Notes

One Periodicals, Genres, and Audiences

1. David Marcus described his editorial practice in a letter to the writer, December 3, 1998.

2. See [James Simmons], "Mary O'Malley and the Lyric Players Theatre," Honest Ulsterman, May 1968, 32-35, 32.

3. David Stewart, University of Glasgow, makes this observation in his unpublished paper, "'WE ARE ABSOLUTELY COINING MONEY': Commercialism, Literature and the Magazine Style of the 1810s and '20s," presented at a conference "The British Periodical Text 1796-1831," The Centre for Romantic Studies, University of Bristol September 28-29, 2006. Also see Beetham 1990, 28-29.

4. Also see Sean O'Faolain, "On Editing a Magazine," Bell, November 1944, 96.

5. The formation of audiences in the post-revolutionary context is further discussed in Ballin 2000b.

6. For Cobbett's circulation see Williams 1975, 209. For the Northern Star and 1826 publications see Inglis 1954, 94 and 177.

7. O'Faolain, "On Editing a Magazine," 93. For Horizon's figures, see Shelden 1989, 86.

8. Escarpit 1966, 71-73 and 83, gives Ireland's production of literary titles as 49% or 33% of the whole for both 1952 and 1962, i.e., similar to the United Kingdom or the United States (Table IX). However, Ireland is excluded from the list of the top 30 countries in publishing production (Table XI), with less than 25 titles per million of population, similar to nations such as India or China.

9. See a detailed account of this phenomenon in Brantlinger 1998, 95-97 and 121.

10. See: Graham 1966 [1930]; Sullivan 1983-1986; Houghton 1966-1989; North 1986-2003; Gortschacher 1993; Hoffman eta!. 1947; Williams 1975; Bradbury 1972.

11. Kain refers to the following theses: Phelan 1966; Sullivan 1969; Holzapfel 1963; Furze 1974.

12. There are quotations from periodicals in the Field Day Anthology but the only reference to them in their own right is an 1842 article from The Nation on "Our Periodical Literature," (Vol. I, 1265-69). The later

222 Notes

volumes published on women's writing (Vols. IV and V, 2002) also lack any specific section on periodical writing.

13. See Ballin 2003a, where I discuss Clyde's treatment of the topic. 14. For Scottish periodical writing see: North 1989; McCulloch 1987;

Finkelstein et al. 1998; McCulloch 2004. For Welsh periodicals see: Evans 1891; Mathias 1984; McDonald Smith 1988; Ballin 2004c and 2006a.

15. For "thick description" see Geertz 1973, 6 where he cites Gilbert Ryle's concept of interpreting cultures as "a context, something within which they can be intelligibly-that is thickly-described." Also see Ryle 1971,489.

16. See White 1977, 23, where she suggests that the circulation of women's weeklies rose from around 80,000 in 1869 to more than 3 million by 1937. Table 2, 25, shows that the circulation of several monthly magazines for women reached more than 200,000 by 1971.

17. See Doughan and Sanchez 1987. None of the thirty Irish feminist titles are listed within the period, 1937-1973. There are twelve Scottish peri­odicals and 4 from Wales.

18. See Morgan 1980 and 1998, 137 and 351. He lists 42 periodicals in his bibliography (1998, 428-29) none of which have feminist connections. Also see Stephens 1998, 815. There is a brief discussion of women's jour­nalism in nineteenth-century Wales in Jones (1993, 44-45) where he discusses the magazines Y Frythones and Y Gymraes, but suggests that women were primarily of importance as a segment of readership, defin­ing the market for advertisers.

19. Thompson 1991 describes many British radical magazines. There is an anonymous and admittedly biased contemporary account of "the Fenian or so-called 'national' press" in Ireland in "The Irish Cauldron," Quarterly Review, 1870, 251-300, 259-64. This lists five weekly pub­lications including the Weekly News, the Irishman, and the Flag of Ireland. Numbers of radical magazines supporting the Fenian cause also appeared in the United States, for example An Gaodhal ("The Gael") in New York in the 1880s, and the Irish People in Chicago in the 1920s.

Two Periodicals and the Post-Revolutionary Moment

1. Variously estimated as between 50,000 and 165,000 (Gray 1998, 6; Carroll1975, 182; Wills 2007, 110).

2. Habermas's point is cited in the context of Irish modernisation in McCarthy 2000, 35. For a more general discussion, see Habermas 1996, 275.

3. Also see Bergonzi 1993, 173. Ayer had concluded that "there is no prob­lem of truth as it is ordinarily conceived (1975, 119)."

Notes 223

4. See: Tobin 1986; Kiely 1995; Fallon 1998. For a different and literally more sober perspective, however, see Marcus 2001, 160-62.

5. For Leavis's general position in relation to theories of literature see his essay, "Literary Criticism and Philosophy" (1993, 211-22). Walsh 1980 gives a sympathetic account of Leavis. A more critical reading appears in Mulhern 1981.

6. Collini 1998, 60, gives the title of Leavis's PhD as "The Relationship of Journalism to Literature Studied in the Rise and Earlier Development of the Press in England."

7. See Gorak 1988, 120; Williams 1983,83-102 and 1990, 327; Ward 1983, 54-62.

8. Later, Williams (1979, 72-76) defended his stance against a formidable Marxist inquisition by New Left Review.

9. Also see Hall1977, 2.

Three Reviews: The Voice of Authority

1. The editors (all priests) are listed in Clyde 2003, 163. 2. 2/6d (two shillings and sixpence or 12p in today's currency) was l/8th of

£1 (in British currency before metrication in 1971)-approximately equivalent to 50 cents in U.S. currency in 1940s. £5 a week would have represented a good weekly wage for a working man in Ireland at that time.

3. Hayley and McKay 1987, 37-38. Hayley concedes The Dublin Review's importance and its preoccupation with Irish identity but accepts the authority of Nancy Houghton Cummings who "simply says it is not Irish" in her account in the Wellesley Index. Clyde 2003, xiv excludes the maga­zine from his Irish Literary Magazines, citing Houghton Cummings, Hayley, and Alvin Sullivan.

4. Dublin Review, 118, No. 237: "Supplement: General List of Articles: vols. I-CXVII, (1836-96)," 467.

5. Quoted in Casartelli, "Our Diamond Jubilee," Dublin Review, April1896, 245-72, 256.

6. The issue discusses: [Samuel Sullivan], "The Irish Crisis-The Poor Law"; The Irish Crisis by C. E. Trevelyan; The Conditions and Prospects of Ireland by Jonathan Pim; The Irish Relief Measures by G. Poulett-Scrope, Dublin University Magazine, April 1848, 537-52.

7. The Westminster's articles are all anonymous but the Wellesley Index identifies the contributors in most cases.

8. [Anon.], "Periodical Literature-Parliamentary History and Review etc. for the session of 1825," Westminster Review, January 1826, 263-68, 264. The contributor is not identified in the Wellesley Index, but is prob­ably James Mill.

224 Notes

Four Miscellanies: Dialogism in the Periodical

1. I have expanded on these arguments in Ballin 2004b. 2. The identity of Ireland To-Day's editors has, in the past, been the sub­

ject of speculation. The magazine nowhere specifically names any indi­vidual. Denman follows Holzapfel (1963) in mentioning Frank O'Connor (pseudonym of Michael O'Donovan) and Edward Sheehy as possible editors (Hayley and McKay 1987, 132). Clyde also gives O'Connor as the editor (2003, 189). However, Shovlin 2003, 70, work­ing from primary sources, clearly identifies the IRA revolutionary, James L. Donovan.

3. Ireland To-Day had substantial coverage of economic issues. Hugh Meredith's "The Economic Function of Nationalism," on the economic effects of political integration in Europe (July 1936, 1-29) strikes a mod­ern note. Other instances include: Mrs. B. B. Waters, "National Money Policy" (October 1936, 33-39); An Goban Saor, "On the Making of Machines" (December 1936, 37-40), arguing for an indigenous Irish machine-tool industry and for less centralized economic decision­making; T. Kennedy, "A Just Money System" (January 1938, 27-34) setting out Major Douglas's thesis about the pitfalls of a credit-run econ­omy and also arguing, like Maud Gonne MacBride, for less reliance by the Free State on the Bank of England.

4. Brown 1985, 170; Furze 1974,21. Neither Brown nor Furze cite external sources for this belief. Clyde 2003, 189-90 omits any reference to sup­pression. Shovlin 2003 also appears reluctant to use the expression. However, the internal evidence pointing to suppression (or to a process of ostracism amounting to slow strangulation) appears to me to be strong.

5. For O'Faolain's resignation, see Shovlin 2003, 72. 6. "The Fourth Estate VI: Verdict on The Bell," The Bell, May 1945,

156-67, 158. The literary output was still considerable. See Furze 1974, 208 and 230, where he points out that The Bell published 270 poems by 64 poets, many of them newly discovered writers.

7. I have relied here on Holzapfel1970. 8. For testimony to O'Donnell's personal charisma see Purdie 1995, 129. 9. "Scrutator," "Verdict on The Bell," The Bell, August 1945, 431-37. This

report on the outcome of the questionnaire does not pretend to scientific accuracy. But the adverse comments are about the creative and literary material and there was a general view that more political and documen­tary articles would be welcome.

10. The Bell, June 1947: The cover highlights Monk Gibbon on Robert Kilvert, Tarry Flynn by Patrick Kavanagh, and an article on "Painting; The School of London" by Earnan O'Malley.

Notes 225

11. See Hegarty 1999, 258-76 for the views of Honor Tracy and Ernie O'Malley on Kavanagh's growing disenchantment. By the end, Cronin had virtually supplanted O'Donnell. Also see Shovlin 2003, 129 for the erratic nature of the magazine's final years.

12. Mr. Jerry Nolan explained that his father, a prosperous "farmer's chemist" in Kerry in the 1950s, always took the Capuchin Annual, for its graphic accounts of Irish Catholic achievements in Ireland, but "would not have the anti-Catholic Bell in the house." [Letter to the writer, March 3, 2000].

13. "In Tribute to Thomas MacGreevy ... ," Capuchin Annual, 1967, 277-97. 14. "The Periodical Press," Edinburgh Review, May 1823, 349-78. Graham

1966, 159 attributes the article to Hazlitt. 15. Hayley (Hayley and McKay 1987, 31-40) lists: The Dublin Magazine or

General Repertory of Philosophy, Belles Lettres and Miscellaneous Information (1820); The Irish Monthly Magazine of Politics and Literature (1832-1834); The Dublin Monthly Magazine (January-April 1841); The Irish Annual Review (1850-52).

16. See, e.g., Kain and O'Brien 1976. 17. Harmon 1994, 69. For the relevant correspondence see The Irish

Statesman, issues 8-11. 18. See, e.g., Irish Statesman, September 15, 1923; September 22, 1923;

November 24, 1923; July 13, 1929; July 27, 1929. The tendency for edi­tors to write large proportions of their own periodicals under pseud­onyms is discussed in Phelan 1966 who devotes Appendix I of his thesis to the topic.

Five Little Magazines: Counter Cultures

1. Also see Allen 1943, who analyzes the publishing history of one hundred prominent American writers and shows that commercial publishers iden­tified less than 20% of prominent new writers between 1912 and 1940.

2. I am grateful to Nicholas Allen for drawing my attention to these publi­cations. They will be fully described in his current work in progress: Civil Wars: Irish Literature and Art 1922-39.

3. Iremonger's comment appears in a letter to John Ryan, dated September 1949, qtd. in Shovlin 2003, 137.

4. Marcus's editorial approach and his cultivation of writers is described in his Oughtobiography (2000, 50-61, 62-63, 80-85, 97-100). He elabo­rated further in interviews with the writer on November 17, 1998 and February 10, 2000.

5. David Marcus estimates the circulation at around 3,000 and confirms that production costs were barely met, especially given decisions, often born of inexperience, to use expensive local printers and to pay over the

226 Notes

odds for contributions. (Interview with the writer, November 17, 1998.)

6. The Irish Arts Council began to provide assistance to literary magazines after 1957.

7. John Ryan was the owner of the Bailey bar and restaurant, where his contributors could get credit, and was also a habitue of McDaid's pub that was close to the offices of Envoy (Fallon 1998, 234). A coterie set­ting of this kind is pretty typical of some little magazines. See also Ryan 1975.

8. In 1949 The Bell had been suspended since April1948. Irish Writing and Poetry Ireland were still being published but John Ryan did not appar­ently see these as "devoted to literature and the arts."

9. Bradbury's historical analysis ignores the existence of other periodical genres, such as the miscellany. In retrospective comments about his 1955 thesis Bradbury comments that, if he were to readdress the topic, he would pay more attention to the historical predecessors of twentieth­century productions (Gortschacher 1993, 274-86).

10. I estimate that Sullivan records not more than five examples of "Little Magazines" in the one hundred and five titles covered by his Augustan Age: 1698-1788 (1983a); six out of one hundred and nine in The Romantic Age: 1789-1836 (1983b) and ten out of one hundred and twenty one in The Victorian and Edwardian Age: 1897-1913 (1984). However, in The Modern Age: 1914-84 (1986) he describes thirty-four out of one hundred and forty titles in these terms and, in addition, has two Appendices: (G): "Magazines with Short Runs" that lists more than two hundred titles, and (H): "Scottish Literary Periodicals-Selected List" with a further eighteen titles. Many of these would fit comfortably into the little magazine genre.

