• Unless absolutely necessary, never move a victim until fractures have been immobilized.

5.1.5 Hemorrhage (Bleeding)

a. With all serious arterial bleeding, think first of pressure and call a doctor.

b. Most external bleeding can be controlled by placing a compress over the wound and bandaging snugly. Then, if needed, apply firm pressure with the hand directly over the bandage until bleeding stops. Elevation of the injured part is helpful.

c. For especially quick action, in some cases you can use your fin- gers or the heel of your hand to press the supplying vessel against an underlying bone. Such pressure may diminish but does not stop the bleeding entirely. Meanwhile, prepare to apply pressure directly over the wound as described above.

d. There are only two points on each side of the body where pres- sure against the supplying vessel is of occasional practical use:

(1) Pressure on the inner half of the arm midway between the elbow and armpit compresses the main vessel against the bone and diminishes bleeding in upper extremity below the point of pressure, and,

(2) Pressure applied just below the groin on the front, inner half of the thigh compresses the main vessel against the underlying pelvic bone. If considerable force is applied, bleeding should be diminished in the extremity below the point of pressure.

e. Use of Tourniquet: The tourniquet is mentioned principally to discourage its use. Remember, it is always a dangerous instrument

V-3

and should be used only for severe, life threatening hemorrhage that cannot be controlled by other means.

If a tourniquet must be used, it should be placed above and close to the wound. It should be tight enough to control bleeding, but not tight enough to injure the flesh. Once applied, it should not be released except at the hospital, where the patient should be taken as soon as possible.If a tourniquet is applied, a note, indicating the time it was applied and its location, shall be attached to the victim.

5.1.6 Nose Bleed

a. Have the victim take the following steps to control a nosebleed:(1) Have the person sit leaning slightly forward.(2) Pinch the nostrils together for about 10 minutes.(3) Apply an ice pack to the bridge of the nose. If bleeding does not stop –

• Apply pressure on the upper lip to just beneath the nose.• Send someone to call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number if the person loses consciousness; position the personal on the side to allow blood to drain from the nose.

b. After the bleeding stops –(1) Have the person avoid rubbing, blowing or picking the nose, which could restart the bleeding.

NOTE: Seek medical attention if the bleeding persists or recurs or if the person says it results from high blood pressure.

5.1.7 Recognizing and Caring For Shock

a. Shock is a life-threatening condition in which not enough blood is being delivered to all parts of the body and body systems and organs begin to fail. A person showing signals of shock needs immediate medical attention. Shock is likely to develop after any serious injury or illness including severe bleeding, serious internal injury, significant fluid loss or other conditions. The goals of first aid are to get help quickly and give care to minimize shock while caring for the injury or illness.

b. Signals of ShockThe signals that indicate a person may be going into shock include–

(1) Restlessness or irritability.(2) Altered level of consciousness.(3) Nausea or vomiting.(4) Rapid breathing and pulse.(5) Pale or ashen, cool, moist skin.

V-4

(6) Excessive thirst.

c. Care for Shock(1) Make sure that 9-1-1 or the local emergency number has been called.(2) Continue to monitor the person’s ABCs.(3) Control any external bleeding.(4) Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated.(5) Elevate the legs about 12 inches if a head, neck or back injury or if broken bones in the hips or legs are not suspected.(6) Comfort and reassure the person until EMS personnel arrive and take over.

Do not give the person anything to eat or drink, even though he or she is likely to be thirsty. The person’s condition may be severe enough to require surgery, in which case it is better if the stomach is empty.

5.1.8 Sunstroke, Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion

a. Sunstroke and heatstroke have the same symptoms but the cause may be slightly different. Sunstroke results from excessive direct exposure to the sun’s rays, while heatstroke results from excessive indoor heat. Heat exhaustion is caused either by direct exposure to the sun’s rays or by indoor heat.

b. Symptoms and treatment are entirely different for sunstroke or heatstroke, and heat exhaustion as indicated below:

Sunstroke and HeatstrokeCause: Exposure to heat, particularly sun’s rays.Symptoms: Red face; hot, dry skin; no sweating; strong rapid pulse; very high temperature; headache; usually unconscious. Treatment: Call 9-1-1, lay victim with head elevated; cool body with bath or cold applications; do not give stimulants.

Heat ExhaustionCause: Exposure to heat, either sun’s rays or indoors. Symptoms: Pale face; cool, moist skin; profuse sweating; weak pulse; temperature near normal; often faint but seldom uncon- scious.Treatment: Keep victim’s head low; medical care needed in severe cases.

5.1.9 Fainting

a. When someone suddenly loses consciousness and then reawak- ens, he or she may simply have fainted. Fainting is not usually harmful and the person will usually quickly recover. Lower the per- son to the ground or other flat surface and position the person on

V-5

his or her back. If possible, raise the person’s legs 8 to 12 inches. Loosen any tight clothing, such as a tie or collar. Check to make sure the person is breathing. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. If the person vomits, position the person on his or her side.

5.1.10 Fractures (Broken Bones)

a. If a fracture is suspected, treat it as such. Keep the broken ends quiet. Keep the adjacent joints quiet. If they bend, the muscles act against the fractured bone, causing motion. Give first aid for shock. If the fracture is compound, treat for hemorrhage.

b. Do not move victim unless absolutely necessary. Call EMS to the scene of the accident. If necessary to move the victim, always apply splints before moving them. Handle him/her carefully to prevent sharp ends of bones cutting through the flesh.

5.1.11 Transportation of Victims

a. Don’t be hurried into moving an injured person. Always be care- ful in handling and transporting them. Improper methods frequent- ly increase severity of injury and may even cause death. Acquaint yourself with the various carries and safe, careful efficient methods of transportation.

5.1.12 Wounds

a. For small wounds not bleeding severely, apply mild antiseptic, allow to dry, and then cover with sterile-gauze compress. Never cover iodine-treated wound. Until healing is completed, observe wound for any sign of inflammation or infection, in which case consult a doctor immediately

b. Puncture wounds are more likely to become infected than open wounds for several reasons.

(1) Puncture wounds usually do not bleed freely and hence do not clean themselves;

(2) They are difficult to clean out;

(3) Air cannot get to the wound. Lack of air greatly favors growth of certain germs, particularly the one causing tetanus or lockjaw.

c. First aid for a puncture wound is to encourage bleeding by mild pressure. Always see a physician, who will not only treat the wound itself but often give tetanus antitoxin.

V-6

5.1.13 Splinters or Foreign Substances in Body

a. If foreign body is near skin surface it can be picked out after ap- plying antiseptic to skin. Use sterilized forceps or pincers, sterilized needle, or the sterilized point of a knife blade to remove splinters, etc. After foreign body has been removed, induce some bleeding by gentle pressure above the wound. After bleeding has stopped, apply a sterile compress. If foreign body is deeply buried, apply a sterile compress, and take victim to a doctor.

5.1.14 Animal Bites

a. If the bleeding is severe –(1) Control bleeding.(2) Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency numbers especially if you suspect the animal has rabies.(3) Report the incident to the local animal control officer or po- lice.(4) Check with a health care provider whether tetanus booster may be necessary.

b. If the bleeding is minor –(1) Control bleeding.(2) Wash the wound with soap and warm water. If possible, ir- rigate with clean running tap water for about 5 minutes.(3) Apply peroxide if available(4) Apply triple antibiotic ointment or cream if person has no known allergies or sensitivities to the medication.(5) Cover the wound.(6) Report the incident to the local animal control officer or po- lice.(7) Check with a health care provider whether tetanus booster may be necessary.

5.1.15 Snake Bites

a. If someone has been bitten by a pit viper (such as a rattlesnake, copperhead or cotton mouth)

(1) Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.(2) Wash the wound.(3) Keep the injured area still and lower than the heart.

b. If someone has been bitten by an elapid snake (such as a coral snake)

(1) Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.(2) Wash the wound.(3) Apply an elastic roller bandage.

For any snake bit, DO NOT –• Apply ice.

V-7

• Cut the wound.• Apply suction.• Apply a tourniquet.

5.1.16 Burns-Thermal

a. Burns are caused by heat of any kind, friction, chemicals such as acids or alkalis, electric current and radiant energy such as sun’s rays or electric arc. Burns are classified also according to degree as follows:First degree — Skin reddened Second degree — Skin blistered Third degree — Skin and deeper underlying tissue destroyed.

b. The chief dangers of severe burns are shock and infection. Most deaths occurring within the first few days are caused by shock. Keep the victim Iying down and avoid exposure or cold. If trans- portation to a hospital is soon available, simply cover the victim with a clean sheet or blanket and get them to a hospital as soon as possible.

c. Where first-aid treatment is indicated for a third degree burn, remove loose clothing, but not if it sticks. Cut clothing around the adhere area so that body movement will not pull the burn. Leave the remainder for the doctor to remove. Cover with sterile dry dressing to exclude air. USE NO OINTMENT. Treat a second degree burn where blistered skin has broken as if it were a third degree burn.

d. Treatment of first degree burns with cold water is recommended, and also second degree burns where blistered skin is not broken.The actual treatment consists of immersion of burn into a basin of cold water as soon as possible. The temperature of the water should be as cold as the patient finds comfortable. Ice may be added to keep the water at this temperature. Where it is impracti- cal to immerse the burn, moist cold towels or compresses may be used.

