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Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly5 Zgwnrjs n Ogboaptunm Lrniawgrk lgr t`a Sarlgrinboa gl t`aNfsabt Fgjy

fy

\nfdnbbn Jnrdn _nbtgs

63>?

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v

ZNFMA GL OGBZABZ_

Znfma gl Ogbtabts v

Mdst gl Ldhuras. vd

Nfstrnot... vdd

Dbtrgjuotdgb. >

Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy... 6

Z`a Iajdntaj Fgjy 1

Gb t`a Z`ras`gmj gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy5 Jguhmns Hgrjgb >>

Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy >1

Iy Abogubtars wdt` Nfsaboa db Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly5_uftrnotdbh t`a Sarlgriar nbj t`a Nfsabt Fgjy >8

Z`a Nrtwgrks gl Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly 6>

Gt`ar Nvabuas lgr Nfsaboa5Abnotiabt gl Nfsaboa db t`a Xgrks gl Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz,

Zarasn Inrhgmmas nbj Egrha Inoo`d ?6

Db Ogbomusdgb... :3

Abjbgtas... :>

Fdfmdghrnp`y......... ::

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vdd

MD_Z GL LDHQVA_

Ldhura >5 stdmm lrgi iajdntaj parlgrinboa5Omgsaj-Odroudt Nttrnotdgb, 63>>... 66

Ldhura 65 Omgsaj- Odroudt Nttrnotdgb, 63>>

Sarlgrinboa onb gbmy fa saab gb omgsaj-odroudt Z\ 66

Ldhura ?5 Tgu Iust Nhraa tg Fa Xdt` Tgursaml, 63>6Nipmdldars, wggj, lnfrdo, nipmdldar `nbjmas, sgbdo nbj kdbatdo amaiabts

6 x>6... 6:

Ldhura 15Dbvdsdfma Lrdabj, 63>6

Jatndm vdawZ-s`drt kbdt taxtdma, tgy tamap`gba, sgubj raogrjdbh... 6:

Ldhura 6

Idorgp`gbas, onfma, vdfrntdbh kdbatdos, sgubj... 61

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vddd

NF_ZVNOZ

Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly5 Zgwnrjs n Ogboaptunm Lrniawgrk lgr t`a Sarlgrinboa gl t`aNfsabt Fgjy

fy

\nfdnbbn Jnrdn _nbtgs

Instar gl Ldba Nrts db \dsunm Nrts

Qbdvarsdty gl Onmdlgrbdn, _nb Jdahg, 63>?

Srglassgr Vdonrjg Jgidbhuaz, O`ndr

Z`ds taxt wdmm axnidba t`a mdbanha gl parlgrinboa nrt nbj dts ramntdgbs`dp tg t`a

fgjdas gl fgt` t`a parlgriar nbj vdawar db grjar tg jaldba nb nmtarbntdva tg jgidbnbt

igjas gl parlgrinboa nrt prgjuotdgb, w`do` utdmdza t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy nbj t`a

Iajdntaj Fgjy. Z`a assabtdnm qunmdtdas gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy nra jaldbaj db ogbeubotdgb

wdt` n sardas gl soumpturnm wgrks wdt` sgbdo nbj kdbatdo amaiabts,Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly,

t`nt ogiprdsa t`a p`ysdonm amaiabt gl t`a t`asds db \dsunm Nrts.

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>

DBZVGJQOZDGB

Dt `nppabaj nt sgia pgdbt t`nt D wnbtaj tg suftrnot iysaml, tg saa iysaml

jdsnppanr, laam w`nt dts mdka tg fa eust vnpgr gr par`nps avab mass. D ni nwnra gl iy

fgjy, nwnra gl iy ogbstnbt parlgrinboa wdt`db nbj wdt`gut t`a dinhas nbj avabts gl

nrt inkdbh. D ni sgiagba w`g lgubj nb dbtrdbsdo baaj lgr nb asonpa rguta- inyfa

sgia wny tg jdsgrhnbdza iysaml dbtg n stnta gl pura vgdj gr inyfa D lamt sg iuo` db

axoass t`nt D baajaj aiptdbass ns systai gl ogbtndbiabt. Ns nb axtabsdgb gl iy wgrk

ns n vdsunm nbj parlgrinboa nrtdst D ni bgw nskdbh5 w`nt kdbjs gl parlgrinboas onb

ogipmatamy bummdly, turbdbh t`a fgjy dbtg zarg7 Mat t`ds sarva ns nb abubodntdgb gl t`a

stnkas gl t`ds abjanvgr tg ogbtdbua t`a mdbanha gl parlgrinboa fy orantdbh t`a djan gl

t`a Nfsabt Fgjy. Z`ds taxt wdmm nttaipt tg prgvdja n ogboaptunm lrniawgrk t`rguh`

w`do` t`a parlgrinboa gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy onb goour fy axpmgrdbh dts prajaoassgrs db

parlgrinboa t`agry5 Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy nbj t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy. Lurt`ar dbvastdhntdgb

wdmm goour t`rguh` axnidbntdgb gl iy gwb prgeaots nbj t`adr lgrinm nbj axpardabtdnm

qunmdtdas. Z`a oumturnm tarrndbs nbj dipmaiabtntdgb gl sgubj ns n taxtura wdt`db iy

wgrk wdmm fa jdsoussaj. Ldbnmmy, gt`ar t`agratdonm nbj prnotdonm igjas gl japnrtura

dbtg t`a Nfsabt Fgjy wdmm fa axpmgraj. Db saakdbh n lgubjntdgb lgr nb nast`atdo gl

nfsaboa, Fntndmmas snordldodnm argtdo fgjy t`nt saaks egy nbj tgtnmdty t`rguh`

axpardaboas gl bahntdgb, vgdj nbj jant` wdmm fa jdsoussaj. _avarnm axnipmas gl lgrinm

nbj ogboaptunm ianbs gl ogbvaydbh nfsaboa wdmm fa oummaj lrgi nrtwgrks orantaj fy

Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz, Zarasn Inrhgmmas nbj Egrha Inoo`d.

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6

Z@AAPSMDODZFGJT

Zg stnrt nt n stnta gppgsdta gl nfsaboa, nb dbtabsa prasaboa, wa mggk tg anrmylaidbdst parlgrinboa nrt nbj t`a djan gl t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy. Vafaoon _o`badjar, Famm

@ggks nbj Sahhy S`amnb nmm wrdta gb t`a prdinoy gl t`a p`ysdonm fgjy wdt`db t`a

taipgrnm ranmdty gl parlgrinboa nrt. Z`a kay t`guh`t surrgubjdbh t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy ds

t`nt t`a parlgrinboa iust fa prasabt5 avab raogrjdbh nbj jgouiabtntdgb japmatas t`ds

vdtnmdty. Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy ds mdva lmas`- dt ds t`a fgjy ygu onb saa db lrgbt gl ygu ns

nb nujdaboa iaifar, dt ds t`a vgdoa ygu onb `anr spankdbh lrgi t`a pgjdui nt n

prgtast. Z`a mdva not, db t`ds sabsa, ds gba gl omndidbh t`a vgdoa nbj prasabtdbh t`a fgjy

db grjar tg abhnha nb nujdaboa db suo` n wny t`nt t`ay nra bgt gbmy pnrtdodpnbt fut,

pgtabtdnmmy, nra trnbslgriaj db sgia wny>

Xgrks t`nt utdmdza t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy gltab

abhnha nb axpmgsdva mdtarnmdty ianbt tg not gut t`a syifgmdo grjars gl t`a fgjy nbj

trnbsmnta t`a fgjy ns n sdta gl sgodnm inrkdbhs nbj tarrdtgrdnmdzntdgb. Z`ds aifgjdiabt

ds ndiaj nt ubjaridbdbh t`a ogiigjdldontdgb gl t`a fgjy- aspaodnmmy t`gsa gl wgiab

nbj idbgrdtdas, w`gsa dinhas `nva faab ogjaj dbtg staragtypas nbj djanms gl jasdra fy

sgodaty.6

Nmt`guh` t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy ds gba tnotdo gl axpgsdbh gur ramntdgbs`dp tg gur

fgjdas, dts fmntnbt ididory gl pgwar struoturas ds prgfmaintdo. Fgt` t`a nujdaboa

iaifar nbj parlgriar nra `amj db pmnoa fy notdbh gut prasordfaj rgmas- t`a vdawar

iust utdmdza n stntdo ogbsuidbh-hnza w`dma t`a fgjy gl t`a parlgriar ldmms gut t`a sudt

gl t`a vary staragtypa s`a ds nhndbst. Z`a dinhdbntdgb ds mdidtaj tg t`a sp`ara gl t`a

sntdrdonm. Xa onb ranj t`a ogja; wa kbgw axnotmy w`nt ds fadbh pgkaj lub nt nbj wa

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?

fahdb tg `nva n sabsa gl w`ara wa stnbj db ramntdgb tg t`a ogiigjdldaj ldhura, fut nt

t`ds pgdbt wa faogia stuok. Ds axpgsura nbj nwnrabass gl t`a fgjys sgodatnm

strntdldontdgb abguh` tg avgka o`nbha db gur ramntdgbs wdt` dt7 Fgt` S`amnb nbj

_o`badjar axprass ogboarb gvar t`a jdlldoumty gl tnkdbh t`a baxt stap dbtg n trumy

trnbslgrintdva stnta. S`amnb njidts t`nt pnrt gl w`nt parlgrinboa kbgws ds t`a

dipgssdfdmdty gl indbtndbdbh t`a jdstdbotdgb fatwaab taipgrnm sabsas- fatwaab nb

nfsgmutamy sdbhumnr fahdbbdbh nbj abjdbh, fatwaab mdvdbh nbj jydbh.?

_gia nbxdaty

gvar t`a ap`aiarnm bntura gl parlgrinboa nbj t`a dbnjaqunoy gl jgouiabtntdgb nbj

prasarvntdgb ds fadbh axprassaj `ara. N pgssdfdmdty gpabs up lgr nooaptdbh t`nt nbytdia

wa nra trumy nwnra gl sgiat`dbhs prasaboa wa iust nmsg fa nwnra gl dts dipabjdbh

nfsaboa. _tdmm, wdt`db t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy t`a prasabt BGX ds nmwnys `amj prdinry,

manvdbh mdttma rggi lgr t`a dbvastdhntdgb gl w`nt `nppabs w`ab n parlgrinboa abtars dts

nltar-mdla t`rguh` jgouiabtntdgb nbj stgrdas gl t`a avabt. _o`badjar dbtrgjuoas t`a

bgtdgb gl nttaiptdbh tg stap dbtg n iumtdpmdodty gr raodprgodty fatwaab gfeaot nbj

sufeaot. : _`a wrdtas gl `nvdbh jdlldoumty axpardabodbh iumtdpmdodty faonusa s`a ds

nmwnys mgontdbh `arsaml nbj wnto`dbh. _`a rainrks t`nt w`ab ygu fmur t a

jdstdbotdgb fatwaab gfeaot nbj sufeaot ygu nra nt rdsk gl n tarrdlydbh axpardaboa db

w`do` ygu iny mgsa ygur vary fadbh tg ralmaxdva ralmaotdgb, s`dltdbh fatwaab pgsdtdgbs

gl gfeaot nbj sufeaot, avaryt`dbh saab ns t`rguh` n lub`gusa idrrgr, wdt` bg wny tg

kbgw w`nt ds ranm. _o`badjar mdkabs t`ds tg n typa gl jant` lrgi w`do` gba iust raturb

tg t`a saml wdt baw nwnrabass nbj n laamdbh gl fadbh gba w`g `ns-faab-gt`ar. Fut

`ar lgri gl raturbdbh tg t`a saml wgumj saai tg dbjdonta sdbhumnrdty- ygu raturb ns

