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Notes
Introduction
1 . Rajai, M. and Phillips, K., 2004.
2 . Burns, 1978, among others.
3 . Fowler et al., 2002.
4 . Weber, 1964.
5 . Aoltio- Marjosala and Takala, 2007.
6 . Finlay and Tansey, 2005.
7 . Rajai and Phillips, 2004.
8 . Fischer, 1998.
9 . Ibid., 1998.
10 . Portman and Garrett, 2005.
11 . For connective leadership, see Lipman- Blumen, 1992. For communal
and agentic leadership, see Eagly and Carli, 2007.
12 . Eagly and Carli, 2007.
13 . Coleman, 1991.
14 . Boserup, 1965; Angier, 1999.
15 . Fowler et al., 2002.
16 . Tamale, 1999; Bauer and Britton, 2006; Skaine, 2008; Lucan, 2004;
Sirleaf, 2009; Denzer, 1981, 1995.
17 . Interview, 2009.
18 . Ibid.
19 . I.L.O, 2004. See also ILO labor statistics.
20 . Browers, 2006.
21 . UNESCO, 2005.
22 . United Nations, 2000; Norris and Inglehart, 2000.
23 . Crossette, 2000, http://www.bard.edu/bgia/bardpolitik/vol1/ii
- article3.pdf.
24 . Parpart and Staudt, 1989, p. 5.
25 . Oleksy, Peto and Waaldijk, eds, 2008.
26 . Bangura, 1992.
27 . Okeke- Ihejirika and Franceschet, 2002.
28 . Steady, 2006.
NOT ES244
1 The Legacy and Importance of Female Leadership in Africa
1 . Monges, 1996.
2 . Aidoo, 1981; Kuper, 1952
3 . Lucan, 2004.
4 . Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008.
5 . Time , 2009, 6.
6 . UNDP, 2005 and other years.
7 . Bangura, 1992; Dembele, 1999, 2002; Moyo, 2009; among others.
8 . Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008 (updated).
9 . Ibid.
10 . Robers 1972 for Alice Lenshina; Ekejiuba, 1992 for Omu Okwei, the
Merchant Queen and Filomina Steady, 2009, interview of Honorable
Umu Hawa Tejan- Jalloh, chief justice of Sierra Leone. Discussed
later in the chapter on Sierra Leone.
11 . Steady, 2006.
12 . Tamale, 1996.
13 . Tamale, 1999.
14 . Abdallah, 2010.
15 . NEPAD, 2001.
16 . African Union, 1981, 2005; NEPAD, 2001; UN, 1995.
17 . African Union, 2005; Banda, 2006.
2 Conceptual Framework and Themes
1 . Eagly and Carli, 2007, 93.
2 . Steady, 1974; Gbowee, on Bill Moyers Journal, PBS, June 2009.
3 . Personal communication, 2009
4 . Aidoo, 1981.
5 . Bamberger, 1974; De Beauvoir, 1973; Chodorow, 1974.
6 . Sanday, 2002.
7 . Diop, 1987; Monges, 1996; Nnaemeka, 1997.
8 . Monges, 1996, 153.
9 . Diop, 1987.
10 . Monges, 1996, 136.
11 . Diop, 1987.
12 . Bauer and Britton, 2006, 11.
13 . Ibid.
14 . Awe 1977; Okonjo, 1981.
15 . Amadiume, 1987; Oyewumi, 1997.
16 . Oyewumi, 1997.
17 . Parks, 1994; Recounted in On the Media , NPR interview with Tim
Tyson, 2005.
18 . Sudarkasa, 1981, 1986; Amadiume, 1987; Okonjo, 1981; Oyewumi,
1987.
NOT ES 245
19 . Amadiume, 1987.
20 . Achebe, 2005.
21 . Steegstra, 2009.
22 . Kuper, H., 1952.
23 . Personal communication, 2009; refers to all quotes; research assis-
tant Akosua Asabea Annoh.
