Notes

Introduction

1 'Why be now no martyris as were wone to ben?'; 'We han pese dayys mar­tyris al to manye in pis lond'; 'For pe mor martyris pe mor morde and manslaute & pe mor schadyng of innocentis blood ... And now Englych nacioun hat mad many martyris; pey sparyn neyper here owyn kyng ne her buschopys, no dignyte, non ordre, no stat, no degree ' . Dives et Pauper, P.H. Barnum (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 275 (London, 1976), vol. I, pp. 208-9.

2 ].c. Russell, 'The Canonization of Opposition to the King in Angevin England', in Anniversary Essays in Medieval History: By Students of Charles Homer Haskins, Presented in His Completion of Forty Years of Teaching, C.H. Taylor and].L. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929), pp. 279-90.

3 For reactions to ].F. Kennedy's assassination and his posthumous portrayal as martyr see E.]. Naveh, Crown of Thoms: Political Martyrdom in America from Abraham Lincoln to Martin Luther King Jr. (NY and London, 1990), pp. 172-4.

4 ].W. McKenna, 'Popular Canonization As Political Propaganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope', Speculum 45 (1970), pp. 608-23; J.W. McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda: The Cult of King Henry VI', in Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins, B. Rowland (ed.) (London, 1974), pp. 72-88. Also ].M. Theilmann, 'A Study of the Canonization of Political Figures in England by Popular Opinion, 1066-1509' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Georgia, 1978); J.M. Theilmann, 'Political Canoniza­tion and Political Symbolism in Medieval England', Journal of British Studies 29 (1990), pp. 241-66; A.R. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics in Late Medieval England: The Cult of Thomas of Lancaster' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983).

5 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106.

6 C. Carpenter, 'Introduction: Political Culture, Politics and Cultural History', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 1-19 (p. 19).

7 M. Rubin, 'What is Cultural History Now?', in What is History Now? D. Cannadine (ed.) (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 80-94 (p. 81).

8 P. Strohm, Theory and the Premodern Text (Minneapolis and London, 2000), p.33.

9 Rubin, 'What is Cultural History Now?', p. 90. 10 P. Strohm, Hochon's Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-Century Texts

(Princeton, NJ, 1992), pp. 3-4.

Chapter 1 Mapping Martyrdom

1 R. Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls: Fourteenth-Century Saints and Their Religious Milieu (Chicago and London, 1984), p. 111; G. Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art,

133

134 Notes

vol. II: The Passion of Jesus Christ, J. Seligman (trans.) (London, 1972), pp. 189-91. Also R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), pp. 84-96; R.H. Robbins, 'The "Arma Christi" Rolls', The Modem Language Review 34 (1939), pp. 415-21.

2 On the Immaculate Conception see, for example, M. Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary (London, 1976), pp.236-54.

3 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 259-65; Warner, Alone, chapter 14.

4 Nicholas Love, The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ: A Reading Text, M.G. Sargent (ed.) (Exeter, 2004), p. 176 (lines 28-9).

5 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 264. 6 D.S. Ellington, 'Impassioned Mother or Passive Icon: The Virgin's Role in

Late Medieval and Early Modern Passion Sermons', Renaissance Quarterly 48 (1995), pp. 227-61 (pp. 237-41).

7 Julian of Norwich, A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich, E. Colledge and]. Walsh (eds) 2 vols., Studies and Texts 35 (Toronto, 1978), vol. II, chapter 17, p. 365 (lines 61-3).

8 The Book of Margery Kempe, B. Windeatt (ed.) (Harlow, 2000), chapter 45, p. 223 (lines 3546-59).

9 Kieckhefer, Unquiet Souls, p. 105. 10 D. Gray, Themes and Images in the Medieval English Religious Lyric (London,

1972), p. 37. 11 On the Sherborne Missal (BL, MS Add. 74236) see M. Rickert, Painting in

Britain: The Middle Ages (London, 1954), pp. 179-80, plate 161. 12 Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, vol. II, pp. 151-2. 13 Richard Rolle: Prose and Verse, S.]. Ogilvie-Thomson, EETS 293 (Oxford,

1988), pp. 66-7 (lines 107-24). 14 J.A.W. Bennett, Poetry of the Passion: Studies in Twelve Centuries of English Verse

(Oxford, 1982), p. 36; Walter Hilton, The Ladder of Perfection, L. Sherley-Price (trans.) (London, 1988), Book I, chapter 35, p. 39.

15 Ibid., Book II, chapter 38, p. 218. 16 Ibid., Book II, chapter 35, p. 206. R. Kieckhefer, 'Radical Tendencies in the

Flagellant Movement of the Mid Fourteenth Century', Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1974), pp. 157-77; J. Henderson, 'The Flagellant Movement and Flagellant Confraternities in Central Italy, 1260-1400', in Religious Motivation: Biographical and Social Problems for the Church, D. Baker (ed.) Studies in Church History 15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 147-60.

17 E. Duffy's already canonical study of religious attitudes and practices in pre-Reformation England is wide ranging and full of examples. Duffy, The Stripping, part I.

18 J. Murray, 'Masculinizing Religious Life: Sexual Prowess, the Battle for Chastity and Monastic Identity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 24-42 (p. 27); J.H. Arnold, 'The Labour of Continence: Masculinity and Clerical Virginity', in Medieval Virginities, A. Bernau, R. Evans and S. Salih (eds) (Cardiff, 2003), pp. 102-18.

19 The term was used by J. Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture c. 1150-1300: Virginity and its Authorization (Oxford, 2001), for exam-

Notes 135

pie, pp. 41 and 48. On the different experiences of virginity see also S. Salih, Versions of Virginity in Late Medieval England (Cambridge, 2001); M.e. Erler, 'English Vowed Women at the End of the Middle Ages', Mediaeval Studies 57 (1995), pp. 155-203; P.H. Cullum, 'Vowesses and Female Lay Piety in the Province of York, 1300-1500', Northern History 32 (1996), pp. 21-4l.

20 Ancrene Wisse: Edited from MS. Corpus Christi College Cambridge 402, ].R.R. Tolkien (ed.) EETS 249 (Oxford, 1962), p. 30. Translation in Ancrene Riwle, M.B. Salu (trans.) (London, 1955), p. 22.

21 'Hali Miohad' ('A Letter on Virginity'), in Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse, B. Millett and J. Wogan­Browne (eds and trans.) (Oxford, 1990), pp. 2-43 (p. 42).

22 On this liturgy see A.K Warren, Anchorites and Their Patrons in Medieval England (Berkeley and London, 1985), pp. 97-9; M. Rubin, 'An English Anchorite: The Making, Unmaking, and Remaking of Christine Carpenter', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Communities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. ReesJones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 204-23 (pp. 209-10).

23 Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives, p. 29. 24 Warren, Anchorites, p. 120. 25 Ancrene Wisse, p. 57; Ancrene Riwle, p. 46. 26 The South English Legendary, e. D'Evelyn and A.]. Mill (eds) 3 vols., EETS 235,

236 and 244 (London, 1956 and 1959); 'Die Nordenglische Legenden­sammlung', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, e. Horstmann (ed.) (Hennin­ger, 1881), pp. 1-173; Mirk's Festial: A Collection of Homilies, T. Erbe (ed.) EETS o.s. 96 (London, 1905); Osbern Bokenham, Legendys ofHooly Wummen, M.S. Serjeanston (ed.) EETS o.s. 206 (London, 1938); Speculum Sacerdotale, E.H. Weatherly (ed.) EETS o.s. 200 (London, 1936).

27 Speculum Sacerdotale, p. l. 28 William Paris, 'Christine', in Sammlung A Itenglischer Legenden, e. Horstmann

(ed.) (Heilbronn, 1878), pp. 183-90; The Minor Poems of John Lydgate, H.N. MacCracken (ed.) EETS 107 (London, 1911), pp. 173-92; John Capgrave, The Life of St Katharine of Alexandria, e. Horstmann (ed.) EETS o.s. 100 (London, 1893).

29 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and e. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 97-111 (p. 105). On the role of the virgin-martyrs see also KJ. Lewis, 'Model Girls? Virgin­Martyrs and the Training of Young Women in Late Medieval England', in Young Medieval Women, KJ. Lewis, N.J. Menuge and K.M. Phillips (eds) (Stroud, 1999), pp. 25-46; E. Duffy, 'Holy Maydens, Holy Wyfes: The Cult of Women Saints in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century England', in Women in the Church, W.J. Sheils and D. Wood (eds) Studies in Church History 27 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 175-96 (p. 189).

30 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 279. 31 The Commonplace Book of Robert Reynes of Ac/e: An Edition of Tanner MS 407,

e. Louis (ed.) (NY, 1980), pp. 24-7. 32 Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, T.M.C. Lawler, G. Marc'hadour

and R.e. Marius (eds) The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More, vol. 6 (New Haven and London, 1981), part I, pp. 226-7.

33 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 278.

136 Notes

34 P.M. Jones and L.T. Olsan, 'Middleham Jewel: Ritual, Power, and Devotion', Viator 31 (2000), pp. 249-90.

35 P.B. Roberts, Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Tradition (Steenbrugis, 1990), pp. 11-12.

36 D. Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000), p. 46. 37 Ibid., p. 49. 38 Ibid., p. 50. 39 Roberts, Thomas Becket, pp. 30-5. 40 For Becket's blood see Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 47; P. Binski, Becket's Crown:

Art and Imagination in Gothic England, 1170-1350 (New Haven, 2004), pp.I-12.

41 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (pp. 91-2).

42 Webb, Pilgrimage, pp. 52, 61. 43 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 195. 44 The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 131,

136 (London, 1906, 1908), p. 222; Cambridge, St John's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r.

45 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 412. 46 M. Rubin, 'ChOOSing Death? Experiences of Martyrdom in Late Medieval

Europe', in Martyrs and Martyrologies, D. Wood (ed.) Studies in Church History 30 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 153-83 (p. 183).

47 R. Rex, 'Which is Wyche? Lollardy and Sanctity in Lancastrian London', in Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c. 1400-1700, T.S. Freeman and T.F. Mayer (eds) (Woodbridge, 2007). His conclUSion, of finding no martyro­logical tradition in Lollardy, is too sweeping. See also A. Hudson, The Premature Reformation: WycIiffite Texts and Lollard History (Oxford, 1988), p. 172; A. Hudson, 'Which Wyche? The Framing of the Lollard Heretic and/or Saint', in Texts and the Repression of Medieval Heresy, C. Bruschi and P. Biller (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 221-37; J.A.F. Thomson, The Later Lollards, 1414-1520 (London, 1965), pp. 148-51.

48 Thomson, The Later Lollards, p. 156. The Great Chronicle of London, A.H. Thomas and 1.0. Thornley (eds) (London, 1938), p. 252.

49 The Register ofJohn Stafford Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1425-1443, T.S. Holmes (ed.) (London, 1915), pp. 76-80 (no. 263); Hudson, The Premature Reform­ation, p. 172; Thomson, The Later Lollards, pp. 29, 240. John Oldcastle was burnt in St Giles's field in 1417 after being in hiding for several years; William Taylor, the Oxford preacher, was burnt in 1423; the priest William Sawtre was burnt in 1401; and John Beverly was a priest who was executed after the 1414 rising. 'Sir James' may have been William James, the Oxford Lollard who was tried before Archbishop Chichele in 1420 after many years in prison for his Lollardic views; he later abjured, and was therefore probably not burnt. Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 90, 172.

50 The Register of Thomas Bekynton Bishop of Bath and Wells 1443-1465, H.C. Maxwell-Lyte and M.C.B. Dawes (eds) 2 vols., Somerset Record Society 49-50 (London, 1934), vol. I, p. 283 (no. 1044). William Smith was a Lollard teacher from Bristol who was probably executed after 1448. Thomson, The Later Lollards, pp. 34-5.

Notes 137

51 C. von Nolcken, 'Another Kind of Saint: A Lollard Reception of John Wyclif', in From Ockham to Wyclit Oxford Scholarship in the Later Fourteenth Century: Conference Papers, A. Hudson and M. Wilks (eds) (Oxford, 1987), pp. 429-43 (pp. 441-3).

52 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 301-7. 53 Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich, 1428-31, N.P. Tanner (ed.) Camden

Society 4th ser. 20 (London, 1977), p. 47. See also Hudson, The Premature Reformation, p. 313.

54 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, for example p. 279. 55 von Nolcken, 'Another Kind of Saint', p. 434. 56 W. Scase, Reginald Pecock, Authors of the Middle Ages 8, vol. III (Aldershot,

1996), pp. 29-37; E.F. Jacob, Reynold Pecock Bishop of Chichester, Proceedings of the British Academy 37 (London, 1953), pp. 135-8; M. Bose, 'Reginald Pecock's Vernacular Voice', in Lollards and Their Influence in Late Medieval England, F. Somerset,].c. Havens and D.G. Pitard (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp.217-36.

57 Reginald Pecock's Book of Faith: A Fifteenth Century Theological Tractate, J.L. Morison (ed.) (Glasgow, 1909), Part I, chapter VII, pp. 191-2. See also Thomson, The Later Lollards, p. 240; Hudson, The Premature Reformation, p.l72.

58 E. Knapp, The Bureaucratic Muse: Thomas Hoccleve and the Literature of Late Medieval England (University Park, Pa., 2001), pp. 129, 139.

59 J. Mitchell, Thomas Hoecleve: A Study in Early Fifteenth-Century English Poetic (London, 1968), p. 49.

60 Hoccleve's Works: The Minor Poems, F.]. Furnivall and I. Gollancz (eds) EETS 61, 73 (Oxford, 1970), p. 23 (lines 473-6).

61 See S.L. Einbinder, Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France (Princeton, NJ and Oxford, 2002), for example p. 18.

62 A. Pettegree, Marian Protestantism: Six Studies (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 86-117; T. Freeman, '''The Good Ministrye of Godlye and Vertuose Women": The Elizabethan Martyrologists and the Female Supporters of the Marian Martyrs', Journal of British Studies 39 (2000), pp. 8-33 (p. 12); S. Brigden, London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989), p. 189.

63 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 158-61 (p. 161). 64 English Wycliffite Sermons, A. Hudson (ed.) 5 vols. (Oxford, 1983-96), vol. I,

sermon E34, p. 625 (lines 66-9); also B.S. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1999), p. 7l.

65 P. McNiven, Heresy and Politics in the Reign of Henry IV: The Burning of John Badby (Woodbridge, 1987), pp. 214-16.

66 The text was edited in Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor 1406: The Testimony of William Thorpe 1407, A. Hudson (ed.) EETS o.S. 301 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 193-8. This text has survived in four manuscripts. Ibid., p.xxvi.

67 R. Copeland, Pedagogy, Intellectuals and Dissent in the Later Middle Ages: Lollardy and Ideas of Learning (Cambridge, 2001), p. 142.

68 Two Wycliffite Texts, p. 36. 69 'For no doute whoeuere wolen lyue here piteously, pat is cheritabli in Crist

Iesu, schulen suHre now he ere in pis !iif persecucioun in 0 [sic] wise or in opere - pat is, [if] we schul en be saued'. Ibid., p. 26.

138 Notes

70 Copeland, Pedagogy, p. 143. Copeland uses the term 'pedagogical drama of inquisition' on p. 20l.

71 P. Strohm, England's Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legit­imation, 1399-1422 (New Haven and London, 1998), pp. 57, 34. On Sawtre's trial and execution see Ibid. pp. 40-62; McNiven, Heresy and Politics, pp.81-9l.

72 Two Wycliffite Texts, pp. 92-3. 73 Hudson, The Premature Reformation, pp. 196, 302. 74 The Great Chronicle of London, p. 252. 75 Bokenham, Legendys ofHooly Wummen, pp. 112-29 and 203-25. 76 Two Wycliffite Texts, pp. 36, 59. 77 L.P. Fairfield, 'John Bale and the Development of Protestant Hagiography in

England', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24 (1973), pp. 145-60 (p. 146). 78 1.1. Besserman, The Legend of Job in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass. and

London, 1979),pp.57-65, 75-9. 79 K.A. Winstead, Virgin Martyrs: Legends of Sainthood in Late Medieval England

(Ithaca and London, 1997), pp. 126-7. 80 The Kingis Quair and Other Prison Poems, L.R. Mooney and M.-J. Am (eds)

(Kalamazoo, 2005), text on pp. 153-63; see also p. 3. 81 Hoccleve's Works, p. 103 (lines 232-3). 82 Ibid., p. 97 (lines 62-6). 83 G. McMurray Gibson, 'St Margery: The Book of Margery Kempe', in Equally in

God's Image: Women in the Middle Ages, J. Bolton Holloway, C.S. Wright and J. Bechtold (eds) (NY, 1990), pp. 144-63 (p. 144).

84 The Book of Margery Kempe, chapter 53, pp. 258-9 (lines 4327-38). 85 Ibid., chapter 84, p. 365 (lines 6889-94). 86 Salih, Versions of Virginity, pp. 214-15; J. Fredell, 'Margery Kempe: Spectacle

and Spiritual Governance', Philological Quarterly 75 (1996), pp. 137-66 (p.158).

87 The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 62 (lines 346-50); p. 67 (lines 432-3). 88 Salih, Versions of Virginity, p. 21l. 89 The Book of Margery Kempe, p. 131 (lines 1560-5). 90 Ibid., p. 249 (lines 4130-2). 91 Lydgate, The Minor Poems, vol. II, pp. 456-61, quote on p. 458 (lines 64-7).

For Walter Map's original version see The Latin Poems Commonly Attributed to Walter Mapes, T. Wright (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 16 (London, 1841), pp.77-85.

92 Geoffrey Chaucer The Wife of Bath: Complete, Authoritative Text with Bio­graphical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Con­temporary Critical Perspectives, P.G. Beidler (ed.) (NY and Boston, 1996), p. 44 (line 3).

93 Ibid., p. 57 (line 384). 94 Ibid., p. 61 (line 489). On the 'wo' in the Wife of Bath's Prologue see

1. Patterson, "'Experience woot well it is noght so": Marriage and the Pursuit of Happiness in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale', in Ibid., pp. 133-54, esp. 140-l.

95 www.weddingguide.co.uk!articles!ceremonies!greekorthodox.asp 96 R.M. Haines, Ecclesia Anglicana: Studies in the English Church of the Later

Middle Ages (Toronto, 1989), pp. 156-79 (p. 163).