5.1.17 Electrical Burns Occur

a. When current passes through the body, burning or destroying tissue as it goes, it makes a third degree burn which may be smaller on the surface than underneath and is slow to heal.

b. Flash burns occur when current flashes to ground or phase to phase. Flash burns to the skin are usually not deep, usually first or second degree. Electrical burns should be treated the same as thermal burns.

c. Flash burns to the eyes may not show up until some time later In first-aid for flash burns of the eye, light should be excluded by

V-8

using a moist compress held lightly in place with a bandage. Eye burns should have a doctor’s attention as soon as possible.

5.1.18 Burns—Chemical

a. Burns caused by acid (such as acetic, formic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, nitric, oxalic or sulfuric) or alkali (such as ammonia, caustic soda, caustic potash, soda-ash, lime) should be washed immediately with large quantities of water until the chemical is thoroughly washed away. Then apply an ointment dressing and call EMS (refer to MSDS for proper treatment).

b. Carbolic acid (phenol) burns should first be washed by sponging with rubbing alcohol, if possible.

5.1.19 Eye Injuries

a. For an object embedded in the eye –(1) DO NOT attempt to remove an object embedded in the eye.(2) Place a sterile dressing around the object in the eye; stabilize the object, such as with a paper cup, for support.(3) Bandage loosely and do not put pressure on the injured eye/ eyeball.(4) Seek immediate medical attention.(5) Because shock is likely if bleeding is severe, give care to minimize shock.

b. For small foreign bodies in the eye such as sand or other small debris –

(1) Tell the person to blink several times to try to remove the object.(2) Gently flush the eye with water.(3) Seek medical attention if the object remains.

c. For chemicals in the eye –(1) Flush the eye continuously with water for 10 minutes or until EMS personnel arrives. Always flush away from the uninjured eye.

5.1.20 Sprains and Strains

a. Sprains are partial or complete tears of ligaments caused by violent stretching or twisting of a joint.

b. First-aid consists of elevating the injured part and cold applica- tions. If the sprain is severe, the part should not be used until a doctor examines it. The difference between a sprain and a fracture at the joint, which may occur together, is often difficult to deter- mine. If in doubt, treat the injury as a fracture.

V-9

c. A strain is a muscle or tendon injury resulting from severe exer- tion, such as lifting from improper position, lifting too heavy a load, and quick wrenches.

5.1.21 Bruises

a. A bruise is caused by a blow which breaks the small blood vessels in the tissue just under the skin.

b. Ice or cloths wrung out in very cold water, if applied immedi- ately, help to prevent discoloration, keep down the swelling, and relieve pain.

5.1.22 Poison ivy, Oak and Sumac

a. Poison ivy, oak and sumac are common causes of skin poisoning. Learn to recognize these plants and avoid contact with them. Re- member that handling them once without poisoning doesn’t mean that you will always be immune.

b. Poison ivy is either a climbing or crawling plant and hence may be found on trees, poles or as a low-growing shrub, chiefly in un- cultivated spots like woodland borders, and along fences and stone walls. The leaves are always arranged in characteristic groups of three, and are usually glossy.

c. Poison oak is closely related to poison ivy, similar in appearance and habits of growth, but the edges of the leaves are more deeply notched. Poison oak is not a tree and is in no way related to the oak family.

d. Poison sumac is a shrub or small tree which may grow 20 feet high. When in fruit, it may be distinguished from the non-poi- sonous variety by the loose drooping clusters of white berries on poison sumac or by its leaf surface which is usually glossy.

e. Poison ivy, oak and sumac secrete an oily substance, minute amounts of which will severely poison the skin on contact. The poison can be transmitted by the smoke of burning plants, insects or an article of clothing, such as a shoe or glove, that has contacted the plant. Occasionally one person carries the poison to another. Scratching may transfer it from one part of the body to another. Poisoning is more likely to occur when the skin is covered with perspiration.

f. Symptoms: The skin becomes red and swollen and itches vio- lently in one to nine days after exposure. Small blisters form and may unite into large blisters. Frequently they become infected from scratching and form pus.

V-10

g. Treatment: Exposed areas of the skin should be washed as soon as possible after exposure to the plants, using plenty of hot water and yellow soap. Make a thick lather and wash five or six times. Don’t use a brush or rough materials, because they only irritate the skin and increase the danger of poisoning. If convenient, wash thoroughly with rubbing alcohol. Rinse in clear water and dry.h. If a rash develops despite preventive measures, first wash thoroughly with yellow soap and warm water, then with rubbing alcohol and apply calamine or other suitable lotion.

5.1.23 Frostbite

Frostbite is the freezing of body parts exposed to the cold. Severity depends on the air temperature, length of exposure and the wind. Frostbite can cause the loss of fingers, hands, arms, toes, feet and legs.

a. Signals of Frostbite(1) Lack of feeling in an affected area(2) Skin that appears waxy, cold to the touch or discolored (flushed, white, yellow or blue)

b. Care for Frostbite(1) Get the person out of the cold.(2) Do not attempt to rewarm the frostbitten area if there is a chance that it might refreeze or if you are close to a medical facility.(3) Handle the area gently; never rub the affected area.(4) Warm gently by soaking the affected area in warm water (100° - 105 °F) until normal color returns and the area feels warm.(5) Loosely bandage the area with dry, sterile dressings.(6) If the person’s fingers or toes are frostbitten, place dry, sterile gauze between them to keep them separated.(7) Avoid breaking any blisters.(8) Take precautions to prevent hypothermia.(9) Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number to seek emergency medical care as soon as possible.

5.1.24 Hypothermia

Hypothermia occurs when the entire body cools because its ability to keep warm fails. The person will die if not given care.

a. Signals of Hypothermia(1) Shivering, numbness, glassy stare(2) Apathy, weakness, impaired judgment(3) Loss of consciousness

b. Care for Hypothermia

V-11

(1) Gently move the person to a warm place.(2) Monitor airway, breathing and circulation.(3) Give rescue breathing or CPR if needed.(4) Remove any wet clothing and dry the person.

SECTION 5.2 — RESUSCITATION PROCEDURES

Use American Red Cross or American Heart Association Training.

5.2.1 Pole-Top (Oesterich) Method

a. General considerations

(1) Protect yourself—observe hazards. De-energize wires if neces- sary. Use rubber protective devices.

(2) Start immediately—seconds count. Do not delay. Apply pole- top arm-lift method until it is practical to lower victim to ground, then use Back-Pressure Arm-Lift or Mouth-to-Mouth Method.

(3) Call EMS. Have someone summon medical aid.

(4) Don’t Give Up. Continue resuscitation until victim is breath- ing without help or is certainly dead.

5.2.2 Pole Top Rescue and Bucket Rescue

Electric contacts may occur at elevated locations. When such a con- tact does happen, immediate rescue efforts are necessary.Rescue operations will vary, depending upon the situation. The information in this section is intended to serve only as a guide. Preplanning for a possible emergency is important. Prompt action by fellow employees is essential in effecting rescue operations.

a. Size up the situation. The rescue effort will be far more effective if a few seconds are devoted to full identification of the situation.

b. Prepare the equipment you will need.

c. Protect yourself. Apply necessary protective equipment. Use necessary personal protective devices. Then clear the victim from hazards.

d. Position yourself for rescue.

e. Proceed with rescue or resuscitation as dictated by the condi- tions:

(1) If victim is conscious:

V-12

[aa] Reassure the injured. [bb] Be watchful for shock.[cc] Help injured descend the pole. [dd] Administer first-aid.

(2) If victim is unconscious and breathing:[aa] Watch breathing closely. [bb] Lower injured to ground. [cc] Give first aid.[dd] Summon medical assistance.

f. Lowering the victim from the pole

(1) For field expediency, the following method is suggested.

[aa] Place handline on crossarm, preferably 2 or 3 feet from pole.[bb] Make one wrap of line. Do not cross load line over fall line.[cc] Pass handline under armpits. [dd] Tie 3 half hitches.[ee] Cinch line tightly around victim. [ f f ] Remove slack in line.[gg] Cut victim’s safety. [hh] Lower victim.

(2) Depending upon the situation, alternate hitching or lowering methods might be more desirable.

g. Lowering the victim from the bucket

(1) Follow steps a. - e.

(2) Always have a handline in the basket.

(3) Know how to use the lower override controls.

h. There are four (4) basic types of aerial basket systems which you may be required to operate and be familiar with.

(1) The zip or squirt boom

(aa) Lower basket to ground. (bb) Tilt basket.(cc) Pull out victim.

(2) The digger derrick

(aa) Same as zip or squirt except bucket may be tilted by ex- tending or retracting boom.

V-13

(3) The non-over center boom

(aa) May not allow the basket to be lowered to the ground or allow the basket to be tipped.(bb) Lower the basket to a point on the vehicle (storage rack, back of the truck) where the victim can be pulled out without endangering yourself.

(4) The over-center boom

(aa) Lower basket to ground. (bb) Tip basket.(cc) Pull victim from bucket.

NOTE: For any of the rescue methods, if the victim cannot be pulled from bucket or if bucket does not have a tilt, victim may have to be hoisted using a handline and block and tackle. The han- dline can be attached to the body belt’s “D” ring.

SECTION 5.3 — BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN- OSHA-1910.1030The employer shall determine those employees who work in all classifi- cations including the administrative areas where it has been determined that a potential occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens may exist.

5.3.1 Training and Information

a. All designated employees shall receive training as required under provisions of 29 CFR 1910.1030.

b. Records of training shall contain the following:

(1) Dates of training

(2) The specific contents of the training syllabus

(3) Name and qualifications of person conducting training

(4) Names and job titles of all persons attending training sessions

(5) Training records shall be maintained for three (3) years from the date on which the training occurred.