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:

ygursaml, gba fgjy stdmm ogbtndbaj fy n ldxaj djabtdty fut nfma tg onmm gb t`a nwnrabass

gl t`a gt`ar tg hdva japt` tg t`ds stnboa. Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy, sg `anvdmy ramdnbt gb

prasaboa nbj t`a prdinoy gl prgomndidbh gbas djabtdty, ldxas dtsaml dbtg mdidtaj rgmas

t`nt t`a parlgrinboa nrtdst nbj nujdaboa iaifar iust ogblgri tg. Z`a egf gl t`a

parlgrinboa nrtdst ds tg axpgsa `arsaml, t`a egf gl t`a vdawar ds tg hnza, ns t`rguh` n

prgsoabdui nro` (avab w`ab gba dsbt prasabt) nbj nooapt w`nt ds axprassaj. Nra t`ara

wnys gut gl t`a sdbhumnrdtdas nt wgrk db t`a Axpmdodt Fgjy dbtg iumtdpmdodty7 Nra t`ara

wnys tg ogblrgbt t`a igrtnmdty gl t`a avabt7 Onb t`a parlgridbh fgjy axpardaboa

sgiat`dbh lurt`ar7

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1

Z@A IAJDNZAJ FGJT

Xa db`nfdt n wgrmj db w`do` gur fgjdas nra ogbstnbtmy iajdntaj t`rguh`

vnrdgus lgris gl tao`bgmghy. N hrant janm `ns faab wrdttab nfgut gur ogbtaipgrnry

axdstaboa wdt`db t`ds lrniawgrk nbj t`a nrtdsts t`nt ogblrgbt t`asa dbtarlnoas fy

orantdbh wgrk t`nt usas iajdntdgb saml-ralarabtdnmmy. N frdal axpmgrntdgb `ara wdmm

sulldoa db ogbbaotdbh t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy wdt` t`a pgssdfdmdtdas dt suhhasts lgr t`a

Nfsabt Fgjy.

Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy ds ogboarbaj wdt` parpatunmmy dmmuidbntdbh dts prasaboa. Fy

ogbtrnst, t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy lubotdgbs fy axdstdbh db t`a tabsdgb fatwaab prasaboa nbj

nfsaboa, t`a mdva nbj t`a iajdntaj, t`a sdbhumnr dbstnboa nbj dts iumtdpmdontdgb. Z`a

Iajdntaj Fgjy ds lmas` db trnbsidssdgb. Z`a fgjy parlgris lgr n oniarn gr ds

gt`arwdsa ogbvayaj t`rguh` tao`bgmghy, gltab onpturaj lgr t`a vdawar gb n soraab gr

igbdtgr db t`a hnmmary ns n jdhdtnm rasdjua gl notdgb nbj vgdoa. Fy t`us sdtuntdbh t`a

fgjy db t`a ranmi gl vdrtunmdty, t`a parlgriar orantas n jgufma wgrmj lgr t`a vdawar tg

paroadva nbj ogblrgbt pgtabtdnmdty nbj mdidbnmdty. Z`a parlgridbh fgjy ds jdvdjaj,

iumtdpmdaj nbj jdllarabtdntaj t`rguh` fadbh onpturaj gb vdjag nbj t`a spnoa gl t`a

soraab.1

Z`a vdawar axpardaboas n parlgrinboa gl quastdgbnfma prasaboa ns systais

suo` ns omgsaj-odroudt vdjag oranta fgt` n `ara-bgw nbj nb amsaw`ara. Z`a vdawar gl

wgrk dbvgmvdbh iajdntdgb ds nskaj tg ogbsdjar w`ara t`a ranm fgjy mdas- ds dt

prasabt7 Ds dt amsaw`ara nbj nfsabt7 Gr jgas dt axdst ns pnrt gl t`a trnbsidssdgb

fatwaab t`asa twg spnoas7 Z`a tao`bgmghdonm lrniawgrk lgr t`a avabt ds axpgsaj, saml-

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8

onptura t`a dinha gl t`a `uinb fgjy, tg raogrj nbj grhnbdza t`a sgodnm nbj p`ysdonm

fgjy. X`ab mggkdbh nt nrt wa nra lnidmdnr wdt` t`ds systai gl ogbtndbiabt. Igst gl

gur kbgwmajha gl parlgrinboa nrt ogias lrgi t`a trnoas nbj jgouiabtntdgb gl avabts

rahdstaraj ns n p`gtghrnp` nbj noogipnbdaj fy n stgry. S`gtghrnp`y `ns t`a nfdmdty tg

oranta n mdla nltar jant` sabjdbh t`a dinha gut db pmnoa gl t`a mdva avabt gr

axpardabodbh t`a wgrk ldrst-`nbj. Gur axpardaboas wdt` parlgrinboa nrt nra gltab nb

abogubtar wdt` t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy avab dl t`ds ds bgt t`a oabtrnm jrdva gl t`a wgrk.

X`ab wa nra wdtbass tg t`a rasdjua gl nb avabt wa abogubtar t`a nfsaboa gl w`nt `ns

faab, dts lgriar igiabt gl prasaboa, nbj t`a prasabt igiabt nmm nt gboa. X`ab t`a

oniarn ds sat tg onptura t`a dinha gl t`a mdvdbh dt nmsg `ns t`a nfdmdty tg oranta n

igiabt gl jant`.

Db Oniarn Muodjn5 Valmaotdgbs gb S`gtghrnp`y, Vgmnbj Fnrt`as axprassas `ds

vdaws gb t`a assabtdnm qunmdtdas gl t`a p`gtghrnp` onmmdbh dts pnrnjgxdonm ogbtndbiabt

gl mdla/ jant` gr prasaboa/ nfsaboa n igjast, s`nraj `nmmuodbntdgb (gb t`a gba `nbj dt

ds bgt t`ara, gb t`a gt`ar dt `ns dbjaaj faab)5 n inj dinha, o`nlaj fy ranmdty. 8

Lgr Fnrt`as, t`a p`gtghrnp` prasabts n igiabt t`nt t`a vdawar kbgws `ns pnssaj. Db

lraazdbh t`a dinha gl mdla, p`gtghrnp`y allaotdvamy orantas jant`- wa nra nmwnys nwnra

t`nt w`nt wa nra vdawdbh `ns faab. Z`ds ds pnrtdoumnrmy trua w`ab vdawdbh t`a

p`gtghrnp`aj fgjy, w`do` dbjdontas t`a pnssdbh gl tdia, igrtnmdty nbj taipgrnmdty.

S`gtghrnp`y ds n tao`bgmghy t`nt nttaipts tg inka t`a diparinbabt nppanr

parinbabt. _giagba gr sgiat`dbh `ns pgsaj db lrgbt t`a mabs nbj t`ab raindbaj

lgravar- mdka fadbh nmdva nbj janj nt gboa. Z`a lgubjntdgb gl Fnrt`as nrhuiabt ds t`nt

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0

p`gtghrnp`s fanr nb dbjaxdonm ramntdgbs`dp tg t`adr sufeaot5 w`nt ds pdoturaj ds nmwnys

nooaptaj ns lnotunmmy axdstdbh fut t`a dinha nmwnys gutmdvas t`a igiabt gr avabt,

inkdbh us nmm t`a igra nwnra gl dts pnssdbh. Igrtnmdty ds eust n s`uttar ramansa nwny.

Z`ds ranjdbh gl t`a dbjaxdonm qunmdty lubotdgbs suo` t`nt t`a p`gtghrnp` ds nmwnys

dbvdsdfma5 dt ds bgt w`nt wa saa. 0

Db sgia wnys, Fnrt`as nrhuiabt ds dbogbsdstabt wdt` `gw p`gtghrnp`y

dbtarnots wdt` t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy. Z`a ogbtaipgrnbagus axpardaboas gl t`a pnst nbj

prasabt, amsaw`ara nbj `ara, prasaboa nbj nfsaboa, mdla nbj jant` `nva faab dmmustrntaj

ns nb assabtdnm ogboarb tg t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy. X`nt ds gpab tg jguft ds Fnrt`as

lrnidbh gl t`a p`gtghrnp`do iajdui ns nb dbvdsdfma ogbtndbiabt gl t`a fgjy. Zg `di,

p`gtghrnp`y ds t`a iajdn wa nra bgt tg saa. Dbstanj, wa nra suppgsaj tg lmgnt, db n

suspabsdgb gl jdsfamdal, dbtg t`a oabtar gl t`a dinha gr dts bnrrntdva, bavar saadbh t`a

ajha gl t`a prdbt gr t`a prgoassas fy w`do` dt wns onpturaj nbj prdbtaj. Xdt`db t`a

ldrst pnhas glOniarn Muodjn Fnrt`as njidts tg bavar `nvdbh wgrkaj wdt` t`a iajdui

gl p`gtghrnp`y `disaml. 4 @a saaks t`a assabtdnm w`dma t`gsa w`g `nva wgrkaj wdt`

n oniarn ns n ianbs gl nrtdstdo prgjuotdgb kbgw dts nptdtuja lgr jdstgrtdbh t`a trut`. Zg

t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy, t`a oniarn nbj t`a sufsaquabt p`gtghrnp` nra bgt dbvdsdfma. Z`a

oniarn jdstgrts fy w`nt t`a p`gtghrnp`ar o`ggsas tg dbomuja gr axomuja lrgi t`a

lrnia gl vdaw, dt jaoadvas fy usa gl nbhma nbj axpgsura- tg bnia eust n law gl t`a

amaiabts nt wgrk. Z`a Iajdntaj Fgjy kbgws t`nt t`a oniarn pgrtrnys dts gwb hnza,

faogias n pnrty tg w`nt wns wdtbassaj. Z`a Iajdntaj Fgjy kbgws t`nt t`a

p`gtghrnp`do iajduis, mdka vdjag, sgiatdias `nva t`a pgwar tg fatrny t`a dmmusdgb gl

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4

t`a dbvdsdfma wdtbass nbj jrnw gur ayas tg ajha gl t`a lrnia, tg t`a systais gl jdspmny

nbj t`a iao`nbdsis gl ogiiubdontdgb nbj ogbtrgm. Zg t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy t`a stnboa

gl t`a nut`gr gl t`a dinha nbj t`a mdidtntdgbs gl t`a iajdui dtsaml nra n pmnyhrgubj lgr

axnidbdbh t`a saml, t`a hnza gl t`a vdawar, nbj iajdntdgb nmm nt gboa.

Abogubtars wdt` t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy typdonmmy goour gb n igra amnfgrnta sonma

t`nb t`a dbtdinta dbtarnotdgb t`nt tnkas pmnoa w`ab vdawdbh n p`gtghrnp`. Db vdjag

dbstnmmntdgb t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy axoaajs t`a dinha nbj abogubtars spnoa nbj tdia.