24 . Personal communication, 2009; research assistant Akosua Asabea
Annoh.
25 . Personal communication, 2009.
3 The Mano River Union (MRU) and the Mano River Women’s Peace Network (MARWOPNET)
1 . Books on the MRU wars have included: Sawyer, A., 1997, 2005;
Kulah, 1999; Gberie, 2005; Beah, 2007; and Hunter, 2006
(a novel).
2 . Ibid.
3 . Coulter, 2009.
4 . Personal communication, 2009
5 . FAS, 2000.
6 . Marwopnet, 2004, The Friends of the Future and MARWOPNET,
2004–2005, www.marwopnet.org.
7 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004.
8 . Ibid.
9 . Ibid.
10 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004.
11 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004.
12 . Personal communication, 2009
4 Women and Leadership in Guinea
1 . The World Bank Group, http://ddp- ext/ddreports/View/Share
Report?&CF=&REPORT_ID=91. The World Bank, http://web.
wor ldba n k .o rg / W I S I T E/ E X T E R N A L/C OU N T R I E S
/AFRICAEXT/GUINEAE. Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008,
“Women in National Parliaments,” http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e
/world.htm; http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e/classif- arc.htm.
2 . The following was included as a footnote to CEDAW by Guinea:
26. An instrument of accession had been deposited on 14 March
1980 with the Secretary- General. The signature was affixed on
17 July 1980 and was accompanied by the following declaration:
The People’s Revolutionary Republic of Guinea wishes to sign the
Convention . . . with the understanding that this procedure annuls the
procedure of accession previously followed by Guinea with respect to
the Convention.
NOT ES246
3 . BBC News Timelines, updated from 2008 on; http://timelines.ws
/countries/Guinea.html;AllAfrica.com/stories/htm; O’Toole, 2005;
Rodney, 2008; Schmidt, 2005, 2007.
4 . United Nations, 1976, http://www.anc.org.za/un/sp- com3.html`
5 . United Nations, 1976.
6 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006.
7 . Schmidt, 2005.
8 . Ibid.
9 . Steady, 2006.
10 . Schmidt, 2005.
11 . Ibid.
12 . Based on an interview by Schmidt of Aissatou N’Diaye, Conakry,
April 8, 1991, and quoted in Schmidt, 2005, 113.
13 . Schmidt, 2005.
14 . Morgenthau, 1964, 238.
15 . Schmidt, 2005, 115.
16 . UNESCO, 2005.
17 . Tabachnick, 2009.
18 . USAID, 2005.
19 . Schmidt, 2005.
20 . Samiuddin and Khanan, 2002.
21 . Ibid.
22 . Mernissi, 1991a.
23 . Mernissi, 1991b.
24 . Ogungbile, 2004.
25 . In the 2010 elections, there was no female presidential candidate
from the Aguino Party.
26 . Personal communication, 2009
27 . Personal communication, 2009.
28 . Personal communication, 2009.
29 . AllAfrica.com, October 17, 2009.
30 . Daily Observer , October 9, 2009, 2.
31 . AllAfrica.com, October 17, 2009.
32 . News Africa , May 7, 2010.
33 . Ibid.
34 . IUTC, International Trade Union Confederation, 2010.
35 . Inteview Website: www.ituc- csi.org.
36 . Afrique Avenir , 2010, 1.
37 . Ibid.
38 . Ibid.
39 . Samb, 2010.
40 . Samb, 2010, 1.
41 . Ibid.
42 . USAID, 2005, 1.
43 . USAID, 2005, 3.
NOT ES 247
44 . Interviewed September 26, 2009. During the interview, I met
Hajah Aisah Bah, former minister of education and an official at
UNESCO.
45 . Personal communication, 2009. The same applies to other sections
of this profile presented in quotes.
46 . Personal communication, 2009. Refers to all quotes from the profile
of Dr. Saran Daraba.
47 . Report on Women Entrepreneurs working in the promotion of peace
in the Mano River Union. Conakry, 2007.