5.3.2 Methods of Compliance

a. Universal Precautions shall be observed to prevent contact with

V-14

blood, body fluids or other potentially infectious materials.

b. An exposure incident shall be reported to the designated safety or health person no later than the end of the work day. This in- cludes weekends.

c. Personal protective equipment, i.e. latex gloves, goggles, and pocket breathing masks should be provided with each first aid kit. The latex gloves shall be worn when any potential exposure incident occurs. The pocket breathing masks shall be used should an employee be required to perform CPR. An approved infectious waste container should be included with the kit.

d. Eye protection shall be worn by employees when providing first aid to a bleeding victim.

e. Employee shall wash their hands and any other exposed area of skin with soap and water following emergency medical treatment. Mucous membranes shall be flushed with water immediately or as soon as possible following contact of such body areas with blood, body fluids or other potentially infectious materials.

5.3.3 Pre Exposure Procedures

a. The employer shall make available hepatitis B vaccine to any employee whose occupation exposes them to potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens.

5.3.4 Post Exposure Procedures

a. The employer shall make available the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series to all employees who have had an exposure incident. Should the employee elect to take the vaccine and the vaccination series, the initial vaccination should begin within twenty-four (24) hours of the time of the exposure. This includes weekends.

b. A post-exposure evaluation and follow-up shall be made avail- able to all employees who have had an exposure incident.

c. All medical evaluations and procedures including the hepatitis B vaccine and vaccination series and post-exposure evaluation and follow-up, including prophylaxis, are available at no cost to the employee. These shall be performed by a licensed health care pro- fessional and shall follow the guidelines and recommendations that are in effect at the time of the exposure incident.

5.3.5 Post Exposure Evaluations

Following the report of an exposure incident, the employer shall

V-15

make immediately available to the exposed employee a confidential medical evaluation and follow-up. This should include no less than the following:a. The circumstances under which the exposure incident occurred.

b. Identification and documentation of the source individual unless prohibited by state or local law.

c. The results of the source individual’s testing shall be made avail- able to the exposed employee, and the employee shall be informed of applicable laws and regulations, if any, concerning disclosure of the identity and infectious status of the source individual.

5.3.6 Housekeeping

a. Employees shall ensure that good housekeeping is maintained at the work site.

b. Following an exposure incident, all appropriate equipment and working surfaces shall be cleaned and decontaminated with a suit- able disinfectant. The disinfecting agent or applicator from the kit may be disposed of as normal waste.

c. All broken glassware or sharp metal which may be contaminated shall not be picked up directly with the hands. A brush and dust pan, tongs or forceps or similar available tools shall be used to clean up such items.

d. All contaminated items including clothing shall be placed in an approved infectious waste container that is easily accessible to all employees. All such containers shall be marked with the standard bio-hazard legend.

5.3.7 Review

This procedure shall be reviewed and updated on an annual basis and revised as necessary.

V-16

OF

STRAIGHTEN UP KEEP COMINGALL DONE OK STOPCRAWLER VE- HICLES MOVE CRAWLERS IN DIRECTION OF HAND MOVE- MENT

PART VI — INFORMATION

6.1.1 General

The information contained herein is not a part of the Safety Manual but is included for your convenience.

It is intended as a ready reference for frequently used information and includes various charts, tables, signals, useful knots, strength and weights of material plus additional blank pages for recording other data and information you may wish to have for ready reference.

HAND SIGNALS

6.1.2 Maneuvering Vehicles

GO COMETO ME GO AWAY

FROM MEGO THE WAY

I AM POINTING

ALWAYS REMEMBER ANY SIGNAL NOT UNDERSTOOD MEANS STOP.

VI-1

6.1.3 Live Derricks on Line Trucks, Mobile Cranes and Locomotive Cranes

NOTE: If crane or truck is to be moved, use the signals shown in D2. Maneuvering Vehicles.

Always remember any signal not understood means stop.

VI-2

6.1.4 Winch Line and Hoist Signals

6.1.5 Overhead Crane Signals

VI-3

6.1.6 Standard Hand Signals for Sagging and Stringing Wire and Indicating Conductors

SLOWER TAKE-UP SLACK OFF

ALL OFF CUT LOOSE STOP

INDICATING CONDUCTORS

HORIZONTAL CONSTRUCTION

VERTICAL CONSTRUCTION

NOTE: Space radio is used extensively in our work. When using radio signals, standard operating procedures compatible with F.C.C. regulations must be followed. Be sure you understand all signals used in your organization.

VI-4

6.1.7 Use of Hand Signals for Traffic Control

PREFERRED METHODSTOP/SLOW Paddle EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ONLY

Red Flag

TO STOP TRAFFIC

TO LET TRAFFIC PROCEED

TO ALERT AND SLOW TRAFFIC

a. Flagman stations should be located far enough from the work site so that vehicles will have sufficient distance to slow down or stop before entering the project, but not so far that vehicles will tend to speed up again before entering the work site.

b. Flagman stations shall be illuminated at night. Conspicuous clothing is required to accentuate the visibility of flagmen.

VI-5

c. Lights should be used to flag traffic at night. To stop traffic the light should be waved back and forth across the path of the approaching vehicle. The signal to proceed should be made verbally or by a hand motion. Each flagman should be equipped to give an audible signal which may be used to attract the at- tention of motorists and to warn the workmen when a motorist refuses to obey the flagman.

d. Flagging procedures, when used, should provide positive guidance to road users traversing the temporary traffic control zone.

e. When flagging procedures are used, day or night, all tempo- rary traffic control devices including flagger requirements shall meet all federal, state, and local regulations.

f. Proper signing and/or flagging are always required for all work on all state highways at all times.

g. If a traffic lane is reduced to ten (10) feet or less by signs, cones or vehicles parked on the shoulder or traffic lane then the procedures for a lane closure will be in effect.

h. For daytime work, the flagger’s vest, shirt or jacket shall be either orange, yellow, yellow-green or a fluorescent version of these colors.

i. The flagger should be clearly visible to the first approaching road user at all time.

j. The flagger should be stationed sufficiently in advance of the workers to warn them (for example, with audible warningdevices such as horns, whistles, etc.) of approaching danger by out-of-control vehicles.

k. The flagger should stand alone, never permitting a group of workers to congregate around the flagger station.

l. For nighttime work, similar outside garment shall be retrore- flective.

m. At night, flagger stations should be illuminated.

VI-6

6.1.8 Hand Signals For Railroad And Yard Crews

NOTE: A flag or lamp moved in the same direction as the moving hand illustrated below gives the same indication as the moving hand.

PROCEED OR FORWARD REDUCE SPEED

Arm raised and lowered vertically in front of signalman

Arm fully extended in horizontal position.

STEADY (SLOW) BACK UP

Arm held vertically above head. Arm swung vertically in a circle at halfarm’s length across the track.

UNCOUPLE STOP

Both arms raised and lowered simulta- neously but in opposite directions.

Back and forth movement above the track.

NOTE: Any violent waving of arms or objects by anyone near the tracks shall be accepted as a signal to stop.

VI-7

HAND SIGNALS The hand signals illustrated here are standard signals used by barge opera- tors. It is possible that not all will be needed in our operation. However, any signals that are used should conform to those shown here.

STRAIGHT AHEAD

PORT STARBOARD ALL CLEAR

FORWARD PORT FORWARD STARBOARD CLEAR STARBOARD

BACK UP PORT BACK UP STARBOARD FULL ASTERN

6.1.9 Hand Signals For Bargemen and Dockmen

MAKE COUPLING TAKE OFF LINES CUT ENGINES

NOTE: The speed with which a moving signal is given indicates the speed of the craft desired: e.g. a “Straight Ahead” signal given by slow movement of the hands, indicates that the signalman desires the craft to move forward slowly.

VI-8

6.1.10 Helicopter Hand Signals

MOVE RIGHT MOVE LEFT MOVE FORWARD

Arm extended in direction of travel, other arm sweeps up over head. Pull palms in

direction of travel

MOVE REARWARD MOVE UPWARD MOVE DOWNWARD

Push palms in direction of travel

Palms up motioning forward

Palms down motioning downward

RELEASE SLING LOAD LAND TAKE OFF

Right arm brought down across body

HOLD, HOVER

“Stop”, in stringing wire

NOTE: The above signals are to guide the helicopter. The work may require other standard signals in addition to these, such as for wire stringing.

VI-9

SECTION 6.2

6.2.1 Rope, Knots and Hitches

Square or Reef Knot for joining ropes.

Bowline gives loop that will not slip under strain, and can be easily untied after strain is released.

Running Bowline — Passing long end of bowline through loop makes a good slip knot.

Bowline on Bight makes a comfort- able emergency sling to sit on.

VI-10

Timber Hitch and Half Hitch for lifting can be easily loosened after strain is released, but will not slip under pull.

Rolling Hitch for hauling spar or large cable.

Double Sheet Bend for joining two ropes, especially those of unequal size, will hold new and wet ropes.

Sheepshank for shortening a rope or to bypass a weak spot.

VI-11

Clove Hitch for snubbing a line

Tautline Hitch is used when you need to keep a rope tight that tends to sag over time. It holds in one direction, but canbe slid in the other, when slack has to be taken out.

NOTE: Synthetic rope lines, when new, have a hard, smooth surface. As the rope is used the surface becomes rougher, For this reason new synthetic rope lines may be slippery to hold by hand under tension, and to maintain control, a snubbing wrap may be required.Some knots if not properly tied and tightened, before the load ten- sion is applied, may slip.

