notes g. states of matter. daily quiz question 4.21.2014 what are the four states of matter?

NOTES G. STATES OF MATTER

DAILY QUIZ QUESTION 4.21.2014

• What are the four states of matter?


Matter• Matter-makes up all substances, whether it is a

solid, liquid or gas. Molecules, atoms and sub-atomic particles are all matter. • The major properties of matter are that it takes

up space, has mass and attracts other matter with gravity.


Kinetic Theory• All matter is made up of constantly moving atoms

or molecules (particles). The motion of these particles determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or a gas – the KINETIC THEORY• Kinetic= motion.• The energy of an object has because of its motion

is called kinetic energy.

FORCES

• Intermolecular forces- forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles.

• Intramolecular forces- forces which keep a molecule together.


States of Matter:

• 1. Solid • 2. Liquid • 3. Gas• 4. Plasma


• Gases-• Particles of a gas are:• Relatively far apart with no intermolecular forces of attraction

or repulsive forces between.• Motion of particles is rapid, constant and random

(independent of one another).• Have no definite shape or volume.• The volume of a quantity of gas is dependent on temperature

and surrounding pressure• Collision between particles is a gas are perfectly elastic.


• Liquid• Particles of a liquid are:• In a liquid, the particles are farther apart, but they are still

close enough to have intermolecular forces of attraction between atoms.

• Motion between particles is constrained by the volume of the liquid.

• Have definite volume.• Takes the shape of the container.• Liquids are more dense than gases but less dense than solids.


• Solids• Particles of a solid are:• In a solid, the particles are so close that the intermolecular

forces of attraction confine the material to create the specific shape (organized atom arrangement).

• In solids, the motion of the particles is severely constrained to a small area, in order for the solid to maintain its shape.

• Have definite volume.• Have definite shape.• Most dense.


• Plasma• Particles of plasma:• Similar to a gas, but charged particles with extremely high

energy • Exists at very high temperatures • Rare on earth, but found in universe in stars


• Kinetic Energy and Temperature• As a substance is

heated, its particles absorb energy some of which is stored within the particles. The remaining absorbed energy speeds up the particles, increasing their kinetic energy, therefore increasing the temperature.


• Physical Change- A change in which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change.


• Endothermic- Process that absorbs heat (energy) from the surroundings.

• Exothermic- Process that releases heat (energy) to the surroundings.


• Freezing- Liquid solid, energy is released, forces increase

• Melting- Solid liquid, energy is absorbed, forces decrease

• Deposition- Gas solid, energy is released, forces increase

• Sublimation- Solid gas, energy is absorbed, forces decrease


• Evaporation- Liquid gas, energy is absorbed, forces decrease

• Condensation- Gas liquid, energy is released, forces increase

NOTES H. TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY

• Heat- energy that transfers from one object to another because of a temperature difference between the objects.

• Temperature- the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in matter


Phase Change Diagrams- Temperature vs. TimeA transfer of energy occurs at every change of phase. • Heat of Fusion – the amount of energy needed to

change any substance from solid to liquid (or a liquid to solid). • Heat of Vaporization – the amount of energy

required to change any substance from liquid to gas (or a gas to liquid).


Phase Change Diagrams- Temperature vs. Time


Magic Ice DemoWhat happened? Why?

Balloon DemoWhat happened? Why?


• If you have ever left a silver spoon in very hot soup, you will notice that the whole spoon gets hot. Thermal energy is transferred from the hot end of the spoon through the entire length, its called conduction.


• Conduction- the transfer of heat energy from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature due to the interaction of neighboring particles.


• Conduction• Particles often collide with each other. When this

happens, energy is transferred from the faster (hotter) moving particle to the slower (cooler) moving particle. This makes the slower moving particles increase in speed.

• When molecules in a substance are made to move faster, they get warmer. The warmer an object gets, the more kinetic energy and therefore, thermal energy it contains: • Kinetic energy is the energy of motion• Thermal energy is the total energy of the atoms.


ConductionIf conduction of heat relies on collisions between neighboring particles, which would make the best conductor? Why?

- Solids- Liquids- Gases - Plasma


Conduction• Good conductors of heat are metals with loose

electrons – silver, copper, iron, etc. • Poor conductors are called insulators. These don’t

have loose electrons – wool, wood, paper, Styrofoam, etc. • Air is a poor conductor of heat, so things with air

spaces in them are sometimes used as insulators.


Bottle DemoWhat happened? Why?


ConvectionConvection is the transfer of heat by motion of a fluid (a fluid is a liquid or a gas), or by currents.


ConvectionConvection works in fluids in the following way: • Fluid is heated from below and the molecules on the

bottom start moving faster. • The molecules on the bottom spread apart and become

less dense. • The less dense molecules move up to the top, as the

denser, cooler fluid moves to the bottom. • The convection current will keep stirring this way. The

warmer fluid will always move away from the heat source and the colder will move towards it.


ConvectionSometimes convection works in gases like it does in fluids:

-Warm air expands and therefore becomes less dense.

-This less dense air rises through the surrounding cooler air.

-Once the warm air reaches air with the same density, it stops rising.

-As air expands, it cools.-As it is compressed, it gets hotter.

notes g. states of matter. daily quiz question 4.21.2014 what are the four states of matter?

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