11. Fiona MacCarthy (1994, 98 and 116) points out that Oxford had a tradi­tion of such little magazines, including The Student (1750), The Oxford Sausage (1764-66), and the Oxford Magazine (1834).

12. For the "public storm" aroused by this article see Drabble 1993, 1094.

13. Terry Eagleton (Stand, XV, No. 2, 1953, 3-5) is citing Jon Silkin's anthology, Poetry of the Committed Individual, and discussing Silkin's disagreements with George Steiner.

14. Jacobson 2002, 23 says that Ian Hamilton "found the connection with the Arts Council in the context of The New Review 'a bit of a burden because of the way they doled it out. You were always having to go and see them to ask for some public money to pay for the last issue so that you could do the next one."' The New Review ceased abruptly, after fifty issues, when the Arts Council withdrew support.

15. These forms of assistance are formally recorded, but no details of expen­diture are given. Report and Accounts of the Arts Council of Ireland: An Chomhairle Ealaion, No.1 (1951-53) to No. 17 (1968-69).

Notes 227

Six Periodicals in Northern Ireland: Uncertain Forms

1. Similar views are expressed in Lee 1989, 424 and O'Dowd 1991, 169. 2. I am glad to acknowledge the help of Sarah Ferris who drew this peri­

odical to my attention. Young Ulster is in The Thomas Carnduff Archive, Queen's University Belfast Library (Special Collections).

3. The presentation is more remarkable given John Boyd's assertion (1990, 27) that Lagan was personally financed by him, though Sam Hanna Bell and John Davidson put in £10 each. Boyd remarks, unfairly in my opin­ion, that the first issue was an "execrable production which someone likened to a railway timetable."

4. These disagreements are well documented and still continue. John Montague (1964, 115) saw Hewitt as transmitting "the essence of region­alism" but John Boyd (1990, 198-99) believed him to lack political understanding. Gillian Mcintosh (1999, 182) describes him as "the lynch­pin of the Northern Irish literary scene" while Sarah Ferris (2002) has questioned the whole basis of his standing in Northern Irish literature.

5. Shovlin (2003, 167) sees Rann's title change as signifying the editors' recognition of the problem of maintaining a magazine on poetry of strictly Ulster provenance. The subtitle changed again with issue thir­teen to "An Ulster Quarterly: Poetry and Comment."

6. There are sporadic editorial comments from time to time, e.g., in cele­bration of the magazine's survival after the first year in Rann, Spring 1949, 1-2. But there is little regular editorial engagement with the read­ership of the kind common in little magazines.

7. Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, Annual Reports, 3-8, 1945-62, show that it is not until1950-51 that a Literature Panel is considered; annual expenditure on literature never rises beyond £100.

8. Arts Council of Northern Ireland: Annual Report 24,1966/7,31. Also see later reports 33-41: 1975-76 to 1983-84.

9. W.]. McCormack suggests (1986, 9)-unfairly in my view-that HU "displayed its honesty by removing the sub-title ... at the request of the police."

10. The Arts Council of Northern Ireland (ACNI) began its direct support of HU in 1970 with a grant of £275; by 1983 this had risen to £3583 (Annual Report, No. 29: 1971-1972 and No. 41: 1983-1984). Edna Longley (qtd. in Kirkland 1996, 82) says it took her eighteen years to get the literature budget up to £100,000. The whole literature budget of ACNI remained below 2% of its overall expenses during this period.

11. For instance, HU, Autumn 1998, has Ann McKay as guest editor, describing this as "a radical departure." The Summer 2001 issue records the death of James Simmons and promises to mark this by a special issue. In a discussion with the writer on March 6, 2002 the then editor,

228 Notes

Tom Clyde, explained that this issue was still in preparation. It eventually appeared as the final issue in 2003.

12. In his letter to the writer (May 12, 2002) Clyde described the acute problems of lifting the circulation of HU. Increased promotional activity had little effect. Booksellers seemed indifferent to periodical sales and private subscribers were difficult to come by. The Arts Council subven­tion was essential for survival at this level of activity.

13. There is no substantial periodical from Northern Ireland before 1808 listed in the standard reference works.

14. Hayley also describes in these terms: The Weekly Pantheon, or General Repertory of Politics, Arts, Science, Literature &c. (1801-9); The Political Guardian (1810); The Political Register, or Monthly Magazine (1810); The Dublin Political Review (1813); The Literary and Political Examiner (1818).

15. Examples include: The Mirror (1823), a weekly, later fortnightly, paper­mainly entertainment; The Rush light (1824-25), a Chartist weekly, pro­duced by mechanics, "confessedly of a minor class" (I, 1, December 3 1824, 2) but consistently literate and entertaining; The New Belfast Magazine (1825-33), produced by students of the Royal Academical Institution, seeing itself as a successor to the original Belfast Magazine; The Belfast Penny Journal (1845-46), said to be devoted to the cultivation of literature; The Ulster Magazine and Monthly Review of Science and Literature (1860-64), later the Ulster Magazine and Masonic Review (1864-65).

16. Shovlin (2003, 158-61) suggests that O'Faolain's praise of Northern Irish writing eventually stimulated the creation of Lagan.

17. Michael Parker kindly let me see a draft of some chapters of his Northern Irish Literature, 1956-2006: The Imprint of History (2007). Pages 37-57 ("Nationalist Transitions") in Vol. I are especially relevant to this analysis as are 64-72 ("Cultural Quickening") and 112-14 ("James Simmons and The Honest Ulsterman").

18. In a discussion with the writer on February 27, 2002, Philip Hobsbaum confirmed that the procedures of the Group had been modeled on Leavis's teaching practice.

19. For transcripts from collective readings by "The Group," see Hobsbaum 1970, 164-87.

Seven Periodicals in Wales: Shifting Genres

1. An extended version of this argument appears in Ballin 2004a. 2. The expression "Anglo-Welsh" has now largely dropped out of use, most

(but not all) literary commentators preferring "Welsh Writing in English." "Anglo-Welsh" acquired snobbish connotations for some,

Notes 229

suggesting an assumed superiority and indifference to Welsh language culture. However the phrase was still strongly in vogue at least up to the 1960s and 1970s and it seems sensible to use it where it was the accepted expression at the time.

3. See Eagleton 1995, 150. Patrick Kavanagh's comments appear in Kavanagh's Weekly, VII, No. 2, 1952.

4. Accounts of The Cambrian Register (1795, 1796, 1818); The Cambro­Briton and General Celtic Repository (1819-22), and The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repository (1829-33) appear in Stephens 1998, 84. Also see Roberts 1990, 71-84.

5. His mildest observation! For a detailed account of the involvement of Lord Davies, see Trevor L.Williams 1979, page 42.

6. For a full account of Life and Letters To-day, see Stephens 1997. 7. Raymond Chapman, chairman of the Oxford Celtic Society from 1942

to 1945 (currently chairman of the Irish Literary Society) vividly recalls Rhys's visit to the Celtic Society as one of the most lively contributions of the period (interview with the writer, December 8, 2003). Also see Stephens 1998, 637.

8. Mathias claims, however, that there was "a strict corollary that there would be no Little England beyond Wales nonsense (1984, 13)."

9. There may be an element of reciprocation here: Richard Burnham 1977, 208-28 draws attention to the inclusion in The Dublin Magazine of a significant amount of Anglo-Welsh poetry, including Glyn Jones, R. S. Thomas, and Alun Lewis.

10. Raymond Garlick edited the Anglo-Welsh Review up to and including Spring 1960, after which he handed over to Roland Mathias. Garlick originally announced the intention to publish twice a year; later it changed to three times yearly.

11. Garlick's article, "Anglo-Welsh Poetry from 1587 to 1800," appeared in The Dublin Magazine, January to March 1954, 16-23. In his editorial five years later (Anglo- Welsh Review, Autumn 1959, 3-9, 4) he is glad to report research degrees for studies of Anglo-Welsh writing both in the University of Wales and at the Sorbonne.

12. Roland Mathias (1984, 14) comments on the bulky nature of these reviews, saying that it was a way of making the magazine into "a vehicle for a greater part of the authorial output of Wales."

13. Also see the "Literature" sections of The Annual Report of the Welsh Arts Council from 1969-1970 onward up to 1976-1977. By 1976-1977, the total grant for literature has risen to £220,000. The allocations to periodicals rise from £5,388 in 1969/1970 to a figure of £34,800 for seven magazines in Wales during the year 1975-1976, including £6,250 for the Anglo-Welsh Review.

14. Sawers 1993, 19. Table 3 (analyzing the 1991-1992 expenditure of the English, Scottish and Welsh Arts Councils) suggests that Wales devotes more than 10% of its budget to literature compared with 1% in England and 5% in Scotland. In Spice 2002, 14, the Welsh Arts

230 Notes

Council ts reported as still proportionally more generous to magazines.

15. Andrew Sinclair 1995, 134 notes that the Arts Council of England did not allocate money to literature until 1967/68. It rose to 1.5% of the budget after Cecil Day Lewis was appointed Chair of the new Literature Panel (165).

16. Ballin 2006-2007b gives a more detailed comparison of Poetry Wales and Second Aeon.

17. See Roberts 1980. An analysis of this index of the first fifteen years shows twenty-four major Welsh poets with over thirty poems each, together with several hundred other contributors.

18. Meic Stephens, "'The First Seven Years': A Report to the Literature Committee," 1974, Appendix VI. [From personal papers of Meic Stephens, accessed December 18, 2004]. See also Welsh Arts Council Archive L/1990/59/WAC/Poetry Wales 1972-73, held in the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth (quoted with the permission of the Chief Executive Arts Council of Wales).

19. The relevant editors are Meic Stephens (1965-7/1968-73); Gerald Morgan (1967-8); Sam Adams (1973-5); ]. P. Ward (1975-80); Cary Archard (1980-86).

20. John Powell Ward, letter to the writer, May 15, 2007. 21. http://www. poetryireland.ie/publica tions/publications.htm [accessed

August 29, 2005]. 22. Listings of magazines appear on page 30 and on the back cover. 23. See Ferlinghetti 1995. 24. In 1971, The Welsh Arts Council Annual Report does not specifically

mention Second Aeon, but does give a figure of £345 that was distrib­uted between several unidentified "little magazines." Also see Welsh Arts Council Archive: L/1990/89/Second Aeon January 1971-December 1972.

25. Welsh Arts Council Archives: L/1990/89 WAC, Second Aeon, 1972/1973. The correspondence in this folder amply illustrates the accuracy of Peter Finch's fears about critical attitudes to Second Aeon in the Committee.

26. Peter Finch, interview with the writer, September 30, 2003. 27. Peter Finch described the decision to have a final triple number as "finan­

cially driven." He feared possible claims from unpublished writers. (Interview with the writer, September 30, 2003.)

Eight Periodicals in Scotland: Genre Migration

1. Christopher Murray Grieve (1892-1978) adopted the pseudonym, Hugh MacDiarmid (sometimes M'Diarmid), and often wrote under other names as well. E.g., Robert Crawford (1993, 44) points out that he

Notes 231

reviewed for The Scottish Chapbook as "Martin Gillespie" and also employed himself as advertising manger as "A. K. Laidlaw." I will normally refer to him as MacDiarmid except where he specifically adopts an alternative persona.

2. Evergreen was a pre-Raphaelite production, resembling The Yellow Book in its high production standards. It appears to be wholly nonpo­litical. Perhaps MacDiarmid simply admired its eccentricity.

3. For the extent to which MacDiarmid was influenced by Nietzsche, largely at second hand through Orage's work, see MacDiarmid 1987, xi and xxix-xxx. For MacDiarmid's views on The New Age see Bold 1983, 14.

4. On January 16, 1925 MacDiarmid's three-page article, "Towards a Scottish Renaissance," is situated among 70 pages covering topics such as geography teaching, teachers' allowances, a detailed court judgment, and recent conferences.

5. I am grateful to Margery Palmer McCulloch for drawing my attention to The Free Man. Numerous excerpts are included in her invaluable Modernism and Nationalism (2004).

6. Devine 2000, 305, 310, and 540. In a typical article in Forward, Emrys Hughes, "200,000 call-up" (January 6, 1940, 1), is still resisting con­scription.

7. [Anon.], "Our Attitude to England's Wars," The Welsh Republican: Y Gwerin Iaethwr, October/November 1950, 4.

8. I have not been able to find any evidence for MacDiarmid's allegations about Gwyn Jones and the Welsh Review.

9. This tone is unhappily not untypical of the era, In the same editorial, MacDiarmid refers to English left writers as "plutocrats posing as Communists ... so utterly unrepresentative of our British working class as to be homosexuals (or complacent friends of homosexuals)." He bemoans (4-5) the domination of English publishing by Jews, providing money for "creatures like Tony Heinemann, Willy Goldman, Julius Lipton (Lipschitz) Abraham Fagan and Simon Blumenthald."

