notes about spirit map€¦ · 27/04/2020 · ©william etter and laura park april 27, 2020 1...
TRANSCRIPT
©WilliamEtterandLauraParkApril27,2020
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NotesAboutSpiritMap
ThispaperprovidesbackgroundinformationaboutSpiritMap,including:
• WhatSpiritMapis–andisnot.• SimilarityofSpiritMap’sstructureandmethodologywiththatfoundinthesocial
scienceandmarketingresearch.• Comparisonswithotherspiritualwell-beinginventories.• Discussionofhowwedevelopedthe44itemsintheSpiritMapinventory.• Theunderlyingdomainsofspiritualwell-beingrevealedbyanalyzingSpiritMap
responsedataandhowthesedomainscomparewithdomainsofspiritualwell-beingreportedintheliterature.
• Validityandreliabilityissues.• ThedistinctionNewYorkTimescolumnistDavidBrooksmakesbetweenresume
virtuesandeulogyvirtuesandhowthatdistinctionappliestoSpiritMap(aslightbutpertinenttangent).
• AdditionalresearchpossibilitiesthatexistwithourSpiritMapdatabase.
WhatSpiritMapIsandIsNot
SurveyStructure
SpiritMapisasurvey-basedinstrumentandanalysisprocedurethatprovidesapoint-in-timesnapshotofwhereindividualsandcongregationsareontheirspiritualjourney,helpingthemfindtheirinherentspiritualstrengthsandtheiropportunitiestodeepentheirsenseofpeace,compassion,andjoy.TheSpiritMapinventorycontains44itemsrelatedtothedomainofspiritualwell-being.Individualsassessboththepresenceofandtheimportanceofeachitemintheirspirituallife:
• Presenceofeachitem:howtrueisthisstatementforyou(1–10scalewhere1=notatalltrueand10=totallytrue)
• Importanceofeachitem:howimportantisthisstatementtoyourspiritualwell-being(1–10scalewhere1=relativelyleastimportanttoyourspiritualwell-beingand10=relativelymostimportanttoyourspiritualwell-being)?
Inaskingpeopletoratetheimportanceofeachitem,SpiritMapisalmostuniqueamongsurveysofthistype.Wehavefoundonlyoneothersurveythatasksforanotherratinginadditiontothepresencerating.
SpiritMap’simportanceratingallowspeopletodefineforthemselveswhatmattersintheirspirituallife,bringingbuilt-inmotivationtotheworkofdeepeningtheirspirituallives.Forexample,ifsomeonegivesthesamepresenceratingtotwoSpiritMapitems,theimportanceratingsassignedtothetwoitemshelpsdeterminewhichitemshouldreceivethemostattention.Inthiswaytheimportanceratingsserveasaprioritizingmetricforaction.
Afterindividualshaveprovidedtheirpresenceandimportanceratings,oursurveyasksrespondentstoprovideanestimateoftheiroverallspiritualwell-beingbothnowandinfiveyears(optional).
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KeyDeliverables
SpiritMapisnotapredictivetoolinthewaythat,forexample,theSATattemptstopredictcollegesuccess.Itisalsonotascreeningtoolinthewaythatcertainpersonalitytestsareusedaspartofanemploymentscreeningprocess.Instead,thesurveymethodologyandanalyticalsteps,bothattheindividuallevelandcongregationallevel,followgenerallyacceptedandwell-establishedmarketingresearchpracticetogivethreeprimarydeliverables:
• TopfiveSignatureStrengths(SS)astheypertaintotheindividual’sspiritualidentity.
• TopfiveKeyOpportunities(KO)astheypertaintotheindividual’sspiritualgrowthanddevelopment.AppendixAexplainshowwedetermineSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunities.
• Aquadrantmapwhereeachofthe44itemsthatmakeupthesurvey,includingtheSSandKO,isplottedinthetwo-dimensionalpresence/importancespace.AppendixBprovidesanexamplequadrantmap.