_pntdnmdzdbh vdjag wgrk nmmgws t`a vdawar tg tnka db, t`a iumtdpma nbj sgiatdias

ogbtrnjdotgry jurntdgbnm dipumsas nt wgrk db t`a prasabtntdgbs gl igvdbh dinhas tg

igvdbh fgjy db spnoa.>3 Fy spranjdbh gut tg db`nfdt spnoa t`rguh` dbstnmmntdgb, Z`a

Iajdntaj Fgjy wamogias axo`nbha wdt` t`a vdawars fgjy. Nhndb, n tabsdgb fatwaab

nfsaboa nbj prasaboa ds frguh`t tg t`a lgra. Z`a Iajdntaj fgjy ds ogbstdtutaj db spnoa

gbmy taipgrnrdmy, Z`a prgoass gl dbstnmmdbh suhhasts n taipgrnry gooupntdgb gl

spnoa, n frnokataj axdstaboa abomgsaj fy n into`dbh prgoass gl frankdbh jgwb t`a

ogipgsdtdgb dbtg dts amaiabts nhndb nbj vnontdbh t`a sdta. >> \djag dbstnmmntdgb

suhhasts t`a taipgrnmdty gl t`a avabt- nt t`ds pgdbt t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy famgbhs bgt

gbmy tg t`a nrtdst fut tg t`a vdawar, w`gsa abhnhaiabt wdt` t`a wgrk ds p`ysdonm; t`ay

iust wnmk norgss t`a hnmmary spnoa, dbvastdhnta t`a nrrnbhaiabt gl t`a wgrk nbj saa

t`aisamvas db jdnmghua wdt` prgeaotdgb soraabs t`nt gltab tgwar db ramntdgb tg t`adr gwb

lrnias. N kdbast`atdo nbj nujdgvdsunm axo`nbha tnkas pmnoa t`nt notdvntas t`a vdawars

fgjy ns n sdta gl raoaptdgb. Inrhnrat Igrsa aip`nsdzas, Z`a nrtdst vnontas t`a soaba

db dbstnmmntdgb par sa. Z`ds nmmgws t`a vdsdtgrs rnt`ar t`nb t`a nrtdst tg parlgri t`a pdaoa.

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>3

Dbjaaj, s`a gr `a ds db t`a pdaoa ns dts axpardiabtnm sufeaot, bgt fy djabtdldontdgb fut db

fgjy.>6

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>>

GB Z@A Z@VA_@GMJ GL Z@A NF_ABZ FGJT5 JGQHMN_ HGVJGB

Z`a pgtabtdnmdtdas gl faogidbh t`a Nfsabt Fgjy fahdb db t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy.

Z`ds ds aspaodnmmy nppnrabt ns t`a vdawar fahdbs tg abogubtar, t`rguh` t`adr fgjy,

ogboaptunm prgpgsdtdgbs nbj dinhdbnry wgrmjs gl iaigry nbj nbtdodpntdgb. >? Bgt nt

nris-mabht`, ns wdt` suspabsdgb gl jdsfamdal nbj t`a p`gtghrnp`do dinha, fut t`rguh`

t`a fgjy nbj wdt`db t`a skdb. Jguhmns Hgrjgb fudmjs pgtabtdnm s`dlts db parspaotdva

dbtg `ds wgrk. Hgrjgb `ns wgrkaj wdt` vdjag, prgeaotdgb nbj dbstnmmntdgb, iajdntaj

parlgrinboa, p`gtghrnp`y, sgubj nbj taxt. @a ds ogboarbaj wdt` t`aias gl iaigry,

rapatdtdgb, paroaptdgb nbj jant`, usdbh npprgno`as tg ldmido npprgprdntdgb nbj t`a saml

tg axpmgra raprasabtntdgb nbj nut`grs`dp wdt`db pgpumnr oumtura nbj parlgrinboa.

Hgrjgbs wgrk ds gltab parlgrintdva- usdbh t`a ranmi gl t`a dipmdaj nbj dinhdbaj tg

ogipmdonta t`a parlgrinboa not dbtg sgiat`dbh t`nt nots upgb t`a wgrmj fy tydbh dtsaml

tg t`a vdawars axpardaboa. @a `ns jasordfaj t`a ogbstruotdgb gl ianbdbh db `ds wgrk5

D mdka tg ogbstruot saml-jastruotdva systais, gr iao`nbdsis, w`do` onb

gbmy manj tgwnrjs n iumtdpmdodty gl ianbdbhs, n sardas gl ogbtrnjdotgrydbtarpratntdgbs. D mdka n ogbspdrnoy gl odrouistnboas t`nt onb `amp

ogbstruot ianbdbh lgr n wgrk, gr t`nt onb turb nhndbst dt db nby igiabt.>:

X`nt trnbsidts t`ds saml- jastruotdva systai db t`a wgrk7 Hgrjgbs wgrk ds ldmmaj

wdt` prgpgsdtdgbs lgr t`a vdawar tg pnrtdodpnta db orantdbh t`a ianbdbh gl t`a wgrk fy

mdbkdbh t`adr paroaptdgb gl dinha gr taxt tg t`adr gwb iaigrdas gr lutura notdgbs.

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>6

Hgrjgb ds ogboarbaj wdt` orantdbh lutura iaigrdas>1

. Z`a umtdinta ianbdbh gl t`a

wgrk gl nrt ds gvar-wrdttab wdt` t`a vdawars parsgbnm axpardaboa nbj gltab nb

noogipnbydbh nwnrabass gl t`adr fgjdas. X`ara npprgprdntdgb gl pgp oumtura ds

prasabt, t`ds prgoajura axtabjs dtsaml tg njj n mnyar gl ianbdbh tg t`a dbjdvdjunms

lutura axpardaboas wdt` n pnrtdoumnr oumturnm taxt- usunmmy n wamm-kbgwb ldmi.

_gia spaodldo axnipmas gl Hgrjgbs wgrk t`nt ogbtndb parlgrintdva amaiabts

s`gw `gw t`a Iajdntaj Fgjy onb igva tgwnrjs faogidbh t`a Nfsabt Fgjy fy

trnbslarrdbh sgia gl t`a gwbars`dp gvar t`a ogbstruotdgb gl ianbdbh gbtg t`a vdawar.

Z`ds ds bgt tg sny t`nt t`a ianbdbh gl t`a wgrk ds gpab tg dbtarpratntdgb fut t`nt nb

dbldmtrntdgb gl t`a dinhdbntdgb nbj mdla gl t`a vdawar ds tnkdbh pmnoa. Xa fahdb tg saa

t`nt t`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds dbsdjdgus. Db 6:-@gur Ssyo`g, (>44?), n jdllarabt kdbj gl

jdo`gtgigus prasaboa/ nfsaboa ds orantaj fy wnrpdbh gur paroaptdgb gl tdia. Hgrjgb

smgws t`a grdhdbnm >4

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>?

t`a vdawar tg raonmm t`a wgrk ns t`ay hg nfgut t`a rast gl t`adr jny- inyfa pdoturdbh

w`nt ds hgdbh gb db t`a hnmmary ns t`ay sdt wdt` lrdabjs db n fnr.>8

Db t`ds wny n

jdllarabt sgrt gl prasaboa/ nfsaboa ds orantaj t`nb w`nt ds usunmmy saab wdt`db t`a

Iajdntaj Fgjy. \dawars stnrt tg prgeaot t`aisamvas dbtg t`a spnoa gl t`a nrtwgrk nbj

t`a nrtwgrk stnrts tg diprdbt dtsaml gb lutura axpardaboas. _avarnm gt`ar wgrks fy

Jguhmns Hgrjgb lubotdgb db iuo` t`a snia wny. DbMattar, (>44?) taxt ranjs5Lrgi

t`a Igiabt Tgu Vanj Z`asa Xgrjs, Qbtdm Tgu Iaat _giagba wdt` Fmua Ayas,

allaotdvamy ogmgrdbh t`a vdawars lutura axpardaboas. Nt vary manst, dt `dh`mdh`ts nb not

gl raiaifardbh nbj lgrhattdbh t`nt wdmm goour nltar saadbh t`a wgrk. ?3 _aogbjs Zaxt,

(>44

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>:

Fy t`a tdia gba axpardaboas n lutura iaigry nmm t`nt ds malt gl t`a wgrk ds dts

nfsaboa. Z`a parlgrinboa nrtdst `ns axdtaj, fgjy nbj nmm. Tgu, t`a vdawar nbj ygur

axpardaboas `nva faogia lusaj wdt` t`a dbtabt gl t`a wgrk.

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>1

Z@A NF_ABZ FGJT

Sarlgrinboa gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy `ns t`a pgtabtdnm tg jdsgrhnbdza t`a rgmas gl

t`a vdawar nbj t`a nrtdst dbtg nb ninmhni t`nt ds ogbstnbtmy db lmux. Axtabjdbh t`a

Iajdntaj Fgjy tg dts gutar mdidts gl paroaptdgb `ns s`gwb sgia gl t`a pgtabtdnms gl

t`a Nfsabt Fgjy. Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds suftrnotaj lmas`- t`a parlgriars fgjy `ns

axdtaj t`a wgrk fut t`a pgtabtdnm parlgrinboa avabt raindbs. Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds n

stgrytammar. Dt suhhasts t`a fgjy t`rguh` hgvarbdbh t`a vdawars dbtarnotdgb wdt` t`a

wgrk. Dt amavntas t`a stntus gl soumpturnm gfeaots nbj nrabns gl dbstnmmntdgb tg nmmgw t`a

wgrk dtsaml tg parlgri. Z`ds goours t`rguh` t`a smdh`tast gl parlgrinboas nbj t`a

vnhuast gl sabsntdgbs>0

. Fy axdtdbh t`a soaba, t`a Nfsabt Fgjy onusas t`a vdawar tg

fa dinhdbntdva nbj parianfma tg p`ysdonm sabsntdgb, lgridbh t`a wgrk db nb not gl

wndtdbh nbj raodprgodty wdt` gfeaots t`nt saai tg not fnok. Bgba gl t`ds goours gb

t`a mavam gl tguo`-nbj-laam raoghbdtdgb t`nt ds usunmmy nppnrabt db dbtarnotdva wgrks

gl nrt. Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy stdoks tg sigka nbj idrrgrs.

Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds, db t`ds axnidbntdgb gl t`a mdbanha gl parlgrinboa, nb

axtabsdgb gl iy gwb stujdg prnotdoa. Z`a parspaotdvas usaj db axpmnbntdgb gl t`ds

ogboapt wdmm ogia, db pnrt, t`rguh` parsgbnm axpardaboa. Iy wgrks orantaj lgr

Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly utdmdza spntdnm, taipgrnm nbj, igst dipgrtnbtmy, sgbdo amaiabts

t`rguh`gut. Gt`ar ogursas lgr no`davdbh nb nast`atdo gl nfsaboa nra nmsg pgssdfma, ns

onb fa saab db savarnm axnipmas gl wgrk fy Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz, Zarasn Inrhgmmas

nbj Egrha Inoo`d. X`nt ds lgraigst tg Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds dts nfdmdty tg axdst wdt`db

gsodmmntdbh dbtabsdtdas- jrdltdbh fnok nbj lgrt` fatwaab sabsunmdty nbj bgt`dbhbass

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>

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>8

IT ABOGQBZAV_ XDZ@ NF_ABOA DB BGZ@DBH ZG NISMDLT5

_QFZVNOZDBH Z@A SAVLGVIAV NBJ Z@A _GBDO FGJT

Nb anrmy bgta db iy skato`fggk ranjs5

D wnbtaj tg saa iysaml ruptura

Z`a fgjy db ruptura gr suftrnotdgbIy fgjy ns n sdta lgr t`a ruptura, t`a suftrnotdgb

N sdta lgr jdsnppanrnboa

Z`a wgrks orantaj db t`a sardasBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly nttaipt tg suftrnot t`a fgjy

gl t`a parlgriar nbj tg sufsaquabtmy ogbeura lgr t`a vdawar t`a avabt wdt`gut t`a

fgjy, manvdbh t`a pgtabtdnm parlgrinboa gl aiptdbass tg raindb. _avarnm prgoajuras

nra nt wgrk db orantdbh t`a nfsabt parlgrinboa. Ldrst, t`a stntus gl gfeaots ds rndsaj sg

t`nt t`ay t`aisamvas iny parlgri. Gl pnrtdoumnr dbtarast nra gfeaots t`nt nra t`a

trnbsidttars gl rasdjunm vgdoa- tamap`gbas, nipmdldars, idorgp`gbas - nmm t`asa `nva nb

amaotrdonm-surha pumsa gl t`adr gwb. Db t`a wgrk t`ay nra bgt prgps lgr t`a parlgridbh

fgjy fut nmmdas nbj aqunms, umtdintamy tnkdbh t`a pmnoa gl t`a parlgriar w`g, db igst

onsas, ds bavar tg nppanr. Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy nokbgwmajhas t`nt fgt` t`a fgjy nbj

gfeaots nra ogbjudts lgr notdgb nbj dipumsa. _gubj nbj parlgrintdvdty db`nfdt t`a

soumpturnm gfeaots nbj nrabns suhhastdbh notdvdty nbj dbtarlnoa. Ano` dbstnmmaj

soumptura `ns n sgbdo amaiabt t`nt hdvas dt taipgrnmdty, t`antrdonmdty, nbj n vgdoa. Dt

parlgris lgr us db dts gwb jdstnbt, iao`nbdzaj wny.