To avoid this problem, allow the free ends of all knots to extend at least twice the distance that would be normal for natural fiber rope.

In addition, check that the knot is tied properly and pull the knot tight before tension is applied.

VI-12

6.2.2 Efficiency of Knots in Fiber Rope

Approximate efficiency of various knots in fiber rope as a percent- age of the full strength of the rope:

Type of Knot Efficiency

New rope (unknotted).............................................................100%Eye splice over iron thimble........................................................90%Short hand splice........................................................................80%Timber hitch (round turn & half hitch).......................................65%Bowline, slip-knot, or clove hitch................................................60%Square knot, weaver’s knot or sheet bend...................................50%Flemish loop or overhand knot...................................................45%

NOTE: See notes on Page 11.

SECTION 6.3 — NATURAL, SYNTHETIC FIBER AND WIRE ROPE SLINGS

6.3.1 Loads on Slings Change With Angle

NOTE: Slings and bridles should be padded any place they break over a load with a 90° edge with no radius. This is to protect both the sling and the load.

VI-13

6.3.2 Safe Working Loads in Pounds for Synthetic Web Slings

FITT

ED

STRA

IGH

T EY

E

REVE

RSE

EYE

CON

TIN

UO

US

DO

UBL

E EY

E

DO

UBL

E PL

Y

WEB WIDTH INCHES

VERT

ICAL

CHO

KER

BASK

ET

CHO

KER

SIN

GLE

BA

SKET

DO

UBL

E BA

SKET

1 1,200 900 2,400 2,000 2,000 4,0002 2,400 1,800 4,800 3,600 3,600 7,2003 3,600 2,700 7,200 5,400 5,400 10,8004 4,800 3,600 9,600 7,200 7,200 14,4005 6,000 4,500

12,000 8,400 9,000 18,000

6 7,200 5,400 1

4,400 9,400 10,800 21,600

NOTE: Each synthetic web sling shall be marked or coded to show:

(1) Name or trademark of manufacturer.

(2) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.

(3) Type of material.

The rated capacity shall not be exceeded.

VI-14

6.3.3. Natural And Synthetic Fiber Rope And Slings

All splices in rope slings shall be made in accordance with fiber rope manufacturers’ recommendations.

In manila rope, eye splices shall contain at least three full tucks, and short splices shall contain at least six full tucks (three on each side of the centerline of the splice).

In layed synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall contain at least four full tucks, and short splices shall contain at least eight full tucks (four on each side of the centerline of the splice).

Strand and tails shall not be trimmed short (flush with the surface of the rope) immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This precaution applies to both eye and short splices and all types of fiber rope. For fiber ropes under 1-inch diameter, the tails shall project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiber rope 1-inch diam- eter and larger, the tails shall project at least 6 inches beyond the last full tuck. In applications where the projecting tails may be objection- able, the tails shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck).

For all eye splices, the eye shall be sufficiently large to provide an included angle of not greater than 60° at the splice when the eye is placed over the load or support.

Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.

Synthetic rope lines used as live line tools or in conjunction with live line tools, must be dry and stored in areas protected from moisture. In addition, these lines must be clean and free of any contamination.

Chemical fibers used in some synthetic rope lines have rather low melting points compared to natural hemp fibers. These lines may re- tain their strength through considerable fiber melting and then part without warning. For this reason, synthetic ropes used on capstans or in other friction conditions that will produce heat, should be care- fully inspected before, during, and after use.

VI-15

6.3.4 Safe Loads on 3 Strand Manila Rope

ROPE DIA- METER

Nominal In

Inches

Nominal Weight

Per100 ft.

In Pounds

Minimum Breaking Strength

InPounds

Safety

Factors 90° 60° 45° 30°

Safe Working

Load Vertical

Safe Working

Load Choker

1/2 7.5 2,650 550 250 1,100 900 750 5509/16 10.4 3,450 700 350 1,400 1,200 1,000 7005/8 13.3 4,400 900 450 1,800 1,500 1,200 9003/4 16.7 5,400 1,100 550 2,200 1,900 1,500 1,10013/16 19.5 6,500 1,300 650 2,600 2,300 1,800 1,3007/8 22.5 7,700 1,500 750 3,100 2,700 2,200 1,500

1 27.0 9,000 1,800 900 3,600 3,100 2,600 1,8001 1/16 31.3 10,500 2,100 1,100 4,200 3,600 3,000 2,100

1 1/8 36.0 12,000 2,400 1,200 4,800 4,200 3,400 2,4001 1/4 41.7 13,500 2,700 1,400 5,400 4,700 3,800 2,7001 5/16 47.9 15,000 3,000 1,500 6,000 5,200 4,300 3,000

1 1/2 59.9 18,500 3,700 1,850 7,400 6,400 5,200 3,7001 5/8 74.6 22,500 4,500 2,300 9,000 7,800 6,400 4,5001 3/4 89.3 26,500 5,300 2,700 10,500 9,200 7,500 5,3002 107.5 31,000 6,200 3,100 12,500 10,500 8,800 6,2002 1/8 125.0 36,000 7,200 3,600 14,500 12,500 10,000 7,200

6.3.5 Safe Loads on 3 Strand Nylon Rope

ROPE DIA- METER

Nominal In

Inches

Nominal Weight

Per100 ft.

In Pounds

Minimum Breaking Strength

InPounds

Safety

Factors 90° 60° 45° 30°

Safe Working

Load Vertical

Safe Working

Load Choker

1/2 6.5 6,080 700 350 1,400 1,200 950 7009/16 8.3 7,600 850 400 1,700 1,500 1,200 8505/8 10.5 9,880 1,100 550 2,200 1,900 1,600 1,1003/4 14.5 13,490 1,500 750 3,000 2,600 2,100 1,50013/16 17.0 16,150 1,800 900 3,600 3,100 2,600 1,8007/8 20.0 19,000 2,100 1,100 4,200 3,700 3,000 2,100

1 26.0 23,750 2,600 1,300 5,300 4,600 3,700 2,6001 1/16 29.0 27,360 3,000 1,500 6,100 5,300 4,300 3,000

1 1/8 34.0 31,350 3,500 1,700 7,000 6,000 5,000 3,5001 1/4 40.0 35,625 4,000 2,000 7,900 6,900 5,600 4,0001 5/16 45.0 40,850 4,500 2,300 9,100 7,900 6,400 4,500

1 1/2 55.0 50,350 5,600 2,800 11,000 9,700 7,900 5,6001 5/8 68.0 61,750 6,900 3,400 13,500 12,000 9,700 6,9001 3/4 83.0 74,100 8,200 4,100 16,500 14,500 11,500 8,2002 95.0 87,400 9,700 4,900 19,500 17,000 13,500 9,7002 1/8 109.0 100,700 11,000 5,600 22,500 19,500 16,000 11,000

VI-16

6.3.6 Safe Loads on New Polyester Rope

ROPE DIA- METER

Nominal In

Inches

Nominal Weight

Per100 ft.

In Pounds

Minimum Breaking Strength

InPounds

Safety

Factors 90° 60° 45° 30°

Safe Working

Load Vertical

Safe Working

Load Choker

1/2 8.0 6,080 700 350 1,400 1,200 950 7009/16 10.2 7,600 850 400 1,700 1,500 1,200 8505/8 13.0 9,500 1,100 550 2,100 1,800 1,500 1,1003/4 17.5 11,875 1,300 650 2,600 2,300 1,900 1,30013/16 21.0 14,725 1,600 800 3,300 2,800 2,300 1,6007/8 25.0 17,100 1,900 950 3,800 3,300 2,700 1,900

1 30.5 20,900 2,300 1,200 4,600 4,000 3,300 2,3001 1/16 34.5 24,225 2,700 1,300 5,400 4,700 3,800 2,700

1 1/8 40.0 28,025 3,100 1,600 6,200 5,400 4,400 3,1001 1/4 46.3 31,540 3,500 1,800 7,000 6,100 5,000 3,5001 5/16 52.5 35,625 4,000 2,000 7,900 6,900 5,600 4,000

1 1/2 66.8 44,460 4,900 2,500 9,900 8,600 7,000 4,9001 5/8 82.0 54,150 6,000 3,000 12,000 10,400 8,500 6,0001 3/4 98.0 64,410 7,200 3,600 14,500 12,500 10,000 7,0002 118.0 76,000 8,400 4,200 17,000 14,500 12,000 8,4002 1/8 135.0 87,400 9,700 4,900 19,500 17,000 13,500 9,700

6.3.7 Safe Loads on New Polypropylene Rope

ROPE DIA- METER

Nominal In

Inches

Nominal Weight

Per100 ft.