48 . The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was signed into
law in May 2000, by the United States to help promote trade with
African countries.
49 . Personal communication, 2009.
5 Women and Leadership in Liberia
1 . Source: UNDP, 1990; Interparliamentary Union, 2008; the World
Bank, Data, and Statistics, 2010; Nationmaster, 2010.
2 . See www.about..com/africanhistory; www.africanhistory,.about.com
/od/liberia/1/bi- liberia- timeline2.htm; Mc Pherson, 1973; Sawyer,
2005.
3 . Kinder, C. 2008.
4 . Isis- WICCE Research Report, 2008.
5 . Turshen and Twagiramariya, 1998.
6 . Doe- Anderson, 2005.
7 . Daphne Productions, 2009.
8 . Ibid.
9 . Daphne Productions, 2009.
10 . Inter- Parliamentary Union. Women in National Parliaments, 2008;
See Tamale, 1999, for a study of some of the challenges faced by
women in parliament in Uganda.
11 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004.
12 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004, 31.
13 . African Women Peace Support Group, 2004, 30.
14 . African Women Peace Support Group, 2004, 6.
15 . Inter- Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments 2008.
16 . Bledsoe, 1980.
17 . Fofana, 2007, 4.
18 . Cuttington University, News Releases, 2009.
19 . Ibid.
20 . See Steady, 1981; Okonjo, 1981; Awe, 1977; and others.
21 . Fall, 1999; Dembele, 1999, 2002; Steady, 2006.
22 . The Liberian National Action Plan, 2010.
23 . Carter and Mends- Cole, 1982.
24 . Ibid.
NOT ES248
25 . Ibid.
26 . Murray, 2009.
27 . The Analyst, 2009, 1.
28 . Sirleaf, 2009, 41.
29 . Time , 2009, 6.
30 . Time, 2009, 6.
31 . Time , 2009, 6.
32 . Interview by Professor Filomina Steady and research assistants, Ciata
Stevens and Kula Fofana, October 9, 2009.
33 . Personal communication, 2009
34 . Personal communication, 2009.
35 . Personal communication, 2009.
36 . Fofana, 2009.
37 . International Colloquium, 2009, 2.
38 . Ibid.
39 . Ibid.
40 . International Colloquium, 2009.
41 . Ibid.
42 . Ibid.
43 . Ibid.
44 . Personal communication, 2009.
45 . Personal communication, 2009.
46 . Personal communication, 2009.
47 . Personal communication, 2009.
48 . Personal communication, 2009.
49 . Personal communication, 2009.
50 . Personal communication, 2009.
51 . Personal communication, 2009.
52 . Personal communication, 2009.
53 . Personal communication, 2009.
6 Women and Leadership in Sierra Leone
1 . Sierra Leone: general data, http://www.populstat.info/Africa
/sierleog.htm. The World Bank Group http://ddpext/ddreports
/View/ShareReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=91; http://web.world
bank.org/WISITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT
/SIERRA LEONE; Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008, “Women in
National Parliaments, http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e/classif- arc.htm.
2 . BBC News Timelines, http://timelines.ws/countries/Sierra Leone
.html; Fyfe, 1962; Fyle, 1981; Steady, 2001, 2006.
3 . Aldridge, 1901; Easmon, 1958; Fyfe, 1962, 19; Aldridge, 1901;
Abraham, 1971; Hoffer, 1974; Day, 1994; Steady, 2006.
4 . Little, 1951; Abraham, 1971, 1978; Hoffer, 1974; Steady, 2006.
5 . Steady, 2006.
NOT ES 249
6 . Tejan- Jalloh, personal communication, 2009. She is also well known
in the literature. Little, 1951; Fyfe, 1962; Abraham, 1971; Hoffer,
1971.
7 . Lucan, 2004; Steady, 2006.
8 . Tejan- Jalloh, personal communication, 2009; Lucan, 2004.