Notes 139

Chapter 2 Thomas, Earl of Lancaster: Christ's Knight

1 The Chronicle of Lanercost 1272-1346, R. Maxwell (trans.) (Glasgow, 1913), p. 234.

2 Vita Edwardi Secundi: The Life of Edward the Second: By the So-Called Monk of Malmesbury, N. Denholm-Young (ed. and trans.) (London, 1957), p.123.

3 J.R. Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, 1307-1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II (London, 1970), p. 48.

4 The Life of Edward, pp. 115-25. 5 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 315-16; J.e. Davies, The Baronial

Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy: A Study in Administrative History (London, 1967), pp. 498-510.

6 Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, W. Stubbs (ed.) 2 vols., RS 76 (London, 1882-83), pp. 77,302.

7 Johannis de Trokelowe: et Henrici de Blaneforde, Monachorum S. Albani, H.T. Riley (ed.) RS 28 (London, 1886), pp. 112-24.

8 'Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvan', in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, p. 77.

9 W.R.J. Barron, 'The Penalties for Treason in Medieval Life and Literature', Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), pp. 187-202 (p. 190); S. Kay, 'The Sublime Body of the Martyr: Violence in Early Romance Saints' Lives', in Violence in Medieval Society, R.W. Kaeuper (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 3-20 (p. 18).

10 The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1307 to 1334, W.R. Childs and J. Taylor (eds) Yorkshire Archaeological Society 147 (Leeds, 1991), p. 108.

11 Anonimalle, p. 108. 12 Ibid., p. 115. 13 The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS

o.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), p. 230. 14 N. Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326 (Cambridge, 1979),

pp.162-4. 15 M. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century 1307-1399 (Oxford, 1959), pp. 85-7;

J. Taylor, 'The Judgment on Hugh Despenser, the Younger', Medievalia et Humanistica 12 (1958), pp. 70-7.

16 The Chronicle of Lanercost, p. 234; see Latin origin in Chronicon de Lanercost (Edinboro ugh, 1839), p. 244. Similar views were expressed in The Life of Edward , p. 126; Anonimalle, p. 108.

17 M. Rubin, The Hollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (London, 2005), p. 33.

18 Foedera, vol. II, part I, p. 525. 19 Anonimalle, p. 114. 20 Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, J. Raine (ed.) RS 61

(London, 1873), pp. 323-5. 21 Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Preserved in the Public Record Office,

7 vols., RS 155 (London, 1916-68), vol. II, pp. 528-9. 22 A.R. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics in Late Medieval England: The

Cult of Thomas of Lancaster' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1983), p. 140; P. Doherty, Isabella and the

140 Notes

Strange Death of Edward II (London, 2003), pp. 114-15. For further discus­sion of the cult around Edward II see below, Chapter 5.

23 W.M. Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III: Crown and Political Society in England 1327-1377 (New Haven and London, 1990), p. 3.

24 RP, vol. II, pp. 7, 11. 25 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 695. 26 Historical Papers and Letters, pp. 340-2. 27 CPR (Edward III A.D. 1327-1330) (London, 1891), p. 194. 28 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 707. 29 Ibid., p. 726. 30 BM, Department of British and Medieval Antiquities, 1954,5-2,1. H. Tait,

'Pilgrim-Signs and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster', British Museum Quarterly 20 (1955-56), pp. 39-47.

31 Another pilgrims badge from approximately the same period is BM, M.L.A. 1984, 5-5.2, which portrays the execution of Lancaster as well as his ascent to heaven. See Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England 1200-1400, J. Alexander and P. Binski (eds) (London, 1987), p. 223.

32 Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, p. 3. 33 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 731. 34 Ibid., p. 782. 35 Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, p. 5. 36 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 814. 37 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland:

Papal Letters, 18 vols., RS 159 (London, 1893-[1994]), vol. II; Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, pp. 7-11.

38 Thomas Walsingham, Historia AngIicana, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1862, 1864), vol. II, p. 195. John Capgrave repeated this error in mid-fifteenth century, with reference to the year 1389. John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion ofCronicles, P.]. Lucas (ed.) EETS 285 (Oxford, 1983), p. 198.

39 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (p. 83).

40 The Inventories of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1384-1667, M.F. Bond (ed.) (Windsor, 1947), p. 44.

41 Greven's manuscript containing saints' legends is now Berlin Stadtbiblio­thek MS Theol. Lat. Fol. 706 (fols. 109r-l11r); Gielemans's collection of saints' lives is Vienna, Osterreichischen Nationalbibliothek, MS Ser. N. 12.708 (fols. 38r-40r), and was printed in Anecdota ex Codicibus Hagio­graphicis Iohannis Gielemans Canonici Regularis in Rubea, Societe des Bollandistes, Subsidia Hagiographica 3 (Brussels, 1895). Quote in Ibid., p.98.

42 'Wills of Leeds and District', R.B. Cook (ed.) Publications of the Thoresby Society Miscellanea 26 (1919), p. 215; An Old York Church, All Hollows in North Street, P.]. Shaw (ed.) (York, 1908), p. 89.

43 London Consistory Wills, 1492-1547, I. Darlington (ed.) London Record Society 3 (London, 1967), p. 9; R. de Salis, Hillingdon Through Eleven Centuries (Uxbridge, 1927), pp. 52-3; London, Guildhall Library, MS 9171, Register 10, fol. 17; National Archives, PRO B11/22, Porch 33, fols. 26Ov-261r.

Notes 141

44 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, ]. Gairdner, S. Brewer and R.H. Brodie (eds) 38 vols., RS 120 (London, 1862-1932), vol. 10, pp. 137, 141.

45 A.R. Echerd saw it mainly as a focus of anti-royal sentiment. Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics', p. 21.

46 The seals are attached to two grants of lands: National Archives, PRO E329/47 and E329/20.

47 P.D.A. Harvey and A. McGuinness, A Guide to British Medieval Seals (London, 1996), pp. 88-93.

48 The Court Rolls of Walsham Ie Willows, R. Lock (ed.) 2 vols., Suffolk Records Society 41,45 (Woodbridge, 1998-2002), vol. I, pp. 19, 135.

49 An Old York Church, p. 89; Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, H.T. Riley (ed.) (London, 1876), part 1, p. 544.

50 Cambridge, King's College, MS 31; Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 26, 269.

51 BL, MS Add. 38819; Catalogue of the Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum in the Year 1911-1915 (Oxford, 1969), pp. 255-6.

52 Oxford, Bodleian, MS eMus. 139, fol. 85r; Echerd, 'Canonization and Politics', pp. 257-8.

53 William Worcester, William Worcester Itineraries, ].H. Harvey (ed.) (Oxford, 1969), pp. 78-81.

54 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 320. 55 BL, MS Add. 42310, fol. 56r. For its dating see E.G. Millar, The Luttrell

Psalter (London, 1932), pp. 1-3. 56 Cambridge, Clare College, MS 6, the prayer on fol. 145r, the obit on fol. 2r. 57 Norwich, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f,

fol. 152rv; N.R. Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1969-1992), vol. III, pp. 517-19.

58 Anecdota ex Codicibus, pp. 98-9. 59 Letters and Papers ... Henry VIII, vol. 10, pp. 137, 141. 60 S. Walker, The Lancastrian Affinity 1361-1399 (Oxford, 1990), pp. 286-91.

See, for example, the case of Sussex, pp. 127-41. 61 Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105 (The Butler Hours), fol. 13v;

Age of Chivalry, p. 255. The memoria was transcribed in J.T. Mickleth­waite, 'Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited', Archaeological Journal 36 (1879), pp. 103-4.

62 de Salis, Hillingdon, p. 29. 63 W. Rye, The False Pedigree & Arms of the Family of Bacon of Suffolk

(Norwich, 1919), pp. 24-5. 64 E.W. Tristram, English Wall Painting of the Fourteenth Century (London,

1955), pp. 227-8; E.W. Tristram, 'The Wall Painting of South Newington', Burlingtone Magazine 62 (1933), pp. 114-29 (p. 123).

65 For John Gifford see 'A Chronicle of the Civil Wars of Edward II', G.L. Haskins (ed.), Speculum 14 (1939), pp. 73-81 (p. 80); A. Caiger­Smith, English Medieval Mural Paintings (Oxford, 1963), p. 94, n. 1; G.L. Haskins, 'Judicial Proceedings Against a Traitor after Boroughbridge, 1322', Speculum 12 (1937), pp. 509-11.

66 G.E. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: Extant, Extinct, or Dormant, 13 vols.

142 Notes

(London, 1910-40), vol. VIII, pp. 286-7;]. Backhouse, The Luttrell Psalter (London, 1989), pp. 16-40;]. Coleman, 'New Evidence about Sir Geoffrey Luttrell's Raid on Sempringham Priory, 1312', The British Library Journal 25 (1999), pp. 103-28.

67 W.W.H. Dixon, Festi Eboracenses,]. Raine (ed.) (London, 1863), p. 407; R. Somerville, History of the Duchy of Lancaster, 2 vols. (London, 1953), vol. I, pp. 47, 363.

68 A Collection of the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England,]. Nichols (ed.) (London, 1780), pp. 44-5, 54.

69 Backhouse, The Luttrell Psalter, p. 60. 70 ]. Raine, St Cuthbert (Durham, 1828), pp. 120-2; D.M. Stuart, A Book of

Birds and Beasts: Legendary, Literary and Historical (London, 1957), p. 20. I did not manage to establish, however, whether there were ongoing rela­tions of patronage between the de Bohuns and this convent.

71 The Brut, vol. I, p. 229. 72 Berlin, Stadtbibliothek, MS Theol. Lat. Fol. 706, fols. 109r-111r; Cologne,

Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W. 28, fol. 84v. 73 The Life of Edward, pp. 124-5. 74 M. Camille, Mirror in Parchment: The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of

Medieval England (London, 1998), pp. 72-3; M. Camille, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art (London, 1992), p. 107.

75 E. Witztum and R. Malkinson, 'Death of a Leader: The Social Construction of Bereavement', in When a Community Weeps: Case Studies in Group Sur­vivorship, E.S. Zinner and M.B. Williams (eds) (London, 1998), pp. 119-37 (p. 123).

76 '" Alias, Seint Thomas, faire fader! Alias! Shal y be dede pus?'" The Brut, p.222.

77 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. 78 The Brut, pp. 219-20. 79 Some chronicles are mentioned in McKisack, The Fourteenth Cen­

tury, p. 69: Trokelwe, pp. 72-3; 'pro justicia ecclesiae et regni', Henry Knighton, Chronicon Henrici Knighton, ].R. Lumby (ed.) 2 vols., RS 92 (Lon­don, 1889), vol. I, p. 426; 'pro Ecclesiae jure et statu regni', Flores His­toriarum, H.R. Luard (ed.) 3 vols., RS 95 (London, 1890), vol. III, p. 204. Also 'pro ... defensione libertatis ecclesiae', Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 695. The prayer is in Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v.

80 Anecdota ex Codicibus, p. 98. 81 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 321. 82 BL, MS Harley 211, fols. 176rv. 83 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 1,9, 76,321. 84 ].R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 87-8. 85 Ibid., p. 347; R.C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval

England (London, 1977), p. 125. 86 Quoting Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 321. 87 Walker, 'Political Saints', pp. 82, 97. 88 Ibid., pp. 96-7. 89 F. Riddy, 'Middle English Romance: Family, Marriage, Intimacy', in The

Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance, R.L. Krueger (ed.) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 235-52 (p. 239).

Notes 143

90 R.L. Krueger, 'Introduction', in Ibid., pp. 1-9 (p. 4); D. Mehl, The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries (London, 1968), p. 2.

91 Rubin, The Hollow Crown, p. 56. 92 Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, p. 45; M. Biddle et al., King Arthur's Round

Table: An Archaeological Investigation (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 399-400. 93 Ormrod, The Reign of Edward III, p. 45; H.E.L. Collins, The Order of the

Garter 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2000), pp. 20, 83-4.

94 G. Harriss, 'Political Society and the Growth of Government in Late Medieval England', Past and Present 138 (1993), pp. 28-57 (pp. 33-4).

95 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 288-92. 96 R. Mazo Karras, From Boys to Men: Formations of Masculinity in Late

Medieval Europe (Pennsylvania, 2003), p. 24. 97 P. Coss, 'Knighthood, Heraldry and Social Exclusion in Edwardian

England', in Heraldry, Pageantry and Social Display in Medieval England, P. Coss and M. Keen (eds) (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 39-68 (pp. 41-3).

98 C. Carpenter, 'Gentry and Community in Medieval England', Journal of British Studies 33 (1994), pp. 340-80 (p. 367).

99 Anecdota ex Codicibus, p. 93. 100 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. The office was transcribed and translated

in Wright, pp. 268-72. For its scribe, dating and patronage see C. Revard, 'Scribe and Provenance', in Studies in the Harley Manuscript: The Scribes, Contents, and Social Contexts of British Library MS Harley 2253, S. Fein (ed.) (Kalamazoo, 2000), pp. 21-109 (pp. 21-6, 58, 69-73, 77-81).

101 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. 102 On the 'religious mentality of knighthood' see M. Keen, Chivalry (New

Haven and London, 1984), pp. 55-7. 103 Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v; Cambridge, Clare

College, MS 6, fol. 144I. 104 Norwich, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f,

fol. 152r; Anecdota ex Codicibus, p. 94. 105 Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v; BL, MS Royal

12 C XII, fol. 1r; Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v. 106 Norfolk, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f,

fol. 152r; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r; Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v; The Brut, p. 220.

107 For the popularity of ideas on crusading in England in the fourteenth century see C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades: 1095-1588 (Chicago and London, 1988), pp. 259-6l.

108 Ibid., pp. 247-50. 109 C. Morris, 'Martyrs on the Field of Battle before and during the First

Crusade', in Martyrs and Martyrologies, pp. 93-104 (p. 93). 110 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Douce 231, fol. II. Age of Chivalry, pp. 254-5;

L.F. Sandler, Gothic Manuscripts: 1285-1385, 2 vols. (A Survey of Manu­scripts Illuminated in the British Isles vol. 5) (London, 1986), vol. II, cat. no. 87, pp. 95-6.

111 The prayer for Lancaster is in Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v; the book of carols is Oxford, Bodleian, MS Arch. Selden B. 26,

144 Notes

the hymn is on fols. 8v-9r. R.L. Greene, 'Two Medieval Manuscripts: Egerton 3307 Some University of Chicago Fragments', Journal of the American Musicological Society 7 (1954), pp. 1-34. For a modern musical notation see Fifteenth Century Liturgical Music, A. Hughes (ed.) Early English Church Music 8 (London, 1964), pp. 10-11.

112 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 196. 113 Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, MS W. 105, fol. 13v; Oxford, Bodleian,

MS e. Mus 139, fol. 85r; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r; Norwich, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, MS 158.926/4f, fol. 152v.

114 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fo!. 1r; Walker, 'Political Saints'. 115 The Inventories of St George's Chapel, p. 44. 116 W.S.J. Hope and E.G.C.F. Atchley, English Liturgical Colours (London,

1918), p. 252. 117 Collins, The Order of the Garter, p. 152. 118 London, College of Arms, MS Vincent 152, fol. 39v. A Catalogue of Manu­

scripts in the College of Arms Collections, L. Campbell and F. Steer (eds) (London, 1988), pp. 387-91. An earlier Ordinary, from c. 1380, is also preserved at the College of Arms and depicts the arms of 'Saint Thomas de Lancastre': MS 'Jenyns' Ordinary, fol. 3v. I would like to thank Mr. Robert Yorke from the College of Arms for drawing my attention to this manuscript.

119 The Life of Edward, pp. 122, 125. 120 Mazo Karras, From Boys to Men, p. 42. 121 Although this could have been disregarded also because of her

apparently willful 'abduction' by the Earl of Warrene in 1317, and Lancaster's lack of sons to inherit him. McKisack, The Fourteenth Century, p.51.

122 Visitations of the North, F.W. Dendy and C.H. Hunter Blair (eds) 4 parts, Surtees Society 122, 133, 144, 146 (Durham, 1920-32), part III, pp.63-4.

123 Anonimalle, p. 80. 124 Foedera, vol. II, part I, p. 474. 125 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 302. The Brut, p. 222. Also Thomas

Walsingham refers to this byname, Historia Anglicana, vol. I, p. 164. 126 R. Morris, The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature (Woodbridge,

1982), pp. 134, 138; L.A. Coote, Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 43, 81-2.

127 The Brut, pp. 222-3. 128 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, pp. 241-3. 129 Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28, fol. 84v; Cambridge,

Clare College, MS 6, fol. 2r. 130 D.J.B. Trim, "'Knights of Christ"? Chivalric Culture in England, c. 1400-

c. 1550', in Cross, Crown and Community: Religion, Government and Culture in Early Modem England 1400-1800, D.].B. Trim and P.J. Balderstone (eds) (Oxford, 2004), pp. 77-112.

131 The Brut, p. 223; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. II. 132 BL, MS Add. 42310, fol. 56r; BM, M.L.A. 1984.5-5.2. 133 A. Musson, 'Social Exclusivity or Justice for All? Access to Justice in

Fourteenth-Century England', in Pragmatic Utopias: Ideals and Commun-

Notes 145

ities, 1200-1630, R. Horrox and S. Rees Jones (eds) (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 136-55 (p. 136).

134 Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 731. 135 On these miracles and their interpretation see D. Piroyansky, 'Bloody

Miracles of a Political Martyr: The Case of Thomas Earl of Lancaster', in Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine Power in the Life of the Church, K. Cooper and J. Gregory (eds) Studies in Church History 41 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 228-38.

136 Oxford, Bodleain, MS eMus. 139, fol. 85r; BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r. 13 7 Geoffrey Ie Baker, Chronicon Galfridi Ie Baker de Swynebroke, E.M. Thompson

(ed.) (Oxford, 1889), p. 171. 138 A. Musson and W.M. Ormrod, The Evolution of English Justice: Law,

Politics and Society in the Fourteenth Century (Basingstoke, 1999), pp. 175-90.

139 Starting 'Beati qui esuriunt iusticiam,/et odiunt et fugiunt iniuriae nequitiam;/ quos nec auri copia nec divitum exhennia trahunt a rigore/ set que iusta et aure non claudicant'. BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. Iv. Printed and translated in Wright, pp. 224-8.

140 Musson, 'Social Exclusivity', pp. 137, 145-7. 141 Maddicott, Thomas of Lancaster, p. 242. 142 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century

England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and C. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 97-111 (pp. 99-100).

143 Cambridge, Clare College, MS 6. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Western Manuscripts in the Library of Clare College, Cambridge, M.R. James (ed.) (Cambridge, 1905), p. 12.