Faith-NeutralAspect
WedevelopedSpiritMapasafaith-neutralinventory,believingthatspiritualityisauniversalhumanexperiencethattranscendsspecificbeliefs.Whilethereareitemsintheinventorythatdealwithspiritualissues,thereisnodirectreference,forexample,toGod,Creator,higherpower,orprayer.Whilefaith-neutralityisnotauniquecharacteristic,itdoesplaceSpiritMapwithagrowingnumberofsurveyswithaspiritualratherthanareligiousorientation(Meezenbroeketal,2012).J.Fisher,authorofanotherspiritualwell-beinginventorycalledSHALOM,hasalsonotedtheneedto“relax”thereferencetoGodinordertoexpandtherelevanceofhisinstrumenttoabroaderaudience.Ashesaysinarecentpaper“…inlightoftheclaimoftheisticbiasleveledattheexistingSHALOM,fourofthefiveoriginalTranscendentalfactoritemshadthewords‘God’,‘Divine’,and‘Creator’replacedbytheword‘Transcendent’”(Fisher,2016,p.49)
WealsonotethisfromMeezenbroeketal(2012)abouttheneedforspiritualwell-beingsurveystobemorefaithneutral,“Welookedforadefinitionofspiritualitythatreflectstheexperiencesofpeoplefromdifferentreligiousorsecularbackgroundsandthatreflectscurrent(western)culture,wheremanypeoplearesearchingforprofundityandmeaninginlifeonthebasisofpersonalexperiencesandinsightinsteadofonthebasisofexternalrules,normsandexpectations.Incurrent(western)culture,moreandmorepeoplearesearchingforaconnectionwiththedivinewithinthemselves,insteadofaconnectionwithanexternalalmightypower.”(p.338)
SimilaritieswithSocialScienceandMarketingResearch
SimilaritieswithSocialScienceResearch
ThescalesusedinSpiritMapforthePresenceandtheImportanceratingsaresimilartoLikertscalescommonlyusedinsurveyresearchinthesocialsciences.
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SpiritMap’squestionaskingindividualstoprovideanestimateoftheiroverallspiritualwell-beingbothnowandinfiveyearsalsohasparallelsinthesocialsciences.Here’showSpiritMapasksthequestions:
Takingtheitemsaboveasspeaking,inaggregate,toyouroveralllevelofspiritualwell-being,plusanyotheritemswemayhavemissedandrecognizingthatsomeitemswillbemoreimportanttoyouthanothers:Howwouldyourateyourcurrentlevelofoverallspiritualwell-being?(1–10)?Wheredoyouexpectyouroveralllevelofspiritualwell-beingtobefiveyearsfromnow?(1–10)?
Socialscienceassessmentsregularlyuseaself-defined,self-reportedsubjectiveoverallassessmentforconstructsthataredifficulttodefineobjectively,leavingtheconstruct’sdefinitionuptotheindividualrespondent.
Forexample,EdDienerfromtheUniversityofIllinois,Urbana-ChampaigninhisSatisfactionwithLifeScalequestionnairesays,“TheSatisfactionwithLifeScalewasdevelopedtoassesssatisfactionwithpeople'slivesasawhole.Thescaledoesnotassesssatisfactionwithspecificlifedomains,suchashealthorfinances,butallowssubjectstointegrateandweighthesedomainsinwhateverwaytheychoose.”
Insocialscienceresearch,overallconstructsareoftencharacterizedbyspecificdomainsorattributesinthisway.Jobsatisfactionsurveysareanotherexampleofsuchastructure.Inadditiontoanoverall,self-defined,subjectiveratingofjobsatisfaction,suchsurveysusuallyincluderatingsofspecificattributessuchassalary,advancementopportunities,benefits,professionaldevelopmentopportunities,supervision,etc.Asinthecaseofoveralllifesatisfactioncitedabove,theoverallratingofjobsatisfactionallowssubjectstointegrateandweighthesespecificdomainsorattributesinwhateverwaytheychoosetoreflecttheoverallrating.
Inthesamewaythatoverallsatisfactionwithone’slifeorjobisafunctionofthebundleofattributesthatdefinetheoverallconstruct,SpiritMapviewsanindividual’soverallspiritualwell-beingtobeafunctionofaspecificbundleofattributesthatdefinetheoverallconstruct:the44itemsontheSpiritMapinventory(e.g.Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers;mylifehasmeaningandpurpose;Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.)Theseareattributesthatrespondentsevaluate,weight,andintegrateinwhateverwaytheychoosetocomeupwitharatingofoverallspiritualwell-being.