9 . Sierra Leone Chieftaincy Act, subsection (1) (b), 2008.
10 . Fofana, M., 2009.
11 . Fofana, M., 2009, 2.
12 . Fofana, M., 2009, 2.
13 . Fofana, U., 2009, 5.
14 . Ibid.
15 . Fonti, 2009, 5.
16 . Personal communication, 2009.
17 . Denzer, 1981; Steady, 2006.
18 . Personal communication, 2009.
19 . Sierra Leone Women’s Manifesto, 2002.
20 . Abdallah, 2010, 10.
21 . Macauley, 2010.
22 . Interview article by Second Lieutenant Amelia Thatcher at the
African Land Forces Summit in Washington, DC, May 13, 2010.
Story: Courtesy of U.S. Army.
23 . Personal communication, Abator Thomas, 2009, and Department of
Information, 2009, 2010.
24 . Personal communication, Abator Thomas, 2009.
25 . Fofana, M., 2009, 3.
26 . Peep , 8 January 2010, 3.
27 . Peep, 8 January 2010, 5.
28 . Sierra Leone CEDAW Sixth Report, 2010, 65–6.
29 . Ibid.
30 . Jurist, 2010.
31 . Personal communication, 2009.
32 . Sarkodie- Mensah, 2009.
33 . Unpublished interview given to the researcher, along with other
documents by the chief justice.
34 . White, 1987.
35 . Denzer, 1981.
36 . Personal communication, 2009.
37 . Personal communication, 2009.
38 . Personal communication, 2009.
39 . Personal communication, 2009.
40 . Personal communication, 2009.
41 . Personal communication, 2009.
42 . Personal communication, 2009.
43 . The Sierra Leone National Action Plan for the Implementation of
UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820.
NOT ES250
44 . Personal communication, 2009.
45 . Personal communication, 2009.
7 Analytical Insights on Female Leadership
1 . De Beauvoir, 1973; Chodorow, 1974, 1999. The book, Women, Culture and Society , edited by Rosaldo and Lamphere, 1974, argues
in general that women’s subordination is related to the public/ private
dichotomy of which motherhood is strongly associated with the
private sphere.
2 . Daly, M. 1990.
3 . Mbiti, 1969.
4 . Ibid.; Steady, 1981.
5 . Aidoo, 1981, 65.
6 . Monges, 1996.
7 . Abdallah, 1995.
8 . Awe, 1977; Amadiume, 1987, 2000; Oyewumi, 1997; Mernissi,
1975, 1991; among others.
9 . All the quotes in this section are derived from fieldwork in these
countries in 2009.
10 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2006.
11 . Goetz and Hassim, 2003.
12 . See Tamale, 1999, among others.
13 . Steady, 2006.
14 . Personal communication, Accra, Ghana, July 2009.
15 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006.
8 Conclusion: Mothering the Nation and Humanizing the State
1 . Steady, 2006.
2 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006.