Nb nast`atdo gl nfsaboa ds difuaj wdt` savarnm gt`ar dipgrtnbt qunmdtdas. Gl

prdinry dipgrtnboa ds t`a wgrks ramntdgbs`dp tg t`a fgjy gl t`a vdawar. Db nb nttaipt

tg njjrass t`a dbtnbhdfdmdty gl t`a vgdoa ns dt pnssas lrgi parlgriar tg vdawar, n

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>0

jdspmnoaiabt goours. Z`a vdawars fgjy ds sufeaot tg s`dlts db paroaptdgb nbj

sabsntdgb. _dboa t`ara ds bg trnjdtdgbnm parlgriar t`a raspgbsdfdmdty gl t`a notdva,

raspgbsdva fgjy s`dlts tg t`a vdawar. Z`rguh` nustardty nbj avabt, omgsa nttabtdgb ds

jainbjaj lrgi t`a vdawar gl t`a wgrk. _ajuoaj fy rnw nbj sabsunm amaiabts wdt`db

t`a soumpturas, nb gsodmmntdgb gl dbtabsdtdas goours nmmgwdbh t`a wgrk tg ublgmj rnt`ar

t`nb s`gok. Fudmt gb n lgubjntdgb gl nokbgwmajhdbh t`a igst vdtnm axoassas gl t`a

fgjy5 argtdodsi nbj t`a nwnrabass gl jant`, t`a wgrk igvas fatwaab sajuotdva

amaiabts nbj fmnbk, aiptdaj gr iubjnba lgris. Z`a r`yt`is, taipgs nbj lgroas gl

t`a gfeaots gb jdspmny nbj t`gsa gl t`a fgjy gl t`a vdawar nra nmmgwaj tg ogmmdja nbj

trnbslar. Jurntdgbnm-sgubj wdt`db sdtuntdgbnm gfeaots rano` gut tg t`a taipgrnm bntura

gl t`a vdawar nmmgwdbh t`ai tg raoghbdza nttabtdgb spnb, igrtnmdty nbj nwnrabass. Zg

saa t`a pumsa gl t`a gfeaot ds nt dts igst prglgubj tg saa gbas gwb taipgrnmdty.

N mattar tg n lrdabj ranjs5

Egy ds fgrb gl mggkdbh jant` db t`a lnoa. Zg axpardaboatgtnmdty/w`gmabass ygu `nva tg mgsa ygursaml, jda, snordldoa- gur jasdras

nmmgw us tg faogia bgt`dbh. Z`nt sdok tg ygur stgino` laamdbh nrgubj norus` tamms ygu dts trua. @gw nra ygur snordldodnm abjanvgrs hgdbh7 D

baaj tg sgrt gut t`ds ranm-mdla jaomnrntdgb gl jasdra fusdbass. Lmdrtdbhranmmy ds t`a kay tg mdla, dsbt dt7 _nordldodnm lmdrtdbh.

>4

Db n pmny gb t`a djan gl t`a gfeaot gl jasdra t`a spaodldo gfeaots nbj

ralaraboas utdmdzaj wdt`db t`a wgrk grdhdbnta lrgi t`a sp`ara gl rgok b rgmm lnbjgi.

Z`asa nra t`a gfeaots gl nintaur aiumntdgb- t`a ontnmysts gl rgok b rgmm jnyjranis,

taabnha famgvaj hanr. N sinmm prnotdoa nip, mg-ld idorgp`gbas nbj n tgy tamap`gba

wdt` n hudtnr rdbh nra bgt aqudpiabt lgr n sgmj-gut stnjdui ogboart. Z`asa dtais nra

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>4

t`a jdidbutdva, parsgbnm aqudpiabt gl n fajrggi sdbh-nmgbh.Bgt`dbh tg Nipmdly ds

ogboarbaj wdt` frdbhdbh sufoumturnm taxturas fnok tg t`a fajrggi. Z`ds ds gppgsaj

tg t`a mdiamdh`t gl drgby nbj jaldmdbh t`a igbuiabtnmdty gl rgokstnrs nbj oumturnm dogbs

sg gltab aipmgyaj db wgrk nfgut pgpumnr oumtura. Dbstanj, n parsgbnm mnbhunha gl

jasdra ds gllaraj. Z`a gfeaots nra dbjdontdva gl t`a prdvnta parlgrinboas gl t`a

dbjdvdjunm nbj t`adr ogbbaotdgb tg t`adr igst `dh`my vnmuaj gfeaots. Z`ds ds t`a pmnoa

w`ara t`a iubjnba nbj t`a inhdonm idx nbgt`ar soabnrdg w`ara gfeaots nbj fgjdas

nra nmmdas db parlgrinboa, w`ara t`a r`yt`is gl t`a gfeaot nbj t`a fgjy lmuotunta tg

iaat ano` gt`ar.

D wnbtaj tg saa t`asa gfeaots gl iajdntdgb fgt` sufvartaj nbj amavntaj db t`a

prgoass gl orantdbh t`a p`nbtnsinhgrdo parlgriar. Z`a hanr wdt`gut gur `nbjs upgb dt

ds stdmm t`ara; ns n ogbjudt gl ogiiubdontdgb dt stdmm aidts n onmm tg notdgb. X`ab

t`dbkdbh gl iusdonm aqudpiabt, n iuo` latds`dzaj nbj sabtdiabtnm ldamj gl gfeaots, t`a

fgjy gl t`a parlgriar onb fa dinhdbaj ns db nmmahdnboa wdt` t`a dbstruiabts- bgt

iaramy t`adr instar. Z`a parlgriar ds bgt sdipmy n usar gl prgps fut sgiagba db

batwgrk wdt` t`a t`dbhs t`nt surrgubj t`ai. N lnb pmnydbh wdt` `ds lnvgrdta hanr ds mdka

n wdto` nbj t`adr tggms. Ns db gooumt prnotdoa, amaiabts, lgroas, ogbhruabodas nbj

ogrramntdgbs nra jrnwb tghat`ar db nb allgrt tg nipmdly, nmtar nbj inbdpumnta abarhy.

Z`a fgjy iny stnbj nt t`a oabtar gl t`ds abjanvgr- fut dt ds bgt prdinry, dt ds iaramy

nbgt`ar ogbjudt gr o`nbbam t`rguh` w`do` lgroas iny lmgw nmgbh wdt` t`a gt`ar dtais,

notdgbs, nrrnbhaiabts nbj spnoas dbvgmvaj. Tgu onb pdotura t`a fgjy ns faogidbh

parianfma gr trnbspnrabt t`rguh` nllaot. Vaoghbdzdbh t`ds ds t`a ldrst stap db t`a

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63

abnotiabt gl n jdsnppanrnboa- n bahgtdntdgb gl suftrnotdgb fatwaab lmas` nbj gfeaots

t`nt nmmgws t`a parlgriars fgjy tg jdsnppanr. DbBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly, w`nt ds malt

fa`dbj nra soumpturnm soabnrdgs ano` prgjuodbh t`adr gwb spaodldo sabsa gl

parlgrinboa t`nt onmms upgb t`a vdawar tg t`aisamvas faogia pgrgus db nb not gl

raoaptdvdty.

_gubj ds n oruodnmmy dbsdjdgus nspaot gl t`a pdaoas db t`ds sardas. Z`a bgdsas

dbvgmvaj dbBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly, db igst onsas, `nva faab strdppaj jgwb lrgi t`adr

rgok b rgmm grdhdbs. Z`ay nra amaiabtnm sgubjs5 w`dta bgdsa, t`a soraao` gl laajfnok, n

rnsp gl frant`, ao`gas nrgubj rdbhdbh nbj jdstgrtdgb, nbj t`a ouiumntdva omnttardbh gl

vdfrntdgbs. _gubj `ns t`a spaodnm onpnfdmdty nmgbh wdt` gt`ar ntigsp`ardo ogbjdtdgbs

(mdka vnpgr) tg abtar t`a fgjy gb nb nmigst dbvgmubtnry mavam ns dl fy nfsgrptdgb.

_gubj ds nmsg jurntdgbnm, prgvdjdbh n mdbk tg gur gwb fgjdas r`yt`is. Z`dbk gl n mdva

s`gw, t`a spankars fmnrdbh. Z`a sgubj igvas rdh`t t`rguh` ygu- fnss jruis fmnstdbh

t`rguh` t`a nip stnoks nt eust t`a rdh`t vgmuia nbj r`yt`i tg inka ygur `anrt pgubj

nmgbh. Dts eust t`a rdh`t taipg tg smni dbtg ygur hut. Eust t`a rdh`t vdfrntdgbs nbj tgbas

tg smdja db nmgbh t`a sanis gl ygur eanbs nbj inka ygur orgto` mdtarnmmy vdfrnta. Fy

pndrdbh t`a vdsunm/ p`ysdonm wdt` t`a sgbdo, t`a wgrk ds onpnfma gl orantdbh s`dlts db

paroaptdgb gl gbas gwb dbtarbnm p`nsas nbj t`gsa gl t`a gfeaots axtarbnm tg dt,

allaotdvamy mdbkdbh t`a vdawars fgjy tg t`a nrtwgrk.

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6>

Z@A NVZXGVK_ GLBGZ@DBH ZG NISMDLT

Omgsaj-Odroudt Nttrnotdgb (63>>) usas iajdntdgb tg stnbj gb t`a t`ras`gmj gl

t`a Nfsabt Fgjy. D jdsogvaraj n sinmm labjar nipmdldar wndtdbh lgr ia nt n eubk s`gp.

Dt ds jdidbutdva nbj parsgbnmdzaj- sgiagba `ns tnkab t`a pndbs tg rapmnoa t`a spankar

ias` wdt` pdbk sntdb, inkdbh dt t`a pdotura gl rgok b rgmm njgmasoaboa. Dt ds jasdhbaj

lgr nb nujdaboa gl gba- dts ranmmy inja eust sg ygu onb `anr ygursaml prnotdoa. D fguh`t

t`a nip t`dbkdbh tg put iy vgdoa t`rguh` dt- tg nipmdly iysaml db t`a smdh`tast gl

wnys. D fudmt n ogbtnot idorgp`gba t`nt rasts gb iy tgbhua, ogbbaotdbh ia tg t`a nip

fy n hudtnr onfma. D mdok t`a nip db dts abtdraty ldbjdbh igiabts gl lrdotdgb nbj

laajfnok. Z`a nip prgjuoas dts gwb vgdoa db t`ds axo`nbha- soraao`dbh nbj rdbhdbh

wdt` laajfnok gl vnrdgus tgbas ns D igva omgsa tg t`a spankar gr ogbtnot t`a iatnm

lnstabars nbj kbgfs. Dts nb not gl nttrnotdgb noogipnbdaj wdt` t`a wgrsa pgssdfma

sgubj. Axoassdva squanms gl laajfnok oamafrnta t`a gfeaot. D ogbbaot wdt` t`a nip ns n

ralmaotdgb gl iysaml. Xa nra db n omgsaj odroudt wdt` gba nbgt`ar. D wnbtaj tg lmdrt wdt`

t`a iajdui nbj inka-gut wdt` rgok b rgmm. Z`a jasdra tg ogbsuia ds t`a jasdra tg fa

ogbsuiaj.