144 BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fols. 33r-60v. All references and quotations which will follow are from The History of Fulk Fitz Warine, An Out­lawed Baron in the Reign of King John, T. Wright (ed. and trans.) (London, 1855).

145 Ibid., pp. 62-3, 66-9, 172-3. 146 Musson and Ormrod, The Evolution, pp. 166-70. 147 Ibid., p. 170. 148 "'Now pe Kyng of Heuen 3eue vs mercy, for pe erpely Kyng hap vs

forsak!''', The Brut, p. 223. 149 See, for example, in Cologne, Cologne Historisches Archiv, MS W 28,

fol. 84v: 'Deus, qui beatum Thomam, militem tuum inclitum, pro pace statu anglie dirae decollationis martyrium subire voluisti'.

150 The Brut, pp. 216, 219. 151 Ibid., pp. 217, 223. 152 'Qui jam, velut fluvius, de loco voluptatis, ad irrigandum egrediens par­

adisum, in partes divisus, terram Angliae, sancti sui sanguinis effusione rubricatam, rore coelesti temperat salubriter & foecundat', Foedera, vol. II, part II, p. 695.

153 'Heu! Nunc languet equitas/ viget et impietas,/ veritas vilessit.j Nempe Thome bonitas/ eius atque sanctitas/ indies acressit,/ Ad cuius tumbam sospitas/ egris datur/ ut veritas/ cunctis nunc claressit.' BL, MS Royal 12 C XII, fol. 1r.

146 Notes

Chapter 3 Archbishop Richard Scrope: Shepherd of the People

1 P. McNiven, 'The Betrayal of Archbishop Scrope', BJRL 54 (1971), pp. 173-213; S. Walker, 'The Yorkshire Rising of 1405: Texts and Con­texts', in Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, 1399-1406, G. Dodd and D. Biggs (eds) (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 161-84.

2 Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 184. 3 Some of the chroniclers who referred to these articles were, for example,

Incerti Scriptoris Chronicon Angliae: De Regnis Trium Regum Lancastrensium Henrici IV, Henrici V, et Henrici VI, J.A. Giles (ed.) (London, 1848), pp. 44-5; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti, Regum Angliae', in Johannis de Trokelowe: et Henrici de Blaneforde, Monachorum S. Albani, H.T. Riley (ed.) RS 28 (London, 1886), pp. 155-420 (pp. 403-5); Eulogium Historiarum sive Temporis, F.S. Haydon (ed.) 3 vols., RS 9 (London, 1858-68), vol. III, pp. 405-6. Also McNiven, 'The Betrayal', pp. 180-6; Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 172.

4 Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 174. 5 RP, vol. III, pp. 604-5 (article 5); Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 163. 6 For example, Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, H.T. Riley (ed.)

2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1862, 1864), vol. II, p. 269; 'Ann ales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 406-7; Eulogium, vol. III, pp. 406-7; Incerti Scriptoris, p. 45.

7 Their names appear in J.H. Wylie, History of England Under Henry the Fourth, 4 vols. (London, 1884-98), vol. II, pp. 230-2.

8 Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 45-7; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 408; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 409-10.

9 P. Strohm, England's Empty Throne: Usurpation and the Language of Legit­imation, 1399-1422 (New Haven and London, 1998), chapter 3 (pp. 63-5).

10 The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops, J. Raine (ed.) 3 vols., RS 71 (London, 1879-94), vol. III, pp. 293-4; also The Fabric Rolls of York Minster, J. Raine (ed.) Surtees Society 35 (Durham, 1859), p. 196.

11 YML, MS XVI. K. 6, fol. 27v. For its dating see J.B. Friedman, Northern English Books, Owners and Makers in the Late Middle Ages (Syracuse, NY, 1995), p. 89. The prayer was transcribed in Horae Eboracenses, C. Wordsworth (ed.) Surtees Society 132 (Durham and London, 1920), p. 181.

12 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147rv, printed in F. Madan, 'Beatus Ricardus Martyr atque Pontifex', The Athenaeum 4 August 1888, pp. 161-2; Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r, printed in Robbins, p. 90.

13 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Auctar IV 5, fols. 99r-103r contains the texts of Scrope's martyrdom and the reasons for his decollation in Gascoigne's own hand, with his corrections; it was transcribed in Thomas Gascoigne, Loci e Libro Veritatum, J.E.T. Rogers (ed.) (Oxford, 1881) [hereafter Gas­coigne], pp. 225-9. On Gascoigne see W.A. Pronger, 'Thomas Gascoigne', EHR 53 (1938), pp. 606-26. Also Wylie, History of England, vol. II, pp.358-60.

14 Transcribed in The Historians of the Church of York, vol. II, pp. 306-11 [hereafter MaidstoneJ. See also S.K. Wright, 'Paradigmatic Ambiguity in

Notes 147

Monastic Historiography: The Case of Clement Maidstone's Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi', Studia Monastica 28 (1986), pp. 311-42; S.K. Wright, 'The Provenance and Manuscript Tradition of the Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi', Manuscripta 28 (1984), pp. 92-102.

15 Wright, 'The Provenance', esp. pp. 98-102. 16 On the three different sets of articles see Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising',

pp. 172-3. The four manuscripts are Dublin, Trinity College, MS 516, fol. 200v Oohn Benet's commonplace book); Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 197, fols. 93-8; BL, MS Cotton Vespasian EVIl, fols. 101r-104v; London, Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1742, fols. 118r-127v. On John Benet and his book see A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England II: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London, 1982), pp.254-7.

17 Wright, 'Paradigmatic Ambiguity'. 18 Gascoigne, p. 225; Maidstone, p. 306. 19 The Historians of the Church of York, vol. III, pp. 291-3; The Fabric Rolls,

pp. 193-5. 20 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland,

Papal Letters, vol. VI (1404-1415) (London, 1904), p. 98; M. Rubin, The Hollow Crown: A History of Britain in the Late Middle Ages (London, 2005), p.184.

21 The Chronicle of John Hardyng, H. Ellis (ed.) (London, 1812), pp. 371-2; Maidstone, p. 310. Henry V founded Sheen and Syon in 1415, and peti­tioned the Pope, unsuccessfully, for the founding of a Brigittine house in York itself. N.B. Warren, Spiritual Economies: Female Monasticism in Later Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 122.

22 For example J.W. McKenna, 'Popular Canonization as Political Propa­ganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope', Speculum 45 (1970), pp. 608-23 (p.617).

23 Rubin, The Hollow Crown, p. 215. 24 'Godstow Chronicle', in G. Roperti Vita D. Thomae MaTi, W. Roper (ed.)

(1716), pp. 180-246 (p. 239). 25 Cambridge, Stjohn's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r. A similar prayer appears

in another book of hours, YML, MS Add. 54 (The Mountenay Hours), on p.3.

26 On the Yorkist political manipulation of Scrope's cult see McKenna, 'Political Canonization', pp. 618-19.

27 London, Society of Antiquaries, MS 101, fol. 98r; printed in Robbins, pp. 222-5, and Wright, vol. II, p. 267.

28 CCR, Edward IV (London, 1953), vol. II, pp. 189-90. 29 Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', p. 173. 30 R. Marks, 'The Glazing of Fotheringhay Church and College', Journal of

the British Archaeological Association 131 (1978), pp. 79-109. See also illus­tration in p. 90, where Scrope is identified as number 7.

31 Marks, 'Glazing of Fotheringhay', p. 108; C.A.]. Armstrong, 'The Piety of Cicely, Duchess of York', in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of His 72nd Birthday, D. Woodruff (ed.) (London, 1942), pp. 73-94.

32 J. Hughes, The Religious Life of Richard III: Piety and Prayer in the North of England (Stroud, 1997), pp. 84, 86, 95.

148 Notes

33 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England' in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A,J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (p. 94).

34 Testamenta Eboracensia or Wills Registered at York, J. Raine and J.W. Clay (eds) 6 vols., Surtees Society 4,30,45 (London and Durham, 1836-1902), vol. II, pp. 149-52.

35 Ibid., vol. II, pp. 230-4 (pp. 231-2); J. Browne, The History of the Metro­politan Church ofSt Peter, York (London, 1847), pp. 244-5; Latin origin in YML, M2 (1) F, fols. 70r-72v; see also Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 85.

36 B. Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics from Winchelsey to Warham', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, L. Clark and e. Carpenter (eds) (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 69-95 (p. 76).

37 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 94; see also C. Norton, 'Richard Scrape and York Minster', in Richard Scrape: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr, J. Goldberg (ed.) (Shaun Tyas, forthcoming 2007).

38 Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 39 Acts of the Chapter of the Collegiate Church of SS. Peter and Wilfrid, Ripon,

A.D. 1452 to A.D. 1506, ].T. Fowler (ed.) Surtees Society 64 (Durham, 1875), p. 132, n. 91; Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, p. 232.

40 For a discussion on the possibilities of translation see Norton, 'Richard Scrope'.

41 The Fabric Rolls, pp. 225-6; Also Historians of the Church, vol. III, pp.389-90.

42 J.e. Smith, 'Christ as "Pastor", "Ostium" and "Agnus" in St. Thomas', Angelicum 56 (1979), pp. 93-118 (p. 95).

43 P.B. Roberts, Thomas Becket in the Medieval Latin Preaching Tradition: An Inventory of Sermons About St Thomas Becket c. 1170-c. 1400 (Steenbrugis, 1992), pp. 32-4.

44 Smith, 'Christ as "Pastor''', pp. 96, 99. 45 Cambridge, St John's College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r; Oxford, Bodleian, Lat.

Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147r; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 74v and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fol. 243v; YML, MS XVI.K.6, fol. 27v; D.E. O'Connor and J. Haselock, 'The Stained and Painted Glass', in A History of York Minster, G.E. Aylmer and R. Cant (eds) (Oxford, 1977), pp. 313-93 (p. 378).

46 Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 44-5. 47 D. Rollason, 'The Concept of Sanctity in the Early Lives of St Dunstan',

in St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, N. Ramsay, M. Sparks and T. Tatton­Brown (eds) (Woodbridge, 1992), pp. 261-72 (p. 268); A. Vauchez, Saint­hood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997), p. 301; J.H. Denton, Robert Winchelsey and the Crown 1294-1313: A Study in the Defence ofEcc/esiastical Liberty (Cambridge, 1980), p. 24.

48 Vauchez, Sainthood, pp. 285-304. 49 O'Connor and Haselock, 'The Stained and Painted Glass', p. 378; YML,

MS Add. 2, fols. 100v and 202v; Marks, 'Glazing of Fotheringhay', p. 90; BL, MS Cotton Julius E IV (article 6), fol. Iv. The Beauchamp Pageant, A. Sinclair (ed.) (Richard III and Yorkist History Trust in association with Paul Watkins, 2003) includes biographical details on the Earl, a facsimile of the Pageants and a short explanation for each drawing. Scrope was

Notes 149

depicted with a halo in the windows in York Minster and Fotheringhay Church.

50 H. Norris, Church Vestments: Their Origin & Development (London, 1949), p.70.

51 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171l. 52 P. Dirsztay, Inside Churches: A Guide to Church Furnishings (London, 2001)

3rd edn., p. 15. 53 YML, MS Add. 2, fol. 202v. The windmill held by'S. Ricardus' may refer

to that of Clementhorpe Nunnery, in whose field Scrope had been exe­cuted. A miracle was believed to have happened there: both Gascoigne and Maidstone tell of the miraculous crop produced the following autumn in the barley field where Scrope had been executed. Gascoigne, p. 228; Maidstone, p. 308. On the Clementhorpe windmills, still there in 1524, see A. Raine, Medieval York: A Topographical Survey based on Original Sources (London, 1955), p. 309.

54 B. Vale, 'The Scropes of Bolton and of Masham, c. BOO-c. 1450: A Study of a Northern Noble Family with a Calendar of the Scrope of Bolton Cartulary' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of York, 1987), pp.153-4.

55 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147rv; YML, MS XVI.K.6, fol. 27v; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 75r and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fol. 244r; Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r; Gascoigne, p. 227; Maidstone, pp. 307-8; An English Chronicle of the Reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., and Henry VI., ].S. Davies (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 64 (London, 1856), p. 32; Incerti Scriptoris, p. 47.

56 Gascoigne, p. 227. 57 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England

c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 238-48. See also D. Gray, 'The Five Wounds of Our Lord', Notes and Queries 208 (1963), pp. 50-1, 82-9, 127-34, 163-8; R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), pp. 84-91.

58 The Fabric Rolls, p. 221. On the Scropes' association with Corpus Christi see Norton, 'Richard Scrope'.

59 YML, MS Add. 2, fols. lOOv-102l. For the dating of this manuscript see Gothic: Art for England 1400-1547, R. Marks and P. Williamson (eds) (London, 2003), p. 278.

60 'Here may ye see my woundes wide,/ The whilke I tholed for youre mysdede'. Duffy, The Stripping, p. 247.

61 Gascoigne, p. 227; Maidstone, pp. 307-8. 62 Duffy, The Stripping, p. 248. 63 Gascoigne, pp. 226-7; Maidstone, p. 307; see also Wright, vol. II,

pp. 115, 116 ('Sed prothomartyris exemplo geminat/ Ne Christe noxam statuas'; 'Ad sancti Stephani altaris titulum/ Cuius prouerij sumpsit capitulum/ Preperat presuli sepulcri lectulum').

64 On the Scropes' mausoleum at St Stephen's Chapel, and on the Archbishop's wish to be buried there see Norton, 'Richard Scrope'.

65 The idea of political saints as encouraging appeasement and harmony is, of course, in Walker, 'Political Saints'.

66 C. Norton, St William of York (Woodbridge, 2006), p. 140.

150 Notes

67 P. McNiven, 'The Problem of Henry IV's Health, 1405-1413', EHR 397 (1985), pp. 747-72 (p. 751). For the different approaches to the link between the King's malady and his execution of the Archbishop see Gascoigne, p. 228; Maidstone, p. 308; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 405; An English Chronicle, p. 33, Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 47-8.

68 Gascoigne, p. 227; Maidstone, p. 307. 69 Vauchez, Sainthood, p. 287; J. Murray, 'Masculinizing Religious Life: Sexual

Prowess, the Battle for Chastity and Monastic Identity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.]. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 24-42 (p. 27).

70 'Mitis in moribus, in pudicitia! Castus, virtutibus clarus, scientia'. Wright, vol. II, p. 116; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 75r.

71 Vauchez, Sainthood, p. 296. 72 P. Cullum, 'Clerical Masculinity: Virginity, Sex and the Upper Clergy in

Late Medieval England', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr. 73 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 146v; YML, MS Add. 2,

fols. 100v, 202v; GaSCOigne, p. 227; Maidstone, p. 307. On 'Marian blue' see M. Pastoureau, Blue: The History of Color (Princeton, NJ, 2001), pp. 50-5.

74 Gascoigne, p. 229; Maidstone, p. 309. 75 Eulogium, vol. III, p. 421. 76 YML, MS Add. 2, fol. 100v; see also Cambridge, St John's College, MS E.

26, fol. 54r. 77 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fols. 74v, 75r and 76v, stanzas 18 and

25. The shorter version, transcribed from BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fols. 243v-244v.

78 Eulogium, vol. III, pp. 406-7; also Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, vol. II, p. 270; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', p. 407; Incerti Scriptoris, p. 45.

79 Vauchez, Sainthood, pp. 167-73, esp. p. 170. 80 'et gloriosissimo Martyri tuo Thomae, per Martyrii palam meritis coae­

quasti'. YML, MS Add. 2, fol. 101v; 'Ast thomam militum audax attroci­tas' Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 75r and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fol. 244r (also Wright, vol. II, p. 116).

81 Cambridge, Stjohn'S College, MS E. 26, fol. 54r. 82 R.B. Dobson, Church and Society in the Medieval North of England (London,

1996), pp. 177-9. 83 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r. 84 YML, MS Add. 2, fols. 100v-101v, 202v; P. Cullum andJ. Goldberg, 'How

Margaret Blackburn Taught her Daughters: Reading Devotional Instruc­tions in a Book of Hours', in Medieval Women: Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain, Essays for Felicity Riddy, J. Wogan-Browne et al. (eds) (Turnhout, 2000), pp. 217-36.

85 William Shakespeare, The Second Part of King Henry IV, G. Melchiori (ed.) (Cambridge, 1989), Act 4.1 (lines 232-8).

86 McNiven, 'The Betrayal', quote on p. 177. 87 R.N. Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989),

p. 103; Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics', pp. 72-3; Vauchez, Sainthood, pp.292-4.

88 Vauchez, Sainthood, p. 295. 89 Denton, Robert Winchelsey, p. 25; Norton, St William, p. 127.

Notes 151

90 Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics', p. 76; J.L. Kirby, Henry IV of England (London, 1970), pp. 113, 133.

91 G. Dodd, 'Henry IV's Council, 1399-1405', in Henry IV: The Establishment of the Regime, pp. 95-115 (p. 104); Vale, The Scropes', p. 177.

92 c.L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1913), p. 43; Eulogium, vol. III, pp. 405-6; An English Chronicle, p. 31; John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion of Cronicles, P.J. Lucas (ed.) EETS 285 (Oxford, 1983), pp. 227-8; 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 403-6; Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, vol. II, p. 269.

93 'A Northern Chronicle 1399-1430', in English Historical Literature, pp. 279-91 (p. 282); Abbreviata Cronica ab Anno 1377 usque ad Annum 1469, J.J. Smith (ed.) Cambridge Antiquarian Society Publications 1 (Cam­bridge, 1840), p. 4; Capgrave's Abbreuiacion, p. 229; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 408.

94 Wylie, History of England, pp. 192-9. 95 Vale, 'The Scropes', p. 101; J.T. Rosenthal, Telling Tales: Sources and Nar-

ration in Late Medieval England (Pennsylvania, 2003), p. 88. 96 See also Norton, 'Richard Scrope'. 97 Ibid. 98 The window has been dated to c. 1440 on stylistic grounds. Ibid. 99 Ibid.

100 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f.2, fols. 147rv and 146v. For its dating and ownership see A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, F. Maiden (ed.) 7 vols. (Oxford, 1895-1953), vol. III, p. 682 and K.L. Scott, Later Gothic Manuscripts 1390-1490, 2 vols. (London, 1996), vol. II, cat. no. 22, pp. 89-92; Chris Norton recently sug­gested Henry, 3,d Lord Scrope of Masham and his wife Philippa as com­missioners. Norton, 'Richard Scrope'.