10. According to Duncan Glen (1998, 72) Akros received a relatively generous £1,400 in 1972/73. He says (77) that the Scottish Arts Council's total expenditure on literature in 1993 was £890k.

Nine Conclusion: The Persistence of Genre

1. Turner 2003. This listing includes eleven Irish magazines (including three from Northern Ireland), nine from Wales and twelve from Scotland.

2. http://www.poetrykit.org/magatok.htm accessed October 18, 2006. One of the extra titles is from Ireland; three come from Wales and fifteen from Scotland.

232 Notes

3. The Black and Tans were the British special constables, deployed in Ireland from about March 1920, mostly recruited from jobless ex first World War soldiers, infamous for their violently repressive methods, and much hated in Ireland in the early 1920s.

4. Lewis Davies in "Responses" on the Parthian Books Web site in September 2007: http://parthianbooks.co.uk/LewisDavies.htm accessed October 8, 2007.

5. http://www. scottisharts .org/1/latestnews/1 0 0125 4 .aspx accessed January 28, 2007.

6. http://textualities.net accessed January 28, 2007. 7. Chris Agee, e-mail to the writer, March 15, 2003. Also see Irish Times,

April 6, 2004, "Following in the Footsteps of O'Faolain." 8. Chris Agee, e-mail to the writer, March 15, 2003. 9. Telephone conversation with Chris Agee, November 6, 2006.

10. See articles in Irish Times: March 25, 2006; August 15, 2006. The mag-azine's publicity insert lists over a dozen further expressions of support.

11. Brendan Barrington, letter to the writer, March 28, 2002. 12. Declan Meade, e-mail to the writer, November 17, 2006. 13. Imagine, No. 3, 2003 (u.d.). See the deputy editor, Mary McArthy's let­

ter to the writer, March 6, 2003. 14. Anthony Healey, letter to the writer, May 28, 2003. He emphasizes

the diversity of the magazine's readership, especially its appeal to a wide age range. His perception is that younger readers do not welcome "relay­ing old themes"; this reinforces the tendency to reduce political material.

15. Leigh French, email to the writer, November 19, 2006. 16. Richard West, e-mail to the writer, May 3, 2003. 17. Richard West, e-mail to the writer, November 12, 2006, says that the

editors' objectives are simply "to produce an interesting paper" and "to present it in a visually stimulating way" that will keep them entertained.

18. Vacuum, No. 21, "Sorry Day," 2004; Web site: http://www.sorryday.com/ main/links/html accessed January 27, 2007. Henry McDonald, "Sorry Is the Easiest Word for "Satan Row" Paper," Observer, November 28,2004.

19. These preoccupations appear both within the magazines and in corre­spondence with editors. I am grateful to the following who have taken the trouble to write to me or to discuss their problems with me: Chris Agee (Irish Pages); Brendan Barrington (The Dublin Review); Jonathan Brookes (Yellow Crane); Gerry Cambridge (The Dark Horse); Tom Clyde (Honest Ulsterman); Claire Doyle (Poetry Ireland Review); Leigh French (Variant); Mary McArthy and Anthony Healey (Imagine); Niall McGrath (Black Mountain Review); Declan Meade (Stinging Fly); Robert Minhinnick (Poetry Wales); Michael O'Flanagan (Riposte); Brian Smith (Roundyhouse); Mike Stocks (Anon); Claire Taylor (The Yoke); Mike Stocks (Anon); John Wakeman (The SHop); Richard West (Vacuum).

20. http://poetryireland.ie accessed February 8, 2007. 21. See, e.g., "Notes on Contributors," Poetry Ireland Review, No. 76,

Spring/Summer 2003, 152-56.

Notes 233

22. Paul Lenahan, Poetry Publications Officer, e-mail to the writer, February 8, 2007.

23. See The Arts Council of Ireland Revenue/Capital Grants 2006, http://www. artscouncil.ie/. Also Arts Council of Northern Ireland: Annual Report 2005-6, http://www.artscouncil-ni.org, both accessed January 31,2007.

24. John Wakeman, letters to the writer, March 8, 2003 and October 27, 2006.

25. [Malcolm Bradley] "QED," Quattrocento, No. 4, Summer/Autumn 2006, 1. Also see "This Be the Page" [readers' endorsements], 2.

26. http://ww.cinnamonpress.com/envoipoetry accessed February 8, 2007. 27. http://www.cf.ac.uk/encap/scintilla/index.html accessed February 8, 2007. 28. See Ballin 2004b for this analysis. Later issues keep to a similar pattern. 29. Stocks 2005; also e-mails to the writer, October 30, and November 2,

2006. 30. A more detailed account of The Black Mountain Review is given in

Ballin 2003b. 31. See The Yellow Crane, Autumn 2005 [the last issue]. Jonathan Brookes,

letter to the writer, October 28, 2006, remarks that he applied to the Arts Council of Wales for funding for the first few issues but that the few pounds received were not worth the bother involved in form-filling.

32. Interview with Kirsti Bohata, Publishing Grants Officer, Welsh Books Council, February 6, 2007.

33. See Finch 2003, for a fuller treatment of this topic. 34. See my comments in chapters 6, 7, and 8. I draw here on discussions of

this issue in Ballin 2003b, 2004c, and 2006b. 35. Welsh Books Council [Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru]: See Annual Report

2005-6: in http://www.cllc.org.uk/home/html accessed February 7, 2007: 48. I am grateful to Kirsti Bohata who has discussed the existing situation regarding support for magazines with me and has drawn my attention to the published material quoted here.

36. Ibid. The report records support for three English language magazines totaling £176,000. In addition the Council supports 16 Welsh-language magazines at a cost of £373,000. However, in the period since the 2005-2006 Report, the Council has also agreed to give minor support to nine little magazines.

37. Welsh Writing in English: A Review, published by the Culture, Welsh Language and Sports Committee, National Assembly for Wales in March 2004, recommended additional funding in this area. With the exception of the memorandum submitted by Meic Stephens (kindly made available to me by the writer) this report makes few references to periodical writing.

38. I am grateful to the Literature Officers of the Arts Councils who have given their time to discuss these matters with me: Damian Smyth of the Arts Council of Northern Ireland; Aly Barr of the Scottish Arts Council; and Bronwen Williams of the Arts Council of Ireland. Bronwen Williams drew my attention to her "Background Discussion Paper," dated June 2005, available on the Council's Web site.

234 Notes

39. The Arts Council of Ireland, Revenue/Capital Grants 2006, in http:// www.artscouncil.ie/ accessed January 31, 2007: expenditure on litera­ture in 2006 was 2.4 million euros out of 72.3m.(3.3%) Support for periodicals accounted for 570,000 of this, including 388,000 for Poetry Ireland. The Arts Council of Northern Ireland: Annual Report 2005-6, in http://www.artscouncil-ni.org accessed January 31, 2007 shows that in 2005-6, literature grants accounted for £560k out of £13.8 million (4%); periodicals accounted for £174800 including 100,000 for Poetry Ireland. Scottish Arts Council: Annual Report 2004-5: Lottery Funds 2004-5; Scottish Executive Fund Grants Listing Voted Funds 2004-5, in http://www.scottisharts.org.uk/ accessed January 31, 2007 shows that in 2004-5 literature expenditure totals £2.3 million out of £56m (4%). Periodicals expenditure amounts to £100,000. The Arts Council of England funds literary organizations to the extent of some 6 million pounds annually, although separate figures for periodicals are not available. See http://www.artscouncil.org accessed February 28, 2007. John Hampson, Interim Director Literary Strategy, confirmed in an e-mail to the writer dated February 28, 2007 that separate funding fig­ures for magazines were not available.

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Index

Abse, Danny, 165 Act of Union

Irish (1801), 25, 56, 84, 138 Scottish (1707), 24

Adam, Barbara, 4 Adams, Sam (editor Poetry Wales),

165; n.19, 230 Agee, Chris, (editor Irish Pages), 202,

204-5; n.7, n.8, n.9, and n.19, 232

Akros, 194, 196; n.10, 231 Alexander, J. H., 177 Alexander, Neal, 210 Allen, Charles, n.1, 225 Allen, Nicholas, 91, 93; V. n.2, 225 Allen, Paul, 101 All Ireland Review, 89-90, 93, 94 Althusser, Louis, 7, 41 Altick, Richard, 9, 10, 175, 177 Anderson, James (editor Bee), 8 Anderson, Margaret (editor Little

Review), 95 Anglo-Irish, 23, 62, 69, 101, 105, 147,

148 Anglo-Welsh, see also Welsh Writing

in English, culture, tradition, 147, 149

literature, poets, writers, chapter VII: throughout; 50, 127, 132, 148, 156, 158, 164, 191, 193

periodicals, chapter VII: throughout; 7, 24, 127, 132, 148, 156, 158, 164, 191, 193

special Anglo-Welsh issues, Life and Letters To-Day, 132, 154; Rann, 127

use of the term "Anglo-Welsh", 148-9; n.2, 228; n.9, 229

Anglo-Welsh Review, 19, 161-3, 170, 185; n.10, n.11, and n.13, 229

Anon, 215 anonymity, 6, 14, 18, 45, 59, 60, 73,

153, 179; n.7 and n.8, 223; n.7, 231

editorial, 47, 67, 90, 108, 119, 180; n.19, 222

An Rioghacht [The Kingdom], 28 anti-British [or anti-English, anti­

Imperialist] feeling, 84-5, 101, 190-1, 198

anti-Catholic feeling, 25, 59, 87; n.12, 225

anti-Semitism, 91, 191; n.9, 231 Appudurai, Arjun, 2 Archard, Cary (editor Poetry Wales),

165, 166; n.19, 230 Arena, 95, 103, 104-6 Arndt, Marie, 38 Arnold, Bruce (editor Dubliner), 50, 52 Arnold, Matthew, 26, 40, 64, 88, 89 Arrow, 110 Arts Councils, 114, 201, 210, 216-18

Literature Officers, n.38, 233 Arts Council of England, 162; n.14,

226; n.15, 230; n.39, 224; web site: n.39, 234

Arts Council of Ireland (An Chomhairle Ealaion), 100, 105, 114,202,206,207,211,212; n.6, 226; n.15, 226; n.23, 233; n.39, 234; web site: n.23, 233

Arts Council of Northern Ireland [ACNI], 131, 136, 137, 145, 206, 209, 211, 212; n.8 and n.10, 227; n.12, 228; n.24 and n.25, 230; n.39, 234; web site: n.39, 234

Arts Council of Scotland, 196, 203, 209, 214; n.5, 232; n.10, 231; n.38, 233; n.39, 234; web site: n.5, 232

256 Index

Arts Council of Wales (Celfyddydau Cymru), 162, 164, 165, 166, 170-2, 207, 215; n.13 and n.14, 229; n.18 and n.23, 230; n.31, 233

Literature Committee, 162, 170; n.18, 230

Athenaeum, 86, 88 Atlantic Archipelago, 23, 24, 201 Atlantis, 48 audience (readership), 3, 4, 5,

6-12 see also anonymity, circulation,

editors, English, European, "multipliers" advertisers view, 5

bourgeois/petty bourgeois audiences, 7, 37, 51, 73, 76, 83, 188

coterie/minority/specialised audiences, 50, 51, 54, 59, 62, 95, 97, 99, 103, 107, 109, 110, 125, 127, 135, 136, 141, 142, 170, 171, 174,182, 199, 211; n.7, 226

dialogue with readers, 6, 8, 9, 11, 18, 19, 46, 63, 67, 72, 73, 76, 81,8~90,92,96, 128,143, 177; n.6, 227

difficulty/failure in commanding/ identifying, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 65, 86, 103, 117, 137, 140, 145, 14~ 173, 178, 195, 211, 217; n.12, 228

diversity in audiences, 8, 207; n.14, 232

editorial alienation of readers, 50, 58,88,172

editorial assumptions about, 14, 79, 141, 157

effect of internet publishing, 112, 114, 203, 209, 218

genre signals to, 7, 8, 14-15, 17-20, 24, 45, 46, 59, 63-4, 73, 81, 82, 95, 115, 117, 125, 127, 135, 155, 158, 177, 195, 202, 205

imagined/created, 6-8, 41, 55-6, 76,92, 129,150,164,171-2, 199

influential audiences, 9, 23, 28, 30, 43,48,62-4, 73, 76,83,88, 93,149,153,185,218

Irish, Scottish and Welsh periodicals seeking audiences in England or Europe, 7, 9, 10, 61, 97, 159, 173-5, 175, 179, 201

mass audience, 8, 9, 10, 16, 37, 39, 133,205,218

national/regional audiences, 24, 57, 60-1, 7~80-1,84,92, 102, 147, 150, 152, 161, 163, 168, 172-3, 176, 185, 188, 191, 197-8