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66

Ldhura >5 _tdmm lrgi iajdntaj parlgrinboa5Omgsaj-Odroudt Nttrnotdgb, 63>>

Ldhura 65 Omgsaj-Odroudt Nttrnotdgb, 63>6

Sarlgrinboa onb gbmy fa saab gb omgsaj-odroudt Z\.

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6?

Ldhura ?5 Tgu Iust Nhraa tg Fa Xdt` Tgursaml, 63>6

Nipmdldars, wggj, lnfrdo, nipmdldar `nbjmas, sgbdo nbj kdbatdo amaiabts

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6:

Ldhura :5Dbvdsdfma Lrdabj, 63>6 (dbstnmmntdgb vdaw)

Z-s`drt kbdt taxtdma, tgy tamap`gba, sgubj raogrjdbhNpprgx. >6 x >6

Ldhura 15Dbvdsdfma Lrdabj, 63>6 (jatndm vdaw)

Z-s`drt kbdt taxtdma, tgy tamap`gba, sgubj raogrjdbh

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61

Ldhura 6

Idorgp`gbas, onfma, vdfrntdbh kdbatdos, sgubj

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66) ds n soumpturnm dtarntdgb gl t`a

ramntdgbs`dp prasabtaj db Omgsaj-Odroudt Nttrnotdgb. Z`a fgjy gl t`a parlgriar ds

lurt`ar arnsaj, avgmvdbh Z`a Iajdntaj Fgjy dbtg Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy. Z`a soumpturnm

dbstnmmntdgb prasabts t`a pdbk-lnoaj nipmdldar `ggkaj dbtg n rapmdon gl dtsaml, w`gsa

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68

trafma kbgf ds lgravar turbdbh fnok nbj lgrt` igjumntdbh t`a sgubj gl w`dta bgdsa. Z`a

twg sinmm nips sdt ntgp n s`grt, lnoataj pmntlgri gb t`a lmggr, surrgubjaj fy faj

pdmmgws. Z`a fgx `ns faab inja wdt` axtraia onra nbj wanrs nipmdldar `nbjmas gb

lgur sdjas. Z`a pdmmgws, ogvaraj db vamvat, nra sdidmnrmy njgrbaj wdt` nipmdldar

`nbjmas. Z`a axoass intardnmdty gl t`a njjdtdgbnm amaiabts `ns faab strdppaj jgwb tg

t`a assabtdnm; t`a siggt` wggj gl t`a pmntlgri nbj t`a w`dta omgt` gl t`a pdmmgws nra

nustara. Ogbourrabtmy, t`ara ds stdmm n pmnoa lgr sabsunmdty wdt`db t`a ogbtgurs gl t`a

wgrk- surlnoas nra jamdonta gr raldbaj nbj ogbvay nb djdgsyborntdo parsgbnmdzntdgb

t`rguh` gut. Z`a axtraia onra tnkab db prasabtdbh t`a nipmdldars oamafrntas t`ai nbj

amavntas t`adr stntus.

Z`a fgjy db Tgu Iust Nhraa tg Fa Xdt` Tgursamlds gbmy suhhastaj. Z`a wgrk

parlgris db twg wnys. Z`a gfeaots nbj t`adr nrrnbhaiabt nra lns`dgbaj tg dipmy t`a

dbtarnotdgb gl fgjdas, nbj n kdbatdo/sgubj amaiabt jrnws nttabtdgb tg t`a nipmdldars

mdva parlgrinboa. Z`ara nra pmnoas gllaraj lgr fgjdas t`nt wdmm bavar ogia (t`a

pdmmgws). @nbjmas oranta t`a suhhastdgb gl spaodldo dbtarnotdgbs. Z`a gfeaot noqudras dts

gwb taipgrnmdty nbj t`antrdonmdty ns dt sdts gb jdspmny, orantdbh db t`a idbjs gl t`a

vdawar t`a Nfsabt Fgjy.

Ns wdt` gt`ar pdaoas dbBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly, t`a amaiabt nt t`a `anrt glTgu

Iust Nhraa tg Fa Xdt` Tgursamlds sgubj. Z`a nips nra mdbkaj tg ano` gt`ar t`rguh` n

s`grt onfma nbj nra gb nt lumm vgmuia. Z`a nip gb t`a rdh`t nppanrs tg pdok up t`a janj

sdhbnm gl t`a nip gb t`a malt, w`do` sdts sdmabtmy. Z`a w`dta bgdsa t`nt ds trnbsidttaj ds

notunmmy t`a

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60

hat w`ab t`ara ds bgt`dbh tg nipmdly. Z`a trafma kbgf gb t`a spankdbh nip igvas

smgwmy fnok nbj lgrt` gb dts gwb, mdka n pmnyar pdnbg, igjumntdbh t`a luzz dbtg n

r`yt`ido `dss, n iao`nbdonm sdh`, n frant` lgr t`a tao`bgmghy. N ramntdgbs`dp fatwaab

t`ds pumsntdbh stntdo nbj t`a fants gl t`a `uinb fgjy ds lgriaj. Z`a igvaiabt gl t`a

kbgf ds smdh`t, raqudrdbh t`a nttubaiabt gl t`a vdawar tg jataot dt. Z`guh` bg

parsgbdldontdgb goours, t`a nipmdldars nppanr tg abnot n sdipma axo`nbha t`nt rntdldas

t`a bntura gl gur gwb taipgrnm fgjdas- t`ara ds sgiat`dbh nigrgus nfgut t`adr egdbdbh

w`do` nt t`a snia tdia rasaifmas t`a `dss nbj omdok gl n mdla-suppgrt ino`dba.

N raidbjar lrgi n lrdabj nfgut jggi5 Z`ara ds bg asonpa lrgi t`a

ubdvarsa.

Dbvdsdfma Lrdabj (Jggis Zrdtgba), (63>>) ds n soumpturnm dbstnmmntdgb t`nt

axpnbjs t`a tnotdos gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy. Dt aipmgys t`a t`aias gl rasdjunm tao`bgmghy

nbj trnbsidssdgb gl vgdoa wdt` n bgj tg t`a `dstgry gl jdstgrtdgb db iusdo. Z`a pdaoa

axdsts ns n tnbhabt nbj ogipnbdgb lgrTgu Iust Nhraa tg Fa Xdt` Tgursaml. Qsdbh n

so`dzgdj mghdo gl iumtdpmas nbj idrrgrdbh, t`a nipmdldars db t`a lgriar pdaoanra `ara

ao`gaj fy nb dbapt tgy tamap`gba. Z`a tamap`gba sdts fabant` n odroumnr s`rguj gl hray

t-s`drt kbdt, t`a lnfrdo stdto`aj wdt` mdbas gl hnt`ardbh. Z`a odrouilaraboa gl omgt`

orantas nb nrabn lgr t`a parlgridbh wgrk. Z`a odroma ds mnrha nbj jamdonta abguh` t`nt

t`a vdawar onbbgt rano` t`a p`gba, w`do` parpatunmmy rdbhs. Z`a lnfrdo ds `giamy

abguh` t`nt t`a vdawar laams wamogiaj tg mdbhar-onstdbh ayas jgwb dts ogzy lgmjs. Z`a

jdsaifgjdaj rdbhdbh smgwmy trnbsdtdgbs dbtg n ogbtaipgrnry, `anvdmy jdstgrtaj hudtnr

pmnydbh t`a javdms trdtgba. Z`ds trdtgba ds n ogifdbntdgb gl tgbas t`nt ds jdsqudatdbh,

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64

ogiigbmy nssgodntaj wdt` jggi db rgok iusdo nbj `anvy iatnm. D wnbtaj tg `anr t`a

sgubjs smdp dbtg gba nbgt`ar db n `nmmuodbntgry lns`dgb- saadbh, db n rupturaj mghdo, t`nt

n tamap`gba's rdbh nbj t`a trdtgba iust `nva sgiat`dbh db ogiigb. Db jggis mghdo,

jant` ds nb avar-prasabt nfsaboa.

_`dlts db paroaptdgb goour w`ab axpardabodbhDbvdsdfma Lrdabj. Ns wdt` savarnm

gl t`a wgrks dbBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly t`a igvaiabt gl sgubj wnvas ds hdvab n lgrinm

ogubtarpnrt. Z`a odroumnr omgt` ds stdto`aj nmgbh trdnbhumnr saotdgbs- t`a lgmjs hdva n

vdsunm inbdlastntdgb tg t`a sgubj ainbntdbh lrgi t`a p`gba nt t`a oabtar. Ns t`a

vdawar `anrs t`a s`dlt fatwaab raoghbdznfma p`gba rdbhs nbj t`a oraapdbh, diiabsa

jdstgrtdgb gl t`a hudtnr, t`adr paroaptdgb nbj nllaotdva raspgbsa tg t`a vdsunm amaiabts

o`nbhas. Z`a soumpturnm gfeaot noqudras n sabsa gl lmgntdbh, s`dvardbh gr ogmmnpsdbh tg

sgia vdawars. S`ysdonm raspgbsas nbj sabsntdgbs `nva nhndb faab jdspmnoaj gbtg t`a

vdawar, rabjardbh t`a prasaboa gl t`a trnjdtdgbnm parlgriar ubbaoassnry tg oranta wgrk

db ramntdgb tg t`a fgjy.

68 Omuf, (63>6) prasabts nb nrrny gl idorgp`gbas igtgrdzaj tg ogbvumsa- t`ay

nra `ubh db nb grjaraj nrrnbhaiabt eust hrnzdbh t`a lmggr. Z`a soumptura ds tdtmaj lgr

t`a Lgravar 68 Omuf t`a bnia hdvab tg ontahgrdza t`a jant`s gl lnigus rgok

iusdodnbs w`g jdaj, prdinrdmy gl saml-jastruotdva ianbs, nt nha 68. Qsdbh sdidmnr

tnotdos nsDbvdsdfma Lrdabjnbj Tgu Iust Nhraa tg Fa Xdt` Tgursaml, t`a wgrk ds

orantaj db nmmdnboa wdt` t`a vdawars fgjy nbj nmmgws t`a gfeaots t`aisamvas tg

parlgri. Dt outs norgss t`a jdspmny spnoa- nt gba abj t`a idorgp`gbas pgdbtaj tgwnrjs

t`a anrt`, nt t`a gt`ar n mdba gl hgmj-tgba nujdg pmuhs- lgravar jdsogbbaotaj. Z`a pgwar

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?3

sguroa ds `djjab wdt`db n saotdgb gl onfma, mdka t`a tgp n bggsa, manvdbh t`a

idorgp`gbas tg nppanr jaoaptdvamy saml-nbdintaj.