101 R. Mills, 'The Signification of the Tonsure', in Holiness and Masculinity, pp.109-26.

102 'Scrobem purificat a sorde criminum/ Et scopam ordinat sanguinem pro­prium'. Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f.2, fol. 147r.

103 Wylie, History of England, p. 246. This confiscation of Scrope's goods was elaborated upon in Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fols. 75r (stanzas 27-9), Wright, vol. II, p. 117.

104 Gascoigne, p. 226; Maidstone, p. 307. 105 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147r. 106 Thompson, 'Prelates and Politics', p. 72. 107 Maidstone, p. 306; GaSCOigne, pp. 225-6; Eulogium, vol. III, p. 407. 108 Eulogium, vol. III, p. 408; An English Chronicle, p. 33. 109 Simon Walker discussed the particular appeal Scrope's agenda had for

the clergy, the people of York and the gentry. Walker, 'Yorkshire Rising', pp. 176-83.

110 Ibid., p. 173. 111 Acts of the Chapter, pp. 229-30, p. 132, n. 91. 112 Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, p. 232; York, Register of Wills 1321-1493

(YML, L 2/4), vol. I, fol. 332v. 113 John Dautree: Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. II, pp. 230-4 (pp. 231-2);

Wylie, History of England, vol. II, p. 240; Nicholas Bowet: The Fabric Rolls, p. 235; William Haiton: Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, p. 232.

152 Notes

114 Margaret Blackburn: Cullum and Goldberg, 'How Margaret Blackburn Taught her Daughters'; Agnes Wyman: The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi in the City of York, R.H. Skaife (ed.) Surtees Society 57 (Durham, 1872), pp. 291-2; 239-40. For a drawing of this mazer - which is kept today in an exhibition in the Minster's crypt - see G.A. Poole and J.W. Hugall, An Historical and Descriptive Guide to York Cathedral and Its Antiquities (York, 1850), between pp. 194-5; Isabel Bruce: Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. III, pp. 231-2.

115 J. Kermode, Medieval Merchants: York, Beverly and Hull in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1998), p. 97.

116 Testamenta Eboracensia, vol. II, p. 231; The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi, pp. 291-2.

117 M.J. Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990), p. 39.

118 V. Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (London, 1969), chapters 3 and 4, esp. pp. 112, 126, 132, 140.

119 For the biblical flock as a people see E. Bosetti, Yahweh Shepherd of the People: Pastoral Symbolism in the Old Testament, G. La Spina (trans.) (Mynooth, Ireland, 1993), pp. 129-30.

120 J. Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries: Religion and Secular Life in Late Medieval Yorkshire (Woodbridge, 1988), pp. 307-14.

121 W.M. Ormrod, 'Competing Capitals? York and London in the Fourteenth Century', in Courts and Regions in Medieval Europe, S. Rees Jones, R. Marks and A.J. Minnis (eds) (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 75-98.

122 R.B. Dobson, 'The Crown, the Charter and the City, 1396-1461', in The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter, S. ReesJones (ed.) (York, 1997), pp. 34-55 (pp. 35-6, 44).

123 Swanson, Church and Society, p. 6. 124 S. Rees Jones, 'Richard Scrope, the Bolton Hours and the Church of

St Martin in Micklegate: Reconstructing a Holy Neighbourhood in Later Medieval York', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr.

125 York Memorandum Book, M. Sellers and J.W. Perry (eds) 2 pts., Surtees Society 120,125, 186 (Durham, 1912-73), vol. I, pp. 236-8. See also Ibid., p.lx.

126 S. Rees Jones, 'York's Civic Administration, 1354-1464', in The Govern­ment of Medieval York, pp. 108-40 (pp. 137-8).

127 On the geography of trade and the goods shipped see Kermode, Medieval Merchants, pp. 159-90.

128 This idea was firstly proposed in Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries, p. 322. 129 Maidstone, pp. 310-11. 130 Marks, 'Glazing of Fotheringhay', illustration in p. 90. Scrape is iden-

tified as no. 7, Erasmus as no. 5 and St Clement as no. 6. 131 The Fabric Rolls, pp. 225-6; Also Historians of the Church, vol. III, pp. 389-90. 132 Kermode, Medieval Merchants, p. 335. Also CPR (1406-1408), p. 171. 133 Kermode, Medieval Merchants, p. 346. 134 Ibid., p. 40. 135 Ibid., pp. 188, 217. 136 For the following passage I have used Norton, St William, chapter 5,

esp.pp. 144-9, 195-9,202.

Notes 153

137 See, for example, Oxford, Bodleian, MS Lat. Liturg. f. 2, fol. 147r; Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 851, fol. 74v (and Wright, vol. II, p. 114); Eulogium, p. 408; Incerti Scriptoris, pp. 45-6. On St William's day celebrations see N.K. Tringham, 'The Whitsuntide Commemoration of St William of York', Records of Early English Drama Newsletter 14 (1989), pp. 10-12.

138 Wylie, History of England, pp. 229-33. 139 For plots and risings, real and imagined, in the first years of Henry IV's

reign, see Strohm, England's Empty Throne, chapter 3. 140 Incerti Scriptoris, p. 46. 141 The Historians of the Church, vol. III, pp. 292-3; The Fabric Rolls,

pp. 194-5. 142 Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries, p. 315; Norton, St William, p. 202. 143 Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.S.20, fol. 171r. 144 S.K. Wright, 'Genres of Sanctity: Literary Representations of Archbishop

Scrope', in Richard Scrope: Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr.

Chapter 4 King Henry VI: Glory of Innocence

1 W.J. White, 'The Death and Burial of Henry VI: A Review of the Facts and Theories, Part I', The Ricardian 6:78 (1982), pp. 70-80; Three Chapters of Letters Relating to the Suppression of Monasteries, T. Wright (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 26 (London, 1843), p. 222.

2 'sodenly was take and smyten with a ffransy and his wit and reson with drawen'. For Henry's frenzy as caused by the loss of territories see, for example, R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (Stroud, 1998), p. 715 [hereafter Griffiths]; B. Wolffe, Henry VI (London, 1981), p. 270 [hereafter Wolffe]; C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437-1509 (Cambridge, 1997), p. 129.

3 C.A.]. Armstrong, 'Politics and the Battle of St Albans', BIHR 33 (1960), pp. 1-72.

4 M.L. Kekewich, 'The Lancastrian Court in Exile', in The Lancastrian Court: Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton Symposium,]. Stratford (ed.) (Stamford, 2003), pp. 95-110.

5 Griffiths, pp. 885-8; Wolffe, pp. 333-9. 6 Griffiths, pp. 890-2; Wolffe, pp. 341-8; C. Ross, Edward IV (London,

1974), 161-6 and 171-2. 7 The Crowland Chronicle Continuations: 1459-1486, N. Pronay and J. COX

(eds) (London, 1986), p. 130. 8 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 45, 318. 9 The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops, J. Raine (ed.)

3 vols., RS 71 (London, 1879-94), vol. III, pp. 336-7; also The Fabric Rolls of York Minster, J. Raine (ed.) Surtees Society 35 (Durham, 1859), vol. I, pp.208-1O.

10 The Miracles of King Henry VI, R. Knox and S. Lesley (eds and trans.) (Cambridge, 1923), p. 8 [hereafter The Miracles].

11 Henry the Sixth: A Reprint of John Blacman's Memoir, M.R. James (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge, 1919) [hereafter Blacman]. On Blacman and his text see R. Lovatt, 'John Blacman: Biographer of Henry VI', in The Writing of

154 Notes

History in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, R.H.C. Davis andJ.M. Wallace-Hadrill (eds) (Oxford, 1981), pp. 415-44 (pp. 431-3); R. Lovatt, 'A Collector of Apocryphal Anecdotes: John Blacman Revisited', in Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History, A.J. Pollard (ed.) (Gloucester, 1984), pp. 172-97 (pp. 176-81); T.S. Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter": John Blacman and the Cult of Henry VI', in The Fifteenth Century V: Of Mice and Men: Image, Belief and Regulation in Late Medieval England, L. Clark (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2005), pp.127-42.

12 For Blacman's biography see Lovatt, 'John Blacman', pp. 417-22. 13 Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter'''. 14 Blacman, pp. 7-8 (translation on pp. 29-30). 15 Worcester, Worcester Cathedral Library, MS Q. 10, fol. 160r; Cambridge,

Fitzwilliam Museum, MS Add. 38-1950. 16 J.W. McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda: The Cult of King Henry VI',

in Chaucer and Middle English Studies in Honour of Rossell Hope Robbins, B. Rowland (ed.) (London, 1974), pp. 72-88 (p. 75). On Richard III's piety see J. Hughes, The Religious Life of Richard III: Piety and Prayer in the North of England (Stroud, 1997), esp. chapter 4.

17 For its dating see Wolffe, p. 352. 18 J.N. King, Tudor Royal Iconography: Liter-ature and Art in an Age of Religious

Crisis (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 23-4; S. Anglo, Spectacle, Pageantry, and Early Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1997), pp. 37-43; McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda', pp. 76-8.

19 S.B. Chrimes, Henry VII (London, 1972), p. 319. 20 Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae, 446-1717, D. Wilkins (ed.) 4 vols.

(Brussels, 1964), vol. III, p. 640; Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Papal Letters, 18 vols., RS 159, vol. XVIII, M.J. Haren (ed.) (Dublin, 1989), pp. 150 and 566-7. On the process of canonization see also Henrici VI Angliae Regis Miracula Postuma: Ex Codice Musei Britannici Regio 13 C VIII, P. Grosjean (ed.) Subsidia Hagiographica 22 (Brussels, 1935) [hereafter Henrici VI], chapter VII; F.A. Gasquet, The Religious Life of King Henry VI (London, 1923), pp. 75-80, 87.

21 McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda', p. 83. 22 Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York and Wardrobe Accounts of Edward

the Fourth, N.H. Nicolas (ed.) (London, 1830), pp. 3, 29 and 42. 23 See, for example, a prayer in a book of hours which hailed Henry VI's

mercy, grace and charity, as well as his patient suffering. Durham, Ushaw College, MS 10, fols. lrv, printed in The Miracles, pp. 9-11.

24 Con cilia Magnae, vol. III, p. 640. 25 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, vol. XVIII, pp. 150 and 566-7. 26 BL, MS Add. 33736, fols. 2r-6v, especially 5rv. 27 McKenna, 'Piety and Propaganda', p. 84; Henrici VI, p. *230. 28 Testamenta Cantiana: A Series of Extracts from Fifteenth and Sixteenth

Century Wills, East Kent, A. Hussey (ed.) (London, 1907), pp. 25, 30; The Inventories of St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1384-1667, M.F. Bond (ed.) (Windsor, 1947), p. 179.

29 Three Chapters of Letters, p. 222.

Notes 155

30 Ibid., p. 224. 31 William Lambard, Dictionarium Angliae Topographicum et Historioricum:

Alphabetical Description o(the Chie(Places in England and Wales (London, 1730), p. 422.

32 Whereas Robert Swanson claimed that Henry VI's cult 'had effectively died out by around 1510' in all places but Windsor, Tom Freeman has suggested that 'the decline of other sites devoted to Henry may well have been due to the success of the shrine at Windsor rather than the general decline of Henry's thaumaturgic reputation'. Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter''', note 4.

33 E. Duffy, The Stripping o( the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 385, 398, 407.

34 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.]. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106.

35 Miracle no. 113: Henrici VI, pp. 205-6. 36 B. Spencer, 'King Henry of Windsor and the London Pilgrim', in Col­

lectanea Londiniensia: Studies in London Archaeology and History presented to Ralph Merrifield,]. Bird, H. Chapman and J. Clark (eds) London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 2 (1978), pp. 235-64 (pp. 237-8).

37 Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi, D. Johnston (ed.) (Cardiff, 1995), pp. 66-7; tran­slated in Gwaith Lewis Glyn Cothi: The Poetic Works o( Lewis Glyn Cothi, W. Davies and]. Jones (eds) Cymmrodorian Sodety (Oxford, 1837), pp. 160-2; Dublin, Trinity College, MS 88. The prayer was added on fol. 289r.

38 The Miracles, p. 16; R. Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', in The Lancastrian Court, pp. 111-24 (pp. 116-17).

39 Ibid., p. 114; Worcester, Worcester Cathedral Library, MS Q. 10, fol. 160r. 40 Medieval Art in East Anglia 1300-1520, P. Lasko and N.J. Morgan (eds)

(Norwich, 1973), pp. 5, 57. 41 Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', p. 118. For these and other images of Henry

see Henrici VI, pp. 251-60; Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', pp. 114-16; and A. Nichols, The Early Art o( Nor(olk: A Subject List o( Extant and Lost Art (Kalamazoo, 2002), p. 203.

42 For these images see The Lives o(the Kings and Queens o(England, A. Fraser (ed.) (Berkeley, 1995) [originally published in 1975], pp. 44, 89, 99; Wolffe, plate 10 (a).

43 W.G. Constable, 'Some East Anglian Rood Screen Paintings', The Con­noisseur 84 (1929), pp. 211-20; W.W. Williamson, 'Saints on Norfolk Rood-Screens and Pulpits', Nor(olk Archaeology 31 (1955-57), pp. 299-346 (pp. 319-20).

44 On the origin and development of St Edmund's cult see S.J. Ridyard, The Royal Saints o( Anglo-Saxon England: A Study o( West Saxon and East Anglian Cults (Cambridge, 1988), chapter 7.

45 K.J. Lewis, 'Edmund of East Anglia, Henry VI and Ideals of Kingly Mas­culinity', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.]. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 158-73.

46 'So Edmund und Fremund', in Altenglische Legenden Neue Folge, C. Horst­mann (ed.) (Henninger, 1881), pp. 376-445 (lines 65-72); D. Pearsall, John Lydgate (London, 1970), pp. 280-3.

156 Notes

47 Lewis, 'Edmund of East Anglia', p. 161; F. Barlow, Edward the Confessor (Berkeley, 1970), pp. 259, 265, 318.

48 M. Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, ].E. Anderson (trans.) (London, 1973), pp. 22-4.

49 Ibid., p. 65. 50 P. Strohm, PoIitique: Languages of Statecraft between Chaucer and Shake­

speare (Notre Dame, 2005), pp. 13-14;]. Watts, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 21-3.

51 Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', pp. 119-20. 52 For a description of Prince Arthur's Chantry in the cathedral see VCH,

Worcester, p. 401. The identification of this statue as representing Henry VI is my suggestion, based on his iconographical attributes, and on Henry VII's association with the chantry dedicated to his son.

53 E.H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ, 1997). For Fortescue's ideas see p. 8.

54 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 96. 55 Durham, Ushaw College, MS 10, fols. 1r-2r. 56 BL, Hargrave MS 274, fol. 204v. 57 Freeman, "'Ut Verus Christi Sequenter"', p. 138. 58 'a tretys of al manere of infirmitees of mannys body ... And the remedies

therwith if god wol'. Cambridge, Trinity College, MS 0.8.35. I wish to thank Julian Luxford for drawing my attention to this manuscript. For its description see The Western Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge: A Descriptive Catalogue, M.R. James (ed.) 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1901), vol. II, pp. 436-7.

59 A.E. Radcliffe, A History and Guide of Ashton Parish Church: To Celebrate looth Anniversary of Our Parish 1281-1981 (Ashton-under-Lyne, 1981), p. 22; also P.H. Andrew, The Asheton Windows in Ashton-under-Lyne Parish Church: The Medieaeval Windows Depicting Members of the Asheton Family (Late 15th Century) (Ashton-under-Lyne, 2001); W.M. Bowman, England in Ashton-under-Lyne (Altrincham, Cheshire, 1960), pp. 105-6.

60 Walberswick Churchwardens' Accounts A.D. 1450-1499, R.W.M. Lewis (transcription) (London, 1947), p. 261; also K. Kamerick, Popular Piety in the Late Middle Ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England 1350-1500 (NY, 2002), p. 113.

61 John Leland, De Rebus Britannicis Collectanae, T. Hearne (ed.) 6 vols. (London, 1770), vol. IV, pp. 192-5 (p. 192).

62 On this rebellion of April 1486 see C.H. Williams, 'The Rebellion of Humphrey Stafford in 1486', EHR 43 (1928), pp. 181-9 (pp. 181-4); Chrimes, Henry VII, pp. 71-2.

63 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Bodl. 277, fol. 376v. On this image see E. Ettlinger, 'Notes on a Woodcut Depicting King Henry VI Being Invoked as a Saint', Folklore 84 (1973), pp. 115-19.

64 The other saints in the painting are John the Baptist, Barbara, Apollonia, Clement and Sidwell. M. Summers, 'The Cultus of King Henry VI', Notes and Queries, ser. 12, vol. I (February 1916), pp. 161-2.

65 This is miracle no. 88: Henrici VI, pp. 153-4; The Miracles, p. 129. For other miracles of saving from plague or sweat sickness, see, for example, miracles 5,82, 128, 132, 146, 147.

Notes 157

66 Oxford, Bodleian, MS Jones 46, fols. 117rv, and MS Gough Liturg. 7, fols. 118v-119v.

67 BL, C. 4l.e.8; BL, C.35.h.7; BL, C.35.d.13. The prayer was printed in Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae: The Occasional Offices of the Church of England According to the Old Use of Salisbury, W. Maskell (ed.) 3 vols. (Oxford, 1882), vol. III, p. 369.

68 Dublin, Trinity College, MS 88. The prayer was added on fol. 289r; charms against fever can be found on fols. 218v-219r and 466v. The suf­frage was printed in Trinity College Library Dublin: Descriptive Catalogue of the Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Manuscripts, M.L. Colker (ed.) 2 vols. (Aldershot, 1991), vol. I, p. 159.

69 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, Reid MS 44, fol. 18v. C. Richmond, 'Margins and Marginality: English Devotion in the Later Middle Ages', in England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1992 Harlaxton Symposium, N. Rogers (ed.) (Stamford, 1994), pp. 242-52.

70 On the symbolism of ravens see W.L. Clouston, 'Folk-Lore of the Raven and the Owl', in Saxby, J.M.E., Birds of Omen in Shetland (1893), pp. 17-32 (pp. 17,21-2); E.A. Armstrong, The Folklore of Birds: An Inquiry into the Origin and Distribution of some Magico-Religious Traditions (NY, 1973), pp. 71-3.