Northern Irish audiences: growth of confidence in audience, 132-3 135, 136, 144-5, 206; struggle for audiences, 23, 24, 117-8, 128-9, 13~ 142; periodicity and audiences, 4, 120, 204; seeking wider audiences, 10, 62, 65, 76, 83, 92, 103, 136, 151, 175-9, 195, 209,216

women readers, 16, 33, 98, 151, 203; n.12, 221; n.16 and n.18, 222

young readers, 207; n.14, 232 Ayer, A.]., 38; n.3, 222

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 17-18,67,72, 94 Ballin, Malcolm, 3; n.5, 221; n.13 and

n.14, 222; n.1, 224; n.1, 228; n.16, 230; n.28 and n.30, 233; n.34, 233

Bardwell, Leland (editor Cyphers), 211 Barnie, John (editor Planet), 208 Barr, Aly (Scottish Arts Council),

n.38, 233 Barrington, Brendan (editor Dublin

Review), 206-7; n.11 and n.19, 232

Beetham, Margaret, 4; n.3, 221

Index 257

Belfast, 7, 9, 126, 128, 130, 138-9, 141,143-4,169,204,209-10, 215; n.2, 227; n.15, 228

"Belfast Group", 136-7, 143-5; n.18 and n.19, 228

Belfast Magazine and Literary Journal, 138-9

Belfast Monthly Magazine, 139-40 Bell, see also O'Faolain, O'Donnell,

72-6 audience/readership, 6, 8, 9-10,41,

73, 83, 142; n.6 and n.9, 224 criticisms of Bell, 31, 39-40,

101-2; n.l2, 225; n.8, 226 criticisms of Church, 23,

27,29 criticisms of "thin society" etc., 23,

29,35,38, 74, 78,92,193 editorial practice, 3, 4, 37, 72,

75-6; n.4 and n.6, 226 inclusion of Northern Ireland, 2,

33, 141 influence of Bell, 40, 76, 105, 122,

197 links and contrasts with other

periodicals, 77-8, 80, 81, 122, 128, 129, 130, 154, 159, 193, 197,207

miscellany character, 18, 73, 76, 92,94,197

realism, 40, 74, 79, 12, 154 Beltaine, 110 Benjamin, Walter, 8, 212 Bennett, Tony, 73 Bergonzi, Bernard, 37-8; n.3, 222 Berlin, Isaiah, 3 8 Black Dwarf, 16 Black Mountain Review, 215; n.l9,

223; n.30, 233 Black, Robert (editor Free Man),

188-9 Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine

("Maga"), 176-8 audience/readership/circulation, 9,

177, 179 criticisms of, 62, 86, 177 editorial practice, 3, 59, 87, 176-7

"hybrid" genre, 21, 56, 59, 62, 65, 176

influence, 21, 56, 59-60, 87 rivalries, 21, 56, 58, 86-7, 177

Blast, 110, 111-12, 156 Bloomsbury, 40, 50 Boeckh, Joachim, 18 Bohata, Kirsti, n.32 and n.35, 233 Bold, Alan, 189, 198; n.3, 231 Bourdieu, Pierre, 3, 8, 22, 36, 73, 76,

94,95 Boisseau, Maryvonne, 134 Boyd, John (editor Lagan), 3, 7, 120-4,

125, 131, 137; n.3 and n.4, 227 Bradley, Malcolm (editor

Quattrocento), n.25, 233 Bradbury, Malcolm, 35, 107; n.lO,

221; n.9, 226 Braid Scots/Doric/Lallans/Gaelic, 34,

126, 128, 180, 182-4, 186, 18~ 188, 194, 195, 198-9

Brake, Laurel, 3, 4, 25, 46 Brantlinger, Patrick, n.9, 221 Brinkley, Alan, 38 Brinton, Crane, 33, 38, 107 Britain/British

devolution, 38, 42, 201, 208, 210, 216-18

empire/imperialism, 25, 32, 80, 84, 93, 138, 147, 154, 177, 190, 197-8

identity, 24, 25, 26, 38, 115 literary culture: 19th century, 5, 10,

26, 52, 82; 20th century, 31, 3~38,80, 104,121,159,180, 203

market for periodicals, 16, 36,100, 175,206

periodicals and magazines, 12, 26, 41,45,51,52,56,65, 175, 201; n.3, 221; n.19, 222

regional relationships within, 7, 24, 25, 31, 38,117,147,172, 186, 19~ 198,201,214,247

relations with Ireland, 26-7, 32, 33, 38, 41, 42, 57, 61, 84-5, 86, 93, 100, 121, 191; n.3, 221

258 Index

Broadsheet, 95, 107, 118, 196 Brookes, Jonathan (editor Yellow

Crane), n.19, 232; n.31, 233 Brown, Malcolm, 6 Brown, Terence

censorship, 30, 33, 55 Church and State, 28, 30, 32, 78,

140 European audiences, 93, 97, 102 Northern Ireland, 117, 124, 132 periodicals, 10, 12, 57, 70, 110;

n.4, 224 Victorian marketplace, 5, 110

Browne, Janet, 175 Browne, Noel, 28, 78 Brownlow, Timothy (editor Dubliner),

50,52,53 Burke, Edmund (editor Reformer),

60,83,108 Burne-Jones, Edward (editor Oxford

and Cambridge Magazine), 109, 112

Burnham, Richard, 12, 50; n.9, 240 Buthlay, Kenneth, 195 Butler, Hubert, 33, 73, 105, 205 Butt, Isaac (editor.Dublin University

Magazine), 59, 61, 62

Cairns, David and Shaun Richards, 26, 27,74

"Caledonian antisyzygy", 25, 180 Calder, Angus 189 Calvino, Italo, 76 Cambria, 201 Cambrian Register, n.4, 229 Cambrian Quarterly Magazine, n.4,

229 Cambridge, Gerry (editor Dark

Horse), 213-14; n.19, 232 Cambridge Quarterly, 65 Cambro-Briton, 151; n.4, 229 Capuchin Annual, 77-81, 90 Cardiff, 150, 167, 171, 212, 213, 215 Carew, Rivers (editor Dubliner), 50, 52 Carlson, Julia, 29, 30 Carleton, William, 60, 61, 128 Carlyle, Thomas, 87, 88, 183 Carnduff, Thomas, 142, n.2, 227

Carroll, Donald (editor Dubliner), 50 Carroll, Joseph T., n.1, 222 Catholic Bulletin, 59 Catholic Church

Church and State, 12, 23, 27, 29, 32, 47, 78, 90, 139, 174

European/international role, 28, 68, 71, 80

intellectual/philosophical influence, 27-9,30,34,4~48-9,55,

58-9,72,78-9,91,143 nationalism, links with, 74, 77, 79,

149 in Northern Ireland, 125, 139, 143 sectarianism, 25, 26, 28, 59, 87, 91 social policy and influence, 27, 28,

30,4~54-5, 71, 8,143 Cave, Edward ("Sylvanus Urbanus",

editor Gentleman's Magazine), 82,87

Celtic, see also Pan-Celtic "Celtic fringe", 208 historiography, 24, 91, 126, 179,

190, 193; n.4 and n.7, 229 myths, symbols, 50, 52, 53, 77, 90,

140, 164, 194 nationalism, 26, 147, 156, 181,

186, 191, 192 Cencrastus, 215 censorship, 10-12, 28, 29-30, 153,

209,216 Censorship Board, 29, 30, 49 in "Emergency", 32 literary in 20th century, 4, 7,

29-30,33,4~48,49,52,55,

93, 96, 97, 130 CFUK, 213 Chambers' Edinburgh Journal, 178 Chambers, Harry (editor Phoenix), 132 Chambers, lain, 25 Chambers, William (editor Chambers'

Edinburgh Journal), 178 Chapman, 201, 208-9 Chapman, Raymond, n.7, 229 Chaudry, Yug Mohit, 5 Chappel, Edgar (editor Welsh

Outlook), 153 Christian Examiner, 85-6

Index 259

"Christopher North", 87 Christus Rex, 2, 23, 28, 29, 53-6,

64, 78 circulations (readerships), 4, 8, 9, 10,

11, 16, 46, 61, 77, 83, 87, 93, 112, 174, 177, 178, 218; n.6, 221; n.14, 232

creation of, 7, 8, 73, 129 little magazines, 95, 100, 105, 113;

n.5, 225 national/regional readerships,

9, 103, 13G 158, 171, 172, 173,176,185,209,212

overseas readers, 217 secondary ("multipliers"), 6 use of web to supplement, 216 women's magazines, n.16 and

n.18, 222 Citizen, 4 City Lights Bookshop, 169 Civil War (Ireland), 34, 35, 42, 49, 52 Clarke, Austin, 49, 100, 135, 159 Cleary, Joe, 32, 35 Clive, John, I: 4, 14, 174 Clyde, Tom (editor Honest

Ulsterman), 12, 47, 49, 62 76, 7G84, 86,91,96,9G 105,110, 133, 137; n.13, 222; n.1 and n.3, 223; n.2 and n.4, 224; n.11, 227-8; n.12, 228; n.19, 232

Cobbett, William (editor Political Register), 9, 16

Cobbing, Bob, 169 coffee-houses, 8, 32, 113 Coffeehouse Poetry, 213 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 45, 87, 176,

177 Colley, Linda, 24-5, 197 Collini, Stefan, 14, 23, 25, 38, 40, 46,

63,64,65, 119,203;n.6,223 communism, 27, 28, 71, 182, 190,

209 Connolly, Claire, 36 Connolly, Cyril, 37, 104, 158 Connolly, Fr. Peter, 30, 47, 55 Conran, Tony, VII: 148, 165 Coogan, Tim Pat (editor Irish Press),

114

Corkery, Daniel, 10, 99 Cornhill Magazine, 9, 86, 88 Council for the Encouragement of

Music and the Arts [CEMA], 128; n.7, 227

Coupland, Sir Reginald, 26 Courier, 173 Cox, Watty (editor Watty Cox's

Magazine, also known as Irish Magazine and Monthly Asylum), 11, 84-5

Craig, Cairns, 13, 179, 199 Crawford, Robert, 39, 173, 175, 183,

184; n.l, 279 Criterion, 19, 41, 46, 51, 65, 191 Critical Quarterly, 65, 132 Cronin, Anthony (associate editor

Bell), 76, 102, 105; n.11, 225 Cronin, Michael (editor Irish

Review), 202 Cross, Eric, 97 Culler, Jonathan, 7, 15 Cullingford, Elizabeth Butler, 35 Cunningham, Valentine, 39 Cunninghame Graham, R. B., 186 Cymru Fydd [The Welsh Future], 152 Cyphers, 210, 211

Dana, 90-1, 94 Davies, Aneurin Talfan, 160 Davies, Lewis, 203; n.4, 232 Davies, Lord David of Llandinam

(proprietor Welsh Outlook), 153; n.5, 229

Davies, Robert, 92 Davies, Tomas Huw (editor Welsh

Outlook), 153 Davies, William Watkins (editor

Welsh Outlook), 153 Davis, Thomas (editor Nation), 4, 6,

9,52,85,90 Day-Lewis, Cecil, 112 Deane, Seamus, 26, 32, 34, 129, 134,

143, 144 decolonization, 12, 30, 42, 55, 97 Deevey, Teresa, 97 Delahanty, James (editor Kilkenney

Magazine), 105

260 Index

de Ia Roche, Michel, (editor Memoirs of Literature), 82

Denman, Peter, 51, 137; n.2, 224 Derrida, Jacques, 17 design/appearance of periodicals,

2, 13, 14, 15 contemporary, 202, 203, 206, 207,

209,210,212,213,214,215, 218

little magazines, 97, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113

miscellanies, 67, 73, 77, 83, 90 Northern Irish, 118, 120, 125, 130,

132, 140 reviews, 46, 49, 50, 53, 58 Scottish, 180, 184, 185, 187, 193,

195, 196 Welsh, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158,

163, 164, 168 de Valera, Eamon, 12, 34, 35, 68, 69,

72, 74, 191 Devine T.M., 7, 24, 25, 28, 31, 37,

197, 198; n.6, 231 Dilke, Charles (editor Athenaeum), 88 dissidence, 19, 35, 67, 68, 82, 152,

180 Dixon, Keith, 138, 199 Dock Leaves, 34, 158-61, 162, 163,

166, 187, 197 Doctrine and Life, 29 Donoghue, Denis, 48 Donaldson, William, 178, 180 Donovan, James L. (editor Ireland

To-Day), 69, 71; n.2, 224 Doughan, David and Denise Sanchez,

16; n.17, 222 Doyle, Claire (Poetry Ireland

Review), n.l9, 232 Drabble, Margaret, 179; n.l2, 226 Drennan, William (editor Belfast

Magazine), 138 Drouth, 214, 218 Dublin, culture of, 7, 10, 39, 48, 69,

70, 12~ 135,141,142,160 as publishing centre for periodicals,

4,9, 11, 19,33,39,49-52,56, 57-8,59-62,65,72,83-4,

85-6,103,106, 160,206-~ 215,218

in "Emergency", 31 Dubliner, 50, 52, 106 Dublin Literary Gazette, later

National Magazine, 56, 85-6 Dublin Magazine, 49-53

audience, 7, 39, 51 censorship (of Ulysses), 52, 96 critical comment on, 12, 41, 49, 50,

