Notes

Preface

1. Chris R. Vanden Bossche, Carlyle and the Search for Authority (Colum­bus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), pp. vii-ix; p. 177.

2. Manfred Kuehn, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800: A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy (Kingston and Mon­treal: MeGill-Queen's University Press, 1987), pp. 1-8. Many other commentators have noted similarities between the philosophy of Reid and that of Kant. For example, see Norman Daniels, Thomas Reid's Inquiry: The Geometry of Visibles and the Case for Realism, forword by Hilary Putnam (New York: Franklin, 1974), p. 23.

3. For example, see Thomas Brown, 'Villers, Philosophie de Kant', Edin­burgh Review, I (1803), 253-280 (p. 266; p. 279).

4. Dugald Stewart, The Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed. by Sir William Hamilton, 11 vols (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854-60), I, 460-461 (hereafter cited as Works).

5. For example, see Hamilton's footnote, in IP, II. xix, 324Rd (for this and all other abbreviated forms of reference see list of abbreviations).

6. See, James McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy: Biographical, Expository, Critical, from Hutcheson to Hamilton (London: Macmillan, 1875), p. 404. However, McCosh himself opposed the view that Kant was indebted to Reid (pp. 273-274).

7. Stewart, Dissertation, Works, I, p. 441. 8. IP, Il.vi, 261La. 9. 'Carlyle's Scotch Scepticism: Writing from the Scottish Tradition',

Carlyle Studies Annual, forthcoming.

1 Introduction

1. Victor Cousin, quoted by McCosh, pp. 267-268. 2. Peter Allan Dale, 'Sartor Resartus and the Inverse Sublime: The Art of

Humorous Destruction', in Morton W. Bloomfield, ed., Allegory, Myth, and Symbol (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 293-312 (p. 306).

3. Margaret Oliphant, 'Scottish National Character', Blackwood's Maga­zine Gune, 1860), 715-731 (p. 730).

4. See, Elizabeth M. Vida, Romantic Affinities: German Authors and Carlyle: A Study in the History of Ideas (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), p. 19.

5. For an example of one of the rare attempts to discuss Carlyle's Scottish intellectual background, see, Ian Campbell, 'Carlyle's Reli­gion: The Scottish Background', in Carlyle and his Contemporaries:

206

Notes 207

Essays in Honor of Charles Richard Sanders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976), 3-20.

6. 'Burns', CME, 1: 289. 7. Ernest Campbell Mossner, The Life of David Hume, 2nd edn (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 4. 8. Alasdair Macintyre, 'Hume's Anglicizing Subversion', in Whose Jus­

tice? Which Rationality? (London: Duckworth, 1988), 281-299 (p. 281). 9. See, Mossner, p. 156.

10. See, Mossner, pp. 153-162. 11. See, Mossner, pp. 246-249. 12. David Hume, 'My Own Life', in Essays Moral Political and Literary

(London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 605--616 (p. 608); quoted by Antony Flew, David Hume: Philosopher of Moral Science (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), p. 8.

13. Flew, p. 9. 14. Keith Lehrer, Thomas Reid, Arguments of the Philosophers (London:

Routledge, 1989; repr. 1991), p. 3. 15. For Reid's biography see, A. Campbell Fraser, Thomas Reid, Famous

Scots Series (Edinburgh and London: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, [1898(?)]); and also, Dugald Stewart, 'Account of the Life and Writ­ings of Thomas Reid', in Thomas Reid, The Works of Thomas Reid, preface, notes, and supplementary dissertations by Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh: MacLachlan, Stewart; London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1846), pp. 3-38 (hereafter cited as Works unless referring to titles published within these as given in the list of abbreviations).

16. For example, see, McCosh, pp. 229-238. 17. Henry Laurie, Scottish Philosophy in its National Development (Glas­

gow: MacLehose, 1902), p. 171; see, p. 127. 18. See, McCosh, p. 36; S.A. Grave, The Scottish Philosophy of Common

Sense (Oxford: Clarendon, 1960), p. 6. 19. See, Alexander Broadie, The Tradition of Scottish Philosophy: A New

Perspective on the Enlightenment (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1990), pp. 114-115; The Circle of John Mair: Logic and Logicians in Pre-Reformation Scotland (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985).

20. Alexander Broadie, 'Thomas Reid and his Pre-Reformation Scottish Precursors', in Philosophy and Science in the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. by Peter Jones (Edinburgh: Donald, 1988), pp. 6-19 (p. 18).

21. Stewart R. Sutherland, 'The Presbyterian Inheritance of Hume and Reid', in The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. by R.H. Campbell and Andrew S. Skinner (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1982), pp. 131-149 has provided some interesting evidence which suggests that Hume and Reid both partook in certain sixteenth­century Scottish Presbyterian strands of thought.

22. John Veitch, Memoir of Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1869), p. 108, claims that Hamilton read Mair during the summer of 1823 at St Andrews University. Dallas Victor Lie Ouren, 'HaMILLton: Mill on Hamilton: A Re-examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy' (unpublished doctoral thesis,

208 Notes

University of Minnesota, 1973), also notes that Mair's 'discussion of non-existent objects "anticipates" his countryman Reid' (p. 237).

23. See, Hamilton's 'Dissertation A', in Reid, Works, vi.742-802 (pp. 770-802).

24. McCosh, p. 194. 25. Thomas Reid, Practical Ethics: Being Lectures and Papers on Natural

Religion, Self-Government, Natural Jurisprudence, and the Law of Nations, edited from the manuscripts with an introduction and a commentary by Knud Haakonssen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 34. Compare, Edward H. Madden, 'Sir William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy, and the Commonsense Tradition', Review of Metaphysics, 38 (1985), 839-866 (p. 839); A. Hook, Carlyle and America (Lecture delivered to the Carlyle Society, 7 February 1970, Carlyle Society, Occasional Paper: 3), pp. 17-21.

26. George Elder Davie, The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and Her Uni­versities in the Nineteenth Century, Edinburgh University Publications, History, Philosophy & Economics: 12 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni­versity Press, 1961; repr. 1982), p. 277; see also, p. 289.

27. John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy and of the Principal Philosophical Questions Discussed in his Writings (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1865).

28. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography (London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1873), p. 275, p. 276.

29. Terence Martin, The Instructed Vision: Scottish Common Sense Philoso­phy and the Origins of American Fiction, Indiana University Huma­nities Series: 48 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961), pp. 32-33. For an indication of contemporaneous American interest in Carlyle's work, see, William Silas Vance, 'Carlyle in America Before "Sartor Resartus"', American Literature, 7 (1935-36), 365-379.

30. Particular care has to be taken in too easily identifying Reid with Scottish Calvinism. According to Nicholas J. Griffin, 'Possible Theo­logical Perspectives in Thomas Reid's Common Sense Philosophy', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 41 (1990), 425-442 (p. 426), 'Reid appears to have been liberal, of the via media expressed by Anglican broad churchmanship: latitudinarian and Arminian rather than Calvinist and predestinarian'.

31. Olle Holmberg, 'David Hume in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus', in Arber­iittelse (Lund, 1934), 91-109.

32. Charles Frederick Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought: 1819-1834 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934).

33. Jerry A. Dibble, The Pythia's Drunken Song: Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus and the Style Problem in German Idealist Philosophy, Interna­tional Archives of the History of Ideas: 19 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1978); Rosemary Ashton, The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought 1800-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­versity Press, 1980); J.P. Vijn, Carlyle and Jean Paul: Their Spiritual Optics (Amsterdam: John Benjamin's Publishing, 1982).

34. For example, see, Charles Frederick Harrold, 'Carlyle's Interpreta­tion of Kant', Philological Quarterly, 7 (1928), 345-357 (pp. 347-350);

Notes 209

Rene Wellek, Immanuel Kant in England: 1793-1838 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1931), pp. 183-202 (especially see, pp. 200-201); Rosemary Ashton, 'Carlyle's Apprenticeship: His Early German Literary Criticism and His Relationship with Goethe (1822-1832)', MLR, 71 (1976), 1-18.

35. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. vi. 36. See, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 25-30. 37. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 30; p. 121; p. 134. 38. Ronald L. Trowbridge, 'Carlyle's Illudo Chartis as Prophetic Exercise

in the Manner of Swift and Sterne', Studies in Scottish Literature, 6 (1968), 115-122 (p. 120).

39. This is perhaps most obvious in the collection of papers given to mark the centenary of Carlyle's death published in Horst W. Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981: Papers Given at the International Thomas Carlyle Symposium, Scottish Studies, Publications of the Scot­tish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz in Germersheim: 1 (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1983).

40. Robert Crawford, Devolving English Literature (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), p. 141; p. 143.

41. Michael Timko, Carlyle and Tennyson (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 9-16.

42. For example, see, W. David Shaw, Victorians and Mystery: Crises of Representation (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990), p. 82.

43. David Masson, 'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', Macmillan's Magazine, 45 (1881-82), 64-80, 145-163, 234-256 (p. 68).

44. David Masson, Recent British Philosophy: A Review with Criticisms including some Comments on Mr Mill's Answer to Sir William Hamilton, 3rd edn (London: Macmillan, 1877), pp. 7-8.

45. Masson, Recent British Philosophy, p. 69. 46. Veitch, Memoir, p. 120. 47. Carlyle's reminiscence of Hamilton, in Veitch, Memoir, pp. 121-127

(p. 127). 48. Matthew P. McDiarmid, 'Carlyle on the Intuitive Nature of Poetical

Thinking', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, pp. 129-139 (pp. 127-128).

49. McDiarmid, p. 129. 50. On this see, Ashton, German Idea, pp. 67-91; 103-104. 51. Hill Shine, Carlyle's Early Reading, to 1834: With an Introductory Essay

on his Intellectual Development (Lexington: University of Kentucky Libraries, 1953).

52. However, according to Ashton, 'Carlyle's Apprenticeship: His Early German Literary Criticism and His Relationship with Goethe', pp. 14-15, 'Carlyle's debt for his spiritual regeneration was one which he owed not so much to the real Goethe ... as to his own ideal of the man'.

53. Jules Paul Seigel, ed., Thomas Carlyle: The Critical Heritage (London: RouUedge & Kegan Paul, 1971), p. 1.

54. See, Seigel, p. 1; p. 7; p. 22; p. 24.

210 Notes

2 Categorizing Carlyle - Literature or Philosophy?

1. Thomas Carlyle to Alexander Carlyle, 11 September 1827, on Carly­le's intention to apply for a Professorship at the new London Uni­versity, CL, 4: 256. Carlyle, of course, also applied for the chair of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews. On this see, C.T. Carr, 'Carlyle, Goethe and the St Andrews Chair of Moral Philosophy', Gennan Life and Letters, 31 (1977), 4-12.

2. Fred Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle: A Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 523. The original list is currently displayed in Carlyle's house at Cheyne Row. A copy is also displayed at his birthplace at Ecclefechan. Also see, K.J. Fielding, 'Carlyle's Eightieth Birthday Tribute', in KM 80: A Birthday Album for Kenneth Muir, Tuesday, 5th May 1987 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, [1987(?}]}, 47-48.

3. Kaplan, p. 523. 4. See, Roger L. Tarr, Thomas Carlyle: A Bibliography of English-Language

Criticism, 1824-1974 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976).

5. A. Campbell Fraser, Thomas Reid, Famous Scots Series (Edinburgh and London: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, [1898(?)]).

6. See, John Veitch, 'Philosophy in the Scottish Universities', Mind, 2 (1877}, 74-91; 207-234 (p. 222).

7. See, Edward Caird, 'The Genius of Carlyle', in Essays on Literature and Philosophy, 2 vols (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1892), I, 230-267 (pp. 232-235; p. 256}.

8. See, James Hutchison Stirling, Thomas Carlyle's Counsels to a Literary Aspirant: And what Came of them (Edinburgh: Thin; London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1886); The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin, Principle, Fonn, and Matter, 2 vols (London: Longman, Green, 1865); 'The Poetical Works of Robert Browning,' North British Review, 49 (1868), 353-408 (p. 406).

9. James Hutchison Stirling, Sir William Hamilton: Being the Philosophy of Perception: An Analysis (London: Longmans, Green, 1865); John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy and of the Principal Philosophical Questions Discussed in his Writings (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1865).

10. Davie, Democratic Intellect, p. 328; and see, pp. 328-330. 11. Sir Henry Jones and John Henry Muirhead, The Life and Philosophy of

Edward Caird (Glasgow: MacLehose, Jackson, 1921), p. 67; also quoted by Davie, Democratic Intellect, p. 330.

12. See, Caird, pp. 234-235. 13. James Anthony Froude, Thomas Carlyle: A History of the First Forty

Years of his Life 1795-1835, 2 vols (London: Longmans, Green, 1914), ll,p. 2.

14. John Nichol, Thomas Carlyle, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1894) as repr. in Gibbon, Carlyle, Macaulay, ed. by John Morley, English Men of Letters: 10 (London: Macmillan, 1895), 1-248 (pp. 1-2).

Notes 211

15. Nichol, p. 56. 16. Nichol, p. 3. 17. Seigel, p. 1. 18. Thomas De Quincey, 'Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Apprentice­

ship"', London Magazine, 10 (1824), 189-197; 291-307 (p. 193). 19. De Quincey, p. 192; p. 194. 20. Chris R. Vanden Bossche, 'Revolution and Authority: The Metaphors

of Language and Carlyle's Style', Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criti­cism, 6 (1983), 274-289 (p. 276; and see, p. 278).

21. Nathaniel L. Frothingham, 'Sartor Resartus', Christian Examiner, 21 (1836), 74-84 (p. 79).

22. William Howie Wylie, Thomas Carlyle: The Man and his Books (Lon­don: Japp, 1881), p. 179.

23. William Makepeace Thackeray, 'The French Revolution, by T. Car­lyle', The Times, 3 August 1837, p. 6.

24. William Sewell, 'Carlyle's Works', Quarterly Review, 66 (1840), 446-503 (p. 499); William Thomson, 'Carlyle's Hero-Worship', Christian Remembrancer, 6 (1843), 121-143; Peter Le Page Renouf, 'Carlyle's "Past and Present"', Dublin Review, 15 (1843), 182-200 (p. 182).

25. Ashton, German Idea, p. 94. 26. For example, see, John Sterling to Carlyle, 29 May 1835, quoted in

Carlyle, Life oflohn Sterling, Works, XI, 108-117 (p. 113); also reprinted in Seigel, 26-33 (p. 30).

27. John Sterling, 'Carlyle's Works', London and Westminster Review, 33 (1839), 1-68 (p. 53).

28. Seigel, p. 236. 29. See, John Holloway, The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument (London:

Macmillan, 1953), pp. 26-27. 30. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Richard H. Home [1844], A New

Spirit of the Age, in Seigel, p. 244. Compare, Elizabeth Barrett Brown­ing, 'Contribution Toward an Essay on Carlyle', in The Complete Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ed. by Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke, 6 vols (New York: Crowell, 1900; AMS repr. 1973), VI, pp. 312-321 (pp. 319-320).

31. Robert Vaughan, 'Cromwell's Letters', British Quarterly Review, 3 (1846), 50-95 (p. 62).

32. Henry David Thoreau, 'Thomas Carlyle and His Works', Graham's Magazine, 21 (1847), 145-152; 238-245 (pp. 242-243).

33. See, Sterling, 'Carlyle's Works', 1-68. 34. George H. Lewes, 'Thomas Carlyle', British Quarterly Review, 10

(1849), 1-45 (p. 21). 35. Lewes, p. 10; p. 18. 36. George Eliot, 'Thomas Carlyle', Leader, 6 (1855), 1034-1035 (p. 1035). 37. Mill, Autobiography, p. 175. 38. See, A.L. Le Quesne, Carlyle, Past Masters (Oxford: Oxford Univer­

sity Press, 1982), pp. 56-63; p. 80; p. 91. 39. For example, see, CL, 5: 140. 40. Sir William Hamilton, 'Philosophy of the Unconditioned', in Discus­

sions on Philosophy and Literature, Education and University Reform, 2nd

212 Notes

edn (London: Brown, Green and Longmans; Edinburgh: MacLachlan and Stewart, 1853}, pp. 1-38 (first publ. as 'M. Cousin's Course of Philosophy', in Edinburgh Review, 50 (1829}, 194-221). All references to Hamilton's articles are to this edition.

41. James Hogg, 'The Witch of Fife', in The Poetical Works of fames Hogg, 4 vols (Edinburgh: Constable; London: Hurst, Robinson, 1822}, I, p. 85.

42. Sterling, p. 4. Carlyle's artistry, however, was at times thought to get in the way of his ability to deal in the truth, especially as an historian (for example, see, [Unidentified, unsigned], 'Carlyle's Chartism', Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, 7 (1840), 115-120 (p. 116)).

43. Robert Vaughan, 'Cromwell's Letters', p. 65. 44. Le Quesne, p. 80. 45. Seigel, p. 304. 46. John Stuart Mill, 'England and Ireland: To the Editor of the Exam­

iner', Examiner, 13 May 1848, 307-308 (p. 307}. 47. David Masson, 'Carlyle's Latter-Day Pamphlets', North British Review,

14 (1850), 1-40 (pp. 3-4}. 48. James H. Stirling, [signed, 'Caliban'], 'Letters on Carlyle,' Truth-See­

ker, 1 (1850), 94-101, 148-163, 245-249. 49. Thoreau, p. 150; p. 239. 50. Edward Dowden, 'Obituary: Thomas Carlyle', Academy, 19 February

1881, 117-118 (p. 118}. Compare, Nichol, p. 87. 51. Leslie Stephen, 'Thomas Carlyle', Cornhill Magazine, 43 (1881}, 349-

358 (p. 349). 52. Andrew Lang, 'Mr Carlyle's Reminiscences', Fraser's Magazine, 23

(1881}, 515-528 (p. 526). 53. Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 'Thomas Carlyle', in Sermons on Spe­

cial Occasions Preached in Westminster Abbey (London: Murray, 1882}, pp. 255-263 (p. 259).

54. See, William Edmonstoune Aytoun, 'Latter-Day Pamphlets', Black­wood's Edinburgh Magazine, 67 Gune 1850}, 641-658 (p. 657).

55. Richard Holt Hutton, 'Thomas Carlyle' (1881}, in Brief Literary Criti­cisms, selected from the Spectator and ed. by Elizabeth M. Roscoe (London: Macmillan, 1906}, p. 204.

56. See, Hutton, p. 201. 57. Nichol, p. 7. 58. Nichol, p. 161; p. 68. 59. Nichol, pp. 188-189. 60. Nichol, p. 7. 61. Walt Whitman, 'Carlyle from American Points of View', in Specimen

Days in America (London: Routledge; New York: E.P. Dutton, [1906(?)]}, pp. 268-281 (p. 274); for Whitman's quotation from Froude, see, pp. 273-274.

62. This agreement was clearly well established by the early decades of the twentieth century, as is evident in Herbert L. Stewart, 'Carlyle's Place in Philosophy', The Monist, 29 (1919}, 163-189 (see, p. 163; p. 181}.

63. Le Quesne, p. 24.

Notes 213

64. Harrold, Carlyle and Gennan Thought, p. 18. Also compare, John H. Muirhead, 'Carlyle's Transcendental Symbolism', in The Platonic Tra­dition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy: Studies in the History of Idealism in England and America (London: Allen and Unwin; New York: Macmil­lan, 1931), 123-146 (pp. 126-127; p. 141).

65. Sartor Resartus, ed. with an introduction and notes by Kerry McSwee­ney and Peter Sabor, The World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford Univer­sity Press, 1987), p. ix. On the issue of Sartor Resartus as a work of fiction, see, Carlisle Moore, 'Thomas Carlyle and Fiction: 1822-1834', Nineteenth Century Studies, ed. by Herbert Davis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1940), 131-177 (pp. 148-159).

66. Le Quesne, p. 25. 67. Ashton, Gennan Idea, p. 92. 68. Gillian Beer, 'Carlylean Transports', in Arguing with the Past: Essays in

Narrative from Woolf to Sidney (London: Routledge, 1989), 74-98 (p. 76).

3 A Common Fund of Philosophic Prose

1. John Aitken Carlyle to Thomas Carlyle, Munich, 1 March 1828, reprinted at CL, 4: 357n1.

2. See, Carlyle, On the Choice of Books, 2nd edn (London: Hotten, [n.d.]), p. 127; pp. 136--138.

3. See, John Tyndall, 'Personal Recollections of Carlyle', Fortnightly Review, 47 (1890), 5-32 (pp. 11-16); Kaplan, pp. 462-472. Also see, K.J. Fielding and Heather Henderson, eds, Carlyle and the Rectorial Election of 1865: Including the Campaign Parodies 'Artemus Ward Esq., at the Edenberry Yewniversity', Carlyle Pamphlets, 1 (1982).

4. Tyndall, 'Personal Recollections of Carlyle', p. 16. 5. The banquet's merrymaking is recounted by John Tyndall, New

Fragments (London: Longmans, Green, 1892), p. 365; and also by Bernard Lightman, The Origins of Agnosticism: Victorian Unbelief and the Limits of Knowledge (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 173-174.

6. [Charles Neaves], Songs and Verses Social and Scientific, 4th edn (Edin-burgh: Blackwood, 1875), p. 59.

7. See, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 121-127. 8. On the Snell Exhibitions, see, Veitch, Memoir, p. 28. 9. For example see, John Hendry, James Clerk Maxwell and the Theory of

the Electromagnetic Field (Bristol and Boston: Adam Hilger, 1986), p. 112.

10. Carlyle also seems to have known, though perhaps only slightly, the philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (see, CL, 7: 13). Carlyle's friend and fellow student, Robert Mitchell, was Ferrier's tutor, see, Arthur Thomson, Ferrier of St Andrews: An Academic Tragedy, with an intro­duction by George Elder Davie (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), p. 2.

11. Davie, Democratic Intellect, p. 261. Compare, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 214-233; p. 341.

214 Notes

12. Journal entry for 1 February 1833, quoted at CL, 6: 327nll. 13. Quoted by Laurie, p. 254. 14. Nichol, p. 48. 15. See, Veitch, Memoir, p. 131. 16. See Hamilton's letter to Mrs Austin, 26 November 1834, in Veitch,

p. 175. 17. Charles Richard Sanders, 'The Victorian Rembrandt: Carlyle's Por­

traits of his Contemporaries', in Carlyle's Friendships and Other Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1977), pp. 3-35 (first publ. in Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 39 (1957) ), (p. 11).

18. See, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 121-122. 19. Masson, 'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', p. 250. 20. See, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 89-93. 21. For some of Carlyle's other references to Hamilton, see CL, 1: 258; 3:

332; 4: 290; 340-341; 362-363; 434; 5: 24; 316; 6: 30; 177; 271; 345; 362; 412-413; 7: 23; 8: 364; 12: 74-75; 13: 148.

22. 'Francis Jeffrey to Macvey Napier, 23 November, 1829', in Macvey Napier Unr], ed., Selections from the Correspondence of the Late Macvey Napier (London: Harrison, 1877), p. 68. Compare, Napier to Hamilton 1 February [1836], in Veitch, p. 174.

23. See, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 145-147; for Cousin's praise of Hamilton's criticisms of his philosophy, see, pp. 150-151.

24. See, 'Colonel R. Torrens to Macvey Napier, 28 October, 1830', in Napier, Unr], ed., p. 91.

25. Quoted by Veitch, Memoir, p. 150. 26. Masson, Recent British Philosophy, p. 5. 27. Hamilton, 'On the State of the English Universities, with More Espe­

cial Reference to Oxford', in Discussions, pp. 401-449 (first publ. in Edinburgh Review, 53 (1831), 384-427).

28. For example, see, Hamilton, 'Philosophy of Perception', in Discus­sions, pp. 39-99 (p. 86) (first publ. in Edinburgh Review, 52 (1830), 158-207).

29. Ian Campbell, Thomas Carlyle (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1974), pp. 20-21; p. 24.

30. Thomas Murray, Autobiographical Notes: Also Reminiscences of a Jour­ney to London in 1840, ed. by John A. Fairley (Dumfries: The Standard Office, 1911), p. 21.

31. See, David Hume, Letters of David Hume and Extracts from Letters Referring to him, ed. by Thomas Murray (Edinburgh: Black, 1841); Thomas Murray, The Literary History of Galloway: from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes; Dublin: Curry; London: Whittaker, 1832), pp. 293-304.

32. Thomas Murray, Literary History of Galloway (Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes; London: Ogle and Duncan, 1822), p. vi.

33. Murray, Autobiographical Notes, p. 21. 34. For example, see, Harrold, 'Carlyle's Interpretation of Kant', p. 346;

C.E. Vaughan, 'Carlyle and his German Masters', Essays and Studies, 1 (1910), 168-196 (p. 182).

Notes 215

35. See, Ian Campbell, 'Carlyle's Borrowings from the Theological Library of Edinburgh University', Bibliotheck, 5 (1969), 165-168 (p. 166).

36. I have discussed some of Carlyle's allusions to Hume in 'Carlyle's Scotch Scepticism: Writing from the Scottish Tradition'.

37. Shin.e, Carlyle's Early Reading, item 43. 38. Thomas Carlyle, Lectures on the History of Literature delivered by Tho­

mas Carlyle April to July 1838, ed. with preface and notes by J. Reay Greene (London: Ellis and Elvey, 1892), p. 175.

39. Carlyle, Lectures, pp. 204-205. 40. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 25; 40. 41. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. by L.A. Selby-Bigge,

2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978; repr. 1983), I.iv.ii, p. 218.

42. For example, see INQ, VI.vi, 142Rb-c. 43. Dugald Stewart, 'Dissertation: Exhibiting the Progress of Metaphy­

sical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy' (first publ. as prefix to Ency­clopredia Britannica, 1815) (see, Dissertation, Works, I, 456-466).

44. See, Shine, Carlyle's Early Reading, item 42. 45. For example, see, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 30. 46. William Rowe Lyall, 'Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind', Quar­

terly Review, 12 (1815), 281-317 (pp. 295-296; pp. 297-298). 47. Lyall, 'Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind', p. 283; pp. 285-286;

pp. 293-294. 48. Lyall, 'Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind', pp. 292-293. 49. On this see, Daniel N. Robinson, 'Thomas Reid's Critique of Dugald

Stewart', Journal of the History of Philosophy, 27 (1989), 405-422 (pp. 414-415).

50. Macvey Napier, 'Stewart's Dissertation', Quarterly Review, 17 (1817), 39-72 (pp. 59--69).

51. See, Napier, 'Stewart's Dissertation', pp. 67--69. 52. 'Biographical Memoir of John Playfair', in John Playfair, The Works of

John Playfair, 4 vols (Edinburgh: Constable; London: Robinson, 1822), pp. xi-lxxvi (p. xv).

53. See, Catalogue of the Choice and Valuable Library of the Late Macvey Napier (Edinburgh: Colston, 1847), p. 1; p. 4; p. 5; pp. 9-10; pp. 13-14; p. 18; pp. 25-27; pp. 31-32. Napier's early familiarity with philo­sophical subjects is also evident in his paper, Remarks lllustrative of the Scope and Influence of the Philosophical Writings of Lord Bacon, from the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, read 16 February 1818 ([n. pub.], [n.d.]).

54. For example, see, Catalogue of the Entire Library of the Late Sir John Leslie ([Edinburgh (?)]: Balfour, 1833), p. 10; p. 17; p. 34; also see, Catalogue of the Library of the Late John Playfair (Edinburgh: Ballantyne, 1820), p. 52.

55. Thomas Brown, Observation on the Nature and Tendency of the Doctrine of Mr Hume Concerning the Relation of Cause and Effect (Edinburgh: Mundell, 1806); A Short Criticism of the Terms of the Charge Against Mr Leslie (Edinburgh: Mundell, 1806); John Playfair, Letter to the Author of

216 Notes

the Examination of Professor Stewart's Short Statement of Facts (Edin­burgh: Abernethy and Walter, 1806); Dugald Stewart, A Short State­ment of Some Important Facts Relative to the Late Election of a Mathematical Professor in the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Mur­ray and Cochrane, 1805).

56. Report of the Proceedings and Debate in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Respecting the Election of Mr Leslie to the Mathema­tical Chair in the University of Edinburgh, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Con­stable; London: Murray, 1806). The Leslie controversy is also briefly recounted in, [Macvey Napier], Biographical Notice of Sir John Leslie Late Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh extracted from the Encyclopedia Britannica (Edinburgh: [n. pub.], 1836), pp. 21-24.

57. Henry Cockburn, Memorials of his Time (Edinburgh: Black, 1856), p. 205; for his lively account of the controversy, see, pp. 200-211.

58. John Leslie, 'Note XVI', in An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat (London: Gillet, 1804), pp. 521-528 (p. 522; p. 525).

59. See, Hurne, 'Of the idea of necessary connection', in Treatise, l.iii.xiv, 155-172; and also, Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. by L.A. Selby-Bigge, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975; repr. 1979), vii, 60-79 (here­after cited as ECHU).

60. Report of the Proceedings, p. 11. 61. See, Report of the Proceedings, pp. 9-10; p. 13. 62. See, Report of the Proceedings, p. 13. Hurne was also excluded from

contributing to the earlier, 1755, version of the Edinburgh Review (see, John Clive, Scotch Reviewers: The Edinburgh Review, 1802-1815 (Lon­don: Faber and Faber, 1957), p. 19).

63. Report of the Proceedings, p. 13. 64. Francis Homer, 'Professor Stewart's Statement of Facts', Edinburgh

Review, 7, (1805) 113-134 (p. 127). In this article Homer deals with the Leslie controversy at some length. Also see, Henry Brougham, 'Leslie's Inquiry into the Nature of Heat', Edinburgh Review, 7 (1805), 63-91 (p. 75).

65. Cockburn, p. 203; also see, p. 201. 66. Report of the Proceedings, p. 13. 67. [William Keir], A Summons of Awakening; or, The Evil Tendency and

Danger of Speculative Philosophy Exemplified in Mr Leslie's Inquiry into the Nature of Heat and Mr Malthus's Essay on Population (Hawick: Armstrong, 1807), p. 24; p. 25.

68. See, 'Scottish Philosophy and Popular Culture in the Nineteenth Century: Fiction's Uncanny Relationship with Philosophy', a paper given at 'The Scottish Tradition in Philosophy' conference at the University of Aberdeen on 28 June 1995, forthcoming as the proceed­ings of the conference.

69. [Keir], Summons, pp. 24-25. 70. [Keir], Summons, p. 44; and see, p. 55; p. 57. 71. [Keir], Summons, p. 56.

Notes 217

72. See, Leslie Stephen's remarks in DNB; also see, McCosh, pp. 322-324. On Brown's influence in America, see Noah Porter's account of Hamilton's influence in America in Veitch, Memoir, p. 422.

73. Thomas Brown, Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind, with a memoir of the author by David Welsh and a preface to the Lectures on Ethics by Thomas Chalmers, 20th edn (London: Tegg, 1860).

74. Thomas Brown, Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect, 3rd edn (Edinburgh: Constable, 1818).

75. Laurie, p. 235. 76. For example, see, Brown, Inquiry, p. 15; pp. 41-43; pp. 156-157; p. 310. 77. Brown, Inquiry, p. 331; p. 332; however, compare, pp. 361-362; pp.

363-364. 78. See, Brown, Inquiry, p. 50; pp. 80-81; pp. 87-90. 79. For example, see, Brown, Inquiry, p. 178; p. 205; pp. 364-365. 80. Compare, Leslie Stephen, The English Utilitarians, 3 vols (London:

Duckworth, 1900), ill, p. 285; Stephen, DNB; see, McCosh, pp. 318-319; and compare, 'Dugald Stewart to Macvey Napier, 14 November, 1820', in Napier Unr], p. 28; Stewart, Elements, Works, IV, pp. 375-377, eloquently but severely condemns Brown's strictures on Reid.

81. Masson, 'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', p. 68; compare, John Clubbe, ed., Two Reminiscences of Thomas Carlyle: Now First Published (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974), p. 33.

82. Compare, Campbell, Thomas Carlyle, p. 24. Philip Flynn, Francis Jeffrey (Newark: University of Delaware Press; London: Associated University Press, 1978), p. 54.

83. Flynn, p. 10; see also, p. 19; p. 54; pp. 56-57; p. 74; p. 84. 84. Clive, p. 25. 85. See, Shine, Carlyle's Early Reading, item 435; Flynn, p. 10; also see, pp.

17-18. 86. See, Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Philosophical Essays', Edinburgh Review, 17

(1810), 167-211 (pp. 167-168). 87. See, Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Philosophical Essays', p. 171. 88. Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Philosophical Essays', p. 169. 89. McCosh, p. 412. 90. See, John Wilson [Christopher North], The Works of Professor Wilson,

ed. by Professor Ferrier, 12 vols (Edinburgh and London: Black­wood, 1855-58); 'The Metaphysician', Blackwood's, 39 (1836), 789-805; 40 (1836), 122-131; 253-273; 327-339; 524-542; 627-643; 741-750; 41 (1837), 258-265.

91. Horace Ainsworth Eaton, Thomas De Quincey: A Biography (New York: Octagon, 1972), pp. 269-270.

92. See, 'Miracles as Subjects of Testimony', in The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey, ed. by David Masson, 14 vols (Edinburgh: Black, 1889), VIII, 157-176 [the original article was first published in Black­wood's, 46 (1839), 91-99]; artd on this, see, Frederick Burwick, 'Coler­idge and De Quincey on Miracles', Christianity and Literature, 39 (1990), 387-421. For advice concerning De Quincey I am indebted to one of the editors of the forthcoming Manchester edition of De Quincey's works, Robert Morrison (Acadia University).

218 Notes

93. Nichol, p. 19. 94. Brown, 'Villers Philosophie de Kant', pp. 256-257. 95. Brown, 'Villers Philosophie de Kant', p. 257. 96. Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 15-23. 97. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 16. 98. Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 18-19. 99. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 41; and see, p. 43.

100. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 46. 101. See, 'Edwin Atherstone to Macvey Napier, 28 October, 1831', in

Napier, Unr], ed., p. 104. 102. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 45. 103. Jeffrey, 'Bentham, Principes de Legislation, par Dumont', Edinburgh

Review, 4 (1804), 1-26 (p. 13); also see, J.A. Heraud, 'Some Account of Coleridge's Philosophy', Fraser's Magazine, 5 (1832), 585-597 (p. 590).

104. Thomas Brown, 'Belsham's Philosophy of the Mind', Edinburgh Review, 1 (1803), 475-485 (p. 476).

105. Brown, 'Belsham's Philosophy', p. 482. See, Chapter 4, p. 95. 106. See, Brown, 'Belsham's Philosophy', p. 482. 107. See, Brown, 'Belsham's Philosophy', p. 485. 108. 'Lady Mary Shepherd's Metaphysics', Fraser's Magazine, 5 (1832),

697-708. 109. See, Sir James Mackintosh, Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical

Philosophy, Chiefly during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, with preface by William Whewell (Edinburgh: Black, Longman, Simpkin, Marshall, Whittaker; London: Hamilton, Adams, 1836), p. 212.

110. Joseph Priestley, An Examination of Dr Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, Dr Beattie's Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth, and Dr Oswald's Appeal to Common Sense in Behalf of Religion (London: Johnson, 1774).

111. See, Priestley, p. xx; p. 6; pp. 42-46; pp. 63--64; pp. 69-82; pp. 90-92; p. 110; ST, 64.

112. Lyall, 'Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind', pp. 295-296. 113. See, Jeffrey, 'Memoirs of Dr Priestley', Edinburgh Review, 9 (1806),

136-161 (pp. 154-158); compare, INQ, VI.xx, 182Ra-183Ra; IP, Il.xvi, 310La-311Lc; Il.xvi, 312Rc; Vl.iv, 440Rd; AP, I.i, 514Ld. Also com­pare, James Mackintosh, 'Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopredia', Part I, Edinburgh Review, 27 (1816), 180-244 (pp. 227-228); John A. Heraud, 'On Poetical Genius, considered as a Creative Power', Fraser's Magazine, 1 (1830), 56--63 (p. 62): 'Locke's ... comparison of the mind to white paper ... appears to labour under this inconve­nience,- that it makes the mind material, and matter spiritual.'

114. See, Francis Jeffrey and Walter Scott, 'Sir William Forbes's Life of Dr Beattie', Edinburgh Review, 10 (1807), 171-199 (p. 193).

115. Jeffrey and Scott, 'Forbes's Life of Beattie', p. 194; compare, Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Questions', Edinburgh Review, 7 (1805), 163-185 (pp. 172-173).

116. For example, see, James Browne, 'Morehead's Dialogues on Natural and Revealed Religion', Edinburgh Review, 52 (1830), 109-119 (pp. 111-

Notes 219

112); William Empson, 'Principles of Belief and Expectation as Applied to Miracles', Edinburgh Review, 52 (1831), 388-398 (p. 390).

117. See, Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Questions', p. 168; pp. 174-175; pp. 183-184.

118. See, Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Questions', pp. 169-173. 119. For example, see Jeffrey's distinctly sceptical argument, Jeffrey,

'Drummond's Academical Questions', p. 173. On the Edinburgh's sceptical tendencies, compare, Clive, p. 149.

120. Leslie's letter to Dr Hunter quoted in Homer, 'Stewart's Statement of Facts', pp. 120--121.

121. Francis Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Life of Dr Reid', Edinburgh Review, 3 (1804), 269-287 (p. 281).

122. McCosh, p. 344, also detects this misinterpretation of Reid. 123. Flynn, pp. 58-59; Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Life of Reid', pp. 279-280; see,

Chapter 5. 124. Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Questions', p. 174. 125. See, Flynn, p. 19. 126. Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Questions', p. 175. Compare, INQ,

VI.xx, 184L. 127. Robert Crawford, 'Edinburgh', in A Scottish Assembly (London:

Chatto & Windus, 1990), p. 44. 128. See, Hume, 'Of Miracles', in ECHU, pp. 109-131. 129. See, CL, 5: 378-379; 433; Reminiscences, ed. by James Anthony

Froude, 2 vols (London: Longmans, Green, 1881), II, pp. 35-36. 130. Empson, 'Principles of Belief and Expectation as applied to Mira­

cles', Edinburgh Review, 52 (1831), 388-398. 131. For example, see, William Empson, 'Pretended Miracles - Irving,

Scott, and Erskine', Edinburgh Review, 53 (1831), 261-305 (p. 291). 132. Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Life of Reid', p. 282; p. 283. 133. Jeffrey and Scott, 'Forbes's Life of Beattie', p. 197. 134. See, James Beattie, An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth,

in Opposition to Sophistry and Scepticism, 4th edn (London: Dilly; Edinburgh: Kinnaird and Creech, 1773), III.iii, p. 479; and also Beattie's 'Postscript', p. 486.

135. Mackintosh, 'Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopcedia', Part II, p. 257; also see, Dissertation, p. 212n-213.

136. Jeffrey and Scott, 'Forbes's Life of Beattie', p. 196; p. 194. 137. Jeffrey, 'Stewart's Life of Reid', pp. 283-284. 138. See, Carlyle, 'Navalis', CME, 2: 24. 139. McCosh, pp. 347-348. 140. See, Mackintosh, 'Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopcedia', Part II,

pp. 259-260. The projected third part of Mackintosh's review would have dealt with 'the English and Scotch Philosophers of the eight­eenth century' but was never published (see, p. 267).

141. Mackintosh, 'Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopcedia', Part II, p. 260.

142. For example, see, Stewart, Works, II, p. 97. 143. Homer, 'Stewart's Statement of Facts', p. 120; also see, Browne,

'Morehead's Dialogues', pp. 117-118.

220 Notes

144. Laurie, pp. 236-237. 145. Homer, 'Stewart's Statement of Facts', p. 121. 146. Stewart, quoted by Homer, 'Stewart's Statement of Facts', p. 134. 147. Drummond, quoted by Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Questions',

p. 168. 148. See, Drummond, quoted by Jeffrey, 'Drummond's Academical Ques­

tions', pp. 168-169. 149. DNB. Thomas Doubleday, 'On the Use of Metaphors', Blackwood's

Magazine, 18 (1825), 719-723. I have discussed Doubleday some­what more fully in relation to Carlyle in 'Metaphor's Prodigious Influence: Carlyle's "Signs of the Times" and Sartor Resartus', Scot­tish Literary Journal, forthcoming.

150. Doubleday, p. 720; compare, SR, 57-58. 151. For example, see, McSweeney and Sabor edition of Sartor Resartus,

p. xv; Trowbridge, p. 122, claims that, adopting 'the clothes analo­gue from Swift', 'Carlyle in no small degree drew from Swift's Tale of a Tub' (for some of Carlyle's other debts to Swift and Sterne in 'illudo Chartis' and Sartor, see, pp. 117-122).

152. See, [Cyrus Reading (?)], 'The Philosophy of Fashion', The New Monthly Magazine, 7 (1823), 238-244 (p. 238).

153. Doubleday, p. 722. 154. See, John Playfair, 'Leslie's Elements of Geometry', Edinburgh Review,

20 (1812), 79-100 (p. 82; p. 97); Mackintosh, 'Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopcedia', Part I, p. 205; James Browne, 'Origin and Affinity of Languages', Edinburgh Review, 51 (1830), 529-564. Henry Home [Lord Kames], Elements of Criticism, 6th edn, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Bell and Creech; London: Cadell and Robinson, 1785), II, pp. 227-324; Hugh Blair, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (London: Baynes, 1824), XIV-XVIII, pp. 166-233.

155. Blair, Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, p. 169; and see, for example, p. 171; pp. 173-174; p. 180; p. 182.

156. [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Mr Edward Lytton Bulwer's Novels; and Remarks on Novel-Writing', Fraser's Magazine, 1 (1830), 509-532. Part I of this article appeared as, [unidentified, n.s.], 'The Dominie's Legacy [or] Fashionable Novels', Fraser's Magazine, 1 (1830), 318-335.

157. See, J.A.S. Barrett, 'Carlyle on Novels', Times Literary Supplement, 20 January 1927, p. 44.

158. See, Miriam M. Thrall, 'Two Articles Attributed to Carlyle', Modern Language Notes, 46 (1931), 316-321; and also her later remarks in, Rebellious Fraser's: Nol Yorke's Magazine in the Days of Maginn, Thack­eray, and Carlyle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934), pp. 268-270; Hill Shine, 'Articles in Fraser's Magazine attributed to Carlyle', Modern Language Notes, 51 (1936), 142-145.

159. See, Thrall, Rebellious Fraser's, p. 269. 160. See, Thrall, Rebellious Fraser's, p. 122. 161. [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Bulwer's

Novels', p. 510. Compare, ST, 60: 'There is no end to machinery .... Nay, we have an artist that hatches chickens by steam'.

Notes 221

162. Andrew Elfenbein, 'The Sorrows of Carlyle: Byronism and the Philosophic Critic', in Victorian Literature and Culture, ed. by John Maynard and Adrienne Auslander Munich, Series No.: 21 (New York: Ams, 1993), 147-167 attempts to argue that, since 'it also involves the role of philosophy in literature', the article is of greater relevance to Sartor Resartus than the connection between Byron and dandyism which Elfenbein claims exists (p. 149). Unfortunately Elfenbein over-emphasizes the importance of a minor reference to Kant in the article and completely ignores the more extensive use of Reid which I cite below.

163. See, [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Bul­wer's Novels', pp. 512-514.

164. [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Bulwer's Novels', p. 514.

4 The Theory of Ideas: Hume- Reid- Hamilton

1. IP, Il.x, 283La-b. 2. INQ, I.iii, 101Lb. 3. For example, see, INQ, Vl.vi, 142Lb-Rb; VII., 206Lb-c. 4. INQ, VI.vi, 142Lc-d; 142Rb-c. 5. Norman Kemp Smith, The Philosophy of David Hume: A Critical

Study of its Origins and Central Doctrines (London: Macmillan, 1941), p. 7, claims that the view of Hume as a destructive sceptic persisted from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. Smith's valuable reinterpretation of Hume resists what he regards as the traditional view of Hume as a dangerous sceptic, a view which he generally sees as being inherited from the Scottish school's misunderstandings of the general naturalistic import of Hume's philosophy (for example, see, pp. 79-102; 543-566). But Smith's view has recently been challenged by Norton. Though Norton agrees that the traditional interpretation of Hume is wrong, he argues, against Smith, that Hume was a Common-Sense moralist but that he was also a sceptical metaphysician (for example, see, David Fate Norton, David Hume: Common-Sense Moralist, Sceptical Metaphysician (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 3-13; pp. 43-54).

6. Reid, 'Letters to Dr James Gregory', in Works, 62--88 (p. 83Rd). 7. IP, Vl.v, 446Lb; 446Lc; compare, INQ, VI.vi, 142Lc. 8. See, Hume, Treatise, l.iv.vi, pp. 251-263; l.iv.vii, pp. 263-271. 9. See, Torgny Segerstedt, 'The Problem of Knowledge in Scottish

Philosophy', Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 31 (no. 6) (1935), 3-157 (pp. 44--45). Segerstedt, pp. 7--8, also draws attention to the Ratio­nalistic dimension of Reid's philosophy and similarities between Reid and the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth and especially Cudworth's follower, Richard Price (pp. 17-36). Richard E. Brant­ley, Coordinates of Anglo-American Romanticism: Wesley, Edwards, Carlyle, & Emerson (Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 1993),

222 Notes

p. 53 entirely without justification and quite erroneously describes Reid's empiricism as 'extreme'.

10. IP, I.iii, 236Lc. 11. IP, I.iv, 237Rd; compare, INQ, VII, 201Ld-202Lc. On the way of

analogy and the way of reflection or principle of induction, see, INQ, VII, 201Ld-202Rb.

12. Compare, IP, I.iv, 237Ld-238Ld. 13. Home [Lord Kames], Elements of Criticism, II, p. 275. According to

Blair 'all tropes are founded upon some relation or analogy between one thing and another' and he also compared those figures of speech or images which present a close 'congruity between a moral and a sensible idea' to 'an argument from analogy' (Blair, Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, XIV, p. 175).

14. INQ, VI.xxi, 187Ld. 15. IP, IV.i, 362Rc. 16. INQ, VI.xix, 180Lb; VII., 201Ra. 17. INQ, VII., 202Ra. 18. IP, IV.i, 362Rc. On attentive reflection and the difficulty of attending

to the operations of our own minds, see, IP, I.v, 239Ld-240Ld; I.vi, 240Lc-242Lb.

19. For example, see, Sutherland, pp. 145-147. 20. For example, see, IP, VI.viii, 468Rc-475Rb. 21. IP, VI.viii, 474Lc. 22. IP, VI.viii, 474Rd. 23. See, IP, VI.viii, 475La. 24. Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 61-62. 25. Daniels, p. xix, claims that Reid failed 'to provide a positive alter­

native to the Ideal System'. Nonetheless, he goes on to claim that this failure 'led many to forget that his battle against 18th-century ideal­ism contained many victories'. I shall later argue that Reid's semiotic theory of perception does provide an alternative to the theory of Ideas.

26. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 45. 27. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 94. 28. Arthur R. Greenberg, 'Sir William Hamilton and the Interpretation of

Reid's Realism', The Modern Schoolman, 54 (1976), 15-32, argues, against this view, that Reid was an Intentional realist (for example, see, pp. 31-32).

29. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 86; also see, p. 88. 30. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 86. 31. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 96. 32. WR, 54. 33. Daniels, p. x. 34. Reid, 'Letters to Dr James Gregory', in Works, p. 88Rb. 35. For example, compare, McCosh, p. 210: 'The service which Reid has

done to philosophy by banishing these intermediaries [ideas] between perception and its external object cannot be overestimated'; Sir William Hamilton, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, ed. by H.L. Mansel and John Veitch, 4 vols (Edinburgh and London: William

Notes 223

Blackwood, 1859--60), ll.xxiv, 86-87; and also Jeffrey's remarks as quoted in Chapter 3.

36. For Hume's basic outline of the theory of Ideas, see, Treatise, l.i.i, pp. 1-7.

37. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, abridged and ed. with an introduction by A.D. Woozley, 5th edn (Glasgow: Collins, 1964; repr. 1984), ll.xi, p. 131.

38. For example, see, Laurie, pp. 53-54. 39. Abrams specifically cites Locke's use of the camera obscura and

Nuttall draws attention to some of the ways in which mechanical/ physiological modelling leads to scepticism. See, M.H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953; repr. 1971), pp. 57--69; A.D. Nuttall, A Common Sky: Philosophy and the Literary Imagination (Lon­don: Chatto & Windus, 1974), pp. 13-44.

40. See, Hume, Treatise, l.i.i, pp. 6-7. 41. See, Alasdair Macintyre, 'Hume's Anglicizing Subversion', in Whose

Justice? Which Rationality? (London: Duckworth, 1988), 281-299. 42. Barry Stroud, Hume, The Arguments of the Philosophers (London:

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977; repr. 1984), p. 17. 43. For his interpretation of the theory of Ideas, see, Stroud, pp. 17-41.

For a detailed discussion of Reid's understanding of the theory of Ideas and his strategy for attacking it, see, Daniels, pp. 61-96.

44. David Brewster, Letters on Natural Magic Addressed to Sir Walter Scott (London: Murray, 1832), p. 10.

45. Compare, Lehrer, p. 12. 46. Stroud concludes the steps involved in Hume's version of the

theory of Ideas with the statement that 'There is no thought or mental activity unless there are impressions of sensation' (Stroud, p. 22).

47. On Reid's anti-sensationalism, see, Daniels, pp. 86-88; Keith DeRose, 'Reid's Anti-Sensationalism and His Realism', The Philosophical Review, 98 (1989), 313-348; and, for example, INQ, Vll.vii, 128: 'The very existence of our conceptions of extension, figure, and motion, since they are neither ideas of sensation nor reflection, overturns the whole ideal system, by which the material world hath been tried and condemned'.

48. Hume, Treatise, l.iii.xiv, 166. 49. Hume, Treatise, l.i.i, 5. 50. See, IP, ll.iv, 256La-257Ld; ll.xiv, 301Lc-302La. 51. I discuss the relevance of this in 'Carlyle's Scotch Scepticism'. 52. For example, see, Hume, Treatise, l.iii.xv, p. 173. 53. P.B. Wood, 'Hume, Reid and the Science of the Mind', inHume and

Hume's Connexions, ed. by M.A. Stewart and John P. Wright (Edin­burgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994), 119-139 (p. 128).

54. Hume, Treatise, I.iii.xiv, p. 164; ECHU, Vll.i, p. 63. 55. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 68. Hamilton later came to question Reid's

natural realism on the basis of certain representationalist aspects in his work. On this see, Edward H. Madden, 'Was Reid a Natural

224 Notes

Realist?', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 47 (1986), 255--276 (pp. 256--259; p. 269).

56. For example, see, INQ, VI.vi. 140Ld; Vl.xxi, 187Ld. 57. See, IP, II.iv, 256La-257Ld; Il.xiv, 301Lc-302La. On Reid's rejection of

causality in perception, compare, Aaron Ben-Zeer, 'Reid's Direct Approach to Perception', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 17 (1986), 99-114 (pp. 106--107).

58. Reid holds that efficient causes in the material world are also unknowable, see, INQ, VI.xxiv, 199Ld. He also thinks that it is absurd to suppose that impressions are the efficient causes of their corresponding sensations, that we cannot discover the cause of our knowledge or perception, see, IP, II.xx, 327La-b. Also compare, INQ, VI.xi, 155Rc; VI.xii, 157La-b; IP, ill.vii, 354Rd-355La; V.ii, 392Lc; VI. vi, 458Lc. Ultimately in AP, Reid will provide an anti-determinis­tic theory of our notion of causality as one that originates from within the human constitution and our consciousness of our own active power which we tend to spread anthropomorphically to the physical world. I shall, however, not discuss Reid's theory of causa­tion as it more closely concerns his moral theory with which I have not attempted to deal. On this, see, Lehrer, pp. 260-279.

59. INQ, VI.xxi, 187Ld. 60. IP, II.xx, 329Ra. 61. For example, see, Daniels, p. 117; pp. 117-120; Broadie, Tradition of

Scottish Philosophy, p. 118; Fate Norton, pp. 202-203. A strong case against this view is made by DeRose, pp. 327-328; and also see, Roger D. Gallie, Thomas Reid and 'The Way of Ideas', Philosophical Studies Series: 45 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989), pp. 242-243.

62. See, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 61-62. 63. For example, see Hamilton's note to INQ, V.viii, 130Rd. 64. Broadie, 'Thomas Reid and his Pre-Reformation Scottish Precursors',

p. 15. 65. Compare, IP, II.xiv-xv, 298Lc-309Rd. 66. Hamilton regarded the representative theory of perception as 'the

common opinion of the age [eighteenth century]' and claimed that the theory was mechanistic: 'The English psychologists have indeed been generally very mechanical' (Discussions, p. 80).

67. For Hamilton's discussion on these two versions of the repre­sentative theory of perception and their respective subordinate hypotheses, see, Lectures, Il.xxi, pp. 29-31. Compare, Discussions, pp. 57-58.

68. See, Discussions, pp. 63-68. 69. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 62. The passage Hamilton is commenting

on is at, IP, II.xiv, 300Lc. 70. Reid's opposition to the principle of analogous existence is also

evident in his distinction (which points up their non-resemblance), between sensations and the qualities of body. According to McCosh, p. 210: Reid 'deserves great credit for showing so clearly that the conceptions of the qualities of matter are not to be supposed to have a resemblance to the qualities themselves .... In a later age, Hamilton

Notes 225

exposed thoroughly the more general error, that like can only influ­ence like, and that like can only be known by like'.

71. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 63--64. 72. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 63. 73. Segerstedt, p. 60. 74. For Reid's notion of power as known only through its manifesta­

tions, see, for example, AP, l.i, 514Ld. 75. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 55. 76. H.L. Mansel, 'The Philosophy of the Conditioned: Sir William

Hamilton and John Stuart Mill', Contemporary Review, 1 (1866), 31-49; 185-219 (p. 187). On Mill's misunderstanding of Hamilton's doc­trine of the relativity of knowledge as implying that knowledge is purely subjective, see, H.O. Mounce, 'The Philosophy of the Condi­tioned', The Philosophical Quarterly, 44 (1994), 174-189 (pp. 182-183). According to Mounce, Mill 'was incapable of grasping' that for Hamilton 'knowledge is not subjective but relative' (p. 182).

77. INQ, VI.xxiv, 200Lb; IP, l.i, 224Lc. 78. For example, see, IP, l.i, 222Ra-c; l.i, 224Rb-229Lc; INQ, ll.v, 107Lc­

d; VI.xxiv, 198Rb-199La. For some other objections to Hume's alleged distinction between corresponding ideas and impressions compare, Stroud, pp. 27-30; pp. 32-35.

5 Common Sense: Principles- Perception- Nescience

1. INQ, VI.xxi, 187Ld. 2. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 55. 3. Edward H. Madden, 'Did Reid's Metaphilosophy Survive Kant,

Hamilton, and Mill?', Metaphilosophy, 18 (1987), 31-48 (p. 33). 4. INQ, V.v, 139Lb. Also compare, Laurie, pp. 129-131. 5. On the two meanings of 'common sense' as used by Reid, compare,

for example, McCosh, pp. 221-224; M. Jamie Ferreira, Scepticism and Reasonable Doubt: The British Naturalist Tradition in Wilkins, Hume, Reid and Newman (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), pp. 98-99.

6. For Reid's twelve first principles of contingent truths see, IP, Vl.v, 442R-452La. The first principles of necessary truths are given and discussed at Vl.vi, 452Lb-461Rd.

7. IP, VI.iv, 440Rb-c. 8. INQ, l.iv, 101Rb; Reid also describes Hume's Treatise as 'the forbid­

den tree of knowledge', l.vi, 103Ld. 9. IP, VI.iv, 434Rc.

10. IP, VI.iv, 434Rd. 11. See, IP, VI.iv, 438Lc-441Ld. Gallie argues that there are certain

difficulties in determining authentic first principles from inauthentic ones (see, Gallie, pp. 208-218).

12. See, IP, VI.iv, 438Rc. 13. Ferreira, p. 110. 14. IP, VI.iv, 439Lc. 15. INQ, I.ii, 99Ld. Compare, IP, l.ii, 234Lb.

226 Notes

16. IP, Vl.iv, 439Rb. 17. IP, Vl.iv, 441Lc. 18. Also, compare, Lehrer, p. 156. 19. Ferreira, p. 69. 20. IP, Vl.iv, 438Ld, and compare, VI.iv, 439Rd-440Ra. 21. Segerstedt, p. 46, points out that 'if these fundamental laws [Reid's

first principles of Common Sense] are constitutive for the human mind, then they must also be endorsed by everybody, and an appeal to the majority is not undue'.

22. See, IP, VI.iv, 440Rb. 23. IP, Vl.iv, 440Ra. 24. And also human behaviour; compare, Ferreira, pp. 117-118; p. 122. 25. IP, Vl.iv, 440Rc. 26. IP, Vl.iv, 440Rd. 27. See, IP, IV.i, 365Lc. 28. IP, Vl.iv, 441Lb--c. 29. IP, Vl.iv, 435Lc; 435Rb. 30. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 63. 31. See, IP, VI.iv, 439Rb--c. 32. On some of the similarities and dissimilarities between Hume and

the Scottish school, see, for example, Fate Norton, pp. 200-208. However, notably, Norton stresses Hume's refusal to make appeals to a non-deceiving Deity and, by stark contrast, the Scottish school's reliance on such appeals which, as noted in Chapter 4 (note 61) DeRose and Gallie strongly contest.

33. See IP, Vl.v, 442Ra-443Rc; 445Rb-446Ra; 447Ld-448Ra. 34. IP, Vl.v, 442Ra. 35. Compare, Lehrer, p. 15; pp. 67-68; Greenberg, pp. 15-17. 36. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 55. 37. For example, see, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 48-49. 38. IP, Vl.v, 445Rb. 39. IP, Il.xvi, 312Rc. Compare, INQ, Il.iii, 105Rc-d. 40. Segerstedt, pp. 50-51. 41. Hume, ECHU, XXII.i, 151. On this passage, compare, Fate Norton,

pp. 234-235. 42. See, Hume, ECHU, XII.i, 152. 43. Broadie, Tradition of Scottish Philosophy, p. 118. 44. Hume, ECHU, XII.i, 152. 45. For example, see, INQ, Il.v, 108Lb--c. 46. IP, VI.v, 442Rc. 47. IP, VI.v, 447Ld. 48. Lehrer, p. 162. 49. IP, VI.v, 447Rd. 50. Lehrer, p. 163. 51. Hume, ECHU, XII.i, 151. 52. Hume, Treatise, II.iii.iii, p. 415. 53. Hume, ECHU, XII.i, 151. 54. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 95. Fate Norton, p. 195n, quotes

Brown as saying that 'Reid bawled out, We must believe in an out-

Notes 227

ward world; but added in a whisper, We can give no reason for our belief. Hume cries out, We can give no reason for such a notion; and whispers, I own we cannot get rid of it'.

55. INQ, II.v, 108Lc; compare, VI.xx, 185Rb. 56. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 94. 57. Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 94-95. The view that absolute scepticism

was a form of radical and fundamental uncertainty which had dan­gerous practical consequences involving a self-contradiction of the most ftmdamental beliefs and principles also seems to have been shared by Mackintosh (see, Mackintosh, Dissertation, pp. 220-221).

58. For a more extensive treatment of Hamilton's understanding of Hume's scepticism, see, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 429-434.

59. Compare, Ferreira, pp. 130-144. Of course several varieties of scepti­cism may be distinguished, most of which are not identical with uncertainty. However, Hamilton and Reid took Hume's scepticism as ultimate and tended to avoid using the term for what may be described as some of its more mitigated forms, such as a certain type of caution, with which they would have had no disagreement. Fate Norton, pp. 239-310, discusses at length several varieties of scepti­cism. In arguing that Hume regarded Morals and Metaphysics as two different types of philosophy, Norton repeatedly seems to come close to a view approximating that of Hamilton (see, pp. 210-238). However, Norton does not discuss the principal, philosophical objec­tion to Hume's scepticism, implicit in Reid and explicit in Hamilton, that Hume's form of scepticism resulted in the 'uncertainty of every principle' by setting 'Speculation and practice, nature and philoso­phy, sense and reason, belief and knowledge ... in mutual antithesis'. Perhaps Norton does not do this because he regards as misleading the supposition 'that doubt as a term refers to a particular state of mind or particular disposition, each characterized in its own way by uncertainty' (p. 279; and see, pp. 279-310).

60. Hume, ECHU, p. 160. 61. See, 'Scottish Philosophy and Popular Culture in the Nineteenth

Century'. Beattie also seems to have regarded the Modem scepticism as resulting 'in perpetual suspense between opposite opinions' (Beattie, 'Postscript', p. 492). For a much more extended interpreta­tion of this problem which, though differing from my argument here, nonetheless recognizes the deep problem of 'biperspectivalism' which Hume raised and which argues that, 'on the theoretical front [Hume's] "naturalist" response to scepticism heightens rather than alleviates the sense of paradox that surrounds the sceptic's conclu­sions', see, Michael Williams, Unnatural Doubts: Epistemological Rea­lism and the Basis of Scepticism (Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1991), pp. 2-10.

62. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 87; compare, INQ, II.vi, 109Lc. 63. INQ, I.iv, 101Rb. 64. For example, see, INQ, VI.v, 139Rd; VI.xx, 183Rb; IP, II.xxii, 334Rd;

VI.ii, 425Ld-426La. 65. Hume, Treatise, I.iv.vii, p. 264.

228 Notes

66. INQ, V.vii, 127Lb-c. 67. Carlyle, Lectures, p. 189. 68. Laurie, p. 142. 69. INQ, IV.ii, 117Rc. 70. For this argument, see, INQ, IV.ii, 117Rd-118La. Bernard E. Rollin,

'Thomas Reid and the Semiotics of Perception', The Monist, 61 (1978), 257-270, p. 266, argues that Reid seems to be employing a transcen­dental argument to establish the innateness of at least certain lin­guistic signs and that in this he anticipates Kant (see, p. 267).

71. INQ, IV.ii, 118Lc. 72. INQ, IV.ii, 117Rd. 73. See, INQ, VI.xx, 185La-b. Compare, Rollin, pp. 263-264. 74. INQ, VI.xx, 185La. 75. On Reid's notion of the primacy of touch see, for example, INQ, V.i,

119Lb-c; VI.ii, 133Rb-134Ld. 76. INQ, VI.xx, 184Rd. It should be noted that Reid believed that 'there is

a real foundation for the distinction of primary from secondary qualities; and that they are distinguished by this - that of the pri­mary we have by our senses a direct and distinct notion; but of the secondary only a relative notion, which must, because it is only relative, be obscure; they are conceived only as the unknown causes or occasions of certain sensations with which we are well acquainted' (IP, II.xvii, 314Rb).

77. INQ, VI.xxiv, 195Ra-b. 78. INQ, VI.xx, 185La. 79. See, Hume, ECHU, p. 152. 80. See, INQ, VI.xx, 182Rb-183La. 81. INQ, VI.xx, 183Lb. 82. INQ, VI.xxi, 187Rb. 83. On Reid's distinction between sensation and perception, additional

to the references given above, compare, IP, I.i, 229Lc; Il.xi, 289Rc-d; II.xvi, 310La-Ra; VI.v, 450Lb-c. Compare, Lehrer, pp. 31-32.

84. Compare, INQ, II.x, 114Rb-d. 85. IP, I.i, 221Lb; 221Lc; and compare, 254Ld-Rc; INQ, II.xx, 115La. 86. For example, see, INQ, Il.ii, 105Lb-d; V.i, 119Ld-Ra. 87. See, INQ, Vi.viii, 146Rc. 88. INQ, VI.xix, 182Lb. Compare, Vl.iii, 137La-b. 89. Compare Reid's example of immediately inferring that a certain

noise signifies a coach, INQ, IV.1, 117Ld; also see, for example, V.ii, 121Lc-Ra; V.v, 123R-125L.

90. INQ, Il.vii, 111Lb; see Lehrer, pp. 35-36. 91. Compare, Madden, 'Was Reid a Natural Realist?', p. 263; DeRose,

pp. 322-326. 92. INQ, V.iii, 122Rb; and see, Lehrer, pp. 44-45. 93. Lehrer, p. 45. 94. INQ, V.iii, 122Ld. 95. INQ, V.iii, 122Ld. 96. Compare, Segerstedt, p. 64, where he tentatively describes Reid's

form of scepticism as 'positive scepticism'. Priestley early identified

Notes 229

ignorance as a strand of scepticism but he also claimed that, in combating Hurne's scepticism, Reid had 'himself introduced almost universal scepticism and confusion' (see, Priestley, p. xx; p. 5).

97. On Reid's emphasis on human fallibility, compare, Ferreira, pp. 82-84.

98. INQ, VI.xxili, 194Ld-Ra. 99. This aspect of Reid's philosophy probably requires greater atten­

tion than I have given here for it helps to show that Reid was not a naive realist. See, IP, Il.xxii, 334Lc-339Rb. Compare, Rollin, pp. 267-268.

100. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 14; p. 15. 101. INQ, I. vi, p. 103Lc-d; and compare, V.vii, p. 127Lc; VII, p. 209Ra--c. 102. Carlyle, Lectures on the History of Literature, p. 181. 103. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 94. 104. For example, see, IP, VI.vii, 463Rd-464La. 105. INQ, IV.i, 117Ld. 106. Stewart, Works, V, p. 173. 107. See, IP, I.i, 219Lb-230Lc. 108. Hume, ECHU, Xll.iii, p. 161. 109. For example, see, INQ, l.v, 102Rc; IP, Preface, 217Ld. 110. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 634. 111. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 38. 112. See, Hamilton, Lectures, I.v, p. 91. 113. Hamilton, Lectures, l,ii, p. 34. 114. See, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 634-649. 115. Gregory of Nazianz, a 4th-century Church Father (Greg. Naz.,

Carm. Mor. 15 vs. 133, Migne PG, 37.775). 116. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, IV.i, 156-158. 117. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 634. 118. However, Madden, 'Did Reid's Metaphilosophy Survive Kant,

Hamilton, and Mill?', pp. 45-46, attempts to argue that Hamilton's 'concept of negative necessities' in his Law of the Conditioned to some extent 'violated Reid's metaphilosophy' (p. 45); and compare, Edward H. Madden, 'Sir William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy, and the Commonsense Tradition', p. 865; and on Hamilton's 'nega­tive necessities', see, pp. 842-844.

119. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 14. Hamilton's quotation is from Milton (see, John Milton, Paradise Lost, ed. by Alastair Fowler (London: Longman, 1968; repr. 1977), 111.12, p. 143).

120. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15. 121. For the example of space as used here, also see, Madden, 'Sir

William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy and the Commonsense Tra­dition', pp. 842-843. McCosh, p. 447, criticizes Hamilton's Law of the Conditioned for using an equivocal sense of 'conceive' -through this McCosh makes an obvious objection, namely, that the two inconditionates are not in fact mutually contradictory. Against this view, compare, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 407-408; also see, Madden, 'Sir William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy, and the Commonsense Tradition', pp. 848-851; Segerstedt, pp. 100-102.

230 Notes

122. Madden, 'Sir William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy, and the Com­monsense Tradition', p. 845.

123. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15. I shall quote the relevant passage later at Chapter 9. On Hamilton's notion of knowledge as relative, see, Veitch, Memoir, pp. 414-420.

124. Laurie, p. 258; also see, pp. 260-261. 125. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15n. 126. See, Lightman, p. 16. 127. For example, Hamilton condemns Reid for using 'the term revelation

in a mystical and objectionable sense' (Discussions, p. 63n). 128. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 68. 129. Fate Norton, p. 208. 130. Ferreira, pp. 122-123; p. 124; also see, pp. 140-141. 131. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 88. 132. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 62. 133. Compare, INQ, Vll., 206La-b. 134. For example, compare, IP, ll.vii, 265Rd-266La; Vl.iv, 439Rd-440La. 135. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 54-55; p. 96. 136. Reid, 'Letters to Dr James Gregory', in Works, p. 88Rb. 137. INQ, I.iii, lOOLa; and see also, I.vi, 103Lc-d; V.vii, 127Lc. 138. INQ, V.viii, 132Ra. 139. Hume, Treatise, I.iv.ii, p. 207; I.iv.vi, pp. 252. 140. Carlyle, Lectures on the History of Literature, p. 189.

6 Carlyle's 'Wotton Reinfred'

1. 'Burns', CME, 1: 288-289. 2. See, Roger L. Tarr, Thomas Carlyle: A Descriptive Bibliography (Oxford,

1989), p. 515; 'Examination of Some Compounds which Depend on Very Weak Affinities, by Jacob Berzelius', trans. by Thomas Carlyle, Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, I (1819), 63-75; 243-253; 'Remarks upon Professor Hansteen' s "Inquiries Concerning the Magnetism of the Earth'", Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 3 (1820), 124-138; 4 (1821), 114-124; 'Outline of Professor Mohs's New System of Crystal­lography and Mineralogy', trans. by Thomas Carlyle, Edinburgh Philo­sophical Journal, 3 (1820), 154-176, 317-342; 4 (1821), 55-67.

3. These articles were first published in The Edinburgh Encyclopredia, conducted by David Brewster with the Assistance of Gentlemen Eminent in Science and Literature (Edinburgh, 1820-23), vols XIV, XVI, XVll (see, Tarr, p. 404).

4. Kaplan, p. 145. See, Maxwell H. Goldberg, 'Jeffrey: Mutilator of Carlyle's "Burns"?', PMLA, 56 (1941), 466-471.

5. Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; London: Whittaker, 1824); The Life of Friedrich Schiller (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1825); German Romance: Specimens of its Chief Authors (Edinburgh: Tait, 1827).

6. 'Wotton Reinfred' was first published in serial form in New Review, 6 (1892), 1-30; 141-165; 285-313, reprinted in Last Words of Thomas

Notes 231

Carlyle (London: Longmans, Green, 1892), and published separately as The Last Words of Thomas Carlyle: Wotton Reinfred (New York: D. Appleton, 1892).

7. For some of the parallels between the two texts as detailed by John Davidson in the Glasgow Herald, April, 1908 (see, Isaac Watson Dyer, Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle's Writings and Ana (Portland, Maine: Southwarth Press, 1928), p. 586). Also see, Sartor Resartus, ed. by Charles F. Harrold (New York: Odyssey Press, 1937), p. 318, for Harrold's list of parallelisms. On Sartor's borrowings from 'Wotton', see for example, William Savage Johnson, Thomas Carlyle: A Study of his Literary Apprenticeship 1814-1831 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911), pp. 74-75; pp. 76-78; p. 80; Albert J. LaValley, Carlyle and the Idea of the Modern: Studies in Carlyle's Prophetic Literature and its Relation to Blake, Nietzsche, Marx, and Others (New Haven and Lon­don: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 49; p. 53; and compare, G.B. Tennyson, Sartor Called Resartus: The Genesis, Structure, and Style of Thomas Carlyle's First Major Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), p. 56; p. 71.

8. See, Ian Campbell, 'Carlyle and Sir Gideon Dunn', English Language Notes, 9 (1972), 185-191.

9. LaValley, p. 44. 10. Johnson, p. 77. This view is endorsed by George Levine, The Bound­

aries of Fiction: Carlyle, Macaulay, Newman (Princeton: Princeton Uni­versity Press, 1968), p. 23; and also see, Moore, 'Thomas Carlyle and Fiction: 1822-1834', pp. 141-148.

11. Ruth apRoberts, The Ancient Dialect: Thomas Carlyle and Comparative Religion (London: University of California Press, 1988), p. 64; Camp­bell, 'Carlyle and Sir Gideon Dunn', pp. 187-188; LaValley, p. 53.

12. For example, see, Wellek, pp. 185-186. 13. Compare, remarks on 'illudo Chartis' by Trowbridge, p. 117. 14. For an interesting, though brief, comment on this, see, C.R. Vanden

Bossche, 'The Speech of God-Devils: Artist as Mason and Freemason in Carlyle's Early Works', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, pp. 71-87 (p. 73).

15. See, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 5-6; Johnson, p. 78; LaValley, p. 52; Tennyson, p. 55.

16. Vijn, p. 76. 17. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 258-259n3; also compare,

Wellek, p. 186. 18. Holmberg, p. 91. 19. Holmberg, p. 91. Compare, WR, 65; 83. 20. Holmberg, p. 92. 21. See, apRoberts, pp. 62-63. 22. Though published some three years after the writing of 'Wotton',

see, [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Bul­wer's Novels', pp. 512-514, for an example of how severe some critics could be with a novelist who made such mistakes.

23. See, Patrick Brantlinger, '"Romance," "Biography," and the Making of "Sartor Resartus" ',Philological Quarterly, 52 (1973), 108-118 (p. 109).

232 Notes

24. It may have been Carlyle's intention, as Moore argues, so to raise his hero by the way of romance, but the text does not achieve this (see, Carlisle Moore, '"Sartor Resartus" and the Problem of Carlyle's "Conversion"', PMLA, 70 (1955), 622--681 (p. 668) ).

25. Compare, INQ, V.vii, 127Lb. 26. For example, see, Hume, Treatise, I.IV.vii, 263-274. 27. Hume, Treatise, I.IV.vii, 269; ECHU, p. 160. 28. Hume, ECHU, p. 160. 29. INQ, II.vi, llOLb--c; VII, 209Rb; l.v, 102Lc. 30. INQ, l.iv, 101Rb. 31. Treatise, l.iv.vii, p. 264. 32. INQ, V.vii, 127Lc; and compare, l.vi, 103Lc--d. 33. Compare, on matters of fact not admitting logical demonstration and

on moral questions likewise, IP, VII.ii, 479Rc. 34. For example, compare, INQ, l.v, 102La-Rc; II.vi, llOLa--c. 35. See, Ralph Jessop, 'Carlyle's "Wotton Reinfred": They Talked of

Scotch Philosophy', Carlyle Annual 12, (1991), 9-15 (pp. 12-13); IP, Il.xvi, 312Rc, and compare, INQ, Vl.xx, 182Ra-183Ra; IP, II.xvi, 310La-311Lc; VIII.iii, 494Rd.

36. Hume, Treatise, l.iv.vii, 263. 37. Hume, Treatise, l.i.i, 1. 38. INQ, II. vi, 108Ld. For an early example of Carlyle's use of a language

of impressions and ideas and 'faint copy' see, 'Miss Baillie's Metrical Legends', New Edinburgh Review, 1 (1821), 393-414 (p. 401).

39. For example, see, INQ, l.ii, 99Rb--c; IP, II.iii, 250Lb. Though the expression is no doubt very old, Reid refers to Addison's use in The Spectator of the notion that the play of fancy is castle-building (see, IP, II.iv, 381Lc).

40. For example, see, INQ, VI.vi, 140Ld. 41. The quotations given here extend those supplied in Jessop, 'Carlyle's

"Wotton Reinfred": They Talked of Scotch Philosophy', p. 13. 42. INQ, VI.xii, 156Rb. 43. IP, II.iii, 249Rb--c. However, see, II.iii, 251Rc, where Reid claims that

'It would be injustice to this author to conceive him a materialist'. Reid is principally concerned with the tendencies toward materialism of certain philosophical systems.

44. IP, II.iv, 255Ld-Ra. 45. IP, l.iv, 238Lb--c. 46. IP, Il.iv, 253Rc. 47. IP, II.iv, 254Ld; 254Rc. 48. INQ, VI.xii, 157La. 49. INQ, VI.xxi, 187Rd; and compare, IP, III.vii, 354Rd-355La. 50. IP, II.ii, 342Ld. 51. INQ, V.iii, 122Ld. 52. INQ, VII, 202Ra. 53. Hume, Treatise, l.i.i.4. 54. INQ, V.vii, 126Ra. 55. INQ, V.iii, 122Rb; and see, Lehrer, pp. 44-45; see, Chapter 5. 56. Ashton, German Idea, p. 73.

Notes 233

57. Even when some clarification is given by Williams in Chapter V, he undercuts his own authority by confessing his unreliability as a guide (see WR, 76). In tum, he is rendered somewhat dubious by the narrator's remarks on his jovial scepticism (see, WR, 86--87).

58. Compare, Johnson, p. 76; LaValley, pp. 53-54. 59. 'Bums', CME, 1: 289. 60. 'Bums', CME, 1: 288.

7 Scotch Philosophy in Carlyle's Essays

1. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 79n. 2. On the writing and preparation for publication of Sartor, see,

Brookes, pp. 16-34. 3. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 67-68. 4. Compare, 'Goethe', CME, 1: 207. 5. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 34. See, Thomas Hope, An Essay on the

Origins and Prospects of Man, 3 vols (London: Murray, 1831). Hope's text is worth consulting as an example of the reductivist tendency in scientific speculations of the time. For example, Hope argued that the human intellect was ultimately traceable to the force of gravity as it organized inorganic matter and that the whole development of human life 'only appears a natural consequence of the original con­ditions of gravitation' (vol. 1, p. 131).

6. For example, see, INQ, I.iii, 99Rd; Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 40-41. 7. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 79. 8. Carlyle's view here is explicitly endorsed by Laurie, pp. 249-250. 9. See, Stewart, Works, V, pp. 149-188.

10. For example, Stewart, Works, I, p. 405: 'It is difficult to discover anything in the foregoing passage [from Kant's Critique of Pure Reason] on which Kant could found a claim to the slightest origin­ality. A variety of English writers [e.g., Price, Reid and Cudworth] had, long before this work appeared, replied to Mr Hume'; also see, p. 401; p. 413; pp. 416-417; p. 420. In discussing this Harrold only mentions Cudworth and the Cambridge Platonists and ignores Stew­art's mention of Reid (see, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 37).

11. According to McCosh, p. 304, if Stewart had been more familiar with Kant, he would have noticed 'many curious points of correspond­ence between the views of Kant and the profoundest of his own doctrines'.

12. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 79n. 13. For example, Stewart, Works, I, p. 389nl. 14. Compare, [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'),

'Bulwer's Novels', p. 513: 'Reid had an indistinct perception of a system of philosophy which has since been perfected by Kant and Schelling in Germany, and by Stewart and Coleridge in England'; for a more explicit claim, see, p. 513Rc-d.

15. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 67-68.

234 Notes

16. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 10; and see, Ashton, German Idea, p. 97.

17. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. vi. 18. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 75. 19. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 79n. 20. See, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 130-136; p. 142;

'Carlyle's Interpretation of Kant', pp. 354-355; p. 357; also compare, Wellek, p. 188.

21. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 121-124; p. 127; p. 134. 22. Muirhead, pp. 133-134. 23. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 120; p. 127. 24. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 83; and see, 81; Chapter 5. 25. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 81. 26. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 79. 27. For example, see, Grave, p. 4. 28. Compare, Broadie, Tradition of Scottish Philosophy, p. 118. 29. It is also possible that, in claiming that Reid and his followers were

adherents to the philosophy of Locke, Carlyle was making a more general point with which Gallie would agree, namely, that Locke had exercised a broad influence on the Scottish school (compare, Gallie, p. xi).

30. 'Burns', CME, 1: 288. 31. 'Burns', CME, 1: 289. 32. 'Boswell's Life of Johnson', CME, 3: 133-134. 33. 'Burns', CME, 1: 288-289. 34. For example, see, Macintyre, pp. 281-299. 35. 'Boswell's Life of Johnson', CME, 3: 135. 36. 'Necker', CME, 5: 97. 37. For example, see, George H. Lewes, pp. 42-43. 38. See, Playfair, Works, appendix 1, lxxvii-lxxxviii (p. lxxxviii). 39. See, McCosh, pp. 333-334. 40. See, Brown, Inquiry, pp. 317-318. 41. Compare, Jeffrey's remarks as quoted in Chapter 3. 42. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 17. 43. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 30. 44. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 31. 45. 'Navalis', CME, 2: 23; compare, Napier, 'Stewart's Dissertation',

p. 63: 'Reid ... observes somewhere, that he believes there is no man endowed with a turn for metaphysical disquisition, but has at one period of his life felt the doubts which Descartes pro­posed to remove' (as noted in Chapter 3 Carlyle read this review in 1817).

46. For example, see, INQ, l.iii, 100Rc-101La; compare, IP, I.vi, 242La-b. 47. IP, II.xiv, 306Lc-d. However, compare Hamilton's footnote to this

quotation with Carlyle's views. Hamilton was clearly troubled that, as Reid's doctrine of perception was perhaps not one of immediate cognition of the non-ego, he, along with the philosophers he attacked, would be required to provide such a proof of the existence of the external world.

Notes 235

48. For example, see, INQ, Vl.xx, 185Rb. On the limitations of demon­strative reasoning as understood by Reid, compare, for example, Ferreira, p. 80; pp. 87-93.

49. 'Navalis', CME, 2: 24. 50. Tennyson, p. 336. 51. Against this suggestion that after 'Navalis' Carlyle began to distin­

guish Reid from Hume, compare Carlyle to Espinasse and Dunipace, 28 August 1841, CL, 13: 228 (quoted at Chapter 3).

52. 'Navalis', CME, 2: 24. 53. However, compare, INQ, l.iii, lOOLc. 54. INQ, V.vii, 127Rd. 55. For example, see, IP, II.xiv, 306Ld. 56. INQ, VI.xx, 184Lb-c. 57. See, INQ, VI.xx, 184Lc, and also compare, IP, Il.v, 259Rb. 58. Beattie, II.ii.2, p. 275; also see, p. 288n. 59. Muirhead, p. 131. Lewes, commenting on this passage from the

'Navalis' essay, noted that Carlyle's bias was toward scepticism and that he made 'large concessions ... to [the] scepticism' implicit in German idealism. Lewes seems to have understood Carlyle's exposi­tion of German idealism as 'the philosophy which [ ... Carlyle] has adopted from the schools of Germany' (emphasis mine). Carlyle, with the idealist, gave 'a prodigious advantage' to the sceptic (see, Lewes, pp. 18-23).

60. Two Note Books, p. 100. 61. Gerry H. Brookes, The Rhetorical Fonn of Carlyle's Sartor Resartus

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), p. 77. 62. See, 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 70-77. On Carlyle's mysti­

cism see, for example, Charles Frederick Harrold, 'The Mystical Element in Carlyle (1827-34)', Modern Philology, 29 (1932), 459--475.

63. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 70; 72; 76. 64. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 73. 65. Carlyle, Reminiscences, ed. by James Anthony Froude, 2 vols (Lon-

don: Longmans, Green, 1881), II, p. 23. 66. See, 'Diderot', CME, 3: 230-232. 67. 'Navalis', CME, 2: 54. 68. Of course Carlyle's point may seem ambiguous and hence, altern­

atively, the conclusion identical with that reached by those with a shorter line, may be that the bottom of the ocean of enquiry lies 'unknown miles lower'. But this alternative reading does not alter Carlyle's fundamental point, namely, that there is an unknown, unfathomable depth within the ocean of human enquiry.

69. Locke, l.i, p. 65: 'Knowledge of our Capacity a Cure of Scepticism and Idleness . ... It is of great use to the sailor to know the length of his line, though he cannot with it fathom all the depths of the ocean. It is well he knows that it is long enough to reach the bottom at such places as are necessary to direct his voyage, and caution him against running upon shoals that may ruin him. Our business here is not to know all things, but those which concern our conduct'. Compare, IP, Il.xix, 324Rc: 'The profound speculations of ingenious men upon this

236 Notes

subject [of Space] differ so widely as may lead us to suspect that the line of human understanding is too short to reach the bottom of it'. Compare, Brown, Lectures, iii. 13Lc. Also compare, Carlyle to Robert Mitchell, 16 March 1821, CL, 1: 343.

70. Stewart, Elements, Works, N, p. 377. 71. 'Novalis', CME, 2: 24. 72. See, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 37-38. 73. 'Burns', CME, 1: 289.

8 'Signs of the Times'

1. For a brief outline of the contemporary political context of 'Signs of the Times' which also draws on contemporaneous periodical litera­ture, see, Wendell V. Harris, 'Interpretative Historicism: "Signs of the Times" and Culture and Anarchy in their Contexts', Nineteenth Century Literature, 44 (1990), 441-464 (pp. 446-454).

2. George E. Davie, 'The Social Significance of the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense', The Dow Lecture, 30 November 1972, in The Scottish Enlightenment and Other Essays, with a foreword by James Kelman (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1991), pp. 53-85 (p. 79; also see, p. 73). Though 'Signs of the Times' was not written during the Comely Bank period but some time during the spring of 1829 at Craigenputtoch (Kaplan, p. 146), Davie's point remains untouched by this mistake.

3. Veitch, Memoir, p. 203. 4. 'Novalis', CME, 2: 24. 5. Brantley, p. 49, oddly asserts of this quotation that it expresses

'Carlyle's developing view that nature precedes, produces, and supersedes mind - that is, that ideas, to put the matter in Lockean terms, are sense-dependent'.

6. IP, l.iv, 237Ld-Ra. 7. Compare, Brantley, p. 51, who makes the confused or self-contra­

dictory claim that Carlyle's 'antimetaphorical bias points to his pre­ference for analogy'. To eschew metaphor as a basis for argument is to eschew argument by analogy.

8. 'State of German Literature', CME, 1: 80. 9. See, Chapter 3.

10. Compare, Beer, p. 77. 11. INQ, V.vii, 127Lc. 12. IP, N.i, 362Rc. 13. Carlyle, Journal entry for 1827, Two Note Books of Thomas Carlyle: From

23rd March 1822 to 16th May 1832, ed. by Charles Eliot Norton (New York: Grolier Club, 1898), pp. 141-142: 'All Language but that con­cerning sensual objects is or has been figurative. Prodigious influence of metaphors! Never saw into it till lately. A truly useful and philo­sophical work would be a good Essay on Metaphors. Some day I will write one!' Compare, INQ, VII, 202Ra.

14. Roderick Watson, 'Carlyle: The World as Text and the Text as Voice', in The History of Scottish Literature, ed. by Cairns Craig and others, 4

Notes 237

vols (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987-88; repr. 1989), Ill: ed. by Douglas Gifford, 153-167 (pp. 160-161).

15. Herbert L. Sussman, Victorians and the Machine: The Literary Response to Technology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 20.

16. On Reid's notion of active power, agency and efficient cause, see, for example, AP, IV.ii-iv, 603La-613Lb.

17. The metaphor of the glass bell is a direct allusion to Fichte's Nature of the Scholar (see, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 210).

18. The notion of the 'world as plastic, infinite, divine' may indicate a 'dependence on experience' but this is hardly the 'appropriation of the [Lockean] tabula rasa' which Brantley claims it is (see, Brantley, p. 53).

19. Often seen as Carlyle's own phrase, Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh: Kincaid & Bell; London: Miller & Caddell, 1767), p. 48, used 'mere profit or loss' to describe and condemn the materialist 'reasoner'.

20. Compare, Richard L. Stein, 'Midas and the Bell-Jar: Carlyle's Poetics of History', Victorian Newsletter, 58 (1980), 5-9 (pp. 8-9). According to Sussman, Victorians and the Machine, p. 22: 'For Carlyle ... the central intellectual danger of his day was not so much the practical success of mechanistic thought as the assumption that the machine metaphor could explain all phenomena.'

21. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society: 1780-1950 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1958; repr. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), p. 89. Compare, Kaplan, p. 147.

22. Compare, Sartor Resartus & Selected Prose, ed. with introduction by Herbert Sussman (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), p. xii: 'in the Carlylean symbol the "inward" and "outward" senses interpenetrate; the material phenomenon and the spiritual principle cannot be separated'.

23. Joseph Sigman,' "Diabolico-Angelical Indifference": The Imagery of Polarity in "Sartor Resartus" ', Southern Review, 5 (1972), 207-224 (p. 218). Compare, SR, 176.

24. Compare, Sussman, Victorians and the Machine, p. 23; pp. 26-27. 25. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 2. 26. Compare, Carlyle to John Stuart Mill, 10 September 1833, CL, 6: 438:

'I have a general feeling growing of late years that "I am all in the wrong";- and, by the Devil's malice, shall always have it, for we live in a Dualistic world'.

27. 'Bums', CME, I: 288-289.

9 Sartor Resartus

1. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 27. 2. For example, see, Sterling, pp. 4-5. On Sartor's apparent disorder and

actual structure, see, Tennyson, pp. 158-159; pp. 168-169; Brookes, pp. 118-120; pp. 127-129; compare, Dibble, pp. 51-60. On the

238 Notes

problem of Sartor's classification related to its apparent chaos, see, Brookes, pp. 1-7. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, with an introduction by Bertrand Russell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1922; repr. 1988), p. 189.

3. Compare, Vivienne Rundle, '"Devising New Means": Sartor Resartus and the Devoted Reader', Victorian Newsletter, 82 (1992), 13-22 (pp. 14-15).

4. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 40. 5. Compare, Beer, pp. 80-81; and also, Carlyle's description of Coler-

idge's talk (CL, 3: 139). 6. Beattie, lli.iii, p. 478. 7. Stewart, Dissertation, Works, I, p. 440; and see, pp. 439-445. 8. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 39. 9. Sigman, p. 209.

10. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 14. See, Milton, Paradise Lost, Ill.12, p. 143. 11. See, Hamilton, Lectures, l.xiii, pp. 239-245; II.xxxvi, pp. 327-332; also

compare, IP, VI.i, 418Lb. Steven Helmling, The Esoteric Comedies of Carlyle, Newman, and Yeats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 49, suggests, the Editor does not achieve order but through Sartor Resartus, reproduces it.

12. Rundle, p. 16 argues that 'By necessitating readerly transgression, Sartor's narrative structure encourages the reader to contribute a meaning of his or her own rather than unquestioningly accepting a textual authority.'

13. Compare, CL, 6: 29: 'What I have written I have written: the reading of it is another party's concern'; and also, CL, 5: 275. Compare, Helmling, pp. 37-42.

14. Compare, Brookes, p. 15; Sussman's edition of Sartor, p. xii; Anne K. Mellor, English Romantic Irony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), pp. 132-134.

15. J. Hillis Miller, '"Hieroglyphical Truth" in Sartor Resartus: Carlyle and the Language of Parable', in John Clubbe and Jerome Meckier, eds, Victorian Perspectives: Six Essays (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989), 1-20 (p. 7).

16. Helmling, p. 66. 17. Helmling, p. 86. 18. As noted earlier, Carlyle had tussled with the primary I secondary

quality distinction (see, Chapter 3). 19. For an excellent discussion of irony in the text which draws on

Schlegel's reinterpretation and attempted resolution of Kant's antinomies through his Romantic Irony see, Janice L. Haney, '"Shadow-Hunting": Romantic Irony, Sartor Resartus, and Victorian Romanticism', Studies in Romanticism, 17 (1978), 307-333.

20. Christine Persak, 'Rhetoric in Praise of Silence: The Ideology of Carlyle's Paradox', Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 21 (1991), 38-52 is one of the few commentators who attempts to wrestle with symbolic significance of 'Silence' for Carlyle. However, at times Persak unfor­tunately attempts to explain Carlyle's praise of silence as though it were the trivial paradox which commentators indicate by pointing to

Notes 239

Carlyle's own verbosity, an explanation unnecessary to the core of her argument (for example see, p. 39; p. 43).

21. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coler­idge, ed. by Kathleen Coburn and others, 16 vols (Princeton: Prince­ton University Press; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971-}, vol 7.1: Biographia Literaria, ed. by James Engell and W. Jackson Bate (1983}, Chapter 13, pp. 304-305.

22. Compare, CL, 5: 175, on Sartor glancing 'from Heaven to Earth & back again in a strange satirical frenzy'.

23. Fichte's term as quoted by Hamilton, Discussions, p. 39. 24. For an alternative interpretation of Carlyle's notion of the symbolic

which draws parallels with Goethe, Schiller, Novalis, and with Schelling's identification 'of the ideal (or thought), with the real (or matter}', see, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 104-107.

25. Compare, Watson, pp. 160-161; p. 163. 26. The German word 'Wahn' means delusion or illusion. Various edi­

tions of Sartor provide different translations. For example, Harrold's edition gives 'Dream-lane, illusion street, etc.' and notes that Grune Gans and Wahngasse were actual places in Munich which Carlyle's brother John visited and described (see, p. 20n.1). Carlyle himself translated 'wahn' as delusion in 'German Playwrights', CME, 1: 386. Tennyson, p. 190n.28, claims that 'Weissnichtwo is evidently Carlyle's translation into German of Kennaquhair from Scott's The Monastry'- as also in Harrold's edition of Sartor, p. 8n.l.

27. I have argued this more fully in '"A Strange Apartment": The Watch-Tower in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus', Studies in Scottish Litera­ture, forthcoming.

28. On this, see, Ian Campbell, 'Carlyle, Pictet, and Jeffrey Again', Bib­liotheck, 7 (1974}, 1-15.

29. John H. Hammond, The Camera Obscura: A Chronicle (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1981}, p. 111.

30. Sartor Resartus, ed. with introduction by J.A.S. Barrett (London: Black, 1897}, p. 63n.l.

31. Compare, McSweeney and Sabor edition, p. 251n. where 'speculum' is treated as an error, as also in Harrold's edition of Sartor, p. 20n.3. For an alternative interpretation of the watch-tower's windows, see, Sartor Resartus, ed. with introduction by Rev. James Wood (London: Dent, 1902}, p. 52. Wood clearly reads 'speculum' as not erroneous.

32. David Brewster, A Treatise on Optics (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, & Blanchard, 1833} [first pub. 1831], p. 275; p. 276.

33. See, INQ, III, 116Lc. 34. Compare, Helmling, p. 53. 35. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 27. 36. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 27. 37. Thomas C. Richardson, 'Carlyle and the Scottish Tradition of the

Double', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, pp. 351-364, using 'dualism' in a loose way tends to construe the term as 'double' or 'doppelganger'.

38. Brookes, p. 50; also see, pp. 56-62.

240 Notes

39. Compare, Leonard W. Deen, 'Irrational Form in "Sartor Resartus" ', Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 5 (1963-64), 438-451 (p. 448): 'Carlyle's emphasis is on the contest between spirit and matter rather than on their reconciliation, and this contest gives Sartor its emphatic energy'.

40. Compare, Michael Timko, 'Carlyle's Asafoetidaic Vision', Prose Stu-dies, 10 (1987), 270-282 (p. 282); Haney, p. 321.

41. See, Sigman, pp. 213-214. 42. Sigman, p. 214. 43. Sigman, p. 214. 44. See, Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 61-62. 45. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 61. 46. Sigman, p. 215. 47. Compare, Brookes, p. 136. 48. See, Hebrews 7.3. 49. One of Sartor's many foreshadowings of the climacteric conflict

between physical necessity and moral liberty in 'The Everlasting No' chapter, occurs here in the 'Idyllic' chapter: the 'dark ring of Care ... in after-years ... almost overshadowed my whole canopy, and threatened to engulf me in final night' (SR, 78). Compare, Harrold's edition of Sartor, p. 97n.4.

50. See, Hamilton, Lectures, I.ii, p. 29. 51. IP, VII.ii, 481Lb. 52. 'State of German Literature', CME, I: 81. 53. Wellek, p. 190. 54. Lore Metzger, '"Sartor Resartus": A Victorian "Faust"', Comparative

Literature, 13 (1961), 316-331 (p. 322). 55. For example, compare, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 77-

78, p. 81; A. Abbott Ikeler, Puritan Temper and Transcendental Faith: Carlyle's Literary Vision (Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1972), p. 99, pp. 100-101; John D. Rosenberg, Carlyle and the Burden of History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), pp. 9-10. Dibble, p. 5; p. 7; p. 19n.23; p. 32; p. 42 -however, Dibble is mainly concerned with probing the question of style (for example, see, pp. 37-49).

56. Compare, Helmling, pp. 75-76. 57. For example, compare, SR, 52: 'For Matter, were it never so despic­

able, is Spirit, the manifestation of Spirit: were it never so honour­able, can it be more?' - the qualifying clause, 'the manifestation of Spirit', coupled with what immediately follows this, indicates that matter is not identified with spirit; SR, 57: 'Matter exists only spiri­tually' - matter is here presented as being informed by intelligence, but it nonetheless exists as distinct though to some extent dependent upon human intelligence for the form it takes in the percipient mind; SR, 56: 'what is Man himself, and his whole terrestrial Life, but an Emblem; ... Thus is he also said to be clothed with a Body' - as with a true symbol, Man, taken as emblem, has a double signification of Body and Mind. Ashton, German Idea, p. 100, claims that 'From Kant [ ... Carlyle] took what he thought was a proof of the ideality of time and space, which allowed him to voice his dualism rhapsodically'.

Notes 241

58. 'Goethe's Works', CME, 2: 440. Compare, Sigman, pp. 219-220. 59. 'Goethe's Works', CME, 2: 440. 60. Compare, Walter J. Reed, 'The Pattern of Conversion in "Sartor

Resartus" ',Journal of English Literary History, 38 (1971), 411-431 (pp. 412-413).

61. Huxley, as quoted in the McSweeney and Sabor edition of Sartor, p. vii.

62. For a fuller discussion of this see, Sigman, p. 217. 63. 'Characteristics', CME, 3: 40. 64. Richardson, in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, p. 361. 65. On Baffometus see, Carlyle, 'Life and Writings of Werner', CME, 1:

100-101; compare, Harrold's edition of Sartor, p. 168n.l. 66. Compare Teufelsdrockh's stoicism (SR, 119; 128); 'Love of Truth'

(SR, 131); 'aftershine ... of Christianity' (SR, 133); 'The hot Harmat­tan-wind had raged itself out; its howl went silent within me; and the long-deafened soul could now hear' (SR, 148).

67. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 219: however, note, p. 220: 'With Carlyle ... Selbsttodtung is conceived as a continuing state of soul'.

68. Moore also appears to disagree with Harrold on this (see, Carlisle Moore, 'The Persistence of Carlyle's "Everlasting Yea"', Modern Philology, 54 (1957), 187-196 (p. 188)).

69. Compare, Dibble, pp. 33-34; Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 11.

70. On scepticism as extreme uncertainty, see Chapter 5. Some com­mentators have claimed that Carlyle uses 'Mill' here and in several other places as a pun for the Utilitarian, James Mill (for example, see, Vanden Bossche, Carlyle and the Search for Authority, P· 44).

71. Though Hillis Miller is right to point to the ambiguity or uncertainty inherent in Sartor Resartus, a positioning of the reader (as claimed by Rundle, p. 18) 'in the uncertainty of "between"', Teufelsdrockh's answer to the sceptical doubt and extreme indecision of the 'Ever­lasting No' is the acknowledgement of nescience, an acknowledge­ment which implies the certainty of not knowing rather than the indecision of uncertainty or undecidability (see, Miller, pp. 15-16; p. 18).

72. For example, see Harrold's edition, p. 117n.1; and McSweeney and Sabor edition, p. 255n.

73. See, INQ, Vl.xix, 179Rd-180La. For two other clear instances of Carlyle's debt to Reid, see, SR, 176, and compare, INQ, VII, 209Rb: 'a disorder we call lunacy; as when a man believes he is made of glass'; IP, l.iv, 237Rd-238Ld: on the analogy of a balance for weigh­ing motives as illustrated by reference to Buridan's ass.

74. See, IP, Il.xx, 327Rc. 75. IP, II.xx, 328La; and see, 329Rb. 76. See Chapter 4. 77. INQ, VII., 206Lc; and see: l.iii, 100Lb; l.v, 102Rc; l.vi, 103Lc-d; Il.vi,

109Rb-c; V.vii, 127Lb-c; Vl.vi, 142Lc-d.

242 Notes

78. See, INQ, VII, 209Rb-c 79. Two Note Books, pp. 141-142. 80. Compare, [Rene] Descartes, A Discourse on Method, Meditations on the

First Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy, trans. by John Veitch, intro­duction by A.D. Lindsay, Everyman (London: Dent, 1912; repr. 1984), II, p. 92. And also compare with this, Teufelsdrockh's view from his watch-tower of a 'red and yellow Clothes-screen ... with spurs on its heels' (SR, 16).

81. Compare, Harrold's edition of Sartor, p. 167n. 4. 82. See, Chapters 3 & 5. 83. Compare, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 11 on Goethe's

'wise silence on the unseen'. 84. For example, see, INQ, VI.xxi, 187Ld. 85. Hamilton, Lectures, l.ii, p. 29. 86. Compare, Carlyle's remarks on those of 'half-spirit' in 'Diderot',

CME, 3:231. 87. See, Ford Madox Hueffer, Ford Madox Brown: A Record of his Life and

Work (London: Longmans, Green, 1896), pp. 189-196. According to Teresa Newman and Ray Watkinson, Ford Madox Brown and the Pre­Raphaelite Circle (London: Chatto and Windus, 1991), p. 123, 'Carly­le's philosophy is not "illustrated" but forms the very substance of Brown's painting'.

88. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 220. 89. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 250, cites Carlyle's transla­

tion, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and Travels (see, Works, XXill: 386): 'doubt of any kind can be removed by nothing but activity'; on work/ Action and Capability or self-development (Bildung) as related to Goethe and other German authors, see, Harrold, Carlyle and Ger­man Thought, pp. 202-214.

90. INQ, I.v, 102Lb--d; Il.vi-vii, llOLc--d. 91. Hume, Treatise, I.N.vii, p. 269. 92. Hume, ECHU, Xll.ii, pp. 158-159; Jessop, 'Scottish Philosophy and

Popular Culture in the Nineteenth Century'. 93. See, INQ, I.ii, 99Rb---c; l.iv, 101Rb; l.v, 102Ra; I.vii, 103Rb---c; IP, l.i,

224Ld-Ra; I.iii, 236Lb---c; l.vi, 241Rc; Il.iii, 249Rd; Il.xv, 309Lc--d. Compare, Carlyle, 'Corn-Law Rhymes', CME, 3: 143: 'He that has done nothing has known nothing .... Grapple with real Nature; try thy theories there, and see how they hold out. ... Once turn to Prac­tice, Error and Truth will no longer consort together'.

94. INQ, I.iii, 100Ra. 95. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 40. 96. Compare, Mary B. Deaton, 'Thomas Carlyle's Use of Metaphor',

College English, 5 (1944), 314-318 (p. 318): 'Carlyle has, among other talents, that of making his reader a seer'.

97. INQ, I.vi, 103Ld; SR, 43. 98. Compare, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 198: 'Carlyle

was ... in a very profound sense, a skeptic. We can never know what we are, whence we came, whither we are going .... We ourselves are compounded of outward and inward mysteries'.

Notes 243

99. Of course these concerns were also of fundamental importance to Kant's philosophy and recognized as such by Hamilton (see, Dis­cussions, pp. 646--647). No doubt they may be traced throughout many Scottish philosophers since they were important to the thought of Calvin. On Calvin's notions on the limitations of know­ledge, see, William J. Bouwsma, John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988; repr. 1989), pp. 154-155.

100. Compare, Vanden Bossche, Carlyle and the Search for Authority, p. 26. 101. Carlyle does not therefore offer 'an apparent center to the text while

simultaneously undermining the possibility of its existence' as argued by Rundle, p. 19 (and compare, Shaw, p. 76). The possibility of knowing the essences of things, including the essence of fictive entities such as Teufelsdrockh, is certainly undermined. But Run­dle's claim is too strong since to insist on nescience concerning substances (or essences/centres) does not imply that they do not exist. Rundle's argument is, however, in basic agreement with my own as is clear in her later point that the narrative of Sartor demands 'that the reader provide the faith to fill in the absence at the center of the text' (p. 21).

102. See, Jessop, 'Carlyle's Scotch Scepticism'. 103. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15. 104. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 16; pp. 29-30. 105. The phrase, 'imagings or imaginings' was changed from the ori­

ginal 'imagings (not imaginings)' (see McSweeney and Sabor edition, p. 261n).

106. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 16; pp. 29-30. 107. Contrary to this Harrold claims that Carlyle denies Space and Time

'any reality whatsoever' (Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 93; and compare, p. 89; p. 91; pp. 102-103).

108. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 14. 109. See, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15; and p. 15n. 110. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15 (the original article uses the word

'comprehensible' and not 'reprehensible' as given in Discussions). 111. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 92-93. 112. Harrold, p. 93. 113. See, Harrold, pp. 94-95. 114. Compare Teufelsdrockh's 'high speculations' on personal identity

which are undergone during solitary, 'meditative, sweet, yet awful hours' (SR, 43; 41).

115. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 15. 116. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 96. 117. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 634. 118. Compare, Sigman, pp. 212-213. 119. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 14. 120. Compare this and several of the remarks made above with,

Brookes, pp. 150-151. 121. The connection between literary art and the Wizard and Magician

was made early in Carlyle's career. 'ruE WIZARD [Scott], if he liked,

244 Notes

could image back to us the very form and pressure of those far off times .... It would be glorious to behold all this in his magic glass, and then to say, 'It is all our own - and the magician too is ours' ('Baillie's Metrical Legends', p. 403). Also compare, 'the wizard soli­tude' at WR, 125.

122. Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 37-38; Lectures, l.ii, p. 34. 123. On Carlyle's hopes for future writing, compare, CL, 7: 6: 'the thing I

want to do is precisely the thing I cannot do. My mind would so fain deliver itself adequately of that "Divine Idea of the World"; and only in quite inadequate approximations is such deliverance possible. I want to write what Teufelsdrockh calls a story of the Time-Hat; to show forth to the men of these days that they also live in the Age of Miracle!'

124. CL, 5: p.xxi; Hamilton, Discussions, p. 40. 125. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 43; see, CL, 5: 64. 126. Compare, Carlisle Moore, 'Carlyle and the "Torch of Science"', in

Carlisle Moore, Rodger Tarr and Chris Vanden Bossche, Lectures on Carlyle and his Era: With a Supplement to the Catalogue of the Carlyle Holdings in the Norman and Charlotte Stouse Collection of Thomas Carlyle and the University Library, ed. and compiled by Jerry D. James and Charles S. Fineman (Santa Cruz: The University Library of California, 1982), 1-25 (for example, pp. 17-18); Charles W. Schaefer, 'Carlyle's Denial of Axiological Content in Science', Vic­torian Newsletter, 73 (1988), 10--16 (pp. 11-14).

127. Camille R. LaBossiere, 'Of Silence, Doubt, and Imagination: Carly­le's conversation with Montaigne', English Studies in Canada, 10 (1984), 62-76 makes several suggestive remarks concerning Carly­le's reliance on nescience and attempts to relate Sartor Resartus to Montaigne and Nicholas De Cusa with particular focus on De Cusa's Learned Ignorance and Montaigne's substitution of the 'prin­ciple of the balance of contraries' for the 'principle of contradiction' (for example, see, pp. 64--71).

128. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 634; and see, Appendix l.B, pp. 634-643. Compare, SR, 1; 212.

129. Hamilton, Discussions, p. 38. 130. Compare, Hamilton, Discussions, p. 634. 131. Carlyle, 'Biography', CME, 3: 57-58.

10 Conclusion

1. INQ, I. ii, 99Rb. 2. For further information on the intellectual connections between

Carlyle and Irving, see, Wolfgang Franke, 'Carlyle and Edward Irving: The Intellectual Basis of their Friendship', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, 47-69 (p. 47; pp. 52-53; pp. 55-56); compare, Simon Heffer, Moral Desperado: A Life of Thomas Carlyle (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1995), p. 30; p. 41.

3. 'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', p. 252.

Notes 245

4. 'Sir Walter Scott', CME, 4: 43. 5. Segerstedt, pp. 38--39. 6. See, Chapter 7. 7. Compare, Davie, Scottish Enlightenment and Other Essays, pp. 105-106. 8. Masson, 'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', p. 68. 9. Harrold, 'The Mystical Element in Carlyle (1827-34)', p. 462.

10. C.E. Vaughan, 'Carlyle and his German Masters', p. 180. 11. Several commentators have described Sartor in this way. For ex­

ample, Muirhead, p. 141, uses the phrase, 'the metaphysical poetry of Sartor'; Richard A. Levine, 'Carlyle as Poet: The Phoenix Image in "Organic Filaments"', Victorian Newsletter, 25 (1964), 18-20 (p. 20): 'This is poetic, philosophic prose at its best'. Compare, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 7.

12. Metzger has also pointed to the implicit dualism (though of a Fausto-Mephistophelian kind) in this phrase (see, Metzger, p. 319).

13. Compare, Brown, Lectures, viii. 47Lc: 'To know that a withered leaf falls to the ground, is to know, what the very vulgar know, as well as ourselves; but an ocean of ether whirling it downward, is something of which the vulgar have no conception, and gives a kind of myster­ious magnificence to a very simple event, which makes us think, that our knowledge is greater, because we have given, in our imagina­tion, a sort of cumbrous magnitude to the phenomenon itself'. Brown is here arguing against the use of certain theories and hypotheses invented to account for physical events.

14. Compare, the road as a symbol of inter-connection (see, SR, 76); and also, Carlyle, 'Cruthers and Jonson', Fraser's Magazine, 12 (1831), 691-705 (p. 696La-b).

15. Mary Agnes Hamilton, Thomas Carlyle (London: Parsons, 1926), p. 108, rewords Carlyle's Natural Supernaturalism as 'Realist Super­naturalism'.

Works Cited

Abrams, M.H., The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953; repr. 1971)

apRoberts, Ruth, The Ancient Dialect: Thomas Carlyle and Comparative Reli­gion (London: University of California Press, 1988)

Ashton, Rosemary, 'Carlyle's Apprenticeship: His Early German Literary Criticism and His Relationship with Goethe (1822-1832)', MLR, 71 (1976), 1-18

--The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought 1800-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980)

Aytoun, William Edmonstoune, 'Latter-Day Pamphlets', Blackwood's Edin­burgh Magazine, 67 Gune 1850), 641~58

Barrett, J.A.S., 'Carlyle on Novels', Times Literary Supplement, 20 January 1927, p. 44

Beattie, James, An Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth, in Opposi­tion to Sophistry and Scepticism, 4th edn (London: Dilly; Edinburgh: Kin­naird and Creech, 1773)

Beer, Gillian, 'Carlylean Transports', in Arguing with the Past: Essays in Narrative from Woolf to Sidney (London: Routledge, 1989), 74-98

Ben-Zeer, Aaron, 'Reid's Direct Approach to Perception', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 17 {1986), 99-114

Blair, Hugh, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (London: Baynes, 1824) Bossche, C.R. Vanden, 'The Speech of God-Devils: Artist as Mason and

Freemason in Carlyle's Early Works', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, 71-87

--'Revolution and Authority: The Metaphors of Language and Carlyle's Style', Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism, 6 (1983), 274-289

--Carlyle and the Search for Authority (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991)

Bouwsma, William J., John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988; repr. 1989)

Brantley, Richard E., Coordinates of Anglo-American Romanticism: Wesley, Edwards, Carlyle, & Emerson (Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 1993)

BranUinger, Patrick, '"Romance," "Biography," and the Making of "Sartor Resartus'", Philological Quarterly, 52 {1973), 108-118

Brewster, David, Letters on Natural Magic Addressed to Sir Walter Scott (London: Murray, 1832)

--A Treatise on Optics (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1833) Broadie, Alexander, The Circle of John Mair: Logic and Logicians in Pre­

Reformation Scotland (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985) --'Thomas Reid and his Pre-Reformation Scottish Precursors', in Philo­

sophy and Science in the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. by Peter Jones (Edin­burgh: Donald, 1988), 6-19

246

Works Cited 247

Broadie, Alexander, The Tradition of Scottish Philosophy: A New Perspective on the Enlightenment (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1990)

Brookes, Gerry H., The Rhetorical Form of Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972)

Brougham, Henry, 'Leslie's Inquiry into the Nature of Heat', Edinburgh Review, 7 (1805), 63-91

Brown, Thomas, 'Belsham's Philosophy of the Mind', Edinburgh Review, 1 (1803), 475-485

--'Villers Philosophie de Kant', Edinburgh Review, 1 (1803), 253-280 --A Short Criticism of the Terms of the Charge Against Mr Leslie (Edin-

burgh: Mundell, 1806) --Observation on the Nature and Tendency of the Doctrine of Mr Hume

Concerning the Relation of Cause and Effect (Edinburgh: Mundell, 1806) --Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect, 3rd edn (Edinburgh: Con­

stable, 1818) --Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind, with a memoir of the

author by David Welsh and a preface to the Lectures on Ethics by Thomas Chalmers, 20th edn (London: Tegg, 1860)

Browne, James, 'Origin and Affinity of Languages', Edinburgh Review, 51 (1830), 529-564

--'Morehead's Dialogues on Natural and Revealed Religion', Edinburgh Review, 52 (1830), 109-119

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 'Contribution Toward an Essay on Carlyle', in The Complete Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ed. by Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke, 6 vols (New York: Crowell, 1900; AMS repr. 1973), VI, 312-321

Burwick, Frederick, 'Coleridge and De Quincey on Miracles', Christianity and Literature, 39 (1990), 387-421

Caird, Edward, 'The Genius of Carlyle', in Essays on Literature and Philo­sophy, 2 vols (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1892), I, 230-267

Campbell, Ian, 'Carlyle's Borrowings from the Theological Library of Edinburgh University', Bibliotheck, 5 (1969), 165-168

--'Carlyle and Sir Gideon Dunn', English Language Notes, 9 (1972), 185-191

--'Carlyle, Pictet, and Jeffrey Again', Bibliotheck, 7 (1974), 1-15 --Thomas Carlyle (London: Harnish Hamilton, 1974) --'Carlyle's Religion: The Scottish Background', in Carlyle and his Con-

temporaries: Essays in Honor of Charles Richard Sanders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976), 3-20

Carlyle, Thomas, The Works of Thomas Carlyle, ed. by H.D. Traill, Centenary Edition, 30 vols (London: Chapman and Hall, 1896-99)

--The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, Duke-Edinburgh edn (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1970- )

--'Examination of Some Compounds which Depend on Very Weak Affinities, by Jacob Berzelius', trans. by Thomas Carlyle, Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, I (1819), 63-75; 243-253

--'Outline of Professor Mohs's New System of Crystallography and Miner­alogy', trans. by Thomas Carlyle, Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 3 (1820), 154-176, 317-342; 4 (1821), 55--67

248 Works Cited

Carlyle, Thomas, 'Remarks upon Professor Hansteen's "Inquiries Concern­ing the Magnetism of the Earth"', Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 3 (1820), 124-138; 4 (1821), 114-124

--'Miss Baillie's Metrical Legends', New Edinburgh Review, 1 (1821), 393-414

--Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; London: Whittaker, 1824)

--The Life of Friedrich Schiller (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1825) --German Romance: Specimens of its Chief Authors (Edinburgh: Tait,

1827) --'Cruthers and Jonson', Fraser's Magazine, 12 (1831), 691-705 --On the Choice of Books, 2nd edn (London: Hotten, [n.d.]) --[reminiscence of Hamilton], in John Veitch, Memoir of Sir William

Hamilton (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1869), 121-127 --Reminiscences, ed. by James Anthony Froude, 2 vols (London: Long-

mans, Green, 1881) --'Wotton Reinfred', New Review, 6 (1892), 1-30; 141-165; 285-313 --Last Words of Thomas Carlyle (London: Longmans, Green, 1892) --The Last Words of Thomas Carlyle: Wotton Reinfred (New York: D.

Appleton, 1892) --Lectures on the History of Literature delivered by Thomas Carlyle April to

July 1838, ed. with preface and notes by J. Reay Greene (London: Ellis and Elvey, 1892)

-- ijournal] Two Note Books of Thomas Carlyle: From 23d March 1822 to 16th May 1832, ed. by Charles Eliot Norton (New York: Grolier Club, 1898)

--Two Reminiscences of Thomas Carlyle: Now First Published ed. by John Clubbe (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974)

--Sartor Resartus, ed. with introduction by J.A.S. Barrett (London: Black, 1897)

--Sartor Resartus, ed. with introduction by Rev. James Wood (London: Dent, 1902)

--Sartor Resartus, ed. by Charles F. Harrold (New York: Odyssey Press, 1937)

--Sartor Resartus & Selected Prose, ed. with introduction by Herbert Suss­man (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970)

--Sartor Resartus, ed. with an introduction and notes by Kerry McSwee­ney and Peter Sabor, The World's Classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)

Carr, C.T., 'Carlyle, Goethe and the St Andrews Chair of Moral Philo­sophy', German Life and Letters, 31 (1977)

Clive, John, Scotch Reviewers: The Edinburgh Review, 1802-1815 (London: Faber and Faber, 1957)

Cockburn, Henry, Memorials of his Time (Edinburgh: Black, 1856) Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed.

by Kathleen Coburn and others, 16 vols (Princeton: Princeton University Press; London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971-)

Crawford, Robert, A Scottish Assembly (London: Chatto & Windus, 1990) --Devolving English Literature (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992)

Works Cited 249

Dale, Peter Allan, 'Sartor Resartus and the Inverse Sublime: The Art of Humorous Destruction', in Morton W. Bloomfield, ed., Allegory, Myth, and Symbol (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981)

Daniels, Norman, Thomas Reid's Inquiry: The Geometry ofVisibles and the Case for Realism, foreword by Hilary Putnam (New York: Franklin, 1974)

Davie, George Elder, The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and Her Universities in the Nineteenth Century, Edinburgh University Publications, History, Philosophy & Economics: 12 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1961; repr. 1982)

--'The Social Significance of the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense', The Dow Lecture, 30 November 1972, in The Scottish Enlightenment and Other Essays, with a foreword by James Kelman (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1991), 53--85

De Quincey, Thomas, 'Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship"', London Magazine, 10 (1824), 189-197; 291-307

--'Miracles as Subjects of Testimony', in The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey, ed. by David Masson, 14 vols (Edinburgh: Black, 1889), VIII, 157-176

Deaton, Mary B., 'Thomas Carlyle's Use of Metaphor', College English, 5 (1944), 314-318

Deen, Leonard W., 'Irrational Form in "Sartor Resartus" ', Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 5 (1963-64), 438-451

DeRose, Keith, 'Reid's Anti-Sensationalism and His Realism', The Philo­sophical Review, 98 (1989), 313-348

Descartes, [Rene], A Discourse on Method, Meditations on the First Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy, trans. by John Veitch, introduction by A.D. Lind­say, Everyman (London: Dent, 1912; repr. 1984)

Dibble, Jerry A., The Pythia's Drunken Song: Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus and the Style Problem in German Idealist Philosophy, International Archives of the History of Ideas: 19 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1978)

Doubleday, Thomas, 'On the Use of Metaphors', Blackwood's Magazine, 18 (1825), 719-723

Dowden, Edward, 'Obituary: Thomas Carlyle', Academy, 19 February 1881, 117-118

Drescher, Horst W., ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981: Papers Given at the Inter­national Thomas Carlyle Symposium, Scottish Studies, Publications of the Scottish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg Universitii.t Mainz in Germersheim: 1 (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1983)

Dyer, Isaac Watson, Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle's Writings and Ana (Port­land, Maine: Southwarth Press, 1928)

Eaton, Horace Ainsworth, Thomas De Quincey: A Biography (New York: Octagon, 1972)

Elfenbein, Andrew, 'The Sorrows of Carlyle: Byronism and the Philosophic Critic', in Victorian Literature and Culture, ed. by John Maynard and Adrienne Auslander Munich, Series No.: 21 (New York: Ams, 1993), 147-167

Eliot, George, 'Thomas Carlyle', Leader, 6 (1855), 1034-1035 Empson, William, 'Principles of Belief and Expectation as Applied to

Miracles', Edinburgh Review, 52 (1831), 388-398

250 Works Cited

Empson, William, 'Pretended Miracles- Irving, Scott, and Erskine', Edin­burgh Review, 53 (1831), 261-305

Ferguson, Adam, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh: Kin­caid & Bell; London: Miller & Caddell, 1767)

Ferreira, M. Jamie, Scepticism and Reasonable Doubt: The British Naturalist Tradition in Wilkins, Hume, Reid and Newman (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986)

Fielding K.J., and Heather Henderson, eds, Carlyle and the Rectorial Election of 1865: Including the Campaign Parodies 'Artemus Ward Esq., at the Eden­berry Yewniversity', Carlyle Pamphlets, 1 (1982)

--'Carlyle's Eightieth Birthday Tribute', in KM 80: A Birthday Album for Kenneth Muir, Tuesday, 5th May 1987 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, [1987?]), 47-48

Flew, Antony, David Hume: Philosopher of Moral Science (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986)

Flynn, Philip, Francis Jeffrey (Newark: University of Delaware Press; Lon­don: Associated University Press, 1978)

Fraser, A. Campbell, Thomas Reid, Famous Scots Series (Edinburgh and London: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, [1898?])

Frothingham, Nathaniel L., 'Sartor Resartus', Christian Examiner, 21 (1836), 74--84

Froude, James Anthony, Thomas Carlyle: A History of the First Forty Years of his Life 1795-1835, 2 vols (London: Longmans, Green, 1914)

Callie, Roger D., Thomas Reid and 'The Way of Ideas', Philosophical Studies Series: 45 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989)

Goldberg, Maxwell H., 'Jeffrey: Mutilator of Carlyle's "Bums"?', PMLA, 56 (1941), 466-471

Grave, S.A., The Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense (Oxford: Clarendon, 1960)

Greenberg, Arthur R., 'Sir William Hamilton and the Interpretation of Reid's Realism', The Modern Schoolman, 54 (1976), 15-32

Griffin, Nicholas J., 'Possible Theological Perspectives in Thomas Reid's Common Sense Philosophy', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 41 (1990), 425-442

Hamilton, Mary Agnes, Thomas Carlyle (London: Parsons, 1926) Hamilton, Sir William, 'Philosophy of the Unconditioned', Edinburgh

Review, 50 (1829), 194-221 --'Philosophy of Perception', Edinburgh Review, 52 (1830), 158-207 --Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education and University

Reform, 2nd edn (London: Brown, Green and Longmans; Edinburgh: MacLachlan and Stewart, 1853)

--Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, ed. by H.L. Mansel and John Veitch, 4 vols (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1859--60)

Hammond, John H., The Camera Obscura: A Chronicle (Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1981)

Haney, Janice L., '"Shadow-Hunting": Romantic Irony, Sartor Resartus, and Victorian Romanticism', Studies in Romanticism, 17 (1978), 307-333

Harris, Wendell V., 'Interpretative Historicism: "Signs of the Times" and Culture and Anarchy in their Contexts', Nineteenth Century Literature, 44 (1990), 441-464

Works Cited 251

Harrold, Charles Frederick, 'Carlyle's Interpretation of Kant', Philological Quarterly, 7 (1928), 345-357

--'The Mystical Element in Carlyle (1827-34)', Modern Philology, 29 (1932), 459-475

--Carlyle and German Thought: 1819-1834 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934)

Heffer, Simon, Moral Desperado: A Life of Thomas Carlyle (London: Weiden­feld and Nicolson, 1995)

Helmling, Steven, The Esoteric Comedies of Carlyle, Newman, and Yeats (Cam­bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

Hendry, John, James Clerk Maxwell and the Theory of the Electromagnetic Field (Bristol and Boston: Adam Hilger, 1986)

Heraud, John A., 'On Poetical Genius, considered as a Creative Power', Fraser's Magazine, 1 (1830), 56--63

--'Some Account of Coleridge's Philosophy', Fraser's Magazine, 5 (1832), 585-597

Hogg, James, The Poetical Works of James Hogg, 4 vols (Edinburgh: Con­stable; London: Hurst, Robinson, 1822)

Holloway, John, The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument (London: Macmil­lan, 1953)

Holmberg, Olle, 'David Hume in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus', in Arbertittelse (Lund, 1934), 91-109

Home, Henry [Lord Kames], Elements of Cn.ticism, 6th edn, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Bell and Creech; London: Cadell and Robinson, 1785)

Hook, A., Carlyle and America (Lecture delivered to the Carlyle Society, 7 February 1970, Carlyle Society, Occasional Paper: 3)

Hope, Thomas, An Essay on the Origins and Prospects of Man, 3 vols (Lon­don: Murray, 1831)

Horner, Francis, 'Professor Stewart's Statement of Facts', Edinburgh Review, 7, (1805) 113-134

Hueffer, Ford Madox, Ford Madox Brown: A Record of his Life and Work (London: Longmans, Green, 1896)

Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. by L.A. Selby-Bigge, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978; repr. 1983)

--Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. by L.A. Selby-Bigge, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975; repr. 1979)

--Essays Moral Political and Literary (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)

--Letters of David Hume and Extracts from Letters Referring to him, ed. by Thomas Murray (Edinburgh: Black, 1841)

Hutton, Richard Holt, 'Thomas Carlyle' (1881), in Brief Literary Criticisms, selected from the Spectator and ed. by Elizabeth M. Roscoe (London: Macmillan, 1906)

lkeler, A. Abbott, Puritan Temper and Transcendental Faith: Carlyle's Literary Vision (Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1972)

Jeffrey, Francis, 'Stewart's Life of Dr Reid', Edinburgh Review, 3 (1804), 269-287

252 Works Cited

Jeffrey, Francis, 'Bentham, Principes de Legislation, par Dumont', Edin­burgh Review, 4 (1804), 1-26

--'Drummond's Academical Questions', Edinburgh Review, 7 (1805), 163-185

--'Memoirs of Dr Priestley', Edinburgh Review, 9 (1806), 136-161 --'Stewart's Philosophical Essays', Edinburgh Review, 17 (1810), 167-211 Jeffrey, Francis and Walter Scott, 'Sir William Forbes's Life of Dr Beattie',

Edinburgh Review, 10 (1807), 171-199 Jessop, Ralph, 'Carlyle's "Wotton Reinfred": They Talked of Scotch Philo­

sophy', Carlyle Annual, 12, (1991), 9-15 --"'A Strange Apartment": The Watch-Tower in Carlyle's Sartor Resar­

tus', Studies in Scottish Literature, forthcoming --'Metaphor's Prodigious Influence: Carlyle's 'Signs of the Times' and

Sartor Resartus', Scottish Literary Journal, forthcoming --'Scottish Philosophy and Popular Culture in the Nineteenth Century:

Fiction's Uncanny Relationship with Philosophy', a paper given at 'The Scottish Tradition in Philosophy' conference at the University of Aberd­een on 28 June 1995, forthcoming as the proceedings of the conference

--'Carlyle's Scotch Scepticism: Writing from the Scottish Tradition', Carlyle Studies Annual, forthcoming

Johnson, William Savage, Thomas Carlyle: A Study of his Literary Apprentice­ship 1814-1831 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911)

Jones, Sir Henry, and John Henry Muirhead, The Life and Philosophy of Edward Caird (Glasgow: MacLehose, Jackson, 1921)

Kaplan, Fred, Thomas Carlyle: A Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer­sity Press, 1983)

[Keir, William], A Summons of Awakening; or, The Evil Tendency and Danger of Speculative Philosophy Exemplified in Mr Leslie's Inquiry into the Nature of Heat and Mr Malthus's Essay on Population (Hawick: Armstrong, 1807)

Kuehn, Manfred, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800: A Contribu­tion to the History of Critical Philosophy (Kingston and Montreal: MeGill­Queen's University Press, 1987)

La Bossiere, Camille R., 'Of Silence, Doubt, and Imagination: Carlyle's Conversation with Montaigne', English Studies in Canada, 10 (1984), 62-76

Lang, Andrew, 'Mr Carlyle's Reminiscences', Fraser's Magazine, 23 (1881), 515-528

Laurie, Henry, Scottish Philosophy in its National Development (Glasgow: MacLehose, 1902)

La Valley, Albert J., Carlyle and the Idea of the Modem: Studies in Carlyle's Prophetic Literature and its Relation to Blake, Nietzsche, Marx, and Others (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968)

Le Quesne, A.L., Carlyle, Past Masters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982)

Lehrer, Keith, Thomas Reid, Arguments of the Philosophers (London: Rout­ledge, 1989; repr. 1991)

Leslie, John, An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat (London: Gillet, 1804)

Levine, George, The Boundaries of Fiction: Carlyle, Macaulay, Newman (Prin­ceton: Princeton University Press, 1968)

Works Cited 253

Levine, Richard A., 'Carlyle as Poet: The Phoenix Image in "Organic Filaments"', Victorian Newsletter, 25 (1964), 18-20

Lewes, George H., 'Thomas Carlyle', British Quarterly Review, 10 (1849), 1-45 Lightman, Bernard, The Origins of Agnosticism: Victorian Unbelief and the

Limits of Knowledge (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987) Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, abridged and ed.

with an introduction by A.D. Woozley, 5th edn (Glasgow: Collins, 1964; repr. 1984)

Lyall, William Rowe, 'Stewart's Philosophy of the Human Mind', Quarterly Review, 12 (1815}, 281-317

McCosh, James, The Scottish Philosophy: Biographical, Expository, Critical, from Hutcheson to Hamilton (London: Macmillan, 1875)

McDiarmid, Matthew P., 'Carlyle on the Intuitive Nature of Poetical Think­ing', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, 129-139

Macintyre, Alasdair, Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (London: Duck­worth, 1988}

Mackintosh, James, 'Stewart's Introduction to the Encyclopredia', Part I, Edin­burgh Review, 27 (1816), 180-244

--Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, Chiefly during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, with preface by William Whewell (Edinburgh: Black, Longman, Simpkin, Marshall, Whittaker; London: Hamilton, Adams, 1836)

Madden, Edward H., 'Sir William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy, and the Commonsense Tradition', Review of Metaphysics, 38 (1985}, 839-866

--'Was Reid a Natural Realist?', Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 47 (1986}, 255-276

--'Did Reid's Metaphilosophy Survive Kant, Hamilton, and Mill?', Metaphilosophy, 18 (1987}, 31-48

Mansel, H.L., 'The Philosophy of the Conditioned: Sir William Hamilton and John Stuart Mill', Contemporary Review, 1 (1866), 31-49; 185-219

Martin, Terence, The Instructed Vision: Scottish Common Sense Philosophy and the Origins of American Fiction, Indiana University Humanities Series: 48 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961)

Masson, David, 'Carlyle's Latter-Day Pamphlets', North British Review, 14 (1850}, 1-40

--Recent British Philosophy: A Review with Criticisms including some Com­ments on Mr Mill's Answer to Sir William Hamilton, 3rd edn (London: Macmillan, 1877)

--'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', Macmillan's Magazine, 45 (1881-82), 64-80, 145-163, 234-256

Mellor, Anne K., English Romantic Irony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni­versity Press, 1980}

Metzger, Lore, '"Sartor Resartus": A Victorian "Faust"', Comparative Litera­ture, 13 (1961), 316-331

Mill, John Stuart, 'England and Ireland: To the Editor of the Examiner', Examiner, 13 May 1848, 307-308

--An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy and of the Principal Philosophical Questions Discussed in his Writings (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1865)

254 Works Cited

Mill, John Stuart, Autobiography (London: Longrnans, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1873)

Miller, J. Hillis, '"Hieroglyphical Truth" in Sartor Resartus: Carlyle and the Language of Parable', in John Clubbe and Jerome Meckier, eds, Victorian Perspectives: Six Essays (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989), 1-20

Milton, John, Paradise Lost, ed. by Alastair Fowler (London: Longman, 1968; repr. 1977)

Moore, Carlisle, '"Sartor Resartus" and the Problem of Carlyle's "Conver­sion"', PMLA, 70 (1955), 622-681

--'The Persistence of Carlyle's "Everlasting Yea"', Modern Philology, 54 (1957), 187-196

--'Carlyle and the "Torch of Science"', in Carlisle Moore, Rodger Tarr and Chris Vanden Bossche, Lectures on Carlyle and his Era: With a Supple­ment to the Catalogue of the Carlyle Holdings in the Norman and Charlotte Stouse Collection of Thomas Carlyle and the University Library, ed. and compiled by Jerry D. James and Charles S. Fineman (Santa Cruz: The University Library of California, 1982), 1-25

--'Thomas Carlyle and Fiction: 1822-1834', Nineteenth Century Studies, ed. by Herbert Davis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1940), 131-177

Mossner, Ernest Campbell, The Life of David Hume, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980)

Mounce, H.O., 'The Philosophy of the Conditioned', The Philosophical Quar­terly, 44 (1994), 174-189

Muirhead, John H., 'Carlyle's Transcendental Symbolism', in The Platonic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy: Studies in the History of Idealism in England and America (London: Allen and Unwin; New York: Macmillan, 1931), 123-146

Murray, Thomas, Literary History of Galloway (Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes; London: Ogle and Duncan, 1822)

--The Literary History of Galloway; from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Waugh and Innes; Dublin: Curry; London: Whittaker, 1832)

--Autobiographical Notes: Also Reminiscences of a Journey to London in 1840, ed. by John A. Fairley (Dumfries: The Standard Office, 1911)

Napier [Jnr.], Macvey, ed., Selections from the Correspondence of the Late Macvey Napier (London: Harrison, 1877)

Napier, Macvey, 'Stewart's Dissertation', Quarterly Review, 17 (1817), 39-72

--Remarks Illustrative of the Scope and Influence of the Philosophical Writings of Lord Bacon, from the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, read February 16, 1818 ([n. pub.], [n.d.])

--Biographical Notice of Sir John Leslie Late Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh extracted from the Encyclopedia Britannica (Edinburgh: [n.pub.], 1836)

[Neaves, Charles], Songs and Verses Social and Scientific, 4th edn (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1875)

Newman, Teresa, and Ray Watkinson, Ford Madox Brown and the Pre­Raphaelite Circle (London: Chatto and Windus, 1991)

Works Cited 255

Nichol, John, Thomas Carlyle, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1894) as repr. in Gibbon, Carlyle, Macaulay, ed. by John Morley, English Men of Letters: 10 (London: Macmillan, 1895), 1-248

Norton, David Fate, David Hume: Common-Sense Moralist, Sceptical Metaphy­sician (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982)

Nuttall, A.D., A Common Sky: Philosophy and the Literary Imagination (Lon­don: Chatto & Windus, 1974)

Oliphant, Margaret, 'Scottish National Character', Blackwood's Magazine Gune, 1860), 715-731

Ouren, Dallas Victor Lie, 'HaMILL ton: Mill on Hamilton: A Re-examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota, 1973)

Persak, Christine, 'Rhetoric in Praise of Silence: The Ideology of Carlyle's Paradox', Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 21 (1991), 38-52

Playfair, John, Letter to the Author of the Examination of Professor Stewart's Short Statement of Facts (Edinburgh: Abernethy and Walter, 1806)

--'Leslie's Elements of Geometry', Edinburgh Review, 20 (1812), 79-100 --The Works of John Playfair, 4 vols (Edinburgh: Constable; London:

Robinson, 1822) Priestley, Joseph, An Examination of Dr Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind

on the Principles of Common Sense, Dr Beattie's Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth, and Dr Oswald's Appeal to Common Sense in Behalf of Religion (London: Johnson, 1774)

[Reading, Cyrus(?)], 'The Philosophy of Fashion', The New Monthly Maga­zine, 7 (1823), 238-244

Reed, Walter J., 'The Pattern of Conversion in "Sartor Resartus" ',Journal of English Literary History, 38 (1971), 411-431

Reid, Thomas, The Works of Thomas Reid, preface, notes, and supplementary dissertations by Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh: MacLachlan, Stewart; London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman, 1846)

--Practical Ethics: Being Lectures and Papers on Natural Religion, Self-Gov­ernment, Natural Jurisprudence, and the Law of Nations, edited from the manuscripts with an introduction and a commentary by Knud Haakons­sen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990)

Renouf, Peter Le Page, 'Carlyle's "Past and Present"', Dublin Review, 15 (1843), 182-200

Richardson, Thomas C., 'Carlyle and the Scottish Tradition of the Double', in Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981, 351-364

Robinson, Daniel N., 'Thomas Reid's Critique of Dugald Stewart', Journal of the History of Philosophy, 27 (1989), 405-422

Rollin, Bernard E., 'Thomas Reid and the Semiotics of Perception', The Monist, 61 (1978), 257-270

Rosenberg, John D., Carlyle and the Burden of History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985)

Rundle, Vivienne, '"Devising New Means": Sartor Resartus and the Devoted Reader', Victorian Newsletter, 82 (1992), 13--22

Sanders, Charles Richard, 'The Victorian Rembrandt: Carlyle's Portraits of his Contemporaries', in Carlyle's Friendships and Other Studies (Durham,

256 Works Cited

NC: Duke University Press, 1977), 3-35 (first publ. in Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 39 (1957))

Schaefer, Charles W., 'Carlyle's Denial of Axiological Content in Science', Victorian Newsletter, 73 (1988), 10-16

Segerstedt, Torgny, 'The Problem of Knowledge in Scottish Philosophy', Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 31 (no. 6) (1935), 3-157

Seigel, Jules Paul, ed., Thomas Carlyle: The Critical Heritage (London: Rout­ledge & Kegan Paul, 1971)

Sewell, William, 'Carlyle's Works', Quarterly Review, 66 (1840), 446--503 Shaw, W. David, Victorians and Mystery: Crises of Representation (Ithaca and

London: Cornell University Press, 1990) Shepherd, Lady Mary, 'Lady Mary Shepherd's Metaphysics', Fraser's

Magazine, 5 (1832), 697-708 Shine, Hill, 'Articles in Fraser's Magazine attributed to Carlyle', Modern

Language Notes, 51 (1936) --Carlyle's Early Reading, to 1834: With an Introductory Essay on his Intel­

lectual Development (Lexington: University of Kentucky Libraries, 1953) Sigman, Joseph, '"Diabolico-Angelical Indifference": The Imagery of

Polarity in "Sartor Resartus" ', Southern Review, 5 (1972), 207-224 Smith, Norman Kemp, The Philosophy of David Hume: A Critical Study of its

Origins and Central Doctrines (London: Macmillan, 1941) Stanley, Dean Arthur Penrhyn, 'Thomas Carlyle', in Sermons on Special

Occasions Preached in Westminster Abbey (London: Murray, 1882), 255-263

Stein, Richard L., 'Midas and the Bell-Jar: Carlyle's Poetics of History', Victorian Newsletter, 58 (1980), 5-9

Stephen, Leslie, 'Thomas Carlyle', Cornhill Magazine, 43 (1881), 349-358 --The English Utilitarians, 3 vols (London: Duckworth, 1900) Sterling, John, 'Carlyle's Works', London and Westminster Review, 33 (1839),

1-68 Stewart, Dugald, A Short Statement of Some Important Facts Relative to the

Late Election of a Mathematical Professor in the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Murray and Cochrane, 1805)

--The Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed. by Sir William Hamilton, 11 vols (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854-60)

--'Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid', in Thomas Reid, Works, 3-38

Stewart, Herbert L., 'Carlyle's Place in Philosophy', The Monist, 29 (1919), 163-189

Stirling, James Hutchison, [signed, 'Caliban'], 'Letters on Carlyle,' Truth­Seeker, 1 (1850), 94-101, 148-163, 245-249

--Sir William Hamilton: Being the Philosophy of Perception: An Analysis (London: Longmans, Green, 1865)

--The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin, Principle, Form, and Matter, 2 vols (London: Longman, Green, 1865)

--'The Poetical Works of Robert Browning,' North British Review, 49 (1868), 353-408

--Thomas Carlyle's Counsels to a Literary Aspirant: And what Came of them (Edinburgh: Thin; London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1886)

Works Cited 257

Stroud, Barry, Hume, The Arguments of the Philosophers (London: Rout­ledge & Kegan Paul, 1977; repr. 1984)

Sussman, Herbert L., Victorians and the Machine: The Literary Response to Technology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968)

Sutherland, Stewart R., 'The Presbyterian Inheritance of Hume and Reid', in The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. by R.H. Camp­bell and AndrewS. Skinner (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1982), 131-149

Tarr, Roger L., Thomas Carlyle: A Bibliography of English-Language Criticism, 1824-1974 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976)

--Thomas Carlyle: A Descriptive Bibliography (Oxford, 1989) Tennyson, G.B., Sartor Called Resartus: The Genesis, Structure, and Style of

Thomas Carlyle's First Major Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965)

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 'The French Revolution, by T. Carlyle', The Times, 3 August 1837, 6

Thomson, Arthur, Ferrier of St Andrews: An Academic Tragedy, with an introduction by George Elder Davie (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985)

Thomson, William, 'Carlyle's Hero-Worship', Christian Remembrancer, 6 (1843), 121-143

Thoreau, Henry David, 'Thomas Carlyle and His Works', Graham's Maga­zine, 21 (1847), 145-152; 238-245

Thrall, Miriam M., 'Two Articles Attributed to Carlyle', Modern Language Notes, 46 (1931), 316-321

--Rebellious Fraser's: Nol Yorke's Magazine in the Days of Maginn, Thack­eray, and Carlyle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1934)

Timko, Michael, 'Carlyle's Asafoetidaic Vision', Prose Studies, 10 (1987), 270-282

--Carlyle and Tennyson (London: Macmillan, 1988) Trowbridge, Ronald L., 'Carlyle's Illudo Chartis as Prophetic Exercise in the

Manner of Swift and Sterne', Studies in Scottish Literature, 6 (1968), 115-122

Tyndall, John, 'Personal Recollections of Carlyle', Fortnightly Review, 47 (1890), 5-32

--New Fragments (London: Longmans, Green, 1892) Vance, William Silas, 'Carlyle in America Before "Sartor Resartus" ', Amer­

ican Literature, 7 (1935-36), 365-379 Vaughan, C.E., 'Carlyle and his German Masters', Essays and Studies, 1

(1910), 168-196 Vaughan, Robert, 'Cromwell's Letters', British Quarterly Review, 3 (1846),

50-95 Veitch, John, Memoir of Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh and London:

William Blackwood, 1869) --'Philosophy in the Scottish Universities', Mind, 2 (1877), 74-91; 207-

234 Vida, Elizabeth M., Romantic Affinities: German Authors and Carlyle: A Study

in the History of Ideas (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993) Vijn, J.P., Carlyle and Jean Paul: Their Spiritual Optics (Amsterdam: John

Benjamin's Publishing, 1982)

258 Works Cited

Watson, Roderick, 'Carlyle: The World as Text and the Text as Voice', in The History of Scottish Literature, ed. by Cairns Craig and others, 4 vols (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987-88; repr. 1989), III: ed. by Douglas Gifford, 153-167

Wellek, Rene, Immanuel Kant in England: 1793-1838 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1931)

Whitman, Walt, 'Carlyle from American Points of View', in Specimen Days in America (London: Routledge; New York: E.P. Dutton, [1906(?)]), 268-281

Williams, Michael, Unnatural Doubts: Epistemological Realism and the Basis of Scepticism (Oxford, UK and Cambridge, USA: Blackwell, 1991)

Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society: 1780-1950 (London: Chatto and Windus, 1958; repr. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979)

Wilson, John [Christopher North], 'The Metaphysician', Blackwood's, 39 (1836), 789-805; 40 (1836), 122-131; 253-273; 327-339; 524-542; 627--643; 741-750; 41 (1837), 258-265

--The Works of Professor Wilson, ed. by Professor Ferrier, 12 vols (Edin­burgh and London: Blackwood, 1855-58)

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, with an introduction by Bertrand Russell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1922; repr. 1988)

Wood, P.B.,'Hume, Reid and the Science of the Mind', inHume and Hume's Connexions, ed. by M.A. Stewart and John P. Wright (Edinburgh: Edin­burgh University Press, 1994), 119-139

Wylie, William Howie, Thomas Carlyle: The Man and his Books (London: Japp, 1881)

ITEMS OF UNIDENTIFIED AUTHORSHIP

Catalogue of the Choice and Valuable Library of the Late Macvey Napier (Edin~ burgh: Colston, 1847)

Catalogue of the Entire Library of the Late Sir John Leslie ([Edinburgh (?)]: Balfour, 1833)

Catalogue of the Library of the Late John Playfair (Edinburgh: Ballantyne, 1820) Report of the Proceedings and Debate in the General Assembly of the Church of

Scotland Respecting the Election of Mr Leslie to the Mathematical Chair in the University of Edinburgh, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Constable; London: Mur­ray, 1806)

[unidentified, n.s.], 'The Dominie's Legacy [or] Fashionable Novels', Fra­ser's Magazine, 1 (1830), 318-335 [part I of [unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Bulwer's Novels']

[unidentified, signed 'Ned Culpepper, The Tomahawk'], 'Mr Edward Lyt­ton Bulwer's Novels; and Remarks on Novel-Writing', Fraser's Magazine, 1 (1830), 509-532

[unidentified, unsigned], 'Carlyle's Chartism', Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, 7 (1840), 115-120

Index

Abrams, M.H., 61-2 anti-materialism/mechanism, see

Carlyle; Hamilton; Sartor Resartus; 'Signs of the Times'

apRoberts, Ruth, xv, 113 Aristotle, 182 Arnold, Matthew, 22 Ashton, Rosemary, 7, 19, 26, 121,

126 Atherstone, Edwin, 43 Ayer, A.J., 103 A ytoun, William Edmonstoune, 23

Baillie, Joanna, 110 Bain, Alexander, 15--16 Barrett, J.A.S., 53, 166 Beattie, James, 4, 55, 124, 135-6, 156 Beer, Gillian, xv, xvi, 26 Bentham, Jeremy, 44 Berkeley, George, 4, 57, 171, 174 Blair, Hugh, 32, 52-3, 54, 57-8, 124,

197 Boehm, Jacob, 15 Brantlinger, Patrick, 114 Brewster's Edinburgh

Encyclopredia, x, 130 Brewster, Sir David, 29, 30, 54, 63,

110-11, 167, 197 Broadie, Alexander, xvi, 5, 69,

130 Brookes, Gerry, 137, 169 Brown, Ford Madox, 184 Brown, Thomas, xiv, 5, 6, 8-9, 31-2,

36, 54, 126, 138 Hamilton's attack on, 42-3, 60,

86, 108, 142 Hume, David, 86, 226--7n54 Leslie controversy, 38-9 notion of instinct, 131 quoted, 245n13

Reid, Thomas, 44-5 scepticism of, 39, 60 Stewart quoted on, 139 see also Carlyle

Browne, James, 52 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 19 Browning, Robert, 15 Bulwer, Edward Lytton, 53 Bums, Robert, 2, 17, 111

Caird, Edward, 15-17, 198 Caird, John, 15 Calderwood, Henry, 15-16 camera obscura, 61-3, 166--7 Campbell, George, 4, 32, 47,54 Campbell, Ian, xv, 31, 111 Carlyle, Jane Welsh, 27, 29, 112 Carlyle, John Aitken, 27, 48, 113,

124 Carlyle, Thomas

'Baillie's Metrical Legends', 243-4n121

'Biography', 194 'Boswell's Life of Johnson', 129 'Bums', 129-30 'Characteristics', 124, 131-2, 176 'Com-Law Rhymes', 242n93 Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, 19 'Cruthers and Jonson', 110 'Diderot', 138 German Romance, 111 History of Frederick the Great, 18 'Illudo Chartis', 111 'Jean Paul Richter', 111 Latter-Day Pamphlets, 18, 22 Lectures on the History of

Literature, 33, 98 Life of Friedrich Schiller, 111 Life of John Sterling, 18 'Navalis', 20, 132-6, 138-9

259

260 Index

Carlyle, Thomas - continued Past and Present, x Sartor Resartus, see under separate

entry 'Signs of the Times', see under

separate entry 'State of German Literature',

123-8, 137, 145, 173 The French Revolution, x, 18-19,

23 Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship,

18, 111 'Wotton Reinfred', see under

separate entry action/work, see under Sartor

Resartus anti-materialism/mechanism

of, 129, 140, 142--6, 155-9, 237n20, see also under Sartor Resartus

Brown, Thomas, 39, 41, 126, 131, 140, 197, 199, 204

categorization of by nineteenth­century critics, 17-26

dualism, quoted on, 155; see also Sartor Resartus; 'Signs of the Times'

Edinburgh intelligentsia, acquaintance with, 29-30

Edinburgh University rectorial election, 27--8

eightieth birthday celebration and medal signatories, 15-17

German influences on, 10 Hamilton, Sir William, 8-10, 21,

28-31, 33, 39, 40, 60, 100, 124, 126, 135, 143, 196-9; see also Sartor Resartus; Hamilton

Hume, David, 2, 7, 32-4, 39, 113-19, 128-31, 138, 196-7

idealism, German, 10, 132-4, 148, 190-1, 200

Ideas, theory of, 32-3, 118-21, 128-9, 196

Jeffrey, Francis, 49, 137, 196 Kant, Immanuel, 33, 41, 124-7,

140, 190, 196 language and style, 18 Locke, John, 39, 128

metaphors, 144, 147--8, 150, 152, 236n13

metaphysics, 33-4, 155, 164 mysticism, 134--8 nescience, 139; see also Sartor

Resartus phrenology, 138-9 primary and secondary

qualities, 32-3, 35, 196 reading of Scottish

philosophers, 30-5 Reid's first principles, 34-5,

128-9, 196 Reid, Thomas, 39, 97-9, 113-22,

126, 128-9, 133-41 scepticism, 33-4, 41, 90, 98, 108,

113, 130-1, 134--6, 196, 201, 235n59, 242n98; see also under Sartor Resartus

Scottish philosophical influence on, 8-9, 13, 26, 115-22, 199-202

Scottish philosophy, 127-41, 196-7; see also Sartor Resartus; 'Signs of the Times'; 'Wotton Reinfred'

Stewart, Dugald, 34, 39, 123-7, 133, 140

theories, 144-50 Carmichael, Gershom, 4 Chadwick, Edwin, 15 Chalmers, Thomas, xi Clive, John, 39 Clough, Arthur Hugh, 22 Cockburn, Lord Henry, 36-7 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 9,

112-13, 121-2, 12~ 162 Common Sense, philosophy of

agnosticism, 68, 103-4, 191 anti-materialism/

mechanism, 142-3 characteristics of Reidian, 105--6 early nineteenth-century

periodicals, 41-51 meaning of the term, 76-7 nescience, 72 reason, 89-90 revival of by Hamilton, 6-7, 41,

43-4

Index 261

Scottish school, xi, 4-6, 16, 39, 198

see also Carlyle, Scottish phil~sophy

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 186 Coombe, George, 30 Cousin, Victor, 1, 21, 31, 41, 101,

139, 186, 188

d' Alembert, Jean, 32 Dale, Peter Allan, 1 Dallas, E.S., 28 Daniels, Norman, 61, 222n25 Darwin, Charles, 15 Darwin, Erasmus, 125, 131 Davie, George Elder, xv, 6, 16, 28,

142-3, 197 De Quincey, Thomas, 18, 29, 40, 54,

197 Descartes, Rene, 2, 97, 98, 104, 133,

137, 170, 181 Dibble, Jerry, 7 Diderot, Denis, 32 Disraeli, Benjamin, 27 Doubleday, Thomas, 51 Dowden, Edward, 23 Drummond, William, 45-6 dualism/realism, natural, 60, 67-8,

106-7, 204-5 see also under Carlyle; Hamilton;

Reid; Sartor Resartus; 'Signs of the Times'

Dunipace, Henry, 33

Elfenbein, Andrew, 53 Eliot, George, 15, 20-1 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 6, 19 Empson, William, 47 Espinasse, Francis, 19, 33

Ferreira, M. Jamie, xv, 104 Ferrier, James Frederick, 16, 28-9,

198 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 42, 137, 188 Fielding, Kenneth, J., xv, 111 Flew, Anthony, xv, 3 Flint, Robert, 15-16 Flynn, Philip, 39-40, 46-7 Fraser, Alexander Campbell, 15-16

Frothingham, Nathaniel L., 18 Froude, James Anthony, xv, 23-4

Galt, John, 197 General Assembly of the Church of

Scotland, 36 Gibbon, Edward, 32 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 10,

17, 18, 112, 121-2, 170, 173, 175, 178, 197,200,242n89

Gordon, Margaret, 112 Grant, Sir Alexander, 15 Gregory, D.F., 28 Gregory, James, 61

Haakonssen, Knud, xvi, 5 Hamilton, Sir William, xi, xiv, 6,

8-10,12,16,28-31,49,54 Discussions on Philosophy and

Literature, 194 Lectures on Metaphysics and

Logic, 157 'On the State of the English

Universities', 31 'Philosophy of Perception', 41-3,

142, 156, 186, 193-4 'Philosophy of the

Unconditioned', 21, 30,41-2, 139, 157, 188-91

acquires German books for Advocates' Library, 30

agnosticism, influence on Christian, 103

anti-rna terialism/ mechanism of, 157

Brown, Thomas, 42-3, 60, 86, 108, 142

conditioned, law of the, 42, 97, 101-3, 139; see also Hamilton, 'Philosophy of the Unconditioned'

consciousness, 60, 71-2, 81-2, 106 dualism/realism, doctrine of

natural, 42, 60, 72-3, 106-7 faith, 190 God and supernaturalism, 104,

190 Hume, David, 86-8 Ideas, theory of, 60

262 Index

Hamilton, Sir William, - continued Kant, Immanuel, 20, 41-2, 198 knowledge, mysterious

foundations of, 104, 199 knowledge, relation of, 68-71 library of, 36 nescience, doctrine of, 10, 42,

96--102, 139, 193-4 nescience, humility in

acknowledging, 100 perception, act of, 72 perception, representative

theories of, 60, 64, 69-70, 224n66

principle of analogous relation between mind and body, 68-71, 106, 170-1, 199, 224n70

quoted, 42, 60, 70, 75, 86, 87, 186

Reid, Thomas, 42, 59, 81-2 scepticism, 42, 49, 59, 60, 75--6,

86-8,96,106,186,199 space and time, 191 see also Carlyle; Sartor Resartus

Hammond, John H., 166 Harrison, Frederick, 15 Harrold, Charles Frederick, x, 7-8,

25, 112, 126--7, 153, 177-8, 190-1,200,242n98

Hartley, David, 119, 121, 125, 131 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 42 Helmling, Steven, xv, 158-9 Heraclitus, 170 Hogg, James, 21, 177, 197 Holloway, John, 19 Holmberg, Olle, 7, 112-14 Hope, Thomas, 124, 233n5 Horner, Francis, 37, 40, 50 Hume, David, x-xi, 2-3, 5, 12, 16,

54, 66, 110, 113-15, 138, 196-8 Enquiry Concerning Human

Understanding, 3, 32 Essays Moral Political and

Literary, 32 'Of Liberty and Necessity', 47 'Of Miracles', xiv, 40, 47 'Of the Idea of a Necessary

Connexion', 47

Treatise of Human Nature, 2, 4, 32, 117

Ideas, theory of, 56, 61-3, 66--7 causation, theory of, xii, xiv, 38,

66-7 scepticism of, 3, 37-8, 43-4, 49,

55-7, 60, 75--6, 80-1, 84-90, 105-8, 115-16, 156-7

quoted, 83, 85, 89, 100 see also Carlyle; Hamilton; Reid

Hunt, Leigh, 19 Hunter, Dr A., 37, 46 Hutcheson, Francis, 4 Hutton, Richard Holt, 23 Huxley, Thomas, 15, 27, 176

idealism, see Carlyle; Sartor Resartus Ideas, theory of (Ideal theory), 7,

32-5, 44, 55-74, 90-1, 106-7, 128-9, 165-9

assumptions of, 63-8 camera obscura, modelled

on, 61-2 general outline of, 63 Jeffrey on, 45-6 Leslie on, 46 principle of analogous relation

between mind and body, 68-71, 73

representative theory of perception, 65

see also under Carlyle; Hamilton; Hume; Reid; Sartor Resartus; 'Wotton Reinfred'

influence, question of, xi-xiii, 1-2, 5-10,15-17,26,196-201

Irving, Edward, 47, 112, 196-7

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 127 Jeffrey, Francis, 29, 31, 40, 54, 100,

108, 111 Reid, Thomas, 44-6,48-9 Scott, Walter, 45, 48 scepticism, 45-9, 55--6, 131 Beattie, James, 48 Hamilton, Sir William, 31, 199 see also under Carlyle

Johnson, Samuel, 117 Johnson, William Savage, 112

Index 263

Jones, Sir Henry, 16-17 Jouffroy, Theodore-Simon, 43

Kames, Lord [Henry Home], 32, 52, 54, 57-8, 110

Kant, Immanuel, xi, 4, 10, 20, 26, 41, 108, 112, 121-7, 132, 136, 137, 140,173,188-90, 198,233n10, 233n11, 233n14, 238n19, 240n57,243n99

Keir, William, 38 Kuehn, Manfred, xi

Lang, Andrew, 23 language

Blair on, 52-3 Doubleday on, 51-2 Kames on, 52 mechanistic, 62 metaphors, 50-3, 57-8 see also Carlyle; Reid; Sartor

Resartus Laurie, Henry, 4, 38, 50, 103 LaValley, Albert J., xv, 112 Lehrer, Keith, xvi, 84 Leibniz, Gottfried Willhelm, 137 LeQuesne, A.L., xv, 21, 25 Leslie, John, 11

controversy over his appointment, 36-9, 49-50

his endorsement of Hume's theory of causality, 36-7

Reid, Thomas, 46 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 156 Lewes, George Henry, 15,20 Lightman, Bernard, 103 Locke, John, 32, 54, 61, 128-9, 138,

234n29, 235n69 Lockhart, John Gibson, 30 Lorimer, James, 28 Lyall, William Rowe, 34-5, 45-6

Macintyre, Alasdair, xvi, 3, 63, 130 Mackintosh, James, 44,48-9,52 Madden, Edward, H., xvi, 103 Maginn, William, 53 Mair, John, 4-5, 130 Mansel, Henry, 72, 103 Martin, Terence, 6

Martineau, Harriet, 15 Masson, David, 8-9, 15-16, 22, 28,

30, 31, 197 rna terialism

see anti-materialism/mechanism under Carlyle; Hamilton; Sartor Resartus; 'Signs of the Times'

Maurice, Frederick Denison, 184 Maxwell, James Clerk, 28 McCosh, James, 5, 131, 222n35 McDiarmid, Matthew P., 10, 197 McSweeney, Kerry (and Peter

Sabor), 25 metaphors, see language Metzger, Lore, 173 Mill, James, 9, 241n70 Mill, John Stuart, 6, 9, 16, 21, 22, 28,

72, 132 Miller, Hillis, xv, 158, 241n71 Milton, John, 157 mind

terminology of, 50-1, 57-8, 99 mechanical model for, 61-2 analogous to machine, 64 principle of analogous relation

between mind and body, 66-7, 68-9

and causation, 66-8 as active, 93 see also dualism/realism, natural

Mitchell, Robert, 34 Moir, George, 29, 197 Moncrief£, Sir Henry, 37 Montagu, Anna, 137 Mossner, Ernest, 2-3 Muirhead, John Henry, 17, 127, 136 Muller, Friedrich Max, 15 Murray, Thomas, 32, 112

Napier, Macvey, 30-1, 54, 197 natural dualism, see dualism/

realism, natural Neaves, Lord Charles, 28, 36 Nichol, John, 17, 23-5, 29, 41 Norton, David Fate, xvi, 104, 227n59 Novalis (Friedrich Leopold von

Hardenberg), 113 Nuttall, A.D., 61-2

264 Index

Oliphant, Margaret, 1 Oswald, James, 4

Paley, William, 32 phrenology, 30, 138-9 Playfair, John, 35-6, 52, 112, 131 Priestley, Joseph, 44-5, 131, 140,

228-9n96

Reid, Thomas, x-xi, 4-5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 32, 34-5, 42-3, 54, 55-109

Essays on the Active Powers, xiv, 4 Essays on the Intellectual

Powers, xiv, 4 Inquiry into the Human Mind, xiv,

4, 34,55 analogical reasoning, 51, 57-9,

68, 99, 144 anti-elitism of, 79-80 Common Sense, 73, 76-7 democratic bias of, 79-80 dualism, 58, 67-8, 71-2, 90,

105-7, 223n55 error thesis of, 96-7 first principles of, 53, 76-7, 80-6,

128-9 first principles,

consciousness, 81-2 first principles, criteria for

determining, 77-80, 98-9 first principles, non­

fallaciousness of human faculties, 83-7, 97

first principles, perception, 82-3

first principles, practical necessity criterion for determining, 79

first principles, priority criterion for determining, 80

first principles, ridicule/ absurdity criterion for determining, 78

first principles, self-evidence criterion for determining, 78-9, 84-5

first principles, universal consent criterion for determining, 79-80, 127-8,226n21

God and supernaturalism, 104 Hume, David, 81-9 Ideas, theory of, 45-6, 55-74,

94-5, 133, 165 ideas, 69 idola theatri/influence of

philosophical systems, 59 intuition, 94-5 language, 59, 79-80, 91 metaphors, 58, 77 mind, active role of in

perception, 93-5 nescience, 96-100 nineteenth-century periodicals,

discussed in, 43-6, 53 perception, semiotic theory

of, 90-7 perception/ sensation

distinction, 93 perceptions, acquired and

original, 92-4 prejudice, 59, 77-8 quoted, xii, 55, 56, 58, 61, 75, 76,

83, 89, 196 scepticism, 50, 59, 75-6, 80-1,

95-100, 135, 145, 156 senses, enumeration of, 168 Stewart, Dugald, 35, 39 suggestion, notion of, 95-6 theories, 185-6 see also Carlyle; Hamilton; Hume

Richardson, Thomas C., 177 Richter, Jean Paul, 1, 10, 112 Robinson, Henry Crabb, 121 Rundle, Viviene, 241n71, 243n101

Sabor, Peter (and Kerry McSweeney), 25

Sanders,Charles Richard, xv, 30 Sartor Resartus, x, xiv, 13, 17, 18-19,

21, 32,41,52-4,100,111,122-3, 128, 141, 146, 153-4, 155-95, 202-5

action/work, 183-6 anti-materialism I mechanism

of, 155-9, 164-5, 169, 171, 175, 192, 195, 203

the conditioned, 42, 188-90, 192-3

Index 265

dualism, 158-63, 169-76, 178-9, 181, 183-4, 191, 203-5

duty, law of, 172-3 faith, see Sartor Resartus, wonder God, 178-80, 184, 188, 190 Hamilton, Sir William, 156-7,

170-1, 172, 186, 188-94 idealism, 13, 20, 171, 173-4, 190-2 Ideas, theory of, 166-9 imagination, 162-4 interpretation, text

demands, 155-8, 194-5 irony in, 160 language, theory of, 158--65, 188 Melchizedek, 171-2 metaphors, 159--60, 162, 164-5 mind, 165-9, 183 mysticism, 171 'Natural Supernaturalism',

188-93, 204-5; 245n15 nescience, 163, 168, 183, 187-95,

203, 244n127 scepticism, 13, 157, 161, 171,

175-85, 193-5, 203 Scottish philosophy, 13, 20, 41-2,

165, 170-1, 172-3, 179-80, 183-4, 186--95

self-annihilation, 177-8, 182 silence, 161-3, 238-9n20 space and time, 188-9, 192 symbols, 163-4 Teufelsdrockh's watch-

tower, 166-9 'The Centre of Indifference', 176,

178, 182 '1he Everlasting No', 176--84 'The Everlasting Yea', 172, 176,

178, 180, 184, 186-7 the unconditioned, see Sartor

Resartus, the conditioned Wandering Jew, 171-2 wonder, 191-2, 194-5, 203

scepticism tendency towards in

periodicals, 45--6, 48-9 implications/ effects of, 46--7,

89-90,97-8 Humean as defined by

Hamilton, 86-8

see also Brown; Carlyle; Hume; Reid; Sartor Resartus; 'Wotton Reinfred'

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 42, 113, 137, 188

Schiller, Johann Christoph Fridrich von, 10

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 10 Scott, Sir Walter, 2, 17, 197; see also

Jeffrey Segerstedt, Torgny, 71, 198 Seigel, Jules Paul, xv, 11, 18,

19,22 Shaw, W. David, 8 Shepherd, Lady Mary, 44 Shine, Hill, 10, 53 Sidgwick, Henry, 15 Sigman, Joseph, xv, 153, 157, 170 'Signs of the Times', 13, 44, 53, 116-

17, 124, 128-34, 141, 142-54, 157, 165

anti-materialism/ mechanism of, 143--6, 149-54

common sense, appeals to, 143-5

dualism, 144, 153-4 humour in, 147 metaphors and theories, 144,

147-8, 150, 152 Smith, Adam, 4, 39, 110 Smith, Norman Kemp, 221n5 Spedding, James, 15 Spedding, Thomas, 19 Stanley, Dean Arthur Penrhyn, 23 Stephen, James Fitzjames, 15 Stephen, Leslie, 15, 23, 39 Sterling, John, 19, 22 Sterne, Laurence, 8 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 38 Stewart, Dugald, xi, xiv, 4--6, 8-9,

32, 34--6, 40-1, 44, 50-1, 54, 99, 113, 121, 123-7, 133, 138-9, 156, 196

Stirling, James Hutchison, 15-16, 22-3, 198

Stroud, Barry, xvi, 63 Sussman, Herbert L., 148 Sutherland, Stewart R., 59 Swift, Jonathan, 8, 52

266 Index

Tait, William, 30 Tennyson, Alfred, 15 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 19 Thompson, William Hepworth, 15 Thoreau, Henry David, 19-20, 23, 25 Thrall, Miriam, 53 Timko, Michael, xv, 8 Torrens, Colonel R., 31 Trollope, Anthony, 15 Trowbridge, Ronald L., 8 Tyndall, John, 27-8

Vanden Bossche, Chris R., x, 18 Vaughan, C.E., 200 Vaughan, Robert, 19, 22 Veitch, John, 9, 15-16, 30, 197 Vida, E.M., 2, 7 Vijn, J.P., 7, 112 Voltaire, 16, 117, 138, 161

Watson, Roderick, 148

Wellek, Rene, 7, 173 Welsh, David, 138-9 Whitman, Walt, 24 Williams, Raymond, 150 Wilson, John (Christopher

North), 21, 29, 40-1, 49, 54, 197 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 155 Wood, P.B., 66 work, see Sartor Resartus, action/

work 'Wotton Reinfred', 13, 61, 110-22,

123,128,168, 181,231n7 critical responses to, 112-13 de-Scotticization of, 111-12 German influences on, 112-13 Ideas, theory of, 118-21 quoted, 142 scepticism, 113-16 Scottish philosophy, 113-22 self-interest, doctrine of, 116

Wylie, William Howie, 18-19