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abolitionists, 163
Adeoye, Alhajah Sheidat Mujidat, 65
AFELL, 104 , 112 , 143
African Charter on Human and
People’s Rights, 19
African diaspora, 16 , 239
African feminism, 62 , 231 , 241
African leadership forum, 18
African Methodist Episcopal Church,
146; see also AME Church
African women leaders, 13–17
African-centered theories,
234–5 , 239
Aguino, women’s political party,
66 , 226
AME Church, 199
American Colonization Society
(ACS), 111 , 152
analytical insights on female
leadership, 217 , 223–31
Angie Brooks Center of Leadership,
149 , 229
Angie Brooks Institute, 159–60
apartheid, 10
Asante queen mother paradigm, 4 , 13
Asante queen mothers, 28 , 218
Asian women as heads of state/
government, 9
Association of Female Lawyers of
Liberia, see AFELL
Bandabilla, Sia Iye, 170
Bangura, Zainab Hawa, 177 , 178 ,
182–4
Bank of Sierra Leone, Deputy
Governor, 203–5
Bannerman, Elizabeth, 133–5 , 227
Barry, Fadima, 66–9 , 224 , 226 , 229
Barry, Kadiatou, 69–71 , 230
Barry, Mariama Djelo, 71–4 ,
229 , 230
Beijing Platform for Action, 19
Benka-Coker, Hannah, 200
biographies, 7
Bloomer, The Reverend Jane, 199
Bob-Kandeh, Marie, 196–8 ,
227 , 230
British paratroopers, 165
Brooks, Angie, 16 , 110
Brooks, Dr. Tete, 135–7 , 227 , 230
Bush, President George W., 102
Camara, Juliet Claire, 92–6 , 224 ,
228 , 230
Camara, Moussa Dadis, 74–5
Campaign for Good Governance, 182
Carter Center, 157
Caulker, Honoria Bailor, 172
CEDAW, 19 , 63 , 110 , 125 , 183 , 238
CEDAW, ratification of, 63
chief justice, 30 , 179
Chief Justice of Sierra Leone, 189–93
Chinyere-Hesse, Mary, 35–8
Cissé, Jeanne-Martin, iconic
international leader, 56–8 , 67
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 122
Cold War, 232 , 238
Cole, Remie, 153
Index
INDEX264
colonial rule, 28
colonialism, 171 , 176 , 207 , 215 ,
225–6
colonization, 163
Commonwealth, 164
conceptual framework, 11 , 21–31
conceptual framework and
overlapping themes, 21–31
Condé, Alpha, 53 , 55 , 56
conflict as a catalyst, 25–6 ,
219–21 , 235
constitutional and legal systems,
Liberia, 111
Conté, Lansana, 55 , 56
Cooper, The Reverend Katurah
York, 145–8 , 223 , 231
corporate globalization, 16 , 233
country profile: Guinea, 53–4;
Liberia, 99–102; Sierra
Leone, 161–2
Cummings-John, Constance, 7 ,
176 , 195
Cuttington University, 108
Daraba, Hajah Dr. Saran, 86–9
Dead Aid, 232 ; see also Moyo, D.
definition of leadership, 234
development of female
leadership, 25–6
Diallo, Rabiatou Serah, 77–82 , 237
Dillsworth, Florence, 176
Doe, Samuel, 101–2
Dokua, Nana Adutwumwaa, 31–5
domestic help, 240
Dumbuya, Madam Dora, church
leader, 37
early signs of leadership, 225
economic leadership, 129–35 , 194–5
economic participation, 89–91
ECOMOG, 102 , 164
ECOWAS, 75 , 91 , 102
elections in Guinea 2010 , 82–4
equality of men and women, 110
European colonization, 111
exclusion practices, 10
Executive Summary: Guinea,
54–6; Liberia, 101–3; Sierra
Leone, 163–6
50/50 Group, 172–3 , 178 , 196
Fadilullah Muslim Mission, 65
Fahnbulleh, Miatta, 151–4 , 228
FAWE, 45
female brigadier, 179
female chiefs in stateless societies, 27
female deputy prime minister,
Guinea, 96
female executive leadership, 109
female kings, 29 , 32
female leadership, contributory
factors, 205–7
female leadership in the MRU, 238
female leadership styles, 207