@ay, jg ygu kbgw `gw iuo` D wnbt ygu tg fa aipty7

Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy jainbjs t`a nttabtdgb gl t`a vdawar. Z`a fnmnboa fatwaab

gsodmmntdbh dbtabsdtdas wdt`db t`a wgrk ds dbsdjdgus- ldbjdbh n wny dbtg t`a vdawars

fgjy, nmmgwdbh t`a trnjdtdgbnm parlgriar tg jdsnppanr. S`ysdonm nbj axpardabtdnm

tabjabodas db t`a wgrk lgroa t`a vdawar tg fa nttabtdva nbj raoaptdva. Intardnmmy, dt ds

dipgrtnbt tg pndr nustara nbj assabtdnmdzaj lgris nbj taxturas wdt` t`gsa dtais t`nt

ralaraboa pgpumnr oumtura nbj sufoumtura. Z`ds onusas t`a vdawar tg fa sajuoaj fy

lnidmdnrdty db t`a lnoa gl n mankdbh amaiabt gl jggi. Nt t`a snia tdia t`ay nra stnrvaj

fy t`a sdipmdodty gl t`a lgris. Z`a vdawar `ns t`a strdotast p`ysdonm ramntdgbs`dps tg t`a

pdaoas jua tg t`adr nrrnbhaiabt, sonma, ogbldhurntdgbs nbj prasaboa- trua dbtarnotdvdty

onb gbmy goour upgb t`a stnha wdt`db t`a idbj. Z`a vdawars nra ogbjdtdgbaj dbtg n

stnta gl axtraia sabsdtdvdty fy t`a nppnrabt strdbhaboy gl t`a wgrk. Z`ay nra raoaptdva,

mdbhardbh gb t`a jatndms nbj aidssdgbs gl t`a gfeaot ns t`ay wndt lgr sgiat`dbh (t`a

fgjy gl t`a parlgriar) t`nt iny bavar nppanr. Z`a wgrk jainbjs t`a vdawar tg fa

pgrgus. Z`ds nmmgws t`a trnbsidssdgb gl nllaot, onusdbh t`a Nfsabt Fgjy tg ogia dbtg

fadbh. Z`a parlgridbh fgjy ds sufmdintaj dbtg t`a `ndr stnbjdbh gb abj gb ygur nris

gr t`a idrnha gl pgtabtdnm- pmnydbh mdka n lnbtnsy fa`dbj ygur ayas, fut `nvdbh n

ogubtarpnrt db ranm p`ysdonm p`abgiabgb nbj fgjdmy raoaptdgb. Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds

mdka sg iuo` sigka gr avab mass. Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds gbmy t`a smdh`tast gl `nubtdbhs.

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?>

GZ@AV N\ABQA_ LGV NF_ABOA-

ABNOZIABZ GL NF_ABOA DB Z@A XGVK_ GL JN\DJ XGEBNVGXDOU,

ZAVA_N INVHGMMA_ NBJ EGVHA INOO@D

_g lnr, savarnm assabtdnm tabjabodas db parlgridbh t`a Nfsabt Fgjy `nva faab

jasordfaj. Z`guh` mnrhamy jaldbaj t`rguh` t`a javamgpiabt gl iy gwb nast`atdo,

t`asa qunmdtdas onb nmsg fa saab db t`a wgrk gl gt`ar nrtdsts w`g npprgno` t`a djans gl

nfsaboa, jant`, t`a fgjy, nbj t`a vgdj. Z`ds saotdgb wdmm lgous gb gba spaodldo wgrk

lrgi ano` nrtdst5 Z`a O`nog Onbygb Sgrtrndts gl Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz, \npgrdznodgb fy

Zarasn Inrhgmmas nbjIgbgfmgokfy Egrha Inoo`d. Ano` pdaoa prasabts n jdllarabt sat

gl ogboarbs db`arabt tg t`a dbjdvdjunm nrtdsts fgjy gl wgrk fut nmsg stnbjs db ramntdgb

tg sgia gl t`a kay nttrdfutas gl nb nast`atdo gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy. Z`asa dbomuja5 nb

dbsdjdgusbass gb fgt` p`ysdonm nbj paroaptdva mavams, t`a jdspmnoaiabt gl t`a rgma gl

parlgriar gbtg t`a vdawars fgjy t`rguh` sabsntdgb, t`a usa gl iubjnba, fmnbk gr

aiptdaj gut lgris db gsodmmntdgb wdt` axoass5 aigtdgbnmdty, vumbarnfdmdty nbj t`a

raoghbdtdgb gl jant` nbj argtdodsi, stgrytammdbh wdt`gut n mdtarnm bnrrntdva, nbj t`a

oabtrnm dipgrtnboa gl nmmgwdbh paroaptdgb tg ogipmata t`a wgrk fy abias`dbh t`a

vdawars nwnrabass nbj nllaot wdt` t`a gfeaots nbj sdtuntdgbs gb jdspmny.

X`nt jgas ano` typa gl faogidbh mggk mdka, laam mdka7

Z`a fgjy ogbtrnotdbhZ`a fgjy dipmgjdbh

Z`a fgjy trnbsidttdbhZ`a fgjy ub-`ggkdbh

Z`a fgjy vnbds`dbhAno` stnta gl faogidbh igvdbh lrgi gbasaml

Zg nmmZg bgt`dbh

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?6

Sar`nps t`a igst strdkdbh jdllaraboa fatwaab t`a t`raa nrtwgrks D wdmm axnidba

`ara nbj iy gwb wgrks lrgiBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly ds t`adr nfdmdty tg mdbk axoass tg

nfsaboa jdraotmy. Db ano` onsa, nwnrabass gl jant` ds t`a oabtrnm t`aia. Inrhgmmas `ns

n mgbh `dstgry gl usdbh t`a ogrpsa dtsaml ns n intardnm tg nmmahgrdonm allaot. Inoo`ds

wgrk ds orantaj lrgi n out gfdtunry nbj Xgebnrgwdoz usas `ds gwb fgjy ns sdta tg

abnot jdsnppanrnboa- orantdbh saml-pgrtrndts w`dma jydbh gl NDJ_. Hagrhas Fntndmma

axpmgras t`a raodprgodty fatwaab axoass nbj nfsaboa, mdlas egys nbj urhas nbj nb

nooaptnboa gl jant`. @ds t`agrdas iny sarva tg dmmuidbnta `gw nrtwgrks t`nt ogbvay

nfsaboa onb fa fudmt upgb n saaidbhmy ogbtrnjdotgry lgubjntdgb gl axoass.

Fntndmma wrdtas t`nt t`a umtdinta gfeaot gl jasdra ds tgtnmdty nbj ubdldontdgb

wdt` t`a ubdvarsa. Db grjar tg no`dava t`ds, wa iust snordldoa gursamvas tg bgt`dbhbass

nbj tg t`a vgdj, faogidbh t`rguh` jasdra, fgt` w`gma nbj aipty. Z`ds ramntas tg t`a

frgnjar ogboapt gl argtdodsis tdas tg jant` nbj rapumsdgb. Jant`, nbj nmm dts laoubj

sufstnboas dbjdonta pgssdfdmdty lgr japt`, w`gmabass nbj rabawnm. Dt ds jant`s latdj

nbj mukawnri sufstnboas w`ara mdla lariabts dhbgfmy. 63 Xa mggk t`rguh` jant` tg

saa t`nt mdla axpaots tg ogia gboa igra lrgi dt. _didmnrmy, Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ds

ogboarbaj wdt` nots gl aiptydbh gut t`nt nmmgw trnbslgrintdgb tg goour. Nots gl axoass

iny saai db gppgsdtdgb tg t`a Nfsabt Fgjy- `gwavar, w`nt ds gl pnrtdoumnr dbtarast nra

t`a snordldodnm stntas jasordfaj dbJasdra @grrdldaj nt Mgsdbh nbj Mgsdbh Gbasamlnbj

Z`a Gfeaot gl Jasdra nbj t`a Zgtnmdty gl t`a Vanm.6>

Z`a japmatdgb nbj rabawnm gl

abarhdas t`nt Fntndmma jasordfas stnrt wdt` nb not gl axoass fut nra umtdintamy ndiaj nt

rudbntdgb, omgsabass tg jant` nbj t`a vgdj t`rguh` saml-snordldoa. Dt ds t`rguh` t`ds

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??

prgxdidty tg t`a vgdj nbj nfsaboa t`nt wa iny axpardaboa tgtnmdty gl fadbh. Z`ds

idh`t fa rap`rnsaj ns axpardabodbh t`a ogbtdbudty gl mdla nbj jant` ns dt igvas

t`rguh` gur gwb taipgrnm fgjdas.

Jant` ds n parlgrintdva avabt

Fntndmma pgsdts t`nt t`ds omgsabass tg jant` ds igst mdkamy tg fa pmnyaj gut fy

t`a nbhuds`aj `argas gl mdtarntura. Fy axtabsdgb, t`ds snordldodnm saml onb fa aifgjdaj

wdt`db t`a ranmi gl parlgrintdvdty nbj parlgrinboa nrt. Z`a ldbnm wgrks gl Jnvdj

Xgebnrgwdoz nmmgw mdla tg fa saab t`rguh` jant`. Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz wns n pndbtar

nbj iaifar gl t`a Odbain gl Zrnbshrassdgb soaba. 6> @ds ldbnm p`gtghrnp`do wgrks, db

w`do` `a parlgris, jdspmny nb ub`ggkdbh gl paroaptunm iao`nbdsis.66

Fy n

prgoajura gl ravarsnm t`ds ub`ggkdbh nmmgws mdla tg fa saab t`rguh` jant`. Z`ds

dblaotaj vdsdgb ds n prgjuot gl t`a nrtdsts axpardaboa gl faogidbh @D\+. Z`a

parlgrintdvdty gl t`a jant` avabt ogbbaots tg fgt` Fnrt`as djans lrgi Oniarn Muodjn

nbj Fntndmmas jdsoussdgb gl snordldoa nbj t`a tgtnmdty gl t`a ranm. Fy vdawdbh

axpardaboa t`rguh` dipabjdbh jant`, prasaboa ds jdsruptaj. Dblaotaj vdsdgb gpabs up

tdia, rupturas dt, sg t`nt mdla-tdia nbj jant`-tdia iny fa lamt sdiumtnbagusmy.

S`gtghrnp`y ds t`a mghdonm aifgjdiabt gl t`ds prgoajura. Dts dinhas nra igurbdbh

surlnoas w`ara twg igiabts onb fa saab nt gboa5 t`a igiabt onpturaj (nmranjy hgba)

nbj t`a dipmdaj prasabt igiabt, w`do` ds dtsaml, nmranjy pnssdbh. @ara, p`gtghrnp`s

ogbspdra wdt` t`a Nfsabt Fgjy tg suhhast t`nt gfeaots nra prasabt w`dma

sdiumtnbagusmy ogbldridbh t`adr nfsaboa. Db t`a onsa gl oartndb p`gtghrnp`s, X`nt ds

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?:

bg mgbhar t`ara parlgris upgb us nbj wa parlgri dt. Dt faranvas us nbj wa faranva dt.

6?

Xgebnrgwdozs p`gtghrnp`s nra saml-pgrtrndts s`gt nt O`nog Onbygb (tnkab

Iny >44>). Z`ay axpmgra aiptdbass, t`a fgubjnrdas fatwaab saml nbj vgdj, nbj t`a

ogbtndbiabt gl fgt` saml nbj t`a gt`ar (aifgjdaj fy jant`) wdt`db gba vassam. Db t`a

dinhas wa saa t`a nrtdsts lnoa aiarhdbh lrgi jdrt gr pgssdfmy sufiarhdbh. Adt`ar wny,

dt ds omanr t`nt dt ds prapnrdbh tg hraat nbj iamj wdt` bgt`dbhbass. Z`a skdb `ara ds t`a

pabatrnfma fgubjnry fatwaab t`a saml nbj vgdj. Db ogbtaipmntdbh `ds gwb jant`,

Xgebnrgwdoz wds`as tg stap dbtg dts pmnoa nbj faogia jant` `disaml. Xgebnrgwdoz

parlgris t`a Nfsabt Fgjy fy raoghbdzdbh t`a bntura gl jant` t`rguh` `ds axpardaboa

wdt` NDJ_. Lgr `di, t`a parlgrinboa gl sabsunmdty nbj tguo` faogia abogubtars wdt`

t`a jant` gl t`a fgjy, w`do` ds nmwnys nmranjy goourrdbh. Xa saa nb axonvntdgb tnkdbh

pmnoa, mnyars gl snbj fmgwdbh nwny, mnyars gl t`a saml dbvartdbh tg pgsdtdgb gbasaml lgr

jant`.6:

@a rano`as gut tg strgka jant`, nbj db sg jgdbh, faogias nfsgrfaj dbtg dts

lgroas, parlgridbh t`a Nfsabt Fgjy.