71 L.A. Craig, 'Royalty, Virtue, and Adversity: The Cult of King Henry VI', Albion 35 (2003), pp. 187-209.

72 R.S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England: The Medical Response and the Demographic Consequences (NJ, 1978), p. 43; R.S. Gottfried, The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (London, 1983), p. 132; J.F.D. Shrewsbury, A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1970), p. 147.

73 Gottfried, The Black Death, pp. 133, 156. 74 BL, Hargrave MS 274, fol. 204v; BL, C.35.h.7, fol. lxxxxiiii recto. 75 On the foundation of Eton and King's College, Cambridge, see Griffiths,

pp. 243-8; Wolffe, chapter 8; Watts, Henry VI, pp. 167-71; C. Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses, p. 108.

76 J. Stratford, 'The Royal Library in England Before the Reign of Edward IV', in England in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 187-97 (p. 196); N. Rogers, 'Henry VI and the Proposed Canonization of King Alfred', in The Lancastrian Court, pp. 211-20, esp.p. 216.

77 J.L. Nelson, 'The Political Ideas of Alfred of Wessex', in Kings and King­ship in Medieval Europe, A.J. Duggan (ed.) (London, 1993), pp. 125-58, esp. pp. 130, 137-8, 157.

78 Freeman, '"Ut Verus Christi Sequenter''', esp. p. 138. 79 Middle English Dictionary on the internet: http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/

mimed 80 The Miracles, p. 30 (translation on pp. 31-2). 81 The Crowland Chronicle, p. 130 (translation on p. 131). 82 John Warkworth, A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King

Edward the Fourth, J.O. Halliwell (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 10 (London, 1839), p. 2l.

83 D. Piroyansky, 'Bloody Miracles of a Political Martyr: The Case of Thomas Earl of Lancaster', in Signs, Wonders, Miracles: Representations of Divine

158 Notes

Power in the Life of the Church, K. Cooper andJ. Gregory (eds) Studies in Church History 41 (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 228-38.

84 Biacman, p. 4 (translation on p. 26); see also Job 1:1. Robbins, pp. 199-201. 85 Job 42:12. See also Job 27:5-6. 86 This miracle is no. 40: Henrici VI, pp. 106-12; The Miracles, pp. 89-98. For

another miracle of saving an innocent person see no. 106: Henrici VI, pp. 185-90; The Miracles, pp. 149-56.

87 Miracle no. 8: Henrici VI, pp. 26-31; The Miracles, pp. 41-9. 88 Biacman, p. 21 (translation on pp. 43-4). 89 Miracle no. 84: Henrici VI, p. 74; The Miracles, p. 127; miracle no. 39:

Henrici VI, pp. 103-6; The Miracles, pp. 87-8. For Henry's special care of children see also The Miracles, p. 26; Spencer, 'King Henry of Windsor', p. 243; Helen Forrest, 'The Miracles of King Henry VI in Northampton­shire', Northamptonshire Past and Present 4 (1971-2), pp. 363-5 (p. 363).

90 This is the case, for example, in the manuscript BL, Hargrave MS 274, fol. 204v; on the rood screen in Barton Turf Church (Norfolk); on the rood screen in Binham Priory (Norfolk); on the rood screen in Eye Church (Suffolk), where he is crowned and nimbed, holding a sceptre. This paint­ing is dated to c. 1485. See 1. Smith, 'The Canonization of King Henry VI', The Dublin Review 168 (1921), pp. 41-53 (p. 44). Also H.S. Cuming, 'On a Portrait of Henry VI in Eye Church, Suffolk', Journal of the British Archaeological Association 36 (1880), pp. 432-4 (p. 434).

91 See Marks, 'Images of Henry VI', pp. 115, 118, 119 and plate 22. 92 I would like to thank Mr. Nicholas Rogers for his permission to quote

from his unpublished paper, 'The Cultus and Iconography of Henry VI', in which these references appear.

93 For example, in Barton Turf Church, where Henry is juxtaposed with St Edmund.

94 Biacman, pp. 5, 20 (translation on pp. 27, 42). 95 Ibid., p. 7 (translation on p. 29). 96 The Minor Poems of John Lydgate, H.N. MacCracken (ed.) EETS e.s. 107, o.s.

192 (London, 1911 and 1934), part 1, pp. 138-9. 97 Watts, Henry VI, pp. 102, 111, 113-17; J. Watts, 'When Did Henry VI's

Minority End?', in Trade, Devotion and Governance: Papers in Later Medieval History, D.J. Clayton, R.G. Davies and P. McNiven (eds) (Stroud, 1994), pp.116-39.

98 The Minor Poems of John Lydgate, part 2, p. 625 (line 2), p. 646 (lines 480-1).

99 The Historical Collections of A Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, J. Gairdner (ed.) Camden Society n.s. 17 (London, 1876), p. 165.

100 A Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483, E. Tyrrell and N.H. Nicolas (eds) (London, 1827), p. 112.

101 John Capgrave, The Book of the Illustrious Henries, F.e. Hingeston (trans.) (London, 1858), p. 4.

102 Ibid., p. 2. 103 Eccle. 10:16; The Book of the Illustrious Henries, pp. 148-9. 104 For examples of Henry's child-like image during the later half of the

1440s see R.L. Storey, The End of the House of Lancaster (Gloucester, 1986), pp.34-5.

Notes 159

105 Henry saved Kerver when the rope was already on his neck. Six Town Chronicles of England, R. Flenley (ed.) (Oxford, 1911), p. 118. This story was told also in the continuation of the Brut, where the man's first name was given as]ohn. The Brut, or the Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS o.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), vol. II, p. 485. On this episode see C.A.F. Meekings, 'Thomas Kerver's Case, 1444', EHR 90 (1975), pp. 331-46 (p. 343).

106 Warkworth, A Chronicle, p. 12. For complaints on dominating counselors see Watts, Henry VI, pp. 206, 233.

107 The Chronicle of John Hardyng, H. Ellis (ed.) (London, 1812), pp. 396, 410. On Warwick's guardianship see Griffiths, pp. 52, 59-60; Wolffe, pp. 45-7, 69, 88.

108 R.F. Hunnisett, 'Treason by Words', Sussex Notes and Queries 14 (1954-57), pp. 116-20 (p. 119), quoted in Storey, The End, p. 35.

109 D.]. Gifford, 'Iconographical Notes Towards a Definition of the Medieval Fool', in The Fool and the Trickster: Studies in Honour of Enid Welsford, P.V.A. Williams (ed.) (Cambridge, 1979), pp. 18-35 (p. 18, and images on pp.25-6).

110 On the Holy Fool see D. Krueger, 'Tales of Holy Fools', in Religions of Late Antiquity in Practice, R. Valantasis (ed.) (N], 2000), pp. 177-86; L. Ryden, 'The Holy Fool', in The Byzantine Saint, S. Hackel (ed.) (San Bernardino, Calif., 1981), pp. 106-13.

111 C. Fletcher, 'Manhood and Politics in the Reign of Richard II', Past and Present 189 (2005), pp. 3-39.

112 'A Defence of the Proscription of the Yorkists in 1459', J.P. Gilson (ed.), EHR 26 (1911), pp. 512-25 (p. 519). For the text and its dating and back­ground see pp. 512-13; also M. Kekewich, 'The Attainder of the Yorkists in 1459: Two Contemporary Accounts', BIHR 55 (1982), pp. 25-34.

113 Knyghthode and Bataile: A XVth Century Verse Paraphrase of Flavius Vegetius Renatus' Treatise "De Re Militari", R. Dyboski and Z.M. Arend (eds) EETS o.s. 201 (London, 1935), p. 1 (lines 17-20), p. 43 (lines 1170-2).

114 'So that thoroughe malice of his saide ennemye hebe [the king] no more troubled, vexed ne jeoparded'. Quoted in The Politics of Fifteenth-Century England: John Vale's Book, M.L. Kekewich et al. (eds) (Stroud, 1995), p. 142.

115 The cult around Prince Edward is discussed in Chapter 5. 116 Georges Chastelain, Le Temple de Bocace, S. Bliggenstorfer (ed.) Romanica

Helvetica 104 (Berne, 1988), p. 47, quote on p. 89. Margaret's chapter is on pp. 79-107, Job's chapter on pp. 107-9.

117 Thomas Basin, Histoire de Charles VII, C. Samaran (ed. and trans.) 2 vols., Les Classiques de l'histoire de France au moyen age 15, 21 (Paris, 1933, 1944), vol. I, p. 296; English translation in Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Four Tragedies and Octavia, E.F. Watling (trans.) (Harmondsworth, 1966), 'Thyestes' (lines 596-7).

118 'in aduersyte,l To byde in payne, sorowe, and seruage'. The Chronicle of John Hardyng, p. 410.

119 Robbins, pp. 196-8. 120 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in England and the Final Recovery of

His Kingdoms from Henry VI A.D. 1471,]. Bruce (ed.) Camden Society 1 (London, 1838), p. 38.

160 Notes

121 Michael Hicks commented briefly on the image of sufferers that the Yorkists adopted in 1460. M.A. Hicks, Warwick the Kingmaker (Oxford, 1998), p. 193. A.R. Allan also treated this issue: A.R. Allan, 'Political Propaganda Employed by the House of York in England in the mid­Fifteenth Century, 1450-1471' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Swansea, 1981), p. 376.

122 Wright, vol. II, p. 275. 123 Ibid., vol. II, pp. 271, 275. 124 RP, vol. V, pp. 462-3. 125 Wright, vol. II, pp. 271, 281. 126 Strohm, Politique, p. 35. 127 John Watts used this term in Watts, Henry VI, p. 7.

Chapter 5 'A Death Worth a Martyr's Crown': Other Martyrs and Their Cults

1 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, R.B. Dobson (ed.) (London, 1970), p. 163; Historie of the Arrival/ of Edward IV in England and the Final Recovery of His Kingdoms from Henry VI A.D. 1471, J. Bruce (ed.) Camden Society 1 (London, 1838), pp. 13-14. More on this miracle in W. Scase, 'Writing and the "Poetics of Spectacle": Political Epiphanies in The Arrival of Edward IV and some Contemporary Lancastrian and Yorkist Texts', in Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and Visual Image, ]. Dimmick,]. Simpson and N. Zeeman (eds) (Oxford, 2002), pp. 172-84.

2 S.J. Ridyard, The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: A Study of West Saxon and East Anglian Cults (Cambridge, 1988), p. 81.

3 'sparyn neyper here owyn kyng ne her buschopys'. Dives and Pauper, P.H. Barnum (ed.) 2 vols., EETS O.S. 275 (London, 1976), vol. I, pp. 208-9.

4 On the cult see S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.J. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106 (pp. 83-4); J.M. Theilmann, 'Political Canonization and Political Symbolism in Medieval England' Journal of British Studies 29 (1990), pp. 241-66 (pp. 252-7); A. Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997), p. 160; D. Webb, Pilgrimage in Medieval England (London, 2000), pp. 171-2.

5 See, among others, T.F. Tout, 'The Captivity and Death of Edward of Car­narvon', BJRL 6 (1921), pp. 69-113; G.P. Cuttino and T.W. Lyman, 'Where Is Edward II?', Speculum 53 (1978), pp. 522-44; R.M. Haines, 'Edwardus Revividus: The "Afterlife" of Edward of Caernarvon', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 115 (1996), pp. 65-86; RM. Haines, King Edward II: His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284-1330 (Montreal, 2003), chapter 8; I. Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle', EHR 120 (2005), pp. 1175-214; S. Phillips, '''Edward II" in Italy: English and Welsh Political Exiles and Fugitives in Continental Europe, 1322-1364', in Thirteenth Century England X: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 2003, M. Prestwich, R. Britnell and R. Frame (eds) (Woodbridge, 2005), pp. 209-26.

Notes 161

6 Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II', pp. 1181-3. 7 Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriae, W.H. Hart (ed.)

RS 33 (London, 1863-67), part I, p. 46. See also Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 172. 8 Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', p. 257. Already in October 1390

Richard II sent a list of the alleged miracles to the Pope, who asked the Bishop of London to further investigate this matter.

9 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 84. 10 The Tewkesbury chronicle is preserved in the Bodleian as Bod!. L. Ms Lat.

Mise. b 2 (R); see Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 84. Bristol was one of the places which turned down the offer to bury Edward II's body. On this roof boss see C.].P. Cave, The Roof Bosses of Bristol Cathedral (Bristol, 1935), pp. 8, 13-14.

11 Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 84. 12 Historia et Cartularium, part I, p. 44. 13 Mortimer, 'The Death of Edward II', p. 1180. 14 W.M. Ormrod, 'The Personal Religion of Edward III', Speculum 64 (1989),

pp. 849-77 (p. 871). 15 This was one of five golden ships offered at Becket's shrine and Lady

Chapel at Canterbury, Westminster Abbey and St Paul's, in order to cele­brate the naval victory at Sluys. Ormrod, 'Personal Religion', p. 860.

16 Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', p. 253; Ormrod, 'Personal Religion', p. 87l.

17 Ormrod, 'Personal Religion', pp. 858-60 (quote on p. 860). 18 Ibid., pp. 869-70. 19 Ibid., pp. 870-l. 20 S. Hamilton, The Practice of Penance: 900-1050 (Woodbridge, 2001), p. 7;

W.O. Myers, 'Poor, Sinning Folk': Confession and Conscience in Counter­Reformation Germany (London and Ithaca, 1996), pp. 15-26.

21 L. Patterson, Chaucer and the Subject of History (London, 1991), pp. 374-84 (esp. pp. 377-8).

22 For the text see Adam Davy's Dreams about Edward the Second, F.]. Furnivall (ed.) EETS o.S. 69 (London, 1878).

23 On this text see L.A. Coote, Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2000), pp. 84-91; its provenance is discussed on p.90.

24 Ibid., pp. 85-7. 25 Ibid., p. 89. 26 In my discussion of this poem I rely on C. Valente, 'The "Lament of

Edward II": Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda', Speculum 77 (2002), pp. 422-39. For the text see 'The Lament of Edward II', T.M. Smallwood (ed.), Modem Language Review 68 (1973), pp. 521-9.

27 'The Lament' (line 18). 28 Valente, 'The "Lament of Edward II''', p. 435. 29 Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 172; R.M. Haines, 'Bishops and Politics in the Reign of

Edward II: Hamo de Hethe, Henry Wharton, and the "Historia Roffensis''', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44 (1993), pp. 586-609; R.M. Haines, 'The Episcopate of a Benedictine Monk: Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester (1317-1352), Revue Benedictine 102 (1992), pp. 192-207. He may have had a special interest in the practice of penitence, since among the books

162 Notes

he donated to the use of his diocesan clergy were several penitentiaries. Ibid., p. 206.

30 Hamilton, The Practice of Penance, pp. 174-82. 31 Haines, King Edward II, p. 237. On the Fieschi Letter see Ibid., pp. 221-6.

All the writers who treated the possibility that Edward was not murdered in 1327 referred, in this way or another, to this letter.

32 Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', pp. 253-6. See also W.M. Ormrod, 'Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages', in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages, P.H. Cullum and K.J. Lewis (eds) (Cardiff, 2005), pp. 174-91, esp. pp. 180-2.

33 On Richard's attempt to canonize Edward see Theilmann, 'Political Canonization', p. 257.

34 The Diplomatic Correspondence of Richard II, E. Perroy (ed.) Camden Society 3rd ser. 48 (London, 1933), pp. 62-3.

35 As suggested in Walker, 'Political Saints', pp. 90-1. 36 For a manuscript indicating a specific date for Edward V's murder

(22 June) see P. Morgan, 'The Death of Edward V and the Rebellion of 1483', Historical Research 68 (1995), pp. 229-32.

37 The Great Chronicle of London, A.H. Thomas and 1.0. Thornley (eds) (London, 1938), pp. 236-7. For an overview of the various speculations see, for example, P.W. Hammond and W.]. White, 'The Sons of Edward IV: A Re-examination of the Evidence on Their Deaths and on the Bones in Westminster Abbey', in Loyalty, Lordship and Law, P.W. Hammond (ed.) (London, 1986), pp. 104-47; A. Weir, The Princes in the Tower (NY, 1992), chapter 13; A.J. Pollard, Richard III and the Princes in the Tower (NY, 1991), chapter 5. Many articles on the subject of the princes' fate have been published in The Ricardian (the publication of the Richard III SOciety) along the years.

38 The Usurpation of Richard the Third: Dominicus Mancinus ad Angelum Catonem De Occupatione Regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium Libel/us, CA.]. Armstrong (trans. and introduction) (Oxford, 1969), p. 93.

39 Ibid. 40 P. Tudor-Craig, Richard III (London, 1973), p. 95. 41 Pollard, Richard III, pp. 135, 137; The Usurpation of Richard the Third,

p.21. 42 The Usurpation of Richard the Third, p. 21. 43 With one possible exception: the crown hovering over Edward V's head

in his posthumous depiction on a screen in St George's Chapel, Windsor, was meant to show that he was an uncrowned king. However, it could have also represented a nimbus of sorts.

44 Weir, The Princes, chapter 19; also Pollard, Richard III, pp. 130-1. 45 Weir, The Princes, chapter 21. 46 Pollard, Richard III, p. 127. 47 Ibid., pp. 132-3. 48 M. Buck, Politics, Finance and the Church in the Reign of Edward II: Walter

Stapeldon, Treasurer of England (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 220-1. 49 Ibid., pp. 34-5. SO Flores Historiarum, H.R. Luard (ed.) 3 vols., RS 95 (London, 1890), part III,

p. 234; Croniques de London, depuis I'an 44 Hen. III. Jusqu' a I'an 17 Edw.

Notes 163

III, G.}. Aungier (ed.) Camden Society o.s. 28 (London, 1844), p. 52; 'Annales Paulini', in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, W. Stubbs (ed.) 2 vols., RS 76 (London, 1882-83), vol. I, pp. 316-17 (where it is reported that Stapeldon's head was sent to Isabella in Bristol and not Gloucester, and his body left at the derelict church of the Holy Innocents). See also Buck, Politics, p. 221.

51 Croniques de London, p. 53; 'Annales Paulini', p. 317. 52 Buck, Politics, p. 89. 53 Ibid., pp. 156-8, 176-7. 54 Ibid., p. 215. S5 Ibid., pp. 36-7. S6 Ibid., pp. 217, 215: quoting The Register of John Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter,

1327-69, F.e. Hingeston-Randolph (ed.) (London and Exeter, 1894-98), p.94.

57 Thomas Walsingham, Historia Brevis (London, 1574), p. 104, quoted in G. Oliver, Lives of the Bishops of Exeter (Exeter, 1861); The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham 1376-1422, D. Preest (trans.) (Woodbridge, 2005), p.126.