female mayors, 176
female militancy, 59–60
female pharaohs, 13
first ladies syndrome, 219
followership, 240
Forster-Gberie, Melrose, paramount
chief, 174–6 , 223 , 228 , 229
Forster-Jones, Kezia, 195
Fortune, Frances, 170
Fourah Bay College, University of
Sierra Leone, 182 , 202
Francis, Josephine, 130–3
Freetown settlement, 163
Garber, Cassandra, 199–203 ,
227 , 231
Gassama-Kanja, Mariam, paramount
chief, 171–3 , 223 , 227
Gbowee, Leymah, peace activist,
23 , 104–5
Gbujama, Shirley, 177
Gender and Development Ministry,
121 , 124–5
gender and leadership, 6–8
gender bias in the body politic,
232–3
INDEX 265
gender equality and women’s
advancement, 240–1
gender equality in education, 240
gender equality, 110–11
gerontocracy, 28
Gibril, Yvonne, 203–5 , 223 , 230
Gibsor, Kabu, paramount chief,
155–6
Gooding, Euphemia, medical
doctor, 205–6
Greenbelt Movement, see Wangari
Maathai
Gulama, Ella Koblo, paramount
chief, 7 , 167 , 168 , 172 , 237
Hague, The, 165
Harris, Facia B, young women’s
activist, 142–5 , 230
Holst-Roness, Dr. June, 176
humanistic feminism, 231
humanizing the state, 237–41
Hyde-Forster, Lati, secondary
school principal, 152
Independent National Electoral
Commission, 77
indigenous female leadership:
legacy, 23 , 235; Zoes,
152 , 157
indigenous female leadership and
followership, 221
Institute of Public Administration,
140 ; see also IPAM
International Colloquium in
Liberia, 128–9
interview guide, 4
IPAM, 196
Iron Ladies of Liberia, 105
Jusu-Sheriff, Yasmin, 170
Kabbah, Afsatu, 178
Kabia, Brigadier Kestoria, RSLAF,
179 , 180–1
Kabia, Hajah Dankay, 195
Kargbo, Fatou, chief social services
officer, 212–14
King, Jamestina, 170
Kollie, Krubo B, counselor,
137–9 , 231
Kombra Party, 177
Konaté, Sekouba, military leader,
76 , 77 , 83
Koroma, Linda, 48–52
Kpa Mende confederacy, 166
leadership, male-dominated, 241
leadership, professional, 198–9
leadership, self-acclaimed, 175
leadership and followership synergy,
239–40
leadership positions, hereditary
criteria, 239
leadership styles, 175 , 229
leadership styles, female and male,
68 , 95 , 97 , 123 , 127 , 175 , 229
legislative quotas, 18
Liberia National Transitional
Government (LNTG), 102 , 106
Liberian National Action Plan, 129
LNTG, interim, 103
Maathai, Wangari, African Nobel
laureate, 17 , 116
Majeks-Walker, Nemata, 170 , 209–10
Mandela, Winnie, 122 , 176
Mano River Union (MRU), 91 , 237
MARWOPNET, 1 , 22 , 41–8 , 52 ,
62 , 86 , 173 , 238
MARWOPNET, Guinea, 83 , 86–9
matriarchy and myth, 24
Mends-Cole, Joyce, 112–13
milestone in female leadership, 160
military coups, 163
Miller, Portia Simpson, 7 , 23 , 234
morality and integrity, 234
motherhood, 8
motherhood and leadership, 22–5
motherhood potential for
transformational leadership, 25
INDEX266
mothering the nation, 235 , 237–41
Movement for Progress Party, 182
Moyo, D., 232
MRU, deputy secretary-general,
48–52
MRU countries, 1 , 22 , 40 , 85
multiparty elections, 164
Muslim youth, 150–1
National Association of Market
Women, 197
National Electoral Commission, 193
National Transition Council,
Guinea, 77
nationalist struggles against
colonialism, 58–62
New Partnership for African
Development, see NEPAD
NEPAD, 18 , 19
NEWMAP, 179
Newport, Matilda, 109
NGO Leadership, 151–8 , 208
Nobel Peace Prize, 17
“palace coup,” 164
parallel leadership, 30–5 , 222 , 235
