notes: mid-semester evals exam. 22 “learning and memory” human neuropsychology (486 / 686)...
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Notes:
Mid-semester Evals
Exam
22
“Learning and Memory”
Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686)
Lecture Chapter 18
.
Learning and Memory
Multiple Memory SystemsDifferent kinds of learning and memory use
independent neural processes
Varieties of Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia- Infantile
- Fugue
- Time – dependent
- Transient global
Anterograde Amnesia - Transient global
ECT ; Restricted damage,
alcohol and drugs
Theories of Retrograde Amnesia
Consolidation Theory
Multiple-trace Theory
Reconsolidation Theory
Multiple Long-Term Memory Systems
Three types of long-term memoriesExplicit Memories
“Top-down” processing
Implicit Memories“Bottom-up” processing
Emotional Memory“Bottom-up” and “Top-down” processing
Implicit vs Explicit vs Emotional Memory
H.M. - Able to learn to complete a task, yet has no memory of ever having performed the test
J.K. - Implicit memory deficits: Forgot how to turn on lights
Preserved memory for events and new experiences
Dememtia patients: - explicit and Implicit memory deficits
- “prefer” photos of relatives
Neural Substrates of Explicit Memory
Temporal-frontal-lobe neural basis for explicit memory
Anatomy of the Hippocampus
Perforant pathway
Fimbria-Fornix pathway
Hippocampal Function:Case Histories of Hippocampal Function
Progressively greater damage leads to progressively more significant retrograde amnesia
Neural Connections to the Hippocampus
Conclusions: 1. Anterograde deficits are more severe
2. Episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories
3. Patients cannot time travel to the past or future
The Rhinal Cortex
Hemispheric Specialization
Temporal cortex:Right Temporal - face recognition, spatial position,
and maze learning
Left Temporal - word lists, consonant trigrams, nonspatial associations, and on the Hebb Recurring-Digits test
Frontal Cortex:Left Prefrontal - Encodes semantic and
episodic information
Right Prefrontal - Retrieves episodic information
Diffuse Damage and Explicit Memory
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Alzheimer’s Disease
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory
Circuit for implicit memoryNeocortex and basal ganglia
Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory
Basal GangliaHuntington’s chorea
Motor CortexPursuit-Rotor Task
Cerebellum
Neural Substrates of Emotional Memory
Damage to the amygdala disrupts emotional memory, but not implicit or explicit
Neural Substrates of Short-Term Memory
Short-term memory and the Frontal LobesSeparate systems for short-term spatial memory and
short-term object memory