106, 122 editors, 41, 49, 50, 51, 52 links to Welsh and Scottish

periodicals, 160, 161, 187; n.9 and n.11, 229

review genre, links to and variations from, 51-2, 62, 72, 161

support from Arts Council of Ireland, 114

Dublin Penny Journal, 4 Dublin Review (1836-1969), 57-9,65,

85, 94; n.3, n.4, and n.5, 223 Dublin Review (2000-), 201, 206-7,

218 Dublin University Magazine (DUM.),

59-62 audience/circulation, 9, 62 critical comment, 12, 60 editors/contributors, 59, 60, 62 link to Blackwood's, 21, 56, 59-61,

65 politics (Tory, Ascendancy), 60,

61-2,86 relationship to Britain and Famine,

61, 62; n.6, 233 review genre (hybrid), 57, 59, 62,

65, 85, 94 Duff, David, 15 Dunn, Douglas, 95, 214 "Dustsheets" see "the small press

scene" in Second Aeon, 169

Eagleton, Terry, 36, 60, 114, 149; n.13, 226; n.3, 229

Easthope, Anthony, 25 Edinburgh, 173,176, 177, 178, 181,

189, 196

Index 261

Edinburgh Review, 174-5, 208 analysis by James Mill, 1, 63-4 editors, 4, 6, 174, 177, 208 literary criticism, 24, 63, 65, 175;

n.14, 225 political influence, 51, 61, 174 readership, 14 relations with/influence on other

reviews, 21, 56, 57, 139, 176, 177, 179, 208; n.14, 35

editors, 1, 2-4, 40 anonymity/pseudonyms/collegiate/

editorial boards, 45, 47-8, 59, 60, 67, 87, 90, 93, 100, 119, 153,165,180,194, 195,211; n.2, 224

concern with audiences/ circulations, 6, 7, 9, 24, 46, 56,61,92, 112,135-6,13~ 139,142,144,177,178,209, 211; n.l, 223; n.2, 224; n.18, 225

concern with censorship and repression, 7, 11, 71, 84-5

concern with/adoption of form and genre, 1, 17, 19, 20, 48, 51, 64, 81,82,84,87-8,93-5,98, 104, 106, 108, 113, 117, 132-133, 13~ 139, 150, 155, 158, 167, 187, 193, 196-7, 202-3,204,206,211

concerns with funding, 93, 100, 101, 105, 10~ 155, 188, 211-12,215,216-18

editorial influence/dominance, 13, 49,50,53-6,59,62,68, 70-1, 75, 77, 82, 87, 89, 91-3, 94, 98, 101, 107, 114, 127-8, 139, 177, 182, 195,205,20~212,215; n.l, n.4, and n.7, 221; n.4 and n.6, 227

regional affiliations, 33, 124, 127, 12~ 132,140, 15~ 165,215

Edwards, J. Hugh (editor Wales 1911-14 and Young Wales), 152

Edwards, 0. M. (editor Wales 1894-7), 151

Eglinton, John (pseudonym of William Patrick Magee, editor Dana), 90, 91

Eliot, George, 88, 149 Eliot, T. S. (editor Criterion), 19,

38,46,51,65,96, 183,184,188, 203

Ellerman, Winifrid Annie ("Bryher"), 154

"Emergency", 12, 23, 31 emigration, 30, 31, 32, 54, 120, 197 Encounter, 65 English

audiences, 10,49, 59, 62, 64, 150, 175, 178-9

identity, 24, 25, 26, 27, 62 little magazines: 106-10, 141, 155;

n.10 and n.ll, 226 miscellanies, 19, 38, 81-2, 85-6,

88, 102 models (influences or genres), 10,

13, 26, 56, 119, 132, 147, 155, 174

philosophy/ thought/ideas, 38, 64, 11~ 15~ 162, 173, 178, 180, 187,212

publishing, 7, 56, 147, 203; n.3, 231

reviews, 14, 45, 46, 51-2, 56, 63-5,88

Envoi, IX: 213; web site: n.26, 233 Envoy,39,96, 100-2,142,156 Escarpit, Robert, 10; n.8, 221 Escott, Thomas H. S., 65, 177 Etudes, 46 European Community, 2, 42,

195 European influences, 28, 32, 33, 70,

93, 102, 182 audience for Irish and Welsh

periodicals, 97, 157 cultural nationalism, 32, 68, 92 Eastern Europe/communism,

27,28 economics/emigration/social

structures; cultural subsidies, 23,31,33, 162;n.3,224

Fascism, 71, 93, 154, 182, 190

262 Index

European influences-continued influence of intellectuals, 27, 38,

42,69, 145,184,185,187 models for periodicals, 51, 169

Evans, Caradoc, 127 Evergreen, 181; n.2, 231

Fallon, Brian, 7, 27, 30, 31, 39, 42, 52; n.4, 223; n.7, 226

Famine, 57, 58, 61, 97 Fanon, Frantz, 42, 163 Parmar, Tony, 10 Ferguson, John, 181-2 Ferguson, Samuel, 59, 61, 126, 128 Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 169; n.23,

230 Ferris, Sarah, n.2 and n.4, 227 Field Day, 42 Field Day Anthology, 12; n.l2,

221 Finch, Peter (editor Second Aeon),

166-71; n.25, n.26, and n.27, 230; n.33, 233

Finkelstein, David, 177, 196; n.14, 22 Fitzgerald, Garrett, 47, 48 Fogarty, Anne, (editor Irish

University Review), 202 Foley, Dermot, 6 Foley, Michael (editor Honest

Ulsterman), 135-6, 137 Forster, E. M., 45 Fortnight, 201, 210, 215, 216 Fortnightly Review, 65-6, 88 Forward, 191; n.6, 231 Foster, John Wilson, 34, 117, 144 Foster, R. F., 34, 93, 123, 206, 210 Foucault, Michel, 19, 21, 144 Fraser, Hilary, 4, 109 Fraser's Magazine for Town and

Country, 87 Free Man, 186, 188-9; n.5, 231 Freeman's Journal, 93 French, Leigh (co-editor Variant),

209; n.l5, 232 Friel, Brian, 131 Frye, Northrop, 21 Fulton, Robin (editor Lines Review),

194-5

funding/finance/support of periodicals see also under Arts Councils ,

Welsh Books Council attitudes to Arts Council funding

(negative): 114, 136, 170-1, 162, 210, 215-7; n.l5, 230; n.14, 226; n.31, 233

(positive), 105, 131, 132, 136, 145, 162,201,206-~209,211-12,

217-18, 212; n.lO, 227; n.14, 229; n.lO, 231; n.39, 324

close financial control by Arts Councils/"red tape", 165, 216, 237; n.14, 226; n.24, 230

contemporary funding situation, 215-18

devolution-effects on funding, 216-17; n.l4, 226; n.24, 230

little magazines, -financial problems, 95, 101, 120, 137, 145, 155, 156, 160, 170-1; private/self financing of periodicals, 93, 101, 102, 109, 112, 128, 153, 154, 187, 191, 211, 215; n.3, 227

Furrow, 29, 30, 55 Fury, Anne, 45 Furze, Richard, 70, 76; n.11, 221; n.4

and n.6, 224

Gaelic language and culture (Irish), 35, 70, 74, 92, 149 (Scots), 128, 188, 194, 195, 197

Garcier, Fabienne, 90 Garioch, Robert (editor New

Alliance), 192-3 Garlick, Raymond (editor Dock

Leaves and Anglo-Welsh Review), 7, 50, 158-61, 164, 187, 197; n.10 and n.11, 229

Garvin, Tom, 40 Geddes, Patrick, 181 Geertz, Clifford, 13; n.15, 222 Gellner, Ernest, 30, 119, 129 Genette, Gerard, 8, 15 genre in periodicals

see also: review, miscellany, little magazine and under editors, theorists

Index 263

genre theory/identification/ persistence, 1-2, 8, 14-15, 17-22,45,58,63-5,6~ 72, 74, 77, 81, 84, 95, 96, 106, 125, 12~ 135-6, 139, 155, 170,201-10,218-19

influence of economic/historical patterns, 22, 24, 26, 127, 132-3, 142, 145, 172, 193

influence on readers, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 49, 50, 73, 108

instability of genres (adaptation/ hybridity/genre migration/ misplacing), 8, 11, 13, 20, 21, 51,55,56,59,62,65, 70, 89, 113, 206, 216: in Northern Ireland, 117-18, 120, 121, 12~ 130,132, 141,201;in Wales, 147, 157-8, 160-2, 166, 197; in Scotland, 172, 173, 17~ 184-5, 193, 194, 195-6, 197, 199

omissions of certain genres, 16-17 origins of periodical genres, 13, 14,

17,45-6,56-7,67,82, 85, 106-15; n.9 and n.10, 226

Gentleman's Magazine, 8, 67, 82, 83, 174

Gentleman's Journal, 82 Germ, 109, 112 Gibbon, Lewis Grassic, 28, 119 Gibbon, Monk, 53; n.10, 224 Gibbons,Luke,35,36,41 Gill, Eric, IV: 69, 71 Ginsberg, Allen, 169 Gissing, George, 4 Gkotzardis Evi, 219 Glasgow, 7, 118, 209; n.3, 221 Glen, Duncan, 182, 183, 184, 189,

196; n.10, 231 globalization, 23, 36, 42, 159, 205,

206 Goldmann, L., 41 Gonne, Maud (also Maud Gonne

MacBride), 69, 71, 72; n.3, 224 Gorak, Jan, n.7, 223

Gordon, Giles (editor New Sa/tire), 195

Gortschacher, Wolfgang, 9, 16, 95, 109, 113, 114, 162, 169; n.10, 221; n.9, 226

Gosse, Edmund, 25 Gowrie, Lord (Chairman Arts

Council of England), 162 Graham, Colin (editor Irish Review),

134,202 Graham, R. B. Cunninghame, 187 Graham, Walter, 45, 46, 82, 174;

n.10, 221; n.14, 225 Gray, Kathryn (editor New Welsh

Review), 202 Gray, Forbes, 178 Gray, Tony, n.1, 222 Greacen, Robert, 10, 75, 101, 123,

125, 132 Gregory, Lady Augusta, 90

Grieve, Christopher Murray. see MacDiarmid, Hugh

Gross, John, 52, 88 Guilds of Regnum Christi, 28 Guillory, John, 65, 94

Habermas, Ji.irgen, 32, 82; n.2, 222 Hall, Wayne, 12, 60-1; n.9, 223 Hamilton, Ian, 65, 95, 114, 157, 169,

213 ; n.14, 226 Hanafin, Patrick, 27 Hardiman, James, 61 Harding, Jason, 46 Harmon, Maurice, 3, 75; n.17, 225 Harris, Rosemary, 118 Harrison, Frederic, 25 Hartnett, Michael (editor Arena), 104-5 Harvie, Christopher, 31, 37, 180, 197,

198 Have At You All, 108 Hayley, Barbara, 9, 57, 86, 138; n.3,

223; n.14, 228; n.15, 225 Hayley, Barbara and Enda McKay, 9,

10, 56, 57, 61, 86, 100; n.3, 223; n.2, 224

Hazlitt, Thomas, 45, 82; n.14, 225 Healey, Anthony (editor Imagine),

n.14 and n.19, 232

264 Index

Heaney, Seamus as critic and editor, 128, 129-30,

131-2, 134, 13~ 143-4 as poet, 33, 34, 53, 105, 132, 134,

136, 144, 205, 207 Hegarty, Peter, 75; n.11, 225 Hempton, David, 16, 18, 118 Hermathena, 19 Hernadi, Paul, 15 Herring, Robert, 154, 198 Heseltine, Nigel (editor Wales

1937-59), 156 Hewitt, John

as critic/editor, 126, 128, 130, 132, 135, 142, 185

as poet, 99, 101, 120, 123-4, 125, 131, 132, 134, 141-2

regionalism, 33, 34; n.4, 227 Hibernian Magazine, 83-4 Hibernicum, 55 Hirsch, E. D., 19 Hirschmann, Albert, 5 Hobsbaum, Philip, 137, 144-5, 213;

n.18 and n.19, 228 Hoffmann, Frederick J., 96, 112;

n.lO, 221 Hogg, James (editor Spy), 174-5, 176,

177 Hogg, T. J., 63 Haggart, Richard, 163 Holzapfel, Rudi, 75; n.11, 221; n.2

and n.7, 224 Honest Ulsterman [HU], 24, 132-7,

142, 143-4, 145; n.2, 221; n.17, 228; n.19, 232

Houghton, Walter, 51, 57, 81, 87; n.lO, 221

Houghton Cummings, Nancy, n.3, 223 Horizon, 9, 10, 31, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,

65, 102 Hughes, Eamonn, 143, 145, 210 Hughes, Emrys, n.6, 231 Hughes, Gillian, 175 Humphreys, Emyr, 127, 198, 208 Hunt, Leigh (editor London Journal),

26, 88, 176 Hunter, Barbara (editor Rann), 124

Imagine, 207; n.13 and n.19, 232 immigration, 25, 31, 202, 209 industrialization, 26, 30, 31, 41, 69,