_didmnrmy, Zarasn Inrhgmmas `ns fudmt `ar mdlas wgrk nrgubj abogubtars wdt`

jant`. @ar pdaoa, \npgrdznodgb (\npgrdzntdgb, 6336) nmmgws t`a Nfsabt Fgjy tg

parlgri lgr dtsaml, inkdbh n japnrtura lrgi `ar anrmdar wgrk ns parlgriar wdt` Iaxdog

Odty ogmmaotdva _AILG (bniaj lgr t`a lajarnm jdstrdots oabtrnm igrhua w`ara s`a

wgrks), w`do` fahnb ns n jant`-iatnm hrgup.61

Gltab usdbh ogrpsas ns nb nmmahgrdonm

iajdui, Inrhgmmas wgrk ds o`nrnotardzaj fy n oartndb mavam gl s`gok- vnmua. Xgrkdbh

wdt` t`a fgjdas gl t`a janj nmmgws `ar wgrk tg ogblrgbt t`a tnfgg gl jant` nbj ogbvay

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?1

stgrdas gl sgodnm dbaqudty nbj oranta pgmdtdonm nwnrabass. Inby gl t`a fgjdas s`a usas

nra vdotdis gl pgvarty nbj vdgmaboa t`a avabtunm gutogia gl w`do` (jant`) ds typdonmmy

s`damjaj lrgi wastarb ayas. X`dma `ar anrmdar wgrks dbvgmvdbh s`gok tnotdos ravam db

axoass prgjuodbh n `anvy prasaboa gl jant` vdn ogrpsas, mdva parlgrinboas nbj saml-

pgrtrndtura, `ar igra raoabt wgrks, mdka \npgrdznodgb, aipmgy t`a Nfsabt Fgjy-

ramydbh gb nb dbsdjdgus jdspmnoaiabt gl t`a parlgriars rgma db ogbeubotdgb wdt`

ogblrgbtntdgbnm t`aias nbj tnotdos.

Qpgb abtardbh t`a dbstnmmntdgb \npgrdznodgb t`a vdawar ds sufiarsaj db nb

ntigsp`ara `anvy wdt` lgh. Z`a spnoa ds gt`arwdsa aipty. Z`a vnpgr db t`a spnoa ds

prgjuoaj fy wntar pravdgusmy usaj tg wns` t`a fgjy gl ogrpsas. Db t`ds wgrk, t`a

Nfsabt Fgjy nmmgws nb gsodmmntdgb fatwaab s`gok nbj aiptdbass, fatwaab lgri nbj

lgrimassbass, fatwaab axoass nbj nfsaboa. Zwg dipgrtnbt prgoajuras gl t`a nast`atdo

gl nfsaboa nra utdmdzaj db t`ds abnotiabt gl jdsnppanrnboa5 t`a euxtnpgsdtdgb gl bag-

idbdinm, aiptdaj-gut lgris wdt` jdsqudatdbh sufeaot inttar nbj t`a jdspmnoaiabt gl

t`a rgmas gl t`a parlgriars fgjy gbtg t`a vdawar. Z`a vnpgr ds fgt` ogboaptunmmy nbj

p`ysdonmmy dbsdjdgus, ldbjdbh n wny dbtg t`a vdawars paroaptdgb nbj p`ysdonm fgjy.

Snsonm Fanussa wrdtas t`nt, Z`a ntigsp`ardo jdiabsdgb gl t`a lgh jgasbt paridt nby

jdstnboa5 dbsdbuntdbh dtsaml avaryw`ara, dts jrgpmats sattmdbh gb t`a skdb nbj t`a omgt`as

gl t`a vdawar, t`a vnpgrdzaj wntar astnfmds`as n jdraot ogbtnot wdt` t`a fgjdas gl t`a

janj nbj s`grt-odroudts gur dbtammaotunm ubjarstnbjdbh gl t`a wgrk fy sgmdodtdbh fgt` n

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?444) nmsg ogbtaipmntas jant`, fut utdmdzas

jdllarabt tao`bdquas gl t`a nast`atdo gl nfsaboa tg jg sg. Z`a twg-jdiabsdgbnm wgrk ds

ogiprdsaj gl savarnm mnyars gl bawspnpar gfdtunry pnhas gvarmnppaj. N iubjnba

abguh` intardnm tg fahdb wdt`, nmm gl t`a taxt fgxas gb t`a pnhas `nva faab smdoaj gut

dbtg bant wdbjgws manvdbh hagiatrdo spnoas gl gvarmnp- nmigst mdka t`a wdbjgws gl n

tnmm fudmjdbh. Nfgva ano` nfsaboa t`a inrk gl t`a orgss gr n _tnr gl Jnvdj raindbs.

Inoo`ds wgrk `dbhas gb nb dbtarast db t`a inrhdbnm, noodjabtnm nbj gvar-mggkaj. @a

gltab wgrks wdt` avaryjny gfeaots; t`rguh` hastura `a ds nfma tg jalnidmdnrdza t`asa

iubjnba taxturas inkdbh t`ai `nrj tg omnssdly nbj ralmaotdva gl p`dmgsgp`donm

ogipmaxdty. Inoo`ds wgrk, nmt`guh` prdinrdmy ogipgsaj gl stntdo gfeaots, dipmdas t`a

avabts gl avaryjny- amavntdbh t`a stntus gl t`a iubjnba nbj ubaxoaptdgbnm t`rguh` t`a

not gl bgtdodbh. Sdotura `di t`uifdbh t`rguh` t`a bawspnpar, nmm t`a avabts jasordfaj

nmranjy gvar wdt`. @a wrdtas, D onbbgt axpmndb w`y D njjrass iy nttabtdgb tg t`nt

w`do` dbvnrdnfmy ds malt tg gba sdja5 pgmdoa fmgttar baws, t`a pgatdonmmy pratabtdgus

p`rnsas t`nt dmmustrnta `grrgr soabas, wgrjs tnkab gut gl ogbtaxt, mgva iassnhas mgst db

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?8

bawspnpars, njvartdsdbh ogpy, gfdtunrdas, t`a bnias t`nt nppanr nltar t`a abj db

igvdas, taxts t`nt bgfgjy ranjs.60

Z`a Nfsabt Fgjy ramntas tg Inoo`ds usa gl t`a iubjnba ns n sdta gl

ogipmaxdty nbj `ds wgrks nfdmdty tg smgw t`a vdawars paroaptdva axpardaboa, nmmgwdbh

t`a wgrk tg ublgmj.Igbgfmgok, nigbh gt`ar wgrks, nmsg nokbgwmajhas t`nt gfeaots

nra nmmdas gl t`a fgjy, pnrtbars db gur jndmy mdvas. Ns s`gwb db axnipmas lrgiBgt`dbh

tg Nipmdly nbj Inrhgmmas \npgrdznodgb, t`a fmnbk, aiptdaj-gut gr iubjnba lgri onb

fa n pgwarlum tggm lgr nmmgwdbh t`a wgrk tg fa nooassdfma tg t`a vdawar nbj ns n

ogbvaynboa gl `djjab ogipmaxdty. Abogubtardbh Inoo`ds wgrk, orantas n

jdsogboartdbh sabsa gl mgw- hrnja fut pgwarlum uboartndbty `djjab sgiaw`ara wdt`db

gr fa`dbj nb gfeaot t`nt dbdtdnmmy nbbguboas dtsaml ns sgiat`dbh lgrinmmy pura gr

dbbgougus.64

@ds inkdbh-strnbha gl t`a avaryjny onrrdas wdt` dt t`a pgwar gl t`a

wgrk tg frdbh vdawars nwnrabass gl t`adr gwb paroaptdgb, Dt ds nmigst ns t`guh` t`a

spmdt-saogbj fatwaab paroaptdgb nbj ubjarstnbjdbh `ns faab smgwaj jgwb nbj ldmmaj

wdt` ogbtabt.?3 Nmt`guh` bgt nskdbh t`a vdawar tg fa dbvgmvaj p`ysdonmmy, t`ds prgoass

fanrs n rasaifmnboa tg t`a trnbslar gl t`a rgma gl parlgriar nssgodntaj wdt` t`a Nfsabt

Fgjy. Z`a vdawars nra nskaj tg hdva iuo` gl t`aisamvas tg axpardaboa t`a wgrk.

Jaspdta t`adr goonsdgbnm ramdnboa gb axoass ns n t`aia, t`asa wgrks fy Zarasn

Inrhgmmas, Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz nbj Egrha Inoo`d pgdbt tg nb nast`atdo gl nfsaboa t`nt

ds s`nraj fy iy gwb wgrks lrgiBgt`dbh tg Nipmdly. Ano` nrtdst ldbjs t`aisamvas n

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?0

stgrytammar db orantdbh t`asa wgrks- nmfadt gba w`gsa bnrrntdvas nra rupturaj, wdmmlummy

orantdbh n ogipmaxdty gl nwnrabass t`nt nmmgws paroaptdgb tg strato` gut nbj o`nbha db

t`a vdawar. Inoo`d nbj Inrhgmmas lgris ldbj t`adr vdhgr db fadbh strdppaj jgwb,

aiptdaj gut, tg n stnta gl adt`ar fnbnmdty gr fmnbkbass. Z`ds nustardty `ns t`a pgwar tg

nttuba t`a vdawar tg smdh`t jatndms nbj sabsntdgbs. Ano` wgrk nsks t`a vdawar tg

parlgri5 Xgebnrgwdoz nsks us tg parlgri dblaotaj vdsdgb, Inoo`d nsks us tg dbeaot

t`a wgrks stuffgrb sdmaboa wdt` aigtdgbnmdty?>

, nbj Inrhgmmas notdvntas t`a

vdawars p`ysdonm fgjy tg rapmnoa t`a prasaboa gl `ar gwb, nbj t`gsa gl t`a janj. Dt ds

t`rguh` t`asa iat`gjs t`nt t`a Nfsabt Fgjy iny ogia dbtg fadbh.

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?4

DB OGBOMQ_DGB

Iy ayas iy igut`

Nmm iy wnys db nra asonpa rgutas

Z`dbk gl t`a Nfsabt Fgjy nrrnbhaj db spnoa ranjy lgr parlgrinboa. Ano`

soumptura aidttdbh dts gwb suhhastdgbs nbj amaotrdonm w`aazdbh. Z`a fgjy gl t`a

vdawar jdstrdfutaj nbj onmmaj tg nttabtdgb fy t`a wgrk. Dbsdjdgus axo`nbhas nra

goourrdbh fatwaab fgjdas- sgia gl t`ai `uinb, sgia gl t`ai nbdinta fut ubnmdva.