In Pounds

Minimum Breaking Strength

InPounds

Safety

Factors 90° 60° 45° 30°

Safe Working

Load Vertical

Safe Working

Load Choker

1/2 4.7 3,990 650 350 1,300 1,200 950 6509/16 6.1 4,845 800 400 1,600 1,400 1,100 8005/8 7.5 5,890 1,000 500 2,000 1,700 1,400 1,0003/4 10.7 8,075 1,300 700 2,700 2,300 1,900 1,30013/16 12.7 9,405 1,600 800 3,100 2,700 2,200 1,6007/8 15.0 10,925 1,800 900 3,600 3,200 2,600 1,800

1 18.0 13,300 2,200 1,100 4,400 3,800 3,100 2,2001 1/16 20.4 15,200 2,500 1,300 5,100 4,400 3,600 2,500

1 1/8 23.7 17,385 2,900 1,500 5,800 5,000 4,100 2,9001 1/4 27.0 19,950 3,300 1,700 6,700 5,800 4,700 3,3001 5/16 30.5 22,325 3,700 1,900 7,400 6,400 5,300 3,700

1 1/2 38.5 28,215 4,700 2,400 9,400 8,100 6,700 4,7001 5/8 47.5 34,200 5,700 2,900 11,500 9,900 8,100 5,7001 3/4 57.0 40,850 6,800 3,400 13,500 12,000 9,600 6,8002 69.0 49,400 8,200 4,100 16,500 14,500 11,500 8,2002 1/8 80.0 57,950 9,700 4,800 19,500 16,500 13,500 9,700

VI-17

6.3.8 Distribution of Load on Blocks and Tackle

2,000 LBS. 1,500 LBS.

SINGLE PULLEY

SINGLE PULLEY

500 LBS. EACH

1,000 LBS. EACH

2 PART TACKLE

500 LBS. EACH

SINGLE PULLEY SINGLE

PULLEY

1,000 LBS. A 1,000 LBS. B 1,000 LBS. C

SINGLE PULLEY

666 LBS. 1,000 LBS.SINGLE PULLEY

DOUBLE PULLEY

1,333 LBS.

2 PART TACKLE

333 LBS. EACH

2 PART 500 LBS.TACKLE EACH

3 PART TACKLE

333 LBS. EACH

SINGLE PULLEY

SINGLE PULLEY

SINGLE PULLEY

1,000 LBS. D 1,000 LBS. E 1,000 LBS. F

800 LBS. 1,250 LBS. 857 LBS.

DOUBLE PULLEY

DOUBLE PULLEY

TRIPLE PULLEY

4 PART TACKLE

200 LBS. EACH

4 PART 250 LBS.TACKLE EACH

6 PART TACKLE

143 LBS. EACH

DOUBLE PULLEY

DOUBLE PULLEY

TRIPLE PULLEY

1,000 LBS. G 1,000 LBS. H 1,000 LBS. I

VI-18

Diam. Rope Inches

Min. Size

Blocks Inches

Straight Pull

1 Part Fall1 Single

Block

2 Part Falls2 Single Blocks

3 Part Falls1 Single

1 Double Block

4 Part Falls2 Double

Blocks

5 Part Falls1 Double1 Triple Block

6 Part Falls2 Triple Blocks

1/2 4 530 482 883 1,223 1,514 1,786 1,9873/4 6 1,080 982 1,800 2,492 3,086 3,600 4,050

1 8 1,800 1,630 3,000 4,154 5,143 6,000 6,7501 1/4 12 2,700 2,455 4,500 6,231 7,714 9,000 10,0121 1/2 14 2,700 3,364 6,167 8,538 10,571 12,333 13,875

NOTE: For sisal rope reduce the above values 25% or use next larger size rope.

For nylon and polyester rope increase the above values up to 25%.

For polypropylene rope increase the above values up to 10%.

6.3.9 Strength o

f New

Manila R

ope and Tackle (Safe

Load

in Pou

nds)

VI-

100

6.3.10 Efficiency of Wire Rope Connections

h

Figure 2 Figure3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

The above efficiency factors should be applied to the safe working load of the wire rope being used.

NOTE: Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings or bull wires shall not be formed by wire rope clips or knots.

An eye splice made in any wire rope shall have not less than three full tucks. However, this requirement shall not operate to preclude the use of another form of splice or connection which can be shown to be as efficient and which is not otherwise prohibited.

VI-20

Figure Type of Connection Efficiency

2Wire Rope..........................................Sockets — Zinc Type — properly attac

100%ed 100%

3 Wedge Sockets .................................. 70%4 Clips .................................................. 80%56

Plate Clamp — Three Bolt Type.........Spliced Eye and Thimble:

1/4” and smaller ............................

80%

90%5/16” - 7/16”................................. 88%1/2” ............................................... 86%5/8” ............................................... 84%3/4” ............................................... 82%

6.3.11 Safe Working Loads for Improved Plow Steel Wire Rope

Rope Diam. Inches

6 x 19 Classification 6 x 37 ClassificationFiber Core Wire Core Fibe

rCore Wire Core

Breaking Strength in Tons

Safe Working Load Lbs.

Breaking Strength in Tons

Safe Working Load Lbs.

Breaking Strength in Tons

Safe Working Load Lbs.

Breaking Strength in Tons

Safe Working Load Lbs.

3/8 6.1 2,450 6.56 2,600 5.77 2,300 6.2 2,5001/2 10.7 4,300 11.5 4,600 10.2 4,100 11.0 4,4005/8 16.7 6,700 17.9 7,150 15.8 6,300 17.0 6,8003/4 23.8 9,500 25.6 10,250 22.6 9,000 24.3 9,7007/8 32.2 12,900 34.6 13,850 30.6 12,250 32.9 13,150

1 41.8 16,700 44.9 18,000 39.8 15,900 42.8 17,100

6.3.12 Safe Loads for Wire Rope Slings

(Single Part Rope Laid 6 x 19 I.W.R.C.)

Size in

Inches

SINGLE SLING TWO SLINGS

Vertical Choker Basket 60° 45° 30°

3/8 2,400 1,800 3,200 4,230 3,460 2,4501/2 4,000 3,000 5,800 7,450 6,080 4,3005/8 6,400 4,800 9,000 11,600 9,430 6,670

3/4 9,000 6,800 12,800 16,500 13,450 9,5207/8 11,400 8,400 16,000 22,300 18,200 12,800

1 14,800 11,000 20,800 29,000 23,690 16,790

VI-

6.3.13 Safe Loads (lbs.) for Allay Steel Chain Slings & Shackles

RATED CAPACITY (WORKING LOAD LIMIT), FOR ALLOY STEEL CHAIN SLINGS*

RATED CAPACITY (WORKING LOAD LIMIT), POUNDS

Chain Size, Inches

Single Branch Sling —

90 degree Loading

Double Sling Vertical Angle (1)

30 degree 45 degree 60 degreeHorizontal Angle (2)

60 degree 45 degree 30 degree

Triple and Quadruple Sling Vertical Angle (1)

30 degree 45 degree 60 degreeHorizontal Angle (2)

60 degree 45 degree 30 degree1/4 3,250 5,560 4,550 3,250 8,400 6,8000 4,9003/8 6,600 11,400 9,300 6,600 17,000 14,000 9,9001/2 11,250 19,500 15,900 11,250 29,000 24,000 17,0005/8 16,500 28,500 23,300 16,500 43,000 35,000 24,5003/4 23,000 39,800 32,500 23,000 59,500 48,500 34,5007/8 28,750 49,800 40,600 28,750 74,500 61,000 43,000

1 38,750 67,100 54,800 38,750 101,000 82,000 58,0001-1/8 44,500 77,000 63,000 44,500 115,500 94,500 66,5001-1/4 57,500 99,500 81,000 57,500 149,000 121,500 86,0001-3/8 67,000 116,000 94,000 67,000 174,000 141,000 100,5001-1/2 80,000 138,000 112,500 80,000 207,000 169,000 119,5001-3/4 100,000 172,000 140,000 100,000 258,000 210,000 150,000

(1) Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading measured as the included angle betweenthe inclined leg and the vertical.(2) Rating of multileg slings adjusted for angle of loading between the inclined leg and the horizontal lane of the load.*Other grades of proof tested steel chain include Proof Coil, BBB Coil and Hi-Test Chain. These grades are not recommended for overhead lifting and therefore are not covered by this code.Wrought iron chain should not be used for hoisting.

TABLE H-2 — MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT OF LINK

Chain Maximumsize allowable(inches) wear (inch) 1/4........................................3/643/8 ........................................ 5/641/2 ........................................ 7/645/8 ........................................ 9/643/4 ........................................ 5/327/8 ........................................11/64

Chain Maximumsize allowable(inches) wear (inch) 1...........................................3/161-1/8 ..................................... 7/321-1/4 ..................................... 1/41-3/8 ..................................... 9/321-1/2 ..................................... 5/161-3/4 .....................................

SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES(In tons of 2000 pounds)

Material size Pin diame- Safe work- (inches) ter (inches) ing load

1/2 ............................... 5/8 1.45/8 ............................... 3/4 2.23/4 ............................... 7/8 3.27/8 ............................... 1 4.31................................... 1-1/8 5.61-1/8 ............................ 1-1/4 6.71-1/4 ............................ 1-3/8 8.21-3/8 ............................ 1-1/2 10.01-1/2 ............................ 1-5/8 11.91-3/4 ............................ 2 16.22................................... 2-1/4 21.2

VI-22

SECTION 6.4 — WEIGHTS OF POLES

6.4.1 Average Weights of Poles

It should be understood that poles, even within the same class, vary in diameter and hence weight. Also, the moisture content of a pole changes under various conditions. Therefore, the weights given in these tables should be taken as average values only, but they should prove sufficiently reliable.

Average weight of southern pine poles treated to ten (10) pounds retention creosoted. 4.3 pounds for Penta.

NOTE: Ten pound treatment per cu. ft. of pole, or 4.3 pounds for Penta.