58 The Chronic a Maiora, pp. 125-7. 59 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, p. 201; see also Henry Knighton, who lamented

Sudbury's death and described how the Archbishop and his companions 'offered themselves like lambs to the shearer'. Ibid., p. 183; the Anonimalle chronicler gave a detailed description of the liturgy celebrated by Sudbury prior to his execution. Ibid., pp. 183, 161.

60 The Chronica Maiora, p. 127. 61 In his chronicle Froissart mentions four victims: Sudbury, Hales, a friar

minor, and a sergeant at arms named John Leg; the friar was probably one William Appeiton. The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, pp. 162, 210.

62 'Ast thomam militum audax attrocitas/ Symonem plebium furens ferocitas/ Ricardum callide seua crudelitas/ Obtruncant Christos domini'. Oxford, Bodleian, Bod!. MS 851, fo!. 75r and BL, MS Cotton Faustina B ix, fo!. 244v.

63 G.M.G. Cullum, 'Skull of Simon Sudbury', Notes and Queries (1892), p. 256. A picture of what is believed to be Sudbury's skull is displayed in a website dedicated to British history which lists Canterbury's arch­bishops: http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/Arch bishopsof Canterbury.htm

64 N. Saul, Richard II (New Haven and London, 1997), p. 58. 65 Ibid., p. 58; also The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, pp. 161, 173, 199. 66 Henry Knighton, for example, referred to them as 'criminal mob', march­

ing 'in ever-increasing malice', climbing 'as though they were rats' and 'neither fearing God nor revering the honour of mother church' (The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, pp. 183-5); the 'monk of Westminster' thought the rebels from Kent 'ran wild like the most rabid dogs', and their behav­iour towards the king insulting, disloyal and vehement (Ibid., pp. 199-200); Walsingham saw them as 'doomed rib aids and whores of the devil', and he mentioned their 'limbs of Satan', and 'devilish voices of peacocks' (Ibid., pp. 172-3).

67 Webb, Pilgrimage, p. 241. 68 S. Walker, 'Sudbury, Simon', ODNB.

164 Notes

69 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, p. 174. 70 Walker, 'Sudbury, Simon', ODNB. 71 Walker, 'Political Saints', pp. 81-2. 72 The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, p. 183. 73 M.-A. Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels: Hagiography and Opposition to the

King in Late Fourteenth-Century England', MedievaIia et Humanistica 24 (1997), pp. 75-94 (pp. 76, 78).

74 On the parliamentary appeal of treason, and Richard's reprisal in 1397 see Saul, Richard II, pp. 182-93, 366; also A. Goodman, The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appel/ant Under Richard II (London, 1971).

75 The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377-1421, C. Given-Wilson (ed. and trans.) (Oxford, 1997), p. 31. For the dating of Usk's writing see Ibid., p. xlvi.

76 Walker dates the last reference to Arundel's cult to c. 1404. Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 81.

n On the cult see' Annales Ricardi Secundi', pp. 217-18; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 31.

78 Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397-1400: The Reign of Richard II, C. Given­Wilson (ed. and trans.) (Manchester and NY, 1993), p. 60.

79 'Annales Ricardi Secundi', p. 218. Chris Given-Wilson has concluded that despite Arundel's 'irascible and violent nature, and his tempestuous and often ill-judged political career, he was apparently a man of considerable piety'. C. Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB.

80 Ibid. 81 Saul, Richard II, p. 168; Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. 82 Saul, Richard II, pp. 178-81. 83 The Westminster Chronicle, 1381-1394, L.c. Hector and B.F. Harvey (eds

and trans.) (Oxford, 1982), pp. 66-8. 84 Saul, Richard II, p. 199. 85 On Arundel's trial and its description as modeled in the hagiographical

tradition of the Legenda Aurea see Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels', pp. 78-9. The reports of Adam Usk and the Monk of Evesham draw on a third account, which was probably written by an eye witness present at the trial. Saul, Richard II, p. 378, n. 46.

86 Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 56; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 23. See also Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. For the differences between the essentially similar accounts of Walsingham and the monk of Evesham see The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. Iii.

87 Chronicles of the Revolution, p. 59; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 29. 88 The Chronica Maiora, pp. 300-1; The Chronicle of Adam Usk, p. 35. 89 Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels', pp. 81, 79. 90 Chronicles of the Revolution, pp. 58-60. For Lancaster's accusations of

treason see The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, F.W.D. Brie (ed.) 2 vols., EETS O.s. 131, 136 (London, 1906, 1908), pp. 217-23; the allegations in his trial were discussed in J.G. Bellamy, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1970), pp. 49-51.

91 C.D. Ross, 'Forfeiture for Treason in the Reign of Richard II', EHR 71 (1956), pp. 560-75 (pp. 574-5).

92 Saul, Richard II, p. 388. 93 Stouck, 'Saints and Rebels', p. 79.

Notes 165

94 C. Given-Wilson, 'Wealth and Credit, Public and Private', EHR 106 (1991), pp. 1-26.

95 Saul, Richard II, p. 382. 96 Ibid., p. 379. 97 Given-Wilson, 'Fitzalan, Richard (III)" ODNB. 98 S.M. Pratt, 'Shakespeare and Humphrey Duke of Gloucester: A Study in

Myth', Shakespeare Quarterly 16 (1965), pp. 201-16 (p. 210). 99 On the dealings of the Bury Parliament see J. Watts, Henry VI and the

Politics of Kingship (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 228-31. 100 B. Wolffe, Henry VI (London, 1981), pp. 131-2; A. Petrina, Cultural Politics in

Fifteenth Century England: The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (Leiden, 2004), p. 150; R.A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (Stroud, 1998), p.496.

101 For example, see Griffiths, The Reign, p. 497; Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 131; G.L. Harriss, 'Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447)', ODNB; Pratt, 'Shakespeare and Humphrey', p. 210; Petrina, Cultural Politics, p. 151.

102 Griffiths, The Reign, p. 498. 103 Petrina, Cultural Politics, p. 102. 104 Ibid., pp. 106-9; Harriss, 'Humphrey Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447)',

ODNB. 105 Watts, Henry VI, p. 231. 106 I.M.W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450 (Oxford, 1991), p. 83. 107 Griffiths, The Reign, p. 748. 108 'The good duc of Gloucestre ... Was put to dethe; and ay sithe gret

mournyng/ Hathe ben in Inglande'. Wright, pp. 267-70 (p. 267); also Robbins, pp. 222-6 (pp. 223-4).

109 On the problem of assessing public opinion in the short period between 1447 and 1450 see Watts, Henry VI, p. 231, n. 116.

110 Petrina, Cultural Politics, pp. 143-50. On the trial see R.A. Griffiths, 'The Trial of Eleanor Cobham: An Episode in the Fall of Duke Humphrey of Gloucester', BJRL 51 (1969), pp. 381-99; H.M. Carey, Courting Disaster: Astrology at the English Court and University in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), chapter 8.

111 Watts, Henry VI, p. 231. 112 On the theme of Yorkist suffering see also M. Hicks, W mwick the Kingmaker

(Oxford, 1998), p. 193; A.R. Allan, 'Political Propaganda Employed by the House of York in England in the mid-Fifteenth Century, 1450-1471' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Swansea, 1981), p. 376.

113 Ibid., p. 373. 114 ' .. .incipiebat eo tempore labor et dolor'. John Benet's Chronicle: For the

Years 1400 to 1462, G.L. Harriss and M.A. Harriss (eds) Camden Mis­cellany 24, 4th seL, vol. 9 (London, 1972), p. 207. John Benet, vicar of Harlington (Bedfordshire) between 1461 and 1471, died sometime before November 1474. However, even if John Benet was not the author of the narrative after 1440, the transcription of the chronicle's manuscript is nevertheless dated to c. 1462-8. Ibid., pp. 153-72. On the Battle of Blackheath see Griffiths, The Reign, p. 695; Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 255.

115 The Historical Collections of A Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, J. Gairdner (ed.) Camden Society n.s. 17 (London, 1876), p. 198.

166 Notes

116 'Job thy seruant insygne,/ Whom Sathan not cesethe to sette at care and dysdeyne'. Robbins, pp. 207-10 (lines 59-60). On this ballade see P. Strohm, Politique: Languages of Statecraft between Chaucer and Shakespeare (Notre Dame, 2005), pp. 177-92.

117 '3 for 30rke pat is manly and mY3tful,! pat be grace of god & gret reuela­cion,! Reynyng with rules resonable and tight-full,/ pe which for oure sakes hape suffred vexacion'. Robbins, pp. 218-21 (lines 25-8).

118 'The arris for thre Richard Ipat be of noble fames,! pat for pe ri3t of englond haue suffred moche wo-/ ... pat all englond is be-holden to.' Ibid., pp. 218-21 (lines 21-4).

119 Strohm, Politique, p. 13; J. Watts, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', in The Wars of the Roses, A.J. Pollard (ed.) (London, 1995), pp. 110-33 (pp. 112, 118).

120 Watts, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', p. 118. 121 On the accord of 1460 see P.A. Johnson, Duke Richard of York, 1411-1460

(Oxford, 1988), pp. 212-18; T.B. Pugh, 'The Estates, Finances and Regal Aspirations of Richard Plantagenet (1411-1460), Duke of York', in Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, M. Hicks (ed.) (Woodbridge, 2001), pp. 71-88 (pp. 82-3); Griffiths, The Reign, p. 869, and Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 325. On the Battle of Wakefield see Johnson, Duke Richard, pp. 222-3. Citing Gregory's Chronicle Paul Strohm has concluded that York, like the Earl of Salisbury and others, was not killed in battle, but beheaded - 'take a slayne' (which he interprets as 'taken and slain') - only after losing in the battle. Strohm, Politique, p. 207.

122 Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France, During the Reign of Henry the Sixth, J. Stevenson (ed.) 2 vols., RS 22 (London, 1861-64), vol. II, part II, p. 775.

123 Registrum Abbatiae Iohannis Wethamsted, H.T. Riley (ed.) 2 vols., RS 28 (London, 1872-73), vol. I, p. 382. This paragraph is quoted, translated and discussed in Strohm, Politique, pp. 215-18.

124 Strohm, Politique, chapter 5, quote in p. 213. 125 R.F. Green, 'An Epitaph for Richard, Duke of York', Studies in Bibliography

41 (1988), pp. 218-24 (p. 219). 126 P.W. Hammond, A.F. Sutton and L. Visser-Fuchs, 'The Reburial of

Richard, Duke of York, 21-30 July 1476', The Ricardian 10:127 (1994), pp. 122-65 (pp. 145-7); Green, 'An Epitaph', pp. 222-3.

127 Watts, 'Ideas, Principles and Politics', pp. 113-14. 128 Strohm, Politique, pp. 193-4; also Johnson, Duke Richard, p. 215. 129 Nicholas Rogers commented on the probability of a cult around Prince

Edward, although he acknowledged the fact that the evidence to this is somewhat slight. N.J. Rogers, 'The Cult of Prince Edward at Tewkesbury', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 101 (1983), pp. 187-9. On the battle see J.D. Blyth, 'The Battle of Tewkes­bury', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 80 (1961), pp. 99-120.

130 'From a Chronicle of Tewkesbury Abbey', in C.L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (Oxford, 1913), appendix XIV, pp. 376-8 (quote on p. 377). For a brief discussion and description of Prince Edward's burial place see H.J.L.S. Masse, The Abbey Church of

Notes 167

Tewkesbury (London, 1911), pp. 78-9. When this was written flowers were still being laid annually on the site of the grave.

131 Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York and Wardrobe Accounts of Edward the Fourth, N.H. Nicolas (ed.) (London, 1830), p. 3.

132 Ibid., pp. 3, 29 and 42. 133 S. Brigden, New Wor/ds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors 1485-1603

(London and NY, 2000), p. 74. 134 C. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham

1394-1521 (Cambridge, 1978), p. 39. 135 Ibid., p. 98; B.J. Harris, Edward Stafford: Third Duke of Buckingham,

1478-1521 (Stanford, Calif., 1986), pp. 154, 206. 136 Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, MS Add. 38-1950, fol. 240r: 'iiij mensis

Maij A.D. mcccclxxi fuit obitus Edwardi primogeniti Henrici Sexti Regis Angliae & ffranc'. The obit of Henry VI was added with the same ink on 16 May; those of Queen Margaret and of John, Duke of Bedford, were also entered, in black ink. For the dating see L.F. Sandler, 'A Note on the Illuminators of the Bohun Manuscripts', Speculum 60 (1985), pp. 364-72 (p.367).

137 A Descriptive Catalogue of the Additional Illuminated Manuscripts in the Fitzwilliam Museum, F. Wormald and P.M. Giles (eds) (Cambridge, 1982), p.431.

138 Rogers, 'The Cult of Prince Edward', p. 188. 139 The Historical Collections, p. 212; H.E. Maurer, Margaret of Anjou: Queen­

ship and Power in Late Medieval England (Woodbridge, 2003), p. 191. 140 Griffiths, The Reign, p. 885. 141 On these rumours see Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, pp. 45-8; J.L. Layne­

smith, The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445-1503 (Oxford, 2004), pp. 136-9.

142 John Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliae, S.B. Chrimes (ed. and trans.) (Cambridge, 1949), p. 3.

143 Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, p. 190. 144 Quoted in Griffiths, The Reign, p. 891. 145 Historie of the Arrivall, p. 30. For different versions of Prince Edward's

death see Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 346. 146 For example, 'The Kynge, full manly, set for the ... '. Historie of the Arrivall,

p.29. 147 Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, p. 208. J.L Laynesmith has argued that after

1471 Margaret in fact lived at Edward IV's expense since she posed no threat to the Yorkists. Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, pp. 171-2.

Conclusion

1 On the theme of punishment and spectatorship see, for example, E.A. Castelli, Martyrdom and Memory: Early Christian Culture Making (NY, 2004); M.B. Merback, The Thief, the Cross and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (London, 1999).

2 Merback, The Thief, p. 137; M. Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A. Lane (trans.) (Harmandsworth, 1977), p. 57.

168 Notes

3 J,c. Russell, 'The Canonization of Opposition to the King in Angevin England', in Anniversary Essays in Medieval History, C.H. Taylor and J.L. Monte (eds) (Boston and NY, 1929), pp. 279-90.

4 S. Walker, 'Political Saints in Later Medieval England', in The McFarlane Legacy: Studies in Late Medieval Politics and Society, R.H. Britnell and A.]. Pollard (eds) (Stroud, 1995), pp. 77-106.

5 On this double nature of discourse see N. Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change (Cambridge, 1992), p. 3.

6 S. Mills, Discourse (London, 1997), p. 91. 7 On the illusiveness of the traumatic event see A. Douglas and T.A. Volger,

'Introduction', in Witness and Memory: The Discourse of Trauma, A. Douglas and T.A. Volger (eds) (NY and London, 2003), pp. 1-53 (p. 5).

8 For the link between traumatic events and martyrdom narratives see also R.L. LeVine, 'Epilogue', in Cultures Under Siege: Collective Violence and Trauma, A.C.G.M. Robben and M. Suarez-Orozco (eds) (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 272-5 (p. 274).

9 Christine Carpenter emphasized the wider kin's responsibility of protecting the family's wealth and political power when a member of the family dies. C. Carpenter, Locality and Polity: A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401-1499 (Cambridge, 1992), p. 621. On the centrality of commemoration in the dynastic milieu see N. Saul, Death, Art and Memory in Medieval England: The Cobham Family and Their Monuments, 1300-1500 (Oxford, 2001).

10 S. Walker, 'Remembering Richard: History and Memory in Lancastrian England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, pp. 21-31 (p. 22).

11 A. Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, J. Birrell (trans.) (Cambridge, 1997), p. 151.

12 Simon Walker, 'Political Saints', p. 77. 13 M. Rubin, 'Religious Symbols and Political Culture in Fifteenth-Century

England', in The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, pp.97-111.

14 E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-c. 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), p. 2. See also R.N. Swanson, Church and Society in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 1989), p. 275.

15 C. Peters, Patterns of Piety: Women, Gender and Religion in Late Medieval and Reformation England (Cambridge, 2003), esp. p. 97.

16 Swanson, Church and Society, p. 18. 17 Vauchez, Sainthood, for example, p. 142; also D. Weinstein and R.M. Bell,

Saints and Society: Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000-1700 (Chicago and London, 1982), p. 142. Local and regional studies reached the same conclusion: K.L. French, The People of the Parish: Community Life in a Late Medieval English Diocese (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 176; J. Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries: Religion and Secular Life in Late Medieval Yorkshire (Woodbridge, 1988), pp. 298-9; A.D. Brown, Popular Piety in Late Medieval England: The Diocese of Salisbury 1250-1550 (Oxford, 1995), p. 251.

18 Swanson, Church and Society, pp. 255-8. 19 French, The People of the Parish, pp. 30-1. French also referred to the 'rise of

churchwardens' as an office which evolved in the later Middle Ages in order to oversee these obligations of the laity. Ibid., p. 68.

Notes 169

20 K. Kamerick, Popular Piety and Art in the Late Middle ages: Image Worship and Idolatry in England 1350-1500 (NY, 2002), p. 8.

21 R. Marks, Images and Devotion in Late Medieval England (Stroud, 2004), p. 180; Duffy, The Stripping, p. 159.

22 Kamerick, Popular Piety, p. 114. Lay parochial activity as enhancing com­munal identity is discussed and emphasized in French, The People of the Parish, for example pp. 174, 176.

23 R.W. Pfaff, New Liturgical Feasts in Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1970), p. 11.

24 Duffy, The Stripping, pp. 231, 45. 25 C. Page, 'The Rhymed Office for St Thomas of Lancaster: Poetry, Politics and

Liturgy in Fourteenth-Century England', Leeds Studies in English 14 (1983), pp.134-51.