Ano` sabsdtdvdty, ano` dbtabsdty, amaotrdldas t`a spnoa fatwaab fgjdas. Z`a

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:3

>

@ggks, Famm- @ggks axpmgras `gw t`a pgwar gl parlgrinboa mdas db t`a diiajdnta prasaboa

gl t`a parlgriar/ grntgr ns n lgri gl grhnbdzaj rasdstnboa. Z`a parlgriar db t`ds onsa abhnhas

jdraotmy wdt` t`a nujdaboa.6

_o`badjar, Vafaoon5 Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy db Sarlgrinboa. Snrnp`rnsaj lrgi indb ogboapt gl

nrtdoma.

?S`amnb, Sahhy5 Z`a Abjs gl Sarlgrinboa. (Dbtrgjuotdgb) _paodnm nttabtdgb ds pndj tg t`a

assabtdnm taipgrnmdty gl parlgrinboa nrt.

:_o`badjar frdalmy iabtdgbs _digba Ja Fanuvgdrs djan gl raodprgodty fatwaab sufeaot nbj

gfeaot.

1Knya, Bdok, pnrnp`rnsaj

>8

8Fnrt`as, Vgmnbj, ph. >>1

0Fnrt`as, Vgmnbj, ph. 3Igbjgmgo`, Knta. Lrgi o`nptar5 Dbstnmmdbh Zdia5 _pntdnmdzaj Zdia nbj Axpmgrntgry

Jurntdgb

>> Igrsa, Inrhnrat, ph. >18

>6Igrsa, Inrhnrat, ph. >10. Dtnmdos nra idba

>?Igrsa, Inrhnrat, ph. >:Jguhmns Hgrjgb, ph. 440), 6?

>1Iuo` `ns faab wrdttab nfgut Jguhmns Hgrjgbs wgrks ramntdgbs`dp wdt` tdia. Z`ds idrrgrs

t`a pnst/ prasabt jdo`gtgiy gl iajdn wgrk. D ni lgousdbh, dbstanj db t`a pgtabtdnm gl t`a

dinhdbaj tg nmmgw t`a parlgriar tg rabjar t`aisamvas dbvdsdfma. Z`ds ds suhhastaj fy Hgrjgbs

wgrk ogbtndbdbh n prgpgsdtdgb lgr t`a vdawar.

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:>

>8

Igbjgmgo`, Knta, phs. ::-:15 Hgrjgb s`nraj `ds t`guh`ts nfgut 6: @gur Ssyo`gs djanmspaotntgr wdt` `ds frgt`ar, Jnvdj, w`g raonmms t`a ogbvarsntdgb t`usmy5 @a [Jguhmns HgrjgbY

wabt gb tg dinhdba t`nt t`ds sgiagba idh`t sujjabmy raiaifar w`nt t`ay `nj saab anrmdar

t`nt jny, mntar t`nt bdh`t; par`nps nt nrgubj >3 gomgok, grjardbh jrdbks db n orgwjaj fnr wdt`

lrdabjs, gr sgiaw`ara amsa db t`a odty, par`nps mnta nt bdh`t, eust ns sgiagba ds ubjrassdbh tg

hg tg faj, t`ay iny turb t`adr `anj tg t`a pdmmgw nbj stnrt tg t`dbk nfgut w`nt t`ay `nj saab

t`nt jny. @a sndj `a t`guh`t dt wgumj fa dbtarastdbh lgr t`nt sgiagba tg dinhdba w`nt wns

`nppabdbh db t`a hnmmary rdh`t t`ab, nt t`a igiabt db tdia w`ab t`ay `nva bg nooass tg t`a

wgrk. ^ugtaj lrgi5 Jnvdj Hgrjgb, fy wny gl n stntaiabt gb t`a nrtdsts fa`nml, db

Jguhmns Hgrjgb5 Kdjbnppdbh(Baw Tgrk5 J.N.S. / Jdstrdfutaj Nrt Sufmds`ars, >440), 0?

>0Fntndmma, Hagrhas, ph. >>4

Fntndmma wrdtas gl axpardabodbh t`a tgtnmdty gl t`a ranm t`rguh` axoass. Z`ds, `gwavar, `ns tdas

tg nfsaboa ns nt t`a igiabt gl aifrnodbh tgtnmdty (`ds axnipma ds grhnsi) t`a sabsntdgbs

nbj nwnrabass lamt faogia ogipmax nbj dbomuja t`a vnhuast gl sabsntdgbs, t`nt ravanm

bgt`dbh omanr nbj jdstdbot. Z`rguh` axoass t`a vgdj ds abogubtaraj. Db nbgt`ar wrdtdbh gb t`a

Gfeaot gl Jasdra `a wrdtas, Dt saais tg ia t`nt t`a tgtnmdty gl w`nt ds (t`a ubdvarsa) swnmmgws

ia (p`ysdonmmy), nbj dl dt swnmmgws ia, gr sdboa dt swnmmgws ia, D onb't jdstdbhuds` iysaml lrgi

dt; bgt`dbh raindbs, axoapt t`ds gr t`nt, w`do` nra mass ianbdbhlum t`nb t`ds bgt`dbh. Db n sabsa

dt ds ubfanrnfma nbj D saai tg fa jydbh. Dt ds nt t`ds ogst, bg jguft, t`nt D ni bg mgbhar iysaml,

fut nb dbldbdty db w`do` D ni mgst... (`ttp5//www.habarntdgb-gbmdba.grh/p/lpfntndmma6.`ti ) @a

japdots t`ds ns n lnmsa axpardaboa wdt`db t`a axoass- stdmm dt ds dbtrdhudbh tg ogbsdjar t`a

ogipmax nssgodntdgbs nbj bgt`dbhbass abogubtaraj fy abtardbh t`a vgdj t`rguh` axoass.

>4 Db raspgbsa tg ranjdbh FntndmmasNooursaj _`nra

63

Fntndmma, Hagrhas, ph. 0>

6>Nooursaj _`nra, \gm DD5 Snrt :5 Zrnbshrassdgb, _aotdgb Z`raa nbj Lgur

66Lgr lurt`ar ranjdbh gb t`a Odbain gl Zrnbshrassdgb nbj dbtarvdaws wdt` Xgebnrgwdoz saa5

_nrhabt, Enok. aj. Jant`trdppdbh5 Z`a Odbain gl Zrnbshrassdgb. >444, Orantdgb Sufmdontdgb

Hrgup

6?Invgr, Onrgm, dbtrgjuotdgb5 Invgrs taxt axnidbas, db spaodldo, \dotgrdnb p`gtghrnp`s nbj

t`a parlgrinboa gl saxunmdty wdt`db t`ai

6:_aifar, Vgfart. Djans gl dblaotaj vdsdgb nbj pgsdtdgbdbh gbasaml db ramntdgb tg jant`

pnrnp`rnsaj.

61Onrrgmm, Niy _nrn, ph. >3:

634

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:6

68

Onrrgmm, Niy _nrn, ph. >>1

60

Inoo`d, Egrha. Nrtdsts stntaiabt taxt lgr t`a ax`dfdtdgb >6 \daws.64

Fnrradrg, Hnfrdam Saraz

?3Fnrradrg, Hnfrdam Saraz

?> Fnrradrg, Hnfrdam Saraz, Db nb anrmy wgrk mdka Asonmgb, t`a sdipma not gl prasabtdbh n sdbhma

stap raigvaj lrgi t`a stndronsa s`dlts gur ranjdbh gl t`a gfeaot tg sujjabmy saa nb drrahumnr

nbj fdznrra oglldb, w`dma stdmm raindbdbh n stndr t`nt manjs bgw`ara, n stap dbtg t`a vgdj. Z`ds

kdbj gl ogbeubotdgb gl ianbdbhs nrgubj n sdbhma gfeaot ds typdonm gl Inoo`ds sanro` lgr

iumtdpma mnyars gl rasgbnboa Lgr t`ds rasgbnboa tg goour, t`a gfeaot iust indbtndb n fnsdo

qunmdty glstuffgrb sdmaboa, fy w`do` D ianb t`nt dts dbtabtdgbs onbbgt fa jaomnraj tgg

axpmdodtmy nt t`a rdsk gl t`a wgrk faogidbh jdjnotdo gr dmmustrntdva.

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:?

FDFMDGHVNS@T5

Fnrradrg, Hnfrdam Saraz. Z`a Nbntgiy gl Iamnbo`gmy, Ontnmghua gl t`a

Igbghrnp`do Ax`dfdtdgb nt _nbtnbjar Oumturnm. 6338, Iarogsum Fdabbnma, SgrtgNmahra, Frnzdm

Fnrt`as, Vgmnbj. Oniarn Muodjn5 Valmaotdgbs gb S`gtghrnp`y. >40> IoHrnw-@dmm

Vyarsgb Mtj., Zgrgbtg

Fntndmma, Hagrhas. Z`a Nooursaj _`nra5 Nb Assny gb Habarnm Aogbgiy. \gm DD Z`a

@dstgry gl Argtdodsi >44>, Ugba Fggks, Baw Tgrk

Fanussa, Snsonm. Zarasn Inrhgmmas Srdigrjdnm _ufstnboas. Lmns` Nrt ?0 E>/_. 6331,

Z`a @.X. Xdmsgb Ogipnby

Onrrgmm, Niy _nrn. Iuartg _db Ldb. ZJV5 Z`a Jrnin Vavdaw. 1:56 (Z633,

Baw Tgrk Qbdvarsdty nbj t`a Inssno`usatts Dbstdtuta gl Zao`bgmghy

Larhusgb, Vussamm, aj. Jguhmns Hgrjgb. 633>, Iusaui gl Ogbtaipgrnry Nrt, Mgs

Nbhamas

@ggks, Famm. Sarlgrinboa ns n _dta gl Gppgsdtdgb. Mats Hat Dt Gb5 Z`a Sgmdtdos glFmnok Sarlgrinboa. >441, Fny Srass, _anttma, XN

Knya, Bdok. Iumtd-iajdn5 \djag-Dbstnmmntdgb-Sarlgrinboa. 6338, Vgutmajha

Inoo`d, Egrha. Nrtdsts Zaxt. Ontnmghua gl t`a Ax`dfdtdgb >6 \daws. 633>, Z`aJrnwdbh Oabtar, Baw Tgrk

Invgr, Onrgm. Smansuras Znkab5 Sarlgrinboas gl _axunmdty nbj Mgss db \dotgrdnb

S`gtghrnp`s. >441, Juka Qbdvarsdty Srass, Mgbjgb

Igbjgmgo`, Knta. _oraabs5 \dawdbh Iajdn Dbstnmmntdgb Nrt. 63>3, Qbdvarsdty glIdbbasgtn Srass, Idbbanpgmds, IB

Igrsa, Inrhnrat. \drtunmdtdas5 Zamavdsdgb, Iajdn Nrt, nbj Oyfaroumtura. >440, Dbjdnbn

Qbdvarsdty Srass, Dbjdnbnpgmds

S`amnb, Sahhy, aj. Dbtrgjuotdgb, Z`a Abjs gl Sarlgrinboa. >440, Baw Tgrk

Qbdvarsdty Srass, Baw Tgrk

_o`badjar, Vafaoon. Dbtrgjuotdgb, Apdmghua Z`a Axpmdodt Fgjy db Sarlgrinboa. >448,Vgutmajha, Baw Tgrk

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_aifar, Vgfart. _aadbh Jant`5 Z`a S`gtghrnp`y gl Jnvdj Xgebnrgwdoz. Z`a Abjs

gl Sarlgrinboa. aj. Sahhy S`amnb. >440, ?5 ?>-1>. Baw Tgrk Qbdvarsdty Srass, BawTgrk

_bgwjab, Ogmmatta. Vapgrtdbh fy S`gba. Vasdjunm Iajdn. O`nrmas V. Nomnbj. 6338,

Qbdvarsdty gl Idbbasgtn Srass, Idbbanpgmds, IB