Length (ft.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 1030 1161 1010 851 735 641 535 460 33835 1546 1296 1123 945 819 709 59140 1921 1663 1393 1204 1019 882 76145 2318 2010 1742 1458 1269 1066 92450 2987 2386 2066 1792 1496 1296 109255 3376 2926 2408 2089 1809 151260 3888 3369 2921 2402 2083 180365 4644 3829 3316 2885 236970 5233 4538 3741 3245 281475 5847 5072 4396 362380 6485 5623 4873 422885 7144 6200 537690 7843 6795 589095 8556 7415 6429

100 9294 8066 6981

Average Weight of Western Red Cedar Poles

POUNDS PER POLEClass 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Length L.b. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb. Lb.55’ 2025 1760 1540 1410 141060’ 2290 1935 1760 167065’ 2815 2200 2025 193570’ 3170 2640 2375 220075’ 3695 3170 2730 264080’ 4400 3695 317085’ 4840 3960 352090’ 5810 4930 422595’ 6750 5950 5250

100’ 7500 6550105’ 8250 7100110’ 9000 7750115’ 9750 8350120’125’

1050011350

90509800

VI-23

SECTION 6.5 — WORKING LOADS FOR HOT LINE TOOLS

Average Weight, CCA Treated, Southern Yellow Pine

CLASS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

20ft..................616 534 462 402 347 303 204 18725ft..................886 765 666 578 500 435 374 27530 ft..............1,183 1,029 891 770 671 583 500 36935 ft..............1,518 1,320 1,144 990 858 743 64440 ft..............1,887 1,634 1,419 1,227 1,087 924 78845 ft..............2,277 1,975 1,711 1,485 1,287 1,117 96850 ft..............2,700 2,343 2,030 1,760 1,524 1,32055 ft..............3,146 2,728 2,365 2,052 1,777 1,54060 ft..............3,625 3,141 2,723 2,360 2,046 1,77165 ft..............4,120 3,570 3,091 2,680 2,32770 ft..............4,642 4,026 3,487 3,025 2,82475 ft..............5,187 4,488 3,800 3,37780 ft..............5,759 4,984 4,327 3,75385 ft..............6,357 5,604 4,773 4,07290 ft..............6,966 6,038 5,232 4,362

SECTION 6.5 — WORKING LOADS FOR HOT LINE TOOLS

6.5.1 Maximum Working Loads for Principal Hot Line Tools

The maximum load any hot line tool will support without danger of breaking depends upon the position of the tool on the structure and its relation to other tools used in conjunction with it.

The following tables and accompanying diagrams show the maxi- mum loads that can be applied to wire tongs when used as pictured. In the case of link sticks and miscellaneous tools, the load values given in the tables refer to the normal direct loads that can be applied.Loading for certain variations can be readily calculated; however, cau- tion should be exercised when loading a tool near the limit given in the tables.

The maximum working load given in the wire tong table represents the actual breaking load as determined by tests, less 15 percent for possible variations in the wood structure, and the result divided by a safety factor of two. When it becomes necessary to use wire tongs to handle larger wire sizes or larger spans than the ones mentioned in the table, double tongs should be employed. Where small diam- eter tongs are listed, a larger diameter tong should be selected. Itshould be remembered that loading increases considerably at hilltop structures, the extra weight depending upon the steepness of the line

VI-24

grade. It is possible that this force may exceed the weight of the con- ductor. Therefore, hilltop and other unusual problems require special analysis in the selection of wire tongs.

All live line tools must be inspected visually before each use. If any hazardous defects are indicated, the tool must be removed from service and not used until the defects are corrected.

VI-25

6.5.2 Wire Tongs — Working Loads

Fig. No.

Diameter (In Inches) Type

Support

Max. Working

Load (Lb. Per

Max. Wire Size and Span (In Feet) (Level Ground)

ACSR CPW-CPR CPR

A B C Size Span Size Span Size Span

12

2

3

3

444556

1 1/21 1/2

1 1/2

1 1/2

1 1/2

1 1/21 1/21 1/21 1/22

22 1/2

3

2 1/2

3

22 1/232 1/232 1/2

22 1/2

Saddle or Slide ... Saddle, Slide or .. Lever Lift ............Saddle or............Lever Lift ............Saddle or............Lever Lift ............Lever Lift ...................................... Saddle ................Saddle ................Lever Lift ............Saddle ................Saddle ................Saddle ................

150275

475

650

915

150275475150225500

1/04/0

4/0

336.4MCM 397.5 MCM

750700

1200

1000

1100

4A4D*

4D*

1/OJ*

4/OE

700800

1400

1000

700

1/04/0

4/0

4/0

250MCM

350300

500

650

800

*AWG Copper Equivalent

NOTE: See page 25 for related illustrations.

VI-

6.5.3 Link Sticks — Working

6.5.4 Miscellaneous Tools — Working

TypePole

Diameter (In inches)

Max. Work. Load (In pounds)

Strain 1 1/4 3500Strain 1 1/2 5500Strain 2 6500Roller 1 1/4 1000Suspension 2 1/2 2500

ToolMaximum Working Load

(In pounds)

Wire Tong Saddle 500Wire Tong Saddle Ext. 500

Extension Chain 2500

Rope Snubbing Bracket 1000

Single Lever Lift 1500

Double Lever Lift 750 (each trunnion)

Rural Strain Carrier 2500Two-Pole Strain Carrier 7000 (Spruce)

10000 (Hardwood)Double-String Dead-End

Tool 8000

Utility Platform 750

Universal Platform 600

Slide Support 500 (balanced weight)

VI-27

B 1

1

A 1

3/4B OVER A

C 1

1 1/2

A 1

3/4C OVER A

C11/2

B 1

1

SECTION 6.6 — EXCAVATION, TRENCHES AND SHORING

6.6.1 Excavations Made in Layered Soils

a. All excavations 20 feet or less in depth made in layered soils shall have a maximum allowable slope for each layer as set forth below.

b. All other sloped excavations shall be in accordance with the other options permitted in 1926.652 (b).

1

C OVER B

VI-28

A 1

1

B 1

1A OVER B

A 1

1 1/2

C 1

1 1/2

A OVER C

B 1

1 1/2

C 1

1 1/2

B OVER C

c. Sloping and Benching Definitions.(1) Actual slope — The slope to which an excavation face is exca- vated.(2) Distress — The soil is in a condition where a cave-in is imminent or is likely to occur. Distress is evidenced by such phenomena as the development of fissures in the face of or adjacent to an open excava- tion; the subsidence of the edge of an excavation; the slumping of material from the face or the bulging or heaving of material from the bottom of an excavation; the spalling of material from the face ofan excavation; and raveling. i.e., small amounts of material such as pebbles or little clumps of material suddenly separating from the face of an excavation and trickling or rolling down into the excavation.(3) Maximum allowable slope — The steepest incline of an excava- tion face that is acceptable for the most favorable site conditions as protection against cave-ins, and is expressed as the ratio of horizontal

VI-29

distance to vertical rise (H:V).(4) Short term exposure — A period of time less than or equal to 24 hours that an excavation is open.

Requirements: (1) Soil classification. Soil and rock deposits shall be classified in accordance with appendix A to subpart P of part 1926.(2) Maximum allowable slope. The maximum allowable slope for a soil or rock deposit shall be determined from Table B-1 (OSHA Stan- dards).(3) Actual slope. (i) The actual slope shall not be steeper than the maximum allowable slope. (ii) The actual slope shall be less steep than the maximum allowable slope, when there are signs of distress. If that situation occurs, the slope shall be cut back to an actual slope which is at least 1/2 horizontal to one vertical (1/2H:1V) less steep than the maximum allowable slope. (iii) When surcharge loads from stored material or equipment, operating equipment or traffic are present, a competent person shall determine the degree to which the actual slope must be reduced below the maximum allowable slope, and shall assure that such reduction is achieved. Surcharge loads from adjacent structures shall be evaluated in accordance with 1926.651 (i).(4) Configurations. Configurations of sloping and benching systems shall be in accordance with Figure B-1 (OSHA Standards).

For additional information see OSHA Standards 1926.650- 652 Subpart P.

VI-30

6.6.2 Typical Shoring Procedures

First step in bracing and shoring, where wood sheet piling will be used. (See Tables for Sizes)

Second step in bracing and shoring. Wood sheet piling is added.(See Tables for Sizes)

Third step in bracing and shoring to full depth, using wood sheeting.(See Tables for Sizes)

SECTION 6.7 — FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

6.7.1 Fire Extinguisher Identification

Explanation of Ratings An extinguisher rating, rather than its size, is the measure of firefighting capability.

— Class A Ratings:Class A portable fire extinguishers are rated from 1-A through 40-A, depending on their size. For a 1-A rating, 1 1/4 gallons (5L) of wa- ter are required. A 2-A rating requires 2 1/2 gallons (10L) or twice the 1-A capacity. Therefore, a dry chemical extinguisher rated 10-A is equivalent to five 2 1/2 gallon (10L) water extinguishers.

VI-31

— Class B Ratings:Extinguishers suitable for use on Class B fires are classified with numerical ratings from 1-B through 640-B. The test used by U.L. to determine the rating of Class B extinguishers consists of burning the flammable liquid n-Heptane in square steel pans. The rating is based on the approximate square foot (sq. meter) area of a flam- mable liquid fire, that a nonexpert operator can extinguish.

— Class C Ratings:There are no fire tests specifically conducted for Class C ratings. In assigning a Class C designation, the extinguishing agent is only tested for electrical nonconductivity. If the agent meets the test requirements, the Class C rating is provided in conjunction with a rating previously established for Class A and/or Class B fires.