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Index

Abbot, Robert 55, 67 Acle (Norfolk) 11 Act of Accord (1460) 114, 116 Adam Davy's Dreams of Edward II

(1307-8) 102, 103 Alexander VI, Pope 77, 126 Alfred, King of England 88 All Saints' Church, North Street,

York 71 Alnwick Church (Northumberland)

79 Alton Church (Hampshire) 87, 128 Alyn, Agnes 91 anchoresses 10 Ancrene Wisse 10 Anonimal/e chronicle 42 Appellant, Lords 19, 103, 109, 110

see also Fizalan, Richard, Earl of Arundel; Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester

archbishops see under individual archbishops: Arundel, Thomas; Becket, Thomas; Booth, Laurence; Booth, William; Chichele, Henry; FitzHerbert, William; de Gray, Walter; Melton, William; Scrope, Richard; Stafford, John; Sudbury, Simon; Winch elsey, Robert

Argentine, John 104 aristocracy 6, 19, 38, 39, 66, 80,

104,108-9, 111, 118 Arthur, King 37,43 Arthur, Prince, son of Henry VII 77,

83 Arundel, Thomas, Arc. of

Canterbury 17,18,51,66 asceticism 36, 56, 76, 124 Ashby, George 19 Asheton, Sir Thomas 84 Ashton-under-Lyne Church

(Lancashire) 84 astrology 105

Bacon family 31 Bacon, Adam 32 Bacon, Thomas 32 Bacon, William 32 Badby, John 16 Badlesmere, Bartholomew 23 Bale, John 18 Bal/ade set on the gates of

Canterbury (1460) 114 Barton Turf Church (Norfolk) 81,

82, 158 n.90, 158 n.93 Basin, Thomas 96 Baxter, Margery 15 Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of

Warwick (d. 1439) 94 Pageants of 56

Beauchamp, Thomas, Earl of Warwick (d. 1369) 40-1

Beauchamp, Thomas, Earl of Warwick (d. 1401) 19, 109-11 see also Appellant, Lords

Beaufort, Edmund, Duke of Somerset (d. 1455) 74

Beaufort, Edmund, Duke of Somerset (d. 1471) 118

Beaufort, Lady Margaret 77 Becket, Thomas, Arc. of Canterbury

36,106, 107, 108 'Becket model', the 62 canonization of 12 defender of Church liberties 12,

13 model political martyr 13 posthumous cult of 12-13,63,70,

72, 79, 101, 102 as shepherd 55 and Arc. Scrope's cult 62 and Thomas of Lancaster's cult

13,32,35,62 Bedford, John, Duke of 50, 94 Bell, Alexander 29 Benedict XII, Pope 40 Benet, John 51, 114, 165 n.114

193

194 Index

Berkeley 100, 101 Beverly, Sir John 14 Binham Priory (Norfolk) 158 n.93 Binski, Paul 13 bishops

English 63-4, 118 see also under individual bishops: Gravesend, Stephen, Bishop of London; Bowet, Henry, Bishop of Bath and Wells; Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester; Stapeldon, Walter, Bishop of Exeter; Grandisson, John, Bishop of Exeter; Cantilupe, Thomas, Bishop of Hereford; Hugh of Lincoln, Bishop of Lincoln; Stafford, John, Bishop of Bath and Wells; Stafford, Edmund, Bishop of Exeter; Pecock, Reginald, Bishop of Chichester

holy 57,60,63 Black Notley Church (Essex) 29 Blackburn, Margaret 62, 68, 71, 129 Blackburn, Nicholas 71 Blackheath, battle of (1452) 114 Blacman, John 75-6, 84, 88, 89, 90,

91-2, 94 Blanche of Navarre 24, 32, 39 Blessed Mary Magdalene Chapel,

York 54 blood 13,45,48,87,102 Boccaccio, Giovanni 34, 96 body natural 83 body politiC 52, 83 de Bohun family 28, 32-3, 116,

142 n.70 de Bohun, Humphrey, Earl of

Hereford and Essex (d. 1322) 23,32

de Bohun, Humphrey, Earl of Hereford and Essex (d. 1361) 32-3

de Bohun, Joan, Countess of Hereford 33

Bokenham, Osbern 11 Bolton Book of Hours, the 56, 62,

68,71 Book of Faith 15 Book of the Illustrious Henries 93

Book of the Miracles of Edward... 100 Books of Hours

general 7, 11, 89, 128, 130, 131 individual 31,40,50,56,58,

62, 65-6, 68, 71, 84, 86, 87-8, 154 n.23

Booth, Laurence, Arc. of York 75 Booth, William, Arc. of York 67 Boroubridge, battle of (1322) 23,

27,32 Bosworth, battle of (1485) 71, 104 Boughton, Joan 14,17 Bourn Priory (Lincolnshire) 30 Bowet, Henry, Bishop of Bath and

Wells 64,71 Bowet, Sir Nicholas 68 Bread Street, London, Augustinian

Priory on 109, 111 Brightling (Sussex) 94 Brimsfield (Gloucestershire) 32 Bristol 14, 163 n.50 Bristol Cathedral 100, 161 n.lO Bruce, Isabel 68 Brut, continuation of the 35, 39,

43,47 Bukherst, John 30 Burgundy 71,95,99

dukes of 96 Burning of Heretics, On the (1401) 14 Burton (Staffordshire) 23 de Burton, Sir John 29-30 Burton, Robert 21 Bury St Edmunds 112, 113 Bushy, Sir John 110 Butler family, lords of Wem 31

Cade's Rebellion 112 Calais, siege of (1347) 37 Cambridge University 88 canonization 2, 63 see also in

individual cults under attempted canonization

Canterbury (province) 62, 70, 71 Canterbury Cathedral 13,23,71,

79, 102, 108, 161 n.15 Cantilupe, Thomas, Bishop of

Hereford 35-6, 60, 101 Capgrave, John 11,93, 140 n.38 Carpenter, Christine 3

Carruthers, Mary 69 Cato, Angelo, Arc. of Vienne 104 Caversham (Berkshire) 74,78 celibacy see chastity Chanson de Roland, La 41 charity 58,76,77, 111, 119 Charles II, King of England 105 Charles the Bold, Duke of

Burgundy 96 Charter of Christ 46 Chastelain, George 95-6 chastity 10, 20, 42, 52, 60, 62, 76,

88,92 Chaucer, Geoffrey 11, 13, 21 Cheapside, London 106 Chertsey Abbey 75, 76, 127, 129 Chichele, Henry, Arc. of

Canterbury 136 n.49 Chigwell, Hamo 105-6 chivalry 37-44, 81, 109, 111, 118,

117 in literature 37 and chivalric virtues 39 and martyrdom 41 and reality 37-8

Christ 6-10, 16, 17,20,28,35,39, 40,43,46,48,57,58,60,62,75, 94,95,102,104,107,131

Arma Christi 7, 58 Calvary 7, 8-9, 35 Christi miles 28, 38, 39-44, 109,

122, 125 Corpus Christi 8, 58, 149 n.58 Crown of Thorns 7,9,43,48,115 Five Wounds 50,57,58 humanity of 6-7, 58 militia Christi 63 suffering and Passion of 6, 7-10,

20,22,35,48,58,59,115, 131

Resurrection 73 imitatio Christi 8, 13, 17,20,48,

50,59,60,75,102,107,131 meditation on 7-10 as shepherd 55 and Mary's suffering 7-8

Chronicle of London, A 93 Church liberties 2, 56, 63, 66, 108 Clement VI, Pope 9

Index 195

Clementhorpe Nunnery, York 50, 68, 149 n.53

clergy, the 12, 13,49, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 107, 108, 128, 129

Clerk, John 54 Cobham, Eleanor, Duchess of

Gloucester 2, 113 Cokkes, Richard and Alice 116 Comber, Walter 14, 15 common weal 2, 82-3, 98, 108,

110, 114, 115, 109 commonplace books 21,39,51 commons, the 41, 46, 100, 108,

110,128 Commons, the parliamentary 26,

38,46,49,109-10,112,113 communitas 69 Compilation of the Meekness and

Good Life of King Henry VI 75-6, 84,88,89,90,91-2,94

Complaint of a Prisoner in the Fleet (1463) 19

confession 9, 102, 104, 120 Constitutions of Clarendon (1164)

12 contrition 8, 9, 102, 103, 120 Corpus Christi, guild of, in York 67,

68,69 Cothi, Lewys Glyn 79 Coventry 25 Crowland chronicle, continuation

of 75,89 crusading 39-40 cults see martyrdom cults cultural turn, the 4 Cumberland 79 Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne 13

Dance of Isaiah 21 Dautree, John 54, 68, 69, 70 David, King 103 De Casibus Illustrium Virorum 34,

96 De Heretico Cumburendo (1401) 14 De Laudibus Legum Ang/iae 117 De Re Militari 95 Decollatio Ricardi Scrope 51,58,59,

61,66,67, 149 n.53

196 Index

Despensers, the (Hugh the Elder and Younger) 23, 25, 26, 32

[D}euout meditacioun vp pe passioun of Christ 9

dioceses Bath and Wells 63 Exeter 107 Salisbury 62 Worcester 63

devotion see piety dissolution of the monasteries 78,

125 Dives and Pauper 1,99-100 Dublin 105 Duffy, Eamon 128

East Anglia 80, 81, 84, 87 East Harptree (Somerset) 116 Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of

Kent 100-1 Edward I, King of England 24, 43 Edward II, King of England 24,25,

37,42,43,80,106,107 deposition of 26 death and burial 100, 101, 105,

120 escape of 100 relations of with Thomas of

Lancaster 23, 39 opposition of to Lancaster's cult

24, 25 incompetence of 47, 101, 103-4,

118 and Piers Gaveston 25 posthumous cult 100-4, 118:

support of 101, 103, 104; opposition to 100-1; popularity of 100-1, 127; adherents 100; attempted canonization 101-2, 103, 104, 123; as highlighting ideas on penitence and suffering 102-3, 122, 125, 127; Edward as a penitent and sufferer 102-3, 120

Edward III, King of England 26,27, 45,46,80,84,100,101-2

attempted canonization of Thomas of Lancaster 26-8, 126

and Arthurian imagery 37 and chivalry 44 and crusading 40 and cult around Edward II 101-2,

103 and the Order of the Garter 37

Edward IV, King of England 19, 53, 54,55,60,61,74,76,82,96,99, 105,112,113,115, 117

as suffering 97-8 Edward V, King of England 77,

104-5, 162 n.43 Edward, Prince of Wales, son of

Henry VI 74,75,96, 115-18 posthumous cult 116-18

El Cid 41 Eleven Thousand Virgins, feast of

60 Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII

77,116 Emayn, William 14, 15 endurance see suffering, endurance of English Church, the 128-31 epidemics 85-7, 126-7 Eton College, Winchester 76,88 Eulogium, the 61 Evesham, battle of (1265) 36 execution

by beheading 24, 25 public 119-20 iconography of 131

Exeter Cathedral 106 exile (as martyrdom) 19-20 expiation 9, 48, 58, 87, 103, 130 Eye Church (Suffolk) 158 n.93

Fincham, Ela and John 85 Fitzalan, Richard, Earl of Arundel 1,

109-11,118,119,120,125 posthumous cult 109-11,122,

125 Fitzalan, Thomas, Earl of

Arundel 111 FitzHerbert, William, Arc. of

York 54,59,63,72-3,82 Flagellants 9 Flanders 71 Flavius Vegetius Renatus 95 Fortescue, Sir John 82,83, 117

Fortune's Wheel 34 Fotheringhay Church

(Northamptonshire) 53, 56, 71, 115

Foucault, Michel 119 Fountains Abbey (Yorkshire) 59 Fourth Lateran Council, the (1215)

102 Foxe, John 112 France 12,32,37,38, 71, 74,82,84,

106,109,112,114,117,118 Friars of St Francis Church,

Bridgewater (Somerset) 30 Frithelstock Priory (Devon) 106, 107 Froissart, Jean 107 Fulk Fitz Warin (romance) 46-7 Fullar, Thomas 90

Galahad, Sir 42 Gascoigne, Thomas 51,58,59,61,

66, 67, 149 n.53 Gascoigne, William 66 Gaveston, Piers 25, 32 generosity 39 gentry 19,30-2,38,44,46,67,68,

80, 104, 128 Geoffrey Ie Baker 45 Gieleman, John 29 Gifford, Sir John, Lord of Brimsfield

32 Gifford, Sir Thomas 32 Given-Wilson, Chris 111 Gloucester 106, 163 n.50 Gloucester Cathedral 100, 101, 103,

129 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of

112-13 Godstow chronicle, the 52 'Good Duke Humphrey' 112-13 Grandisson, John, Bishop of Exeter

107 Gravesend, Stephen, Bishop of

London 25 de Gray, Walter, Arc. of York 72 Great Chronicle of London, the 17 Gregory XI, Pope 108 Gregory XII, Pope 52 Greven, Herman 29,33 Guinevere, Queen 37

Index 197

Hagiography 18, 63, 109, 130, 131 see also in individual cults; also under martyrdom in literature

Haiton, William 68 Hales, Sir Robert 107 Hamo de Hethe, Bishop of Rochester

103 Harcley, Andrew 23, 48 Hardyng, John 52, 94, 96 Harland Abbey (Devon) 106, 107 de Hatfield, Robert 106 Henry II, King of England 12, 47,

80,82 Henry III, King of England 24, 36,

39 Henry IV, King of England 14,49,

50, 53, 59, 63, 64, 66, 70-1, 72-3, 104

and Arc. Scrope's cult 52,59, 64, 70-1, 72-3

and Thomas of Lancaster's cult 28,41

Henry IV (play) 63 Henry V, King of England 44,71,

147 n.21 as Prince of Wales 16 and Arc. Scrope's cult 52

Henry VI, King of England 52, 53, 115, 116, 118

coronation 92-3 minority and personal rule 92,

93 foundation of colleges 88 mental breakdown 74,83,94 dethronement 74 Readeption 75 exile 74,75,96 imprisonment 74, 75, 76,90,

91 death 74, 75, 76,85,87,90,96-7,

100, 105, 114, 119-20 display of body 75 burial, reburial and tomb 75, 76,

77,79,90,91,120 and France 74 ineptitude of as king 83, 89, 92,

94, 113 contemporary views of 92-4,

96-7

198 Index

Henry VI, King of England - continued posthumous cult 116, 117, 118,

126 prohibition of 75;

encouragement of 76--8, 79, 116; popularity of 75, 78, 79, 119-20, 127; adherents 79-80, 86, 104, 128; attempted canonization 77, 78, 79, 123, 126; images and iconography 75,78,79, 80,81,82,83,84,85,87-8, 91, 130, 131; miracles 75, 77,79,85,89-90,91,128; obits 76, 79-80, 85; pilgrimage 78; poems 90; prayers 76, 79, 83--4, 85-6, 89; relics 74, 78; vita 75-6, 84,88,89,90,91-2,94; emphasizing virtuous life and patient suffering 85,86, 87,88-9; as highlighting ideas of political harmony 79; and his blood 90; and children 91; and King Alfred 88; and St Edward the Confessor 81,82,91,92; and St Edmund 81-2,92; and Job 90,93,94; Henry VI as chaste 76, 82, 92, 125; model of piety 75-6, 77, 78, 84,88,89,93,94,97,118, 120, 122, 128; as a fool 94; innocent 87,89-94,97,98, 122, 125; as king 80-5, 87,88-9, 131; patron of learning 87-8, 125, 128; protector against plague 79, 82,85-7,122,126--7,128; suffering in life 75-6, 77-8, 82,85,86,89,91,94,95, 96--7,98,117,120,124,126

Henry VII, King of England 76-8, 79, 83, 84, 85, 105, 116, 118

and Henry VI's cult 77-8, 79, 83, 105

Henry VIII, King of England 13, 29, 31, 78, 125

Hereford 85

Hillingdon Church, London 29,31 Hilton, Walter 9, 10 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV in

Eng/and (1471) 96--7,98, 117 Hoccleve, Thomas 16, 19 Holinshed, Raphael 112 Holland, Sir Robert 23, 48 holy fool, the 94 Holy Innocents, the 105 Holy Land, the 40 Hugh of Lincoln, Bishop of

Lincoln 13,60 humility 103 Hundred Years War, the 37-8

images, devotional 130 see also in individual cults under images and iconography

Innocent VIII, Pope 77, 126 Irnham (Lincolnshire) 31,32 Isabella of France, Queen of

Edward II 2,24, 26-7, 37, 45, 100-1, 102, 105-6, 107, 108

Isle of Man 109

James Douglas 43 James, Sir (possibly Sir William

James) 14, 136 n.49 Job 18-19,90,93,94,96,97,114 John XXII, Pope 26,28,126 John the Baptist 81, 156 n.64 John Mirk's Festial 11 John of Salisbury 12, 83 Julian of Norwich 8, 10 Julius II, Pope 77, 126 justice 45-8, 118

Kamerick, Kathleen 129 Kantorowicz, E.H. 83 Kempe, John 20 Kempe, Margery 8, 20 Kennedy, assassinations 3 Kerver, Thomas 93 King's College, Cambridge 87

see also Henry VI's foundations kingship 80, 82-3, 88, 92-3, 99,

103, 117, 118 royal attributes 80-94 royal contrition 103

royal saints 80-2, 84, 99-100 see also St Edmund; St Edward the Confessor

royaltouch,the 82,84 Kirkby Knoll (North Riding) 55, 67 knighthood see chivalry Knyghthode and Bataile 95 Koeur (Lorraine) 75

de Lacy, Alice, Countess of Lancaster and Leicester 42

laity, the 3, 9, 11, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 71, 76, 84, 86, 88, 108, 123, 127, 128, 129-31

'Lament of Edward II' 102-3 Lancashire 30, 75 Lancaster, Duchy of 31,32 Lancaster, Henry, Duke of 32, 33,

102 Lancaster, Henry, Earl of 26-7, 28 Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of

rebellion 23-4 trial 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 45, 111,

122; and annulation of 27, 45 execution and execution place 24,

25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33-4, 35, 41, 4~4~4~ 119, 12~ 131

burial and tomb 24, 25, 26, 48, 120

parentage 24, 39 patronage of religious houses 30 political activity 23, 25, 38,

43-4,46 relations with King Edward II 23 contemporary views of 23 and Stewardship of England 31,

36,43-4,46,47 and lordship 31 and his wife, Alice de Lacy 42 posthumous cult: 66,68,69, 74,

79, 82, 99, 109, 126: encouragement of 24, 26-8; prohibition of 24, 25, 120, 127; propagation of 28,29,31,33; popularity of outside Britain 29, 33; adherents 28, 30-3, 36, 42, 44, 118; gentry adherents 30-2, 38, 44, 46,