78, 119, 142, 153 economic depression, 23, 31, 39 in Ireland, 69, 71; n.3, 224 literary responses, 26, 39, 41, 119,

130, 159 modernization/development, 25-6,

91: in Scotland, 28, 31, 187, 197; in Wales, 31, 158, 159

Inglis, Brian, 11, 105; n.6, 221 intellectuals/intellectual history/

property, 11, 14, 23, 36, 37-8, 40,41,94

alienation of intellectuals, 38, 39, 52, 55, 107, 119

anti-intellectual, 71, 119, 177 in Catholic Church, 27-8, 29 in relation to class issues, 11, 26, 30,

31,33,3~38,51,54-5,63-4,

77, 79, 82, 83, 87, 88, 94, 111, 148,150,174,202,214

in England, 64, 104 in Ireland, 7, 11, 34, 35, 36-7, 38,

39,41,42,49,51, 70, 73, 76, 83,90-1,138,205,206

Marxist intellectuals 37, 40, 41, 75, 101, 133, 184, 190

in Northern Ireland, 140, 141 in Wales, 37, 163, 165, 203 in Scotland, 37, 177, 184, 189, 190

international/global art/culture/thought, 27, 36, 58, 69,

139,156, 15~205-6,216 special international issues, 97,

191 literature, 29, 49, 62, 165, 167, 168,

171,184,186,205,212,213 politics/economics, 23, 24, 34, 43,

63,94, 153,179,188,205,208 ultramontanism, 58

Ireland To-Day, 67-72 economic coverage, 69; n.3, 224 creative writing, 70 closure, 70-1; n.4, 224 identification of editor, 67; n.2, 224

Index 265

Iremonger, Valentine, 75, 96, 100, 101; n.3, 225

Irish Constitution 1937, 2, 27, 68-9

Irish language (see Gaelic) Irish Literary Revival, 39, 52, 58, 70,

85,90, 110,120,202,219 Irish Literary Society, 240; n.7, 229 Irish Magazine and Monthly Asylum,

see also: Watty Cox's Magazine, 11, 84-5

Irish Pages [Duilli Eireann], 204-6, 218; n.19, 232

Irish Press ["New Irish Writing"] 114-15

Irish Review, 211, 202 Irish Statesman, 10, 38, 91-3, 94,

188; n.17 and n.18, 225 Irish Times, 76, 206; n.7 and n.10,

232 Irish University Review, 202, 203 Irish Writing, 97-9

audience, 10, 97-8, 129, 142 critical comment and comparisons,

37, 39, 96, 97, 99, 101, 122, 129, 159; n.8, 226

editors/contributors, 97-8; n.1, 221

genre, 15, 19, 197 support from Arts Council of

Ireland, 114 tradition, realism, modernism, 41,

97-8

James, Louis, 6, 19 Jauss, Robert, 8, 20, 21 Jeffrey, Francis (editor Edinburgh

Review), 1, 6, 174-5, 177, 208 Jewsbury, Daniel (co-editor Variant),

209 Jhally, Sut, 5 Johnston, Denis, 53 Jolles, Andre, 18 Jones, Aled Gruffydd, 148, 172; n.18,

222 Jones, Bobi, 159-60 Jones, David, 127

Jones, Elias Henry (editor Welsh Outlook), 153

Jones, Glyn, 127, 147, 148, 153; n.9, 229

Jones, Gwyn (editor Welsh Review), 148,153,161, 191;n.8,231

Jones, R. Merfyn, 28 Jones, Thomas (editor Welsh

Outlook), 152-3, 198 Jordan, John (editor Poetry Ireland),

108, 166 Journal des Scavans, 56 Joyce, James, 38, 39, 41, 52, 74-5,

96,9012045,183

"Kailyard", 26, 179, 180, 185 Kain, Richard M. and James H.

O'Brien, 12, 246; n.11, 241 Kavanagh, Patrick (editor Kavanagh's

Weekly), 5, 33, 34, 49, 70, 75, 100, 101, 102, 103; n.10, 224; n.11, 225; n.3, 229

Kavanagh, Peter, 102, 215 Kavanagh's Weekly, 5, 19, 97, 102-3,

215 Kearney, Richard, 25, 36, 42 Kelly, Fr. John, 30, 47 Kennelly, Brendan, 53 Kermode, Frank, 39 Kerouac, Jack, 169 Kiely, Benedict, 98, 105; n.4, 223 Kilkenny Magazine, 105, 103-4, 106,

114, 130 Kingdom Come, 112 Kirkland, Richard, 34, 118, 134, 135,

144 Klancher, Jon, 7, 8 Klaxon, 96 Kress, Gunther, 17, 20

Lace Curtain, 15, 104-6 Lagan, 120-4, 125, 128, 140, 141,

142, 145, 160; n.3, 227; n.16, 228 "Lallans", 128, 183, 194, 199 Lane, Allen, 112 Latto, W. D. (editor People's

Journal), 178

266 Index

Leavis, F. R. (editor Scrutiny), 49, 50, 144-5, 161, 187, 192; n.5 and n.6, 223; n.18, 228

Lecercle, Jean Jacques, 20, 21 Leader, 59, 110 Lee, J.J., 10, 27, 31, 32, 3, 36, 38, 40,

47, 54, 93; n.1, 227 Leerssen, Joep, 34 Le Fanu, Sheridan, 60 Legg, Marie Louise, 9, 11 Lehmann, John (editor London

Magazine), 87, 112 Lemass, Sean, 32, 39, 40, 47, 48 Lenehan, Paul, n.19, 232 Leventhal, A. L. [Con], 96, 101 Lever, Charles (editor Dublin

University Magazine), 9, 60, 61 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 41, 144 Lewes, G. H., (editor Westminster

Review), 51, 65 Lewis, Alun, 154. 164; n.9, 229 Lewis, E. Glyn, 149 Lewis, Saunders, 153, 160 Lewis, Wyndham (editor Blast), 50,

110, 111, 156 liberal/liberalism

decline in 20th century, 31, 37, 38 ideology, 51, 88 in Ireland, 37, 42, 54, 76, 77, 206 in Northern Ireland, 133, 144, 209 in Scotland, 187 in Wales, 37, 149, 152, 153, 154, 178 in Westminster Review, 56, 58,

63,87 Liberal Party, 31, 15, 187 Liddy, James (editor Arena), 132, 154,

156 Life and Letters To-Day, 132, 154,

156; n.6, 229 Lines Review, 194-5 Literary Journal of Dublin (Droz's

Letters), 56 literary journalism, see periodicals little magazines, chapter V,

throughout See also under audiences,

circulations, design, English, funding, genre aestheticism,

bohemianism, coteries, 38, 39,41,63,95, 103,104,106, 10~ 110, 111-12, 113, 114, 12G 130, 131, 134, 135, 141, 156, 157, 159, 167, 180-1, 211,213

audiences/circulations, 9, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 112, 113, 118, 135, 136, 13G 158, 171, 211, 217

casualties/failures, 174,215-16 contemporary little magazines, 207,

210-16 criticism of, 12, 96, 102 editorial practice, 98, 101, 105,

113, 114, 120, 127, 133, 167, 168,172,212,213,215

generic qualities, 1, 15, 16, 51, 120, 125, 12G 130, 133, 135, 136, 147, 150, 155, 157, 158, 160-3, 164, 166, 170-1, 173, 184-5,193-4,196, 19G211; n.10, 226

history (19th and early 20th centuries), 106-11; n.11, 226

intertextuality, 105-6, 107-8, 140, 169

links to modernism, 39, 107 nurseries for talent, 50, 87, 96, 98,

109, 114, 134, 166, 167, 189, 195

politics in little magazines, 34, 102-3, 113, 123, 133-4, 159

"typewriter art", 95, 107, 113, 118, 132, 196, 213, 215

Little Review, 95-6 Livesay, James, 25 Lloyd, David, 30, 42 Lloyd, David T., 165 Lloyd George, David, 147, 152 Lochhead, Marion, 64, 176 Lockhart, John Gibson, 6, 61, 176-7 London

as audience/comparator, 10, 60, 138, 173

attracting talent, 25, 136, 177, 193 centre for culture, 160, 176, 209;

n.10, 224

Index 267

criticism of, 87, 154, 160, 161, 177, 182, 189

during 2nd. World War, 31 "London-Welsh", 158 publishing centre for periodicals,

10, 107, 113, 132, 173, 193

Scottish/Welsh/Irish periodicals published in, 10, 46, 57, 102, 149, 150, 154, 155, 174

London Journal, 86, 88 London Magazine, 86-7 Longley, Edna, 117, 122, 128, 135,

141, 142, 144; n.10, 227 Longley, Michael, 53, 100, 131, 132,

134, 137, 144 Lounger, 173 Lover, Samuel (editor Dublin Literary

Gazette), 58, 86 Lyceum, 48 Lyons, F. S. L., 142

MacBride, Maud Gonne, see Maud Go nne

McCaig, Norman, 34, 192, 196 McCarthy, Conor, 33, 39, 142; n.2,

222 MacCarthy, Fiona, n.ll, 226 McArthy, Mary (deputy editor

Imagine), n.13 and n.19, 22 McCormack, 42, 89-90; n.9, 227 McCulloch, Margery (editor Scottish

Studies Review), 183, 185, 187, 191, 203; n.14, 222; n.5, 231

MacDiarmid, Hugh [Christopher Murray Grieve] (editor Scottish Chapbook, Voice of Scotland, Scottish Nation, Northern Review (1924))

anti-Fascist, 190 anti-Semitic, 191; n.9, 231 appreciation/criticism by others,

164, 180, 184, 187-8, 192, 198

attack on Gwyn Jones, 191; n.8, 231

Braid Scots, Lallans, Doric, 183-4, 198

"Caledonian ant-syzygy", 25, 180, 182

criticism of Scottish culture, 24, 181,182,188, 198;n.2,231

editor/contributor, 7, 16, 156, 180, 181, 183-4, 185, 188-9, 190, 191, 194; n.4, 231

Marxism, 37, 184, 190 modernism/Nietzche, 182; n.3, 231 poems, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191,

193, 195, 199 wrting under pseudonyms, 180,

184, 188, 189, 190; n.1, 230 McDonagh, John, 205 MacDonald Smith, Peter, 149 MacEwan, David (editor Outlook),

187 McFadden, Roy, 12,120,123,124,

126, 131, 137 McGahern, John, 29, 105, 114 MacGreevey, Thomas, 79, 105, 156;

n.13, 225 Macintosh, Gillian, 7; n.4, 227 MacLaverty, Bernard, 134 McLaverty, Michael, 70, 120, 121,

125, 154 McCleery, Alistair, 185 MacNeice, Louis, 31, 97, 160 McQuaid, Archbishop John, 48 Madden, Richard Robert, 11, 12 magazines: see periodicals Magee, William Patrick, see John

Eglin ton Maginn, William, (editor Fraser's

Magazine), 87 Mahon, Derek, 53, 131, 132, 135,

137, 144 Maidment, B.E., 13 Maley, Willy (guest editor Drouth), 214 Mangan, James Clarence, 60 Manning, Mary (editor Motley), 96 Marcus, David (editor Irish Writing;

Poetry Ireland; "New Irish Writing")

editor/editorial practice, 3, 7, 33,41,96,97-9,114-15, 163, 166, 211; n.1, 221; n.5, 225

268 Index

Marcus, David-continued Oughtobiography, n.4, 223; n.4,

225 market for periodicals, 5, 10, 65, 107,

111,171,178,179,217 market for women's magazines, 16;

n.18, 22 Marr, Andrew, 9 Martin, Augustine, 48, 49 Martineau, Harriet, 5 Marx, Karl, also Marxism/Marxist,

2, 30, 37, 40-1, 75, 107, 133, 134, 190

Mater et Magistra, 29, 143 Mathias, Roland (editor Anglo-Welsh

Review), 7, 147, 150, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163; n.14, 222; n.8, n.lO, and n.12, 229

Maynooth,27,30,53, 57 Mayo, Patricia Elton, 32, 33 Mayo, Robert D., 15, 82, 83 Meade, Declan (editor Stinging Fly),

207; n.12 and n.19, 232 Memoirs of Literature, 82 Mercurius Eruditorium, 56 Mercurius Fumigosus, 81 Mercurius Librarius, 45, 46 Meredith, George, 65, 88 Meredith, Hugh, n.3, 224 methodology, 1, 3-4, 12-17 Metre, 210 Michelsen, Helle (editor Planet), 208 Mill, James (editor Westminster

Review), l, 63-4; n.8, 223 Mill, John Stuart, 51 Millar, Mitchel (co-editor Drouth),

214 Minhinnick, Robert (editor Poetry

Wales), 212; n.19, 232 Mirror, 173 miscellanies, chapter IV, throughout;

see also Bell, editors, concern with adoption of form, English miscellanies

characteristics of genre, 16, 18, 19, 38,51,63,65,67-9, 70,72-6, 77-8,81-4,88-90,93,94-8, 141, 152, 172, 206-7; n.9, 226

circulation/readership, 8, 9, 73, 82, 83, 87

contemporary miscellanies, 204-10 hybrid genres, adaptation, genre

migration, 21, 59, 62, 65, 157-8, 160, 163, 166, 175-7, 179

Northern Irish, 130, 138-9, 141, 210

Irish nineteenth-century, 8, 11, 89-90,92-4,197

Irish twentieth-century and after, 19,89-90,92-4,197

politics in miscellanies, 34, 76, 77, 83,8G 122,206,20G208,210

Scottish nineteenth-century and earlier, 173, 175, 176-7, 178, 179

Scottish twentieth-century and later, 179, 186-7, 208-9

Welsh, 147-54, 157, 160, 163 modernism

links to linguistic experimentation, 75, 183, 198

links to nationalismlliberalism, 38, 39,179, 184;n.5,231

links to periodicals, little magazines, 107, 109, 110, 111, 155, 180, 181, 182-4, 199; n.5, 231

modernization/'the modern', 26, 29, 30,32-3,35,38,3~40,42,4G

72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 92, 103, 142-3,182,185, 186,214,216; n.2, 222; n.3, 224

Modern Scot, 185, 186-7, 188 Moncrief£, Michael Scott, (editor

New Sa/tire), 195 Montague, John, 131-2, 137, 212;

n.4, 227 Moore, Dylan (editor CFUK), 213 Moore, Thomas, 60 Moretti, Franco, 8 Morgan, Gerald (editor Poetry

Wales), VII: 164; n.19, 230 Morgan, Kenneth 0., 16, 24, 28, 31,

3G 14G 152, 154, 158 Morley, Henry, 65

Index 269

~orpurgo,Jarnes, 112 ~orris, William (editor Oxford and

Cambridge Magazine), 109, 186 "~other and Child" scheme, 28, 29,

47, 48, 78 ~otley, 96 ~otteux, Peter Anthony (editor

Gentleman's Journal), 82 ~uldoon, Paul, 134, 136, 137, 144 ~ulhern, Francis, 119, 144; n.5, 223 ~ulhall, Anne, 211 "rnutipliers", see circulation,

secondary ~uir, Edwin, 186, 187, 188, 189,

193 ~urphy, Hayden, editor Broadsheet,

95 ~urphy, James H., 28 ~urphy, Peter, 86, 176

Nairn, Torn, 26, 179, 182, 197,208 Nation, 4, 6, 9 nationalism/national identity,

see also, Britain/British, Celtic/ Pan-Celtic, English, European, internationalism, modernism, regionalism

cultural nationalism, 32, 60, 78, 115, 179, 188

andlanguage,26, 149,152,188, 197

in periodicals (critiques of nationalism), 27, 34, 35, 40 42,51, 70, 74,90, 103,155, 165, 181

in periodicals (support for nationalism), 52, 54, 61, 68, 7~ 79-81, 84,92,93,9~ 102, 11~ 128, 152, 163-5, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191

in post-revolutionary Ireland, 7, 23, 26,34-5,42,92,93, 80-1, 172

and religion, 24, 27, 124, 128 in Wales, 24, 26, 32, 42, 147-8,

156, 206, 207-8: ("National ~agazines of Wales"), 149-52, 157-8, 159, 163,

National Library of Wales, 152; n.18, 230

New Age, 182, 184; n.3, 231 New Alliance, 192-3, 198 New Ireland Review, 48 "New Irish Writing" (in Irish Press),

114-15 New Magazine, 83-4 Newman, Cardinal John, 48 Newry Magazine, 138-9 New Sa/tire, 194, 195-6, 215 New Statesman, 93 New Welsh Review, 202-3 Nietzche, Friedrich, 182; n.3, 231 ni Chuilleanain, Eilean (editor

Cyphers), 211 Nineteenth Century, 65, 88 Nolan, Jerry, n.12, 225 Non-Conformity, 26, 142, 148, 149 North Briton, 25, 197 North, ~ichael, 88, 138, 178; n.10,

221; n.14, 222 Northern Ireland, chapter VI,

throughout; see also: Arts Council of Northern Ireland [ACNI], Belfast, Belfast Group, Ulster

audiences, problems, 26, 117-18, 119, 120, 127, 128-9, 173

audiences, strengths, 126, 132, 136,142-4,206,209

civil rights movement, 23, 143-4 contemporary N.l. periodicals,

206,209-10,215;n.1,231 genre instability in N.l., 24, 117,

120,121,130,132,172,201, 206,216,218

hostile climate for periodicals, 6, 7, 23, 115, 120, 124, 12~ 128, 129

isolation, mentalite, exoticisation, 23,31,117-18,128,142

partition, border 27, 69, 118 nineteenth-century periodicals, 9,

138-40; n.14 and n.15, 228 regional differentiation, 33, 117,

119, 123, 124, 126, 140, 143; n.4, 227

270 Index

Northern Ireland-continued religious difference in N.I., 25-6,

91, 118, 131, 132, 160 style/tradition of N.I. writing, 121,

122, 123, 124, 129, 13~ 140, 144-5, 154

support of periodicals by ACNI and CEMA, 114, 128, 131, 145, 216, 218; n.7, n.8, and n.10, 227; n.23 and n.38, 233; n.39, 234

support of N.I. by Bell, Irish Statesman and Poetry Ireland, 33, 73, 75, 92, 128, 142; n.16, 228

Northern Review (1924), 185 Northern Review (1965-7), 145 Northern Star, 9; n.6, 221

O'Brien, Conor Cruise, [Donat O'Donnell]27, 73, 98

O'Brien, Edna, 29, 114 0' Brien, Flann [Brian O'Nolan], 76 O'Brien, Kate, 29, 98 0' Connell, Daniel, 57 O'Connor,Frank,30,31,42,52, 70,

74, 75, 97, 193; n.2, 224 O'Connor, Liam (editor Arena), 95 O'Donnell, Donat. See O'Brien,

Conor Cruise O'Donnell, Peadar (editor Bell), 19,

37, 41, 54, 74, 75-6, 128; n.8, 224; n.11, 225

O'Dowd, Liam, 33; n.1, 227 6 Drisceoil, Donal, 12, 32 O'Faolain, Sean (editor Bell)

censorship, 29, 71 Chair of Arts Council, 114 Church and State, 27, 28-9, 31, 71 concern with audiences,

"multipliers", 6, 7, 10, 41, 73, 76; n.4, 221

critical comments on O'Faolain, 35, 41,42

editorial practice, dominance, interventionist, 3, 4, 72, 73, 74, 75, 82, 98; n.4 and n.7, 221

European influences, 92, 182 liberalism, 37-8, 76 links with other periodicals, 92, 97,

98, 130; n.5, 224 as literary critic, 36, 39, 41, 75, 99,

181 model for later periodical editors,

130, 204, 207; n.5, 228; n.7, 232

on Northern Ireland, 141-2; n.16, 228

realism, 19, 35, 40, 98, 99 regionalism, 33, 35, 72 short stories, 98, 106, 193 "thin society", 35, 74, 195

O'Grady, Standish James (editor All Ireland Review), 89-90, 94, 98

O'Halloran, Clare, (editor Irish Review), 202

Ohlmann, Richard, 9 O'Leary, Paul, 147, 149 Olinder, Britta, 34 Oliphant, Margaret, 3, 175, 176, 177 "Oliver Yorke" [pseudonym of

William Maginn], 87 O'Malley, Mary (edior Threshold),

4, 129-30, 131 O'Neill King, Michael, 68 6 Searcaigh, Catha! (Irish language

editor Irish Pages), 204 Ong, Walter, 6 O'Nolan, Brian, see Flann O'Brien Orage, A. R. (editor New Age), 182,

184, 188; n.3, 231 Ormsby, Frank (editor Honest

Ulsterman), 134, 135, 136, 137 Orwell, George, 177 0' Sullivan, Sean (designer Ireland

To- Day), 67 O'Sullivan, Seumas (editor Dublin

Magazine), 7, 41, 49-50, 51, 52, 160

Otway, Caesar, (editor Christian Examiner), 59, 85

Outlook, 187-8 Oxford Celtic Society, n.7, 229 Oxford and Cambridge Magazine,

109

Index 271

Paddiana, 61 Pan-Celtic, 126, 156, 186, 190, 191,

192, 193 Parker, Mark, 6, 64, 87 Parker, Michael, 34, 143, 144; n.17,

228 Parker, Stewart, 137 Parthian Books, web site, n.4, 232 Patten, Eve, 26 Patten, Robert L., 3 Penguin New Writing, 9, 112 Penguin Parade, 112 Penny Magazine, 85 Peel, Sir Robert, 11, 84 People's Journal, 178 periodicals (magazines), see also:

audiences/readers, funding, genre, individual titles, market

academic work on, 1, 12-13, 15, 17, 18-19,23,36,64, 107, 162, 169, 171, 175, 177, 187, 217; n.3, n.10, and n.12, 221; n.13 and n.14, 222; n.8, 223; n.14, 225; n.9 and n.10, 226

methodology for examining, 13-17 nature of periodicals, 2-6 omissions from study, radical

magazines, 16; n.19, 222: women's magazines, 16; n.12, n.17, and n.18, 222

relations to time, 3, 4 theory of periodical genres, 17-22

Phelan, Francis]., n.11, 221; n.18, 225

Phoenix, 132-3, 142, 145 "Philanthropus" (editor New

Magazine), 84 philosophy/literary philosophy, 25,

46,55,60, 82, 8~ 102,122, 165,174,179, 196,203,208;n.5 and n.15, 223

Pictish Review, 185 Planet: The Welsh Internationalist,

207-8 Plunkett, Sir Horace, 78, 93 Plunkett, James, 97 poets/poetry, see also individual

poetry magazines

Anglo-Welsh poets, 50, 127, 128, 148, 150, 155, 158-~ 160, 163-6, 167, 170, 202; n.26 and n.27, 233

criticism of poetry in magazines, 51,60,9~ 104,106,114,128, 134, 135, 142, 143, 144, 160, 161, 170, 171, 176, 184, 186, 187, 188, 196, 213, 214; n.4, 227

English/American poets, 28, 60, 112, 16~ 168,169,213

experimental!sound/calligramms, 165, 166, 169-70

Irish poets, 4, 49, 50, 52, 60, 70, 79,91,96,99-100,101,106, 128,136,143,144,211

Northern Irish poets, 118, 122-3, 125-~ 128, 132, 134, 15, 142, 212; n.5, 227

poetry editors, 73, 75, 96, 100 poetry in little magazines, 14, 95,

96, 101, 104, 112, 114, 122, 124, 125-6, 128, 134, 160, 168,170,171,184,192,201, 211, 215

poetry in miscellanies, 138, 155, 174, 206, 209

Scottish linguistic experiments, 128, 183-4, 194

Scottish poets, 128, 174, 176, 183, 184, 18~ 188, 194, 195, 196, 208

search for new poets, 73, 99, 132, 211,212,215;n.6,224

Poetry Ireland, 96, 97, 99-100, 114, 163, 211; n.8, 226

Poetry Ireland Review, 166, 201, 210-11, 212, 218; n.19, n.21, and n.23, 232; n.39, 234; web site: n.21, 230

Poetry Kit, 201; web site: n.2, 231 Poetry London, 113 Poetry Wales, 162, 163-6, 171, 211,

212; n.16 and n.17, 230 Politics and Letters, 40-1 Pollack, Felix, 158 Pound, Ezra, 111,183,184

272 Index

postcolonialism/decolonization, 12, 23,30,35,42,55,9~ 103,144, 191,198,203

post-revolutionary era in Ireland, 2, 13, 17, 23-43, 68, 74, 76, 99, 115,201,218-19;n.5,221

post-structuralist criticism, 12, 17, 19, 21,35,36,41, 73,74

Powell, Claire, 169 Power, John, 12 Protestant Ascendancy, 34-5, 59, 60,

86,90,98,147 Protestant religion, 26, 48, 71

in Northern Ireland, 26, 28, 97, 117, 123, 143

in Wales, 26, 149 in Scotland, 26, 28, 185

publishing/publishers, also see: audience, effect of intenet publishing, Dublin as publishing centre, English publishing, London as publishing centre, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 46, 56, 60, 82, 112, 114, 208; n.1, 225

in England on Irish topics, 5 in England on Scottish topics, 173,

174, 176, 177, 193 in England on Welsh topics, 7, 147,

149, 150, 158-9, 161 on Internet, 204, 209, 216 in Ireland, 9, 10-11,24, 33, 56,

60, 71, 101, 106, 114, 129, 166,206,211,218; n.8, 221

in Scotland, 168, 173, 174, 176-8,193,195,203,204, 213,215

in Wales, 147, 150, 151, 161, 203, 204,209,216

Purdie, Bob, 142; n.8, 224 Pykett, Lyn, 1, 3

Quadrigesimo Anno, 28 Quarterly Review, 1, 9, 15, 51, 56,

58, 61, 63-4, 87; n.l9, 227 Quattrocento, 212-3; n.24,

223 Quinn, Antoinette, 5, 103

Rann,6, 124-9,140,141,142,145, 160, 185; n.5 and n.6, 227

reader-response theory, 8, 20, 21 readership. see audience; circulations Red Dragon, 150-1 Rees, Gwilym (Welsh language editor

Poetry Wales), 165 Reformer, 108 Revolutionary War (Ireland), 23, 35,

42,49, 75, 78,92;n.2,224 regionalism

definition, 34 in John Hewitt, 34, 124, 131; n.4,

227 and nationalism, 34, 81, 115, 124,

128 within Britain, 7, 24, 33, 115 within Ireland, 33, 34, 35, 72, 73, 96 within Northern Ireland, 33, 34,

118, 121, 123, 124-9, 131, 134, 140, 143; n.4, 227

and provincialism/parochialism, 10, 34, 35, 37, 96, 102, 103, 127, 135, 149, 160, 165, 16~ 17~ 189

in Scotland, 34, 87, 177, 189 in Wales, 33, 127, 149, 159-60,

165, 167 Register of Prohibited Publications

(1958), 36 Renton, Jennie (editor Textualities),

203-4 republicanism, 70-1, 73, 190, 191,

214; n.7, 231 Republic of Ireland, 12, 23, 24, 35,

71, 11~ 124,206,209,218 reviews, see chapter III, throughout.

See also: audience, anonymity, design, English

reviews, genres audience/readership, 2, 9, 14, 45, 56 Catholic reviews, 2, 15, 28, 46-9,

53-9 contemporary reviews, 202-4: use

of "review" as title in, 206, 208, 210-11, 215

formalising knowledge, 46, 50 genre characteristics, 14, 15, 18, 41,

45,4~48-9,51,55,56-7

Index 273

genre migration/modification, 20, 21, 56, 59, 65, 132, 157, 158, 160-2, 17~ 196, 197

politics in reviews, 14, 36, 37, 40-1, 45, 46-7, 48, 51, 52, 54, 58, 59, 60-1, 62-3, 85, 139, 174, 187, 195; n.8, 223

nineteenth-century reviews, 51, 56-62

Scotland, use of review title, 14, 21, 174-5, 194-5

twentieth-century reviews, 46-56 Wales, 19, 157, 161, 197: use of

review title, 150, 153, 161-3

Revue des Deux Mondes, 65 Rhys, Keidrych,(editor Wales 1937-59),

154-6, 163, 191, 198; n.7, 229 Richards, Shaun: see David Cairns

and Shaun Richards Riddell, Alan (editor Lines Review),

194 Riposte, 210, 211; n.19, 232 Roberts, Brynley F., n.4, 229 Roberts, D. Hywel E., n.17, 230 Roberts, Robert (editor Welsh

Outlook), 153 Robinson, Lennox, 58, 92, 96 Rodger, Johny (co-editor Drouth),

214 Rodgers W.R., 123, 141 Rose, Jonathan, 9, 37 Rossetti, William Michael (editor

Germ), 109 Roundyhouse, 212; n.19, 232 Rowlands, Ernest Bowen (editor

Welsh Review (1891-8), 150 Russell, George (AE) (editor Irish

Homestead and Irish Statesman), 3, 7, 90-4, 98, 127

Ryan, Frederick (editor Dana), 90 Ryan, John (editor Dubliner and

Envoy), 17, 100-2, 106; n.3, 225; n.7 and n.8, 226

Ryan, Ray, 30

Sadleir, Michael, 59-60 Said, Edward, 38, 42

Sa/tire Review, 195 Samhain, 110, 141 Savage, Roland Burke (editor

Studies), 48 Sawers, David, n.14, 229 Scintilla, 213; web site: n.27,

233 Scots Independent, 185 Scots Magazine and Edinburgh

Literary Miscellany (1739-1817), 173-4, 175, 177

Scots Magazine (1924), 185 Scots Observer, 185, 189 Scott, John (editor London

Magazine), 86, 87 Scott, Peter, 24 Scott, Tom (editor Lines Review), 194 Scott, Walter, 26, 175, 183, 184, 195 Scottish Arts and Letters, 185 Scottish Book Collector, 203 Scottish Chapbook, 16, 24, 180-5,

187, 190; n.1, 230 Scottish Educational Journal, 185 Scottish Nation, 185 Scottish Parliament, 42 Scottish Renaissance, 7, 24, 34, 37,

126, 163, 179, 181-7, 194, 197, 198-9; n.4, 231

Scottish Review, 178, 179 Scottish Review of Books, 203 Scottish Studies Review, 201, 203 Scrutiny, 40, 65, 192, 198 Second Aeon, 163, 166-71; n.16,

n.24, n.25, n.26, and n.27, 230 "small press scene", 169, 170

Sergeant, Howard, 128 Senan, Fr. (editor Capuchin Annual),

77 Shaw, George Bernard, 92, 207 Sheehan, Canon, 77, 78, 90 Sheehy-Skeffington, Frank, 53 Sheehy-Skeffington, Owen, 68-9, 71,

73 Shelden, Michael, 38; n.7, 221 THE SHOp [sic], 210,211-12, 218;

n.19, 232 Shovlin, Frank, 12, 49, 52, 69, 71, 75,

92, 102, 105, 128, 131; n.2, n.4,

274 Index

Shovlin, Frank-continued and n.5, 224; n.11 and n.3, 225; n.5, 227; n.16, 228

Silkin, John (editor Stand), 113; n.13, 26

Simmons, James (editor Honest Ulsterman), 130, 131, 132, 133-5, 137; n.2, 221; n.11, 227; n.17, 228

Sinclair, Andrew, n.15, 230 Skald, 213 Sloan, Geoffrey, 23 Smith, Brian (editor Roundyhouse),

212; n.19, 232 Smith, Gregory, 35, 180 Smith, Ken, (editor Stand), 113 Smith, Terence (editor Irish Writing),

97 Smyth, Gerry, 12, 41, 49, 51, 55, 61,

74, 97, 102-3, 127 Smyth, Damian (ACNI), n.38, 233 Smyth, Jim, 32 Snow, C. P., 40, 50 Soar, Geoffrey, 109 Spanish Civil War, 68, 71, 190 Speirs, John, 198 Spence, Lewis, 183 Spice, Nicholas, 217; n.14, 229 Spy, 174-5 Stamp Act/Duty, 11, 178 Stand, 113-14, 118, 196; n.13, 226 Stanford, Charles Stuart (editor

Dublin University Magazine), 59 StClair, William, 6, 11, 46,50 Stead, Peter, 153 Stephen, Leslie, 25 Stephens, James, 58, 80, 92, 97 Stephens, Meic (editor Poetry Wales),

16, 150, 153, 162, 163-6, 170; n.18, 22; n.4, n.6, and n.7, 229; n.18 and n.19, 230; n.37, 233

Stewart, David, n.3, 221 Stinging Fly, 207; n.19, 232 Stocks, Mike (editor Anon), 215; n.18,

232; n.29, 233 Strand Magazine, 9 Stuart, James (editor Newry

Magazine), 139

Studies, 15, 28, 29, 30, 46-9, 53, 72, 77, 78, 114, 197, 201

Sullivan, Alvin, 56, 59, 61, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 194, 195; n.10 and n.11, 221; n.3, 223; n.10, 226

Sullivan, Daniel, 90 Swift, Jonathan (editor Intelligencer),

16, 127 Sykes, Alan, 38 Sylph, 108 "Sylvanus Urbanus" (pseudonym of

Edward Cave (editor, Gentleman's Magazine)), 82, 87

Tambimuttu (editor Poetry London), 113

Taylor, Clare (editor The Yoke), n.19, 232

Taylor, Geoffrey (poetry editor The Bell), 74, 75

Tegai Hughes, Glyn, 170 Textualities, 203-4, 216; web site:

n.6, 232 Thackeray, William Makepeace

(editor Cornhill), 88, 174 Thomas, D. M., 132 Thomas, Dylan, 104, 127, 155, 156,

160, 164, 191, 198 Thomas, Gwyn, 127, 148 Thomas, Ned (editor Planet), 207-8 Thomas, R. S., 34, 50, 127, 148, 192;

n.9, 229 Thomson, George Malcolm, 26 Threshold, 4, 106, 129-32, 140 Thornton, Bonnell (editor Have At

You All), 108 Tilley, Elizabeth, 60 Tobin, Fergal, 29; n.4, 223 Todorov, Tvetzan, 15, 17 Trace, 107 Trench, 130 Trevelyan, Charles, 61; n.6, 223 Trilling, Lionel, 38, 40, 95 Trinity College, Dublin, 19, 59, 69 Turner, Barry, n.1, 231 Turner, Mark, 110

Index 275

Ulad, 140-1 Ulster, see also under Northern

Ireland, 28, 34, 99 chapter six throughout, 185, 214; n.5, 227

Ulster Magazine, 140, 141; n.15, 220 Ulster Register, 193

Vacuum, 209-10, 214; n.18, 232 Vance, Norman, 76, 117, 130 Variant, 209-10, 214, 216, 218 Veblen, Thorstein, 2 Vigilans, 55 vocationalism, 28, 47, 54 Voice of Scotland, 188, 189-92

Wakeman, John and Hilary( editors THE SHOp [sic]), 211; n.19, 232; n.24, 233

Wales (1894-7), 151 Wales (1911-14), 152 Wales (1937-60), 154, 155-8, 160,

163, 164, 191, 192 Walkinshaw, Colin, 193 Waller, Francis (editor Dublin

University Magazine), 62 Walsh, William, 144; n.5, 223 Ward, John Powell, (editor Poetry

Wales), 166; n.7, 223; n.19 and n.20, 230

Ward, Margaret, 69 Ward, Philip, (editor Broadsheet), 107 Ward, W. G. (editor Dublin Review), 59 Watkins, Vernon, 127, 165 Watty Cox's Magazine: also known

as: Irish Magazine and Monthly Asylum, 11, 84-5

Webb, Harri, 148, 152, 163 Wellek, Rene, 19 Welsh Books Council, 213, 216-17;

n.32, n.35, and n.36, 233; web site: n.35, 233

Welsh language cultural significance, 148, 149, 152,

165, 188, 194 favorable treatment, 162, 188, 197 indifference to/rejection by/of, VII:

n.2, 240 link to nationalism, 26, 172, 197,208

literacy in Welsh, 28, 148, 149, 151 periodicals/journalism in Welsh, 7,

28, 147, 149, 151, 152, 157 Welsh language editor, 165

Welsh National Assembly [Senedd], 42, 208, 217; n.37, 233

Welsh nationalism/regionalism/Home Rule, 26, 147, 149, 152, 155, 156, 160, 163, 164, 172

Welsh Outlook, 152-3 Welsh Republican, 191; n.7, 231 Welsh Review (1891-8), 150-1 Welsh Review (1939-48), 153-4, 169,

191; n.S, 231 Welsh Writing in English, 148,

153,156,158, 15~ 161,21~ n.2, 228-9; n.ll, 229; n.37, 233

West, Richard (editor Vacuum), 209-10; n.l6 and n.17, 232

Westminster Review, l, 51, 56, 58, 63, 87; n.7 and n.S, 223

White, Cynthia, 16; n.16, 222 Whelan, Kevin, 26, 33, 84-5 White, Sean (editor Poetry Ireland),

100 Whittaker, T. K., 32 Whyte, J. H. (author Church and

State in Modern Ireland), 28, 29, 32,4~53,55,58, 78

Whyte,]. H. (editor Modern Scot), 186-7, 188

Wilkins, Charles, 150 Williams, Bronwen (Arts Council of

Ireland), n.38, 233 Williams, Daniel, 23, 37 Williams, Glanmor, 148 Williams, Raymond (editor Politics

and Letters), l-2, 37, 40-1, 94, 160, 163; n.6 and n.lO, 221; n.7 and n.S, 223

Williams, Rhodri, 162 Williams, Trevor L., n.5, 229 Wills, Clair, 31; n.l, 222 Wilson, Colin, 38, 104 Wilson, John, 176 Wiseman, Cardinal Nicholas (editor

Dublin Review), 57, 59

276 Index

Woodman, Kieran, 12 Woods, Macdara (editor Cyphers), 211 Wordsworth, William, 8, 176 World War I (1914-18) also post-war,

28, 31, 37, 111, 125, 147, 153, 161, 177, 179, 190, 191,207

World War II (1939-45) also post-war also see "Emergency", 22, 31-2, 38,39, 72, 75,80, 101,120, 121-2, 124, 125, 149, 153, 154, 156, 161, 164, 190, 192, 193, 199; n.3, 232

Writer's Handbook, 201; n.1, 231

Yeats, Jack B., 49, 193 Yeats W.B. (editor Beltaine, Samhain,

Arrow) critic/editor, 49, 110

influence of, 39, 42, 50, 51, 58, 70, 79, 99,

and the Literary Revival, 39, 90, 110, 106, 110, 123, 125, 126, 127, 140, 141, 147, 168, 180, 212

modernism, 38, 110, nationalism, 39, 42, 58, 79,

127-8 writer for periodicals, 5, 90, 93,

110 Yellow Book, 109-10, 112 Yellow Crane, 215; n.18, 232;

n.31, 233 Yoke, 215; n.19, 232 Young Ulster, 24, 118-20, 125, 130;

n.2, 227 Young Wales, 152