paramount chiefs, 28
Parks, Rosa, 28
peace accord, 164
Perry, Ruth Sando, 102 , 106 , 159
philanthropists, 163
political leadership, 120–3 , 176–80
political trailblazer, 112
Poro Society, 170
Pratt, Nana, university professor,
199 , 206–8 , 224 , 228 , 230
Pray the Devil Back to Hell, 23 , 104
professional leadership, 198–9
proportional representation,
electoral system, 26
Quee, Deborah Sudie, 170
Queen Amina of Kano, 202
Queen Candace of Meroe, 13
queen mother paradigm, 222–3 , 235
Queen Mothers in Ghana. 29
Queen of Senehun, 167
Queen Zinga of Angola and
Congo, 113
quota for women, 141 , 241
Refugee Repatriation
Commission, 142
religious leadership: Christian,
145–8; Muslim, 148–50
repatriated Africans, 163
role models, 225
RUF, 102 , 103
Rural Women’s Association of
Liberia, 126–7
Sande School, 108
Sande women’s society, 159 , 160 ,
166 , 167
Sandline, 164
Sarkodie-Mensah, Julia, interview,
189–93
Sawyer, Amos, 106
SCSL, 165
Security Council, 57
Security Council Resolution 1325,
26 , 111 , 126 , 128 , 213 , 220
Security Council Resolution 1820 ,
213 , 220
Sesay, Kadi, 170 , 177
Sierra Leone Judiciary, 184–5
Sierra Leone National Action Plan
(SiLNAP), 213 , 220
Sierra Leone Women’s Manifesto, 178
Sierra Leone Women’s Movement,
176 , 195
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 7 , 103 ,
113–17 , 154 , 224–5 , 228 ,
232 , 237
Sirleaf, President, interview, 117–20
Social Welfare, Gender and
Children’s Affairs, Ministry,
210–14
Sorgbo-Torto, Elizabeth, 168–70
South Africa, 233
INDEX 267
Special Court for Sierra Leone
(SCSL), 103 , 165
Status of women, 63
Strasser, Captain Valentine, 164
Structural Adjustment Programs,
10 , 110
Suakoko, Madam Nye, 108–9
Taylor, Charles, 102 , 103 , 158 ,
163 , 165
Taylor, Jewel Howard, 120–3 ,
226 , 230
Taylor-Lewis, Agnes, 44 , 177
Tejan-Jalloh, Umu Hawa, 185–93 ,
224 , 228 , 237
The Invention of Women, 27
theoretical insights, 5–6
Thomas, Abator, 177 , 178
Thorpe, Christiana, 177 , 224
Tolbert, William R, 101
Touré, Remie, see Cole, Remie
Touré, Samory, 54
Touré, Sekou, 54 , 55 , 62 , 84
trading, long-distance, 195
traditional leadership: Liberia,
155–8; Sierra Leone, 171–6
Traditional Women United for
Peace, 156–8
Traore, Diarra, 55
True Whig Party, Liberia, 101
Truth and Reconciliation
Commission, 103 , 165
Tubman, William V S, 101 , 138
Tumah, Mama, 156–7
Wallace-Johnson, Isaac T. A., 176
Ward, Amelia, 125–8 , 231
warrant chiefs, 28
Weber, Max, study of authority, 5
Western feminist discourse on
gender, 27 , 235
When Hens Begin to Crow, 17
Williams, Jeredine, 177
Williams, Marietta, 148–50 , 229
Women and Collective Action in Africa, 40 , 59
women and Islam, 64–6
women chiefs and paramount
chiefs, 168
women in African parliaments,
15–16
women leaders: Asian, 9; Caribbean,
16; Africana world, 16
women leaders in Liberia, historical,
103–5
women leaders in Sierra Leone,
historical, 166–8
women members of parliament, 177
women ministers, 153 , 177
Women Organized for a Morally
Enlightened Nation
(WOMEN), 182
Women Teachers Training
College, 167
Women’s Chamber of Commerce, 227
Women’s Congress (APC), 23
women’s rights, 110–11
World Trade Organization
(WTO), 232
Wureh, Weadeh Kobbah, university
professor, 139–42 , 229
Yoko, Madam/Mammy, 166 ,
167 , 172
Zoe(s), 108 , 152 , 157 , 222 ;
see also indigenous female
leadership