— Class D Ratings:Test fires for establishing Class D ratings vary with the type of com bustible metal being tested. The following are several factors con- sidered during each test.

(1) Reactions between the metal and the agent

(2) Toxicity of the agent

(3) Toxicity of the fumes produced and the products of combustion

(4) The possible burnout of the metal instead of extinguishment

When an extinguishing agent is determined to be safe and effective for use on a metal, the details of instruction are included on the facepiece of the extinguisher, although no numerical rating is ap- plied. Class D agents cannot be given a multipurpose rating to be used on other classes of fire.

— Class K Ratings: No numerical value is given to a Class K extin- guisher rating similar to Class C and Class D. Combustible cooking media (animal or vegetable oils and fats) are now defined as a Class K fire. The Class K rating is based on specific fire tests involving fryers and cooking oils. The UL test requires a commercial gas or propane fired deep fat fryer with a nominal 80 lb. shortening ca- pacity to auto ignite, then the extinguisher is discharged on the fire in a fully opened position. The fryer must not re-ignite for a period of at least 20 minutes or until the temperature of the shortening decreases to 60 degrees Fahrenheit below its demonstrated auto ignition temperature, whichever is longer.

VI-32

ORDINARY

COMBUSTIBLES

FLAMMABLE

LIQUIDS

ELECTRICAL

EQUIPMENT

COMBUSTIBLE

METALSLETTERS indicate class of fuel on which the extinguisher will be effective.

NUMBERS• Used with Letters on Class A and Class B Extinguishers only.• Indicate the relative effectiveness of the extinguisher.

A 2-A Extinguisher will extinguish twice as much fuel as a 1-A Extinguisher.

A 20-B Extinguisher will extinguish 20 times as much fuel as a 1-B extinguisher.

NOTE: Recommended colors as described in the Federal Color Stan- dard Number 595† are: Green — No. 14260 Red — No. 11105 Blue— No. 15102 Yellow — No. 13655Extinguishers suitable for more than one class of fire may be identi- fied by multiple symbols as described previously.

VI-33

SECTION 6.8 — UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION TERMINOLOGY

6.8.1 General1. Loop Feed System—A loop feed system commonly incorpo- rates two sources of power to supply the connected load. In typical UD systems, the single-phase primary lateral circuits are of loop design supplied from the same phase. Under normal operating conditions, however, the loop is open at its approximate mid-point. Thus, about half of the loop load is supplied from each source. Dur- ing emergency or repair conditions, the “normally open” facilities can be closed to supply all of the loop or a larger than normal por- tion of the loop from one source.

2. Radial Feed System—In a radial feed system, all of the load is supplied from one source. In UD systems employing radial design for the single-phase primary lateral circuits, failure of the primary cable results in a service interruption to all load on the lateral. After location and isolation of the faulted section of cable, service may be restored to the load on the source side of the fault. However, the customers on the non-source side of the fault are out of service until repairs are made or steps are taken to provide emergency service.

3. Primary System—The primary system is the portion of the system metallically connected to the distribution transformers and serving as the normal source of power or distribution transformers. Voltages commonly are found in a range from 2.4 to 34.5 KV with 12-13.8 KV range being most prevalent.

4. Primary Main—Generally, the heavy primary three-phase feed- ers are known as primary mains.

5. Primary Lateral—In typical UD systems, single-phase service is supplied to users. The single-phase distribution transformers are supplied by single-phase primary circuits consisting of one phase and one neutral conductor. These circuits are known as laterals and are tapped from three-phase mains as needed. (Where the primary system is ungrounded or is of three wire type, the single-phaselaterals consists of two insulated phase conductors, and distribution transformers are connected from phase to phase.)

6. Secondary System—The secondary system is at utilization voltage level and is supplied by a distribution transformer. For UD systems, it is usually 120/240 volts, three wire single phase. Trans- formers are rated 240/120 volts.

7. Secondary—Usually the term secondary is used to describe that portion of the secondary system which carries the load of more

VI-34

than one user.

8. Service—Service (or service loop) is that portion of the second- ary system between the customer’s meter and point of connection with the secondary. (Or that portion of the secondary system which carried the load of only one customer.)

9. Total Underground—In a total underground system, all com- ponents utilized are sub-surface (below the ground level) .

10. Direct Buried—Direct buried is a term which has been loosely used. In its true sense, it means completely buried with no access for sectionalizing or ventilating.

11. Semi-Buried—Directly buried to the cover but a half-vault may be used to provide sectionalizing and cabling space. A solid or ventilated grating may be used.

12. Vault—A full-sized vault with a ventilated grating is employed to provide adequate air circulation. Cable isolating and connection space is available.

6.8.2 Equipment

13. Pad-mounted Transformer—As of today, the most com- mon location for the distribution transformer in UD is on a concrete pad. This pad is relatively inexpensive and most likely is pre-cast. Very few utilities actually cast them in place today. Hence, the sur- face-mounted transformer has come to be called “pad-mounted.”

14. Sub-surface Transformer—A transformer which is installed completely below the earth’s surface (below grade).

15. Dead Front—For purposes of this analysis, dead front de- scribes equipment construction of a type which has no exposed electrically energized metal components. This is one of the require- ments for equipment suitable for submersion in water. A dead front pad-mounted transformer will have no exposed electrically ener- gized high-voltage metal components, but the secondary terminals may be exposed within the secondary compartment.

16. Live Front—Live front describes equipment construction wherein exposed metallic parts electrically energized are present under normal operating conditions (in enclosed housing) .

17. Self-protected Transformer—In terms of overcurrent protection, a self-protected transformer incorporates an internal pri- mary fuse or “weak link” and a secondary circuit breaker. The basic philosophy is that the secondary circuit breaker provides protection

against severe overloads and primary or service faults. The primary

VI-35

fuse is provided only to protect the system from a failure in the transformer itself. The weak link is selected such that it coordinates with the secondary breaker. Its blowing is accepted as evidenceof transformer failure, and therefore, convenience facilities are not normally provided for field replacement of the fuse.

18. Conventional Transformer—From an overcurrent protec- tion point of view, conventional transformers are provided only with a primary fuse, the function of which is to protect the system and transformer from secondary system faults and to protect the system from transformer failure. The current rating of the primary fuse usually is selected at 21/2 or 3 times the transformer rating. Since primary fuse blowing may result from some secondary faults, provisions must be made to allow field replacement of the fuse. This is often referred to as an externally replaceable fuse.

19. Disconnecting-type Terminations—Dead Make and Break— Cable terminations of the dead-front variety which can be disconnected or connected with hot-line tools and require no taping . Not suitable for disconnection when energized at normal voltage, even though not carrying a load.

20. Insulated Cable Terminations—Insulated and shielded cable terminations utilized on equipment requiring a dead front. These connectors combine the functions of a plug on connection and stress relief.

21. Test Dead—A test procedure to ascertain that a piece of elec- trical apparatus believed to be de-energized electrically is, in fact, dead or de-energized before proceeding with repair or mainte- nance procedures. Tests can be performed with a variety of devices such as instruments, neon glow tubes, etc.

22. Cap—To cover disconnected cable or transformer primary terminations with sleeves, caps, plugs, or similar devices so that the disconnected termination then can be electrically energized at normal voltage. If personnel are to work in close proximity to the capped terminations, additional protection such as rubber blankets may be required.

23. Ground—To ground a circuit means to connect the circuit me- tallically to ground in such a way that a definite, visible connection is established for the safety of personnel during repair or mainte- nance operations.

24. Visible Break—Visible break is a definite physical opening of a circuit in such a manner that it constitutes an acceptable safety measure to permit personnel to work on the circuit with assurance that the circuit is indeed deenergized. Usually this is coupled with grounding requirements depending on the nature of the circuit.

VI-36

Specific physical requirements for acceptable visible break vary considerably among utilities.

25. Electrically Isolate—To electrically isolate is to seclude by some means (such as with oil-immersed switches) but not necessar- ily including a visible break. A primary cable which has been electri- cally isolated—but has not been physically isolated and grounded— it is usually considered safe to work on.

26. Blanket—A term frequently employed by utilities to indicate means for electrically insulating a device or line. This may be by a large rubber sheet or insulating “eel” or sleeve.

27. Hot-line Tool—Insulated tools utilized by line crews to operate energized equipment or equipment which has not as yet been proved to be grounded. These tools give the operator more positive control than that obtained with the more common switch stick. These tools (“Grip All,” “Shot Gun,” etc.) have jaws which can be used to grip the objects to be moved.

28. Three-position Switch—In underground systems using in- ternal primary switches, the incoming primary circuit usually enters the transformer enclosure, passes through an open-close switch, is tapped for the transformer connection, passes through a second open-close switch, and then leaves the transformer enclosure. Thus the circuit “loops through” the enclosure so that connection to the transformer can be accomplished.

A “three-position switch” is provided with only one operating han- dle, and the above pair of switches are so interconnected mechani- cally with this handle that three operating positions are available:

(a) Either switch open, and the other closed(b) Both switches closed.

Usually, to go from the one “a” position to the other requires going through the “b” position.

29. Four-position Switch—The four-position internal switch is as described above except that each of the open-close switches has a separate and independent operating handle such that either switch can be opened or closed independently of the other.

30. Fault Current Symmetry—When a short-circuit occurs on a distribution system, the fault current does not necessarily assume its ultimate, steady 60 cycle value instantaneously but may pass through a transient period during which it contains a decaying direct-current component. The addition of direct current to be asymmetrical in shape.

In typical distribution circuits, the transient period lasts only a

VI-37

cycle or two. The relative magnitude of the direct current com- ponent depends on the instant of fault occurrence. Theoretically, the maximum transient magnitude of current can be as great as1.73 times the symmetrical or sustained 60-cycle current on and RMS basis. Because of resistance, a value of 1.6 is rarely exceeded even in heavy power circuits. At reactance to resistance ratios of approximately 6 or less, which are typical of distribution circuits, the maximum RMS of the asymmetrical current will be 1.25 or less times the symmetrical RMS value.At any rate, the momentary capability, make-and-latch rating, and performance of very rapid interrupting devices are related to asym- metrical current.

31. Rated Continuous Current—The rated continuous current of a switch or device is the designated limit in RMS amperes which it will carry continuously without exceeding the limits of acceptable temperature rise.

32. Rated Momentary Current—The rated momentary current of a switch or device is the maximum RMS total current which the switch shall be required to carry. The current is the RMS value, including the d-c component, during the maximum cycle as deter- mined from the envelope of the current wave. This rating is gener- ally expressed in asymmetrical amperes. The rating recognizes the limitations imposed by thermal and electromagnetic effects.

33. Rated 2-second Current—The rated 2-second current (B) of a switch or device is the RMS total current including the d-c com- ponent which the switch shall be required to carry for two seconds. For practical purposes, this current is measured at the end of the first second and is symmetrical by this time. The rating recognizes the limitations imposed by both thermal and electromagnetic ef- fects.

34. Make and “Latch”—The rated making and latching current(A) of a switch or device is the maximum RMS current, including the d-c component, against which the device shall be capable of closing and remaining closed without welding of contacts or dam- age to the switch or contacts.

35. Rated Load Break Current—The RMS amperes (B) which a switch or device is capable of safely interrupting.

36. Overvoltage Protection—Lightning arresters are recom- mended for over-voltage protection at the normally open tie point of a loop, the end of radial and at the riser pole. If there is no con- nection point for lightning arrester at the normally open tie point such as in a totally underground system, a special low sparkover lightning arrester (such as G-E Form 28) will provide adequate protection to the electrical equipment when mounted on the riser

VI-38

pole. The reason for a lightning arrester being used at the normally open tie point is to protect equipment against voltage doubling. If the arrester on the pole sparks over, this sparkover voltage travels to the end of the line when it sees the open circuit. It then doubles and reflects back to the riser pole.

37. Secondary Pedestal—Even though up to eight connections can be made to transformer secondary terminals, not all service runs are taken directly from transformer terminals. Some utilities make it their practice never to connect a service to the transformer terminals. Instead, a secondary connection box (pedestal) is used for service connections. This may be flush with the ground or proj- ect above the surface of the ground.

38. Riser Pole—Most UD systems today are fed from an overhead primary. The connection point of the overhead and UD system is the “riser pole.” On this pole, one normally finds lightning arrest- ers, fused load break cutouts and outdoor-type stress cones or potheads terminating the cable feeding the underground system.

CABLE TYPES

39. Primary—Concentric Neutral Cable: Consists generally of copper or aluminum conductor, a layer of black semi-conducting compound, a layer of insulation compound, and a layer of black semiconducting insulation shield compound or stress relief com- pound. This is considered the insulation system. This system is completed for installation by adding:(a) Spirally wrapped either bare copper or tin coated copper neutral wires evenly spaced around the insulation system circumfer- ence. These neutral wires are usually sized for one-third neutral or full neutral capacity. If this completes the cable construction this cable is called a Bare Neutral URD Cable.(b) A layer of polyethylene jacket compound may be extruded over the concentric wires and usually encapsulates the neutral wires. This jacket serves to protect the wires from installation damage. The jacket will reduce or eliminate galvanic action to the neutral wires for longer life. The jacket may be extruded with identifiers for co-trenching. This cable is called Jacketed URD Cable.

There are two generic types of insulation materials used today. They are:(a) Cross-linked polyethylene is a thermoset material which cures by chemical reaction when exposed to a catalyst. Once cured the material can not be re-melted. It will soften at elevated tem- peratures. This material is crystalline structured and is generally considered more difficult to install.(b) Ethylene Propylene Rubber is a thermoset material which cures by chemical reaction when exposed to a catalyst. Once cured the material can not be re-melted. The material is amorphic structured

VI-39

and does not appreciably soften at elevated temperatures. EPR is generally considered to be easier to install especially at low tem- peratures. EPR can be made with various levels of ethylene content. This may affect the cable performance under certain circumstances. Primary cables are constructed for normal use in direct-buried systems although sometimes it is installed in conduit. Preassembled Cables in Duct may be purchased containing the cable in a metal armored or a plastic duct for burial.

1. Secondary and Service—Consists usually of rubber, polyethyl- ene, or PVC insulation, copper or aluminum conductor, direct buri- al or in dust; usually tree insulated conductors are used, the neutral typically being of half the conductivity of the phase conductors. In some cases a bare tinned copper conductor is used for the neutral. Construction types in current use are approved U. S. E. cables.

2. Stress Cone—Whenever a primary shielded cable is termi- nated, the shield must be terminated in a manner that prevents a damaging concentration of electrical stress at the point of termina- tion. Methods employed are potheads, molded stress cones, and pressure resin. Neither the indoor nor outdoor type of stress cone is suitable for submersible application.

3. Emergency Cable Reel (secondary only)—Emergency service may be provided in the case of outage caused in a cable failure. A bypass cable may be utilized for on-the-ground service to bypass the faulted cable. A reverse-wound cable reel with prepared connectors on the cable ends is sometimes utilized. In the caseof subsurface installations, it may be desirable to also maintain specially prepared gratings with fittings for the entrance of the emergency cable.

SECTION 6.9 — EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE TOOLS1910.109 & 1926.900 - 1926.914

6.9.1 General

a. Explosive materials shall not be handled, transported or used without authorization from management.

b. Employees using explosives shall be trained by a certified instruc- tor to use two component explosives and those employees will be held responsible for the explosives used at their cooperative.

c. Only those explosive tools approved by management shall be used. Only trained and authorized employees shall be permitted to operate explosive actuated tools.

d. Trucks carrying explosive material shall be marked according to the following D.O.T. regulations: “Federal motor carrier safety regu-

VI-40

lations & noise emission requirements”-part 397, section 397.1 to397.19 and See OSHA Subpart U, Section 1926.900 to 1926.914.

FIELD BLASTING GUIDELINE

Mix Two Components A & B

Mix according to manufacturer’s instructions. Use half the amount of two component as you would dynamite. When the mixing is completed handle two components as you would a class A explo- sive.

Attaching Detonating Cord

Cut the required amount of detonating cord from the spool with a knife blade on a clean wood surface or by folding and cutting.Avoid any combination of heat and friction as with pliers or scissors. Handle the det. cord so as not to loosen and spill the contents. (P.E.T.N.) If using the det. cord in a wet hole tape the end to pre- vent the cord from acting like a wick and becoming desensitized by the water. Lay the detonating cord in a double wrap on both sides of the two component and tape securely.

Safety note: The use of det. cord is important that in the event of a misfire it will not be necessary to dig out an armed charge containing a blasting cap.

Setting The Charge

Seat the two component stick in the bottom of the 1 7/8 inch diameter hole with a blunt wood dowel such as a shovel handle. Drop in two or three handfuls of damp sand (a superior tamping material) and tamp lightly. The weight of a shovel is adequate. Progressively add sand and increase tamping pressure to the top of the drill hole. Avoid bending the detonating cord in a tighter than ninety degree bend while setting the charge as it may cut off or fail to propagate. Cover the charge to eliminate damage to persons and property.

Laying The Firing Line

Dress the firing line from the set charge (in such a manner that it will not be damaged, trucks running over it, etc.) to a place out of line of sight. The length of the wire must be at least two hundred feet but must be determined by the blaster. The approved firing line is an insulated solid two conductor wire of at least twenty-two gauge. Twist (shunt) the firing line together at the end from which it will be detonated.

VI-41

Connecting The Blasting Cap

Leave the electric blasting cap in the day box until it is ready to be used. Insert the cap into the ground under a rock or pole and turn your back to the hidden cap prior to removing the shunt on the lead wires.

SAFETY NOTE: Never connect an electric blasting cap to an ex- plosive charge prior to the removing of the shunt. When the shunt is removed, the cap is subject to static electricity or other external electrical sources and may detonate.

Evacuate The Area

The same blaster (carrying the mini-blaster) that has set the charge, laid out and shunted the cap to the firing line must now clear all the people from the charge site to a place out of the line of sight. After determining that the area is clear, he can attach the blasting cap to the detonating cord by the approved method and immedi- ately evacuate the area.

Detonating The Charge

Before the blaster unshunts the firing line he must yell “all clear!” If he receives an affirmative reply and is sure the area is clear he may then unshunt the firing line. The blaster will then connect the firing line to the mini-blaster and yell “fire in the hole” loud enough so that everyone may hear. The blaster will detonate the charge only when he is 100 percent sure no damage will result to persons or property. In the event of a misfire (cap fails to detonate) wait 15 minutes prior to entering the area to connect a new blasting cap.

Safety note: You must yell “Fire in the hole” two times with a ten second pause between each yell, for a response to the warning.

Summary

Destroy all unused mixed two component explosives by drenching with water or store as a class A explosive. If the above procedure is followed two component will be an extremely safe, highly efficient, and cost saving replacement for all dynamites.

VI-42