Inwhatmightbeabitofoversimplification,wewouldpointoutthefollowingparallelbetweenSpiritMapandjobsatisfaction.Jobsatisfactiondealswithone’sprofessionallife;SpiritMapdealswithone’sspirituallife.Wereturntothisparallelinthesectionbelowtitled“ResumeVirtuesvs.EulogyVirtues”.
SimilarCorrelationMetricswithMarketResearch
SpiritMapprovidesthesametypeofcorrelationmetricsthatwefindinsimilarlystructuredmarketingresearchstudies.
Marketingresearchstudiesoftencorrelatetheself-reportedoverallsatisfactionwithaproductorservice(e.g.,anautomobile)withevaluationsonthesetofattributesthatdefinetheproductorservice(inthecaseofanautomobilethesewouldbeattributeslikesafety,
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styling,mpg,comfort,etc.).Correlationsusuallyrangefromahighof0.70toalowof0.20.Thesecorrelations,orfunctionsofthesecorrelations,areusedtoprioritizewhichattributesarekey“correlatesofoverallsatisfaction”.
Whenwelookatthecorrelationsbetweentheoverallassessmentofspiritualwell-beinginSpiritMapandthepresenceratingsonthedefiningsetofattributes,(attributeslike:Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow;Mylifehasmeaningandpurpose;Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers,etc.)wefindcorrelationsthatrangefromhighsofapproximately0.70tolowsjustbelow0.20;inotherwordsverymuchinlinewithwhatwefindinmarketingresearchstudies.
ComparisonofSpiritMapwithOtherSpiritualWell-BeingInventories
Theattempttoassessspiritualwell-beingthroughamulti-itemsurveysuchasSpiritMapiswell-documentedintheliterature.Fisher(2015)reviewed260suchmulti-itemspiritualwell-beingquestionnaires.Onlyoneofthese,however,Fisher’sownSHALOMinstrument,elicitsasecondmeasurementofimportanceforeachinventoryitemthewaySpiritMapdoes.ForanextensivecomparisonbetweenSpiritMapandSHALOM,pleaserequestourworkingpaper.WewouldalsonotethattheSpiritualWell-BeingQuestionnaire(SWBQ)developedbyFisherandGomez(2003),whichistheprecursortotheSHALOMinstrumentanddoesnotincludetheimportancecomponent,wasjudgedthebest,mostpromisinginstrumentamongteninstrumentsreviewedbyMeezenbroek,etal(2012)Wefeelthefactthatsucharecognizedinstrumentfelttheneedtoaddimportancereinforcesourchoicetoincludeitfromthebeginning.Finally,wewouldnotethatthe44SpiritMapitemsoffermore“granularity”than,forexample,the20itemsinFisher’sSWBQ,givingindividualsmoreopportunitytodescribehowtheyaredoingonpotentiallyimportantaspectsoftheirspiritualwell-being.
WhyThese44Items
TheoriginalinventoryofitemsusedbySpiritMapconsistedof56items.Thisoriginal56itemsetwasprimarilytheresultofthinking,writing,andresearchbythreewell-establishedandhighlyregardedUnitarianUniversalistministersreflectingaprofessionallifetimededicatedtohelpingindividualsandcongregationsenhancetheirindividualandcollectivespiritualgrowth,transformation,andwell-being.
Thereductionfrom56to44itemsisprimarilytheresultofanexploratoryfactoranalysis(EFA)withtheoriginal56itemsondatacollectedfromfourUnitarianUniversalistcongregationsthatagreedtoparticipateinapilotstudyin2013(n=503).Factoranalysisbundlestogetheritemsthatdefineacommonunderlyingconstructorfactor.Forexample,theattributesIcaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothersandIgivetoothersfullyandgenerouslyarepartofthesamebundle.
Itemsinagivenbundlearetosomedegreemeasuringthesamething.Thisredundancymeansthatwecouldconsidereliminatingcertainitemshighlyredundantwithotheritems.
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Inadditiontoitemredundancies,welookedathowindividualitempresenceratingscorrelatedwiththeassessmentofoverallspiritualwell-being.Weeliminatedonlyitemswith(1)ahighdegreeofredundancywithotheritemsasdeterminedbythefactoranalysisand(2)hadarelativelylowcorrelationwithoverallspiritualwell-being.Usingthisprocedureweeliminated12oftheoriginalsetof56itemstoarriveatthefinalsetof44.
DