Notes One Unit Nine Chapter Four

• Early Periodic Tables• Modern Periodic Table• Orbitals on The Periodic Table• Elements of Life• Dot Diagrams

Electron Shielding Explanation

12 e-1

How many e-1 for Mg ?

20 e-1

How many e-1 for Ca?

+12 +20

How many protons? How many protons ?

What is the Short-Hand element in each case?Ne Ar

Do the nuclear protons attract or repel the e-1?Do the short-hand e-1 attract or repel the e-1?

Early Periodic Tables• John Newland’s

law(1837-1898)• Organized by • (a)Octaves • (b) Mass

• Demetri Mendeleev (1834-1907)

• Proposed arranging elements by

• (a) Properties• (b) Mass

Dobereiner and Triads

• From the Dobereiner’s law of triads, the atomic mass of the middle element, in this case Na, should be the arithmetic mean of Li and K.

• arithmetic mean of Li and K (7 + 39)/2 = 23

Elements   Symbol mass

Lithium Li 7

Sodium Na 23

Potassium K 39

Modern Periodic Table • Organized Rows (period)• Columns (Families):• Alkali Metals• Alkaline Earth Metals• Transition Metals• Rare Earth Metals• Other Metals• Metalloids • Non-Metals• Halogens• Noble Gases• Atomic Number (Henry Moseley 1913

X-rays)• Two Main groups: • Metals • Nonmetals

Modern Periodic Table

Modern Periodic Table

Modern Periodic Table

Orbitals on The Periodic Table

f-block

d-blockp-block

s-block

Electron Configurations• Most stable elements are He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn.• Most Unstable Metals are H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr• Most Unstable Nonmetals are F, Cl, Br, I, and At

Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Halogens

Noble Gases

Elements of Life

Dot Diagrams

Notes Two unit Nine Chapter Four

• Halogens Lab Observation• Halogens Lab Explanation• Valence Versus Kernel Electrons• Electron Shielding• Increasing Atomic Number• Highest Energy Level Occupied• Atomic Radii• Ionization Energy• Other Trends

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+17

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

Ne1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←← ← ←

←

←

←

←← ← ←

← ←

+35

Br

Ar 1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

5s4d

5p←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+53

I

Kr

Do a complete workup on each element.Bromine’s shielding(Ar) is great than Chlorine’s shielding(Ne)

Bromine’s valence e-1’s are further from the nucleus than Chlorine’s valence e-1’s.

Iodine’s valence e-1’s are even further from the nucleus and have yet greater shielding.

Electronegativity

3.160

Cl

2.960

2.660

Halogen comparative Reactivity

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+11

Na

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←←

←←

← ← ←

← ←

+35

Br

NaBr(aq)Colorless SolutionSodium lost an e-1 to bromine.Sodium is stable like which noble gas?neonBromide is stable like which noble gas?krypton

Halogens Lab:NaBr

If chlorine comes along, what will happen?

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+17

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

ClYellow-green

←

←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+11

Na

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←←

←←

← ← ←

← ←

+35

Br

When chlorine takes the e-1 from bromide, what do we see?Chlorine(Yellow-green) turns in to chloride(colorless)

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+17

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

ClYellow-green

←

←

Bromide(colorless) turns in to bromine(orange)

Halogens Lab:NaBr

NaI(aq)Colorless Solution

Halogens Lab:NaI

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+11

Na

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

5s4d

5p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+53

I

Sodium lost an e-1 to iodine.Sodium is stable like which noble gas?neonIodide is stable like which noble gas?xenonIf brome comes along, what will happen?

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+35

Br

←←

←

1s2s ←

←←

+3Li

1s2s

2p3s

←←

←←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+11

Na

1s2s

2p3s

3p←

←←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+19

K

4s←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

1s2s

2p3s

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+12

Mg

←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+20

Ca

4s

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

Metallic Reactivity Versus Shielding

He

Ne Ne

Ar Ar

Do a complete workup on each element.Which is more reactive…Li, Na or K?Why is it more reactive?

Which is more reactive…Na or Mg?Why is it more reactive?

(1) more shielding e-1’s(2) valence electrons are further from the + charge of the nucleus.

(1) less protons to hold valence e-1’s. The e-1’s are lost more easily.

Electronegativity

0.980

0.930

0.820

1.310

1.000

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+11 +12 +13 +14

+15 +16 +17 +18

Na?What is OFD for

Na

Mg? Al? Si? S? Cl? Ar?Which are the Kernel e-1’s for

Mg Al Si

P?

P S Cl Ar

Na? Mg? Al? Si? S? Cl? Ar?P?

Ne Ne Ne Ne

Ne Ne Ne Ne

Properties change due to increasing atomic # horizontally0.930 1.310 1.610 1.900

2.190 2.580 3.160

Atomic Radii Left to Right on the periodic table• What does the # of kernel e-1’s say about shielding’s action on atomic radii from left

to right on the periodic table?• How does Highest Energy Level Occupied action on atomic radii from left

to right on the periodic table?• Highest Energy Level Occupied does not affect size from left to right.• What does this say about Increasing atomic # action on atomic radii from left to

right on the periodic table?

All are the 2nd NRG in this case

Increasing atomic # shrinks size.

Shielding has no effect on size left to right

1s2s ←

←

←

+3Li

1s2s

2p3s

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+11

Na

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

+19

K

4s

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

He

Ne

Ar

Atomic Radii Top to Bottom on the periodic table• What does # of kernel e-1’s say about shielding?

• How does Highest Energy Level Occupied action on size

• What does this say about Increasing atomic # action on atomic radii from Top to Bottom

Shielding increases size Top to Bottom

Highest NRG Level increases size Top to Bottom

Increasing atomic # has no effect on size

Ionization Energy

• The ionization energy or ionization potential is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.

• How does ionization energy compare to atomic radii?

Other Trends

End

Assembly slide for K

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←← ← ←

+17

Cl

←

←

← ← ←← ←

Ne

Iodine assembly

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

5s4d

5p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+53

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

5s4d

5p←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+53

I

Kr

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←← ← ←

←

←

←

←← ← ←

← ←

+35

Br

Ar

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+17

Cl

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

Ne

Assembly slide for Cl, Br and I.

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

5s4d

5p

1s2s

2p3s

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+11 +54

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+11

Na

1s2s

2p3s

3p4s

3d4p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ←

+35

Br

NaCl(aq) Halogens Lab:NaBr

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

+17←

←

← ← ←

← ←

Cl

Yellow-orange

←

Colorless SolutionWhy does this happen?Chlorine has less shielding.It strongly attracts electron.

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

1s2s

2p3s

3p

←

←

←

←

← ← ←

← ← ←

←

←

+11 +12

Na Mg