Index 199

104, 122, 127; attempted canonization 24, 26, 27-8, 48, 123, 125-6, 140 n.38; images and iconography 27, 28,29-30,31,32,33,35,44, 131, 140 n.31; miracles 24-5, 26, 29, 31, 33, 42, 43, 45, 48, 90, 125; obits 30,31,46; passio 28-9, 33, 35, 39; pilgrimage 25,26,27; poems 30; prayers 31,32, 33,35,39,40,44,45,46,48, 131; relics 29,31,42,43; as providing explanation for death 43; enhancing identities 38, 42, 44, 69-73; and blood 45, 48, 90; and chivalry 37-44, 109, 122, 126; and law and justice 45-8, 122; and King Arthur 43, 48; and Thomas Becket 13, 32, 35; and Thomas Cantilupe 35-6; and Christ 48; and St George 40-1; and Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester 36-7; 'Blessed Thomas of Lancaster', guild of 29, 30; Lancaster as chaste 42; Christi miles 28, 38, 39-44, 109, 122, 125, 131; generous 39; innocent 27,45, 89, 109; dying for England 24, 26, 31,35-6,41,43,48,121; dying in defence of Church 26, 35-6, 45; dying for justice 30, 35-6, 41,45,46

Lanercost chronicle 25 Langley, Thomas 51 law 45-6 Lawrence, John 106 'Ie Laweles chirch', London 106 Le Temple de Bocace 95-6 Leeds Castle (Kent) 23 Legenda Aurea, the 164 n.85 Legendys of Hooly Wummen 11 Leicester Abbey 30

200 Index

Leicestershire 30, 31 Lene, William 30 leprosy 59, 64 Lincolnshire 31,32,68 literature

romance 37,40 outlawry 47 chansons de geste 37

liturgy 4,6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 65, 72, 76, 109, 129, 130--1 see also in individual cults under prayers

Livre de Seyntz Medicines 102 Llewelyn, Dafydd Llwyd up 104 Lollardy 14-18 Lombarde, William 78 London 12,17,49,70,75,92,95,

97, 105-6, 108, 110, 112, 117 London Bridge 107 Louis IX, King of France 82 Love, Nicholas 7 Ludham Church (Norfolk) 81,82 Ludlow, Sir Laurence 39 Luttrell, Sir Geoffrey 31,32,38 Luttrell Psalter, the 31,32,33,34,

38,44 Lydgate, John 11,20-1,81,82,92,

93

Maddicott, J.R. 43 Maidstone, Clement 51,58,59,61,

66,67, 70, 149 n.53 Maidstone, Thomas 70 Mancini, Dominic 104 manliness see masculinity Margaret of Anjou, Queen of

Henry VI 2,53,74,75,76,95, 97, 115, 116, 117, 118

as suffering 95-6 Martham (Norfolk) 15 martyrdom

as innocent suffering 6, 104 as metaphor 18-21 in life 10, 18-21, 124 in literature 10-11,82, 124, 125 'old' versus 'new' 124-5 spiritual 8, 10

martyrdom cults general: Anglo-Saxon 1;

Protestant and Catholic 2, 16;

Jewish 16; Lollard 14-18; virgin-martyrs 11, 16, 18, 19, 124, 125; boy-martyrs 92, 124, 125

political: based on old traditions 17-18,34-5,123, 131; consoling and rationalizing events 16, 34, 41,48, 123; constructing and enhancing identities 38, 42,44,69-73,122,130; contextualized 2,4, 6, 14, 120, 126-7; creation of 119-21; enabling commemoration 65-6, 69, 123-4, 130; enabling discourse 37-44,45-8, 55-6, 121-2; expressing resistance to the king 3, 29, 111, 120--1; highlighting the martyr's innocence and victimization 45, 59-60, 89-94, 104-5, 110--11, 124-5; offering intercession and protection 13, 31, 33, 48, 70-1,85-7, 122 see also in individual cults under miracles; political manipulation by individual players 3,29, 52, 120; providing role-models 11, 13, 38-44, 59-62, 75-6, 102-3, 122; representing ideas of political harmony 3, 13, 41, 59, 70, 79, 104, 121; and death in defence of the common weal 24,26,31, 35-6,41,48,67,109-10,121, 114; and death in defence of the Church 12-13, 26, 35-6, 60, 65, 66-7; and death in defence of law and justice 30, 35-6, 41, 45,46, 67; and the English Church 128-31

Martyrium Ricardi Archiepiscopi 51, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 70, 149 n.53

martyrologicallanguage 6, 14, 20, 94-8, 113, 124

as available to all 22 as explaining suffering 18, 22,

89 martyrologies 30, 106, 130 Mary 7-8, 50, 58, 60-1, 78, 79,

81 compassion of 7-8 Immaculate Conception 7 Joys and Sorrows 7 Pieta, the 7 as Mater DoloTOsa 7

masculinity 42,60,65,81, 109, 111, 114, 117, 118

matrimony (as martyrdom) 20-1 McNiven, Peter 63 Melton, William, Arc. of York 25,

26 merchants 71-2 Merfeld, John 94 methodology 4 Middleham Jewel, the 12 Midlands, the 79, 102 Mills, Robert 65 MiTrour of the Blessed Lyf o(Jesu

Christ 7 Modus Tenendi Parliamentum

(1321) 38 'monk of Evesham' 109, 111,

164 n.85 'monk of Westminster' 107 de Montfort, Simon, Earl of

Leicester 36-7 More, Thomas 11-12 Morgan, John 79 Mortayne, Lady Margaret 32 Mortimer, Ann, Lady March 11 Mortimer, Sir Roger 26-7, 37, 45,

100-1 de Moseleye, Richard 25-6 Mowbray family 68 Mowbray, Thomas, Earl Marshal 49,

50

Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York 53, 54

Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmorland 50,61

Neville, Richard, Earl of Salisbury 114

Index 201

Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick ('the Kingmaker') 114

Neville, Richard, Earl of Warwick 75 Nicholas of the Tower, the 112 Norfolk 31,81,86 North English Legendary, the 10-11 Northern Rising, the (1405) 49-50,

61, 63, 66, 67, 69 Northumberland 79 Norton, Christopher 65 Norwich 15 Nottinghamshire 30 Nycolas, Thomas 29

obedience 58 'Obsecro Te' (prayer) 7 Oldcastle, Sir John 14, 16, 136 n.49 On the Recovery of the Throne by

EdwardIV 97 Order of the Garter, the 37,41,91 Ordinance of Justices (1346) 46 Ordinances of 1311, the 23, 24,

25,36 Ormrod, Mark 101 Oxford University 88 Oxfordshire 32

Pange lingua (hymn) 131 Paris, William 11, 19 parliaments 38, 49

individual parliaments: 'pseudo-parliaments' (1321) 23, 30; (1327) 27; (1332) 40; (1334) 40; (1384) 110; (1386) 110; (1388) 109; (1404) 49; (1406) 50; (1447) 112, 113; (1459) 95; (1461) 97

Parron, William 105 pastor populi 55-6, 59, 63, 66, 67,

69, 122, 125, 131 patience see suffering, endurance of Peasants' Revolt, the (1381) 49, 99,

107-8 Pecock, Reginald, Bishop of

Chichester 15 penance 13,20,52,97,102-3,104,

106, 127 see also confession, penitence

202 Index

penitence 102-3, 104, 125, 127, 161 n.Z9 see also confession, penance

Penzance (Cornwall) 85 Percy, Henry, Earl of

Northumberland 63, 67 Percy, Sir Henry (Hotspur) 73, 112 perjury 95 persona publica 83, 89 pestilence 85-7 Peters, Christine 128 Pety Job 18-19 Pfaff, Richard 130 Philip the Good, Duke of

Burgundy 96 piety 13, 16, 35, 48, 53, 56, 75, 76,

77, 82, 88, 91, 94, 97, 99, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 128

lay 7, 122, 131 female 68, 128

plague 85-7, 126-7 Plumpton, Sir William 50 de la Pole, William, Duke of

Suffolk 112 political culture 3, 5, 29, 113, 125,

128 political martyrs see under

individual cults: Becket, Thomas, Arc. of Canterbury; Edward II, King of England; Edward, Prince of Wales; Fitzalan, Richard, Earl of Arundel; Henry VI, King of England; Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of; Scrope, Richard, Arc. of York; Sudbury, Simon, Arc. of Canterbury

Pollard, A.]. 105 Pontefract 23,24,25,26,27,29,31,

43,50,115,127,129 Prince Arthur's Chantry, Worcester

Cathedral 83 Princes in the Tower, the 77, 104-5

see Edward V, King of England; York, Richard, Duke of (d. 1483?)

providence 48, 98 Provisions of Oxford (1258) 36 prowess 39,42,44,60,114,117

psalters general 130 individual 30,31,32,33,34,38,

44,46,116 purgatory 21 Pyncocke, Sir James 29, 31

Raunds (Northumptonshire) 31, 46

Raunds family 31,46 Raunds, William 46 Rawc1iffe (Yorkshire) 61 Reading 93 Reformation 2, 29 Reynes, Robert 11 Richard II, King of England I, 19,

52,67,80,81,94,99,100,101, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111

Richard III, King of England 54, 76, 79, 100, 104, 105

Richard III (play) 104 Ripon (Yorkshire) 55, 67 Robert Bruce, King of Scotland 24 Robynson, John 91 Rolle, Richard 9 Rome 102 Romney (Kent) 30 rood screens 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91,

158 n.93 Rothwell, Thomas 67 Rubin, Miri 4, 128 Russell, J. c. 3 Rutlandshire 46

saintly kings 80-2, 84 see also kingship

saints St Agatha II, 12 St Agnes 17 St Alban 112 St Anne 99 St Apollonia 11, 12, 156 n.64 St Barbara 156 n.64 St Blaise 70, 72 St Cecily II, 17 St Christine 11, 19 St Christopher 70, 72 St Clement 57, 71, 156 n.64 St Cuthbert 13

St Dominic 72 St Dunstan 56 St Edmund 80,81-2, 84, 85, 92,

101 St Edward the Confessor 80-1,82,

84, 85, 91, 92, 101 St Erasmus 71 St Francis of Assisi 72 St George 33,40-1,42,81,82 St Hugh of Lincoln see Hugh of

Lincoln, Bishop of Lincoln St Julian 11 St Katherine 11, 61 St Louis 82 St Lucy 12 St Margaret 11 St Olaf 81 St Oswald 57,80-1 St Peter 57 'St' Robert of Bury 92 St Roch 11, 85, 86, 87, 128 St Sebastian 12, 85, 87, 128 St Sidwell 156 n.64 St Stephen 50, 59, 65 St Thomas Aquinas 36 St Thomas Becket see Becket,

Thomas, Arc. of Canterbury St Thomas of Dover 36 St Thomas of Hereford see

Cantilupe, Thomas, Bishop of Hereford

St Thomas the Apostle 36 St William of York see FitzHerbert

William, Arc. of York Saul, Nigel 110 Sawtre, Sir William 14, 17, 136 n.49 Scale of Perfection 9 Scotland 28,75,82,96 Scrope Chapel, York Minster 59,65 Scrope family 52, 54, 59, 64-6 Scrope, Henry, 3rd Lord of Masham

(d. l415) 52,112,151 n.100 Scrope, Richard, Arc. of York

trial 50,51,59-60,65,66,67, 72-3

execution and execution place 50, 53, 56, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72-3, 106, 107, 119, 131, l49 n.53

Index 203

burial and tomb 50, 59, 61, 67, 69, 73, 120, 125

leadership of rising 49-50, 58, 61, 63,64,66,67,69,126,127

articles hung in York 49, 63, 66, 67

articles attributed to by Yorkists 51,53,67

reasons for decollation of 51,67 relations of with King Henry IV

49 as bishop of Lichfield 57, 103 as Arc. of York 58, 60, 64 posthumous cult 74,79,82,99,

126 opposition to 50,51-2, 70, 73,

120; encouragement of 53, 54; propagation of 70, 127; adherents 54-5, 61, 67-8, 69, 71, 104, 118, 127, 128-9; proposed canonization and translation 54-5, 61, 67, 70; images and iconography 53, 56-7, 62, 65, 71, 73, 131; miracles 51,52,61, 125, l49 n.53; obits 68-9; pilgrimage 65, 69; poems 60, 61, 62; prayers 50, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65-6, 68, 71, 72; relics 54, 68, 69; shrine, inventory of 55, 71; texts of Martyrium 51,58,59,61, 66, 67, 70; cult as enabling commemoration 65-6, 69; encouraging political harmony 59, 70; enhancing civic identity 69-73; propagating social messages 58-9, 68, 122; and the city of York 67-73; and emphasis on martyrdom 50-1, 52, 66, 67; and emphasis on saintly virtues 50-1,52, 59, 67, and the Five Wounds 50,57-8; and Christ 57-8,59-60; and Mary 60-1; and the Scrope family 65-6; and

204 Index

Scrope, Richard, Arc. of York - cont'd St Stephen 59i and St Thomas Becket 62i and St William of York 59, 72-3, death for England and its laws 67i death in defence of the Church 60, 65, 66-7i Scrope as an an ti -Lancastrian champion 53, 67, 126i chaste 52, 60, 65, 68, 122, 125i innocent 59-60, 89i model for younger generations 62i pastor populi 55-6, 59, 63, 66, 67, 69, 122, 125, 131i patron-saint as sea 53, 54,70-1, 122i political leader 63-7, 73i spiritual leader 56-62, 63, 64, 73i truthful 52, 61-2, 68, 122

Scrope, Richard, Baron of Bolton (d. 1403) 64

Scrope, Stephen (d. 1406) 59, 65 Scrope, Stephen (d. 1418) 56, 59, 65 Scrope-Grosvenor Controversy, the

64 Second Nun's Tale, the 11 Sempringhem Priory (Lincolnshire)

32 Sendale, John 55, 67 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 96 Shakespeare, William 63, 64, 104,

112 Sheen Priory 147 n.21 Sherborne Missal, the 8 Shipton Moor (Yorkshire) 49 Shrewsbury, battle of (1403) 112 Sibs on, John 61, 68, 125 silence (as a martyrological motif)

17,59-60 Simnel, Lambert (,Edward VI') 105 Smith, William 14,136 n.49 Smithfield, London 14, 16,99 Solomon, King 88, 93 Somnium Vigilantis, the (1459) 95 South English Legendary, the 10-11 Southampton plot, the 112 Speculum Sacerdotale 11

St Albans, first battle of (1455) 74, 112

St Albans Abbey 112, 113, 115 St Clement Danes Church, London

106 St Cuthbert Monastery, Durham 33 St George's Chapel, Windsor 28,41,

76, 77, 78, 79, 85, 116, 162 n.43 St Gregory's Church, Sudbury

(Suffolk) 108 St John the Evangelist Priory,

Pontefract 24, 25, 127 St Paul's Cathedral 24, 25, 75, 90,

106, 125, 161 n.15 St Peter ad Vincula Church, South

NeWington (Oxfordshire) 32, 35,44

St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester 100, 102

Stafford, Edmund, Bishop of Exeter 64

Stafford, Edward, Duke of Buckingham 116

Stafford, John, Bishop of Bath and Wells 14i Arc. of Canterbury 116

Stambourne Church (Essex) 91 Stapeldon, Walter, Bishop of

Exeter 106-7, 108 Statute of Treasons (1352) 111 Stele, John 29, 30 Stephen, William Fitz 12 Stouck, Mary-Ann 111 Strohm, Paul 4,98, 115 Sudbury, Simon, Arc. of

Canterbury I, 107-8, 131 posthumous cult 107-8, 127,

131 suffering, endurance of 10, 19,20,

21,59-60,62,63,74,89,96, 97-8, 103, 113-15

Suffolk 31, 32, 105 Swanson, R.N. 70, 129 sweat sickness 85, 126 Symeon, Simon 32 Syon Abbey 51,147 n.21

taxation 49, 66 Taylor, William 14, 136 n.49

Tewkesbury Abbey (Gloucestershire) 115, 116

Tewkesbury, battle of (1471) 75, 115, 117, 118

Theilmann, John 101 Thomas, John ap 79 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of

Gloucester 103, 109 see also Appellant, Lords

Thorpe, William 16-17, 18 tonsure 65 Tower Hill, London 109 Tower, the, London 74, 75, 76, 91,

92, 104, 105, 119 treason accusations 24, 25, 110,

111,112 truthfulness 52, 59, 61-2, 68 Tudor, Edmund, Earl of

Richmond 77 Turner, Victor 69 Tutbury (Staffordshire) 23 Twelve Letters save England 114

Urban VI, Pope 100, 103 Usk, Adam 109,111,164 n.85

Vauchez, Andre 62, 63, 125 violence 19, 25, 35, 36, 37, 52, 62,

99,101, 109, Ill, 112, 119, 123, 124, 125

virginity 10,42, 59, 60, 61, 68,82, 92

as martyrdom 10 and virgin-martyrs II, 16, 18, 19,

124, 125 Vita Edward Secundi 34, 42 Vyvian, Richard 85

Wakefield, battle of (1460) 114, 115 Walberswick Church (Suffolk) 84-5,

130 Walker, Simon 3,41 Walsham Ie Willows (Suffolk) 30 Walsingham, Thomas 28, 64, 107,

108,111 Walter, Henry 91 Warbeck, Perkin 105 Warkworth, John 90

Index 205

Wars of the Roses, the 83,95, 114 Watts, John 92, 112 Wem (Shropshire) 31 Westminster Abbey, London 71,99,

105, 161 n.15 Wethamsted, John 115 Whimple Church (Devon) 85, 128 White, William 15 Wife of Bath 21 Wigmore, Abbot of St Peter's Abbey,

Gloucester 100 William Gregory's chronicle 92, 114 William of Northfolk 29 Wilton Diptych, the 81 Winchelsey, Robert, Arc. of

Canterbury 56, 63 Woodville, Elizabeth, Queen of

Edward IV 97-8, 105 Worcester 84 Worcester Cathedral 83 Wriothesley (or Wry the), Sir

Thomas 41 Wyche, Richard 14 Wycliffe, John 14-15, 108 Wyman, Agnes 68,69 Wyman, Henry 68, 71

York (city) 24,27, 49, 50, 54, 58, 60, 64, 67-73, 115

civic identity in 67-73 civic saints of 70-3 mercantile community in 71-2

York (province) 60, 72 York Minster 50,51,52,54,55,56,

58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 79, 125, 127, 129

York, Richard, Duke of (d. 1483?) 77,104-5

York, Richard, Duke of (d. 1460) 74, 95,97,116

claim for throne 53, 110, 114, 115 as suffering 97, 113-14, 115

York, use of 50, 56, 62 Yorkist suffering 97-8, 113-15 Yorkshire Rising see Northern

Rising, the Yorkshire 7,31,49,51,53,62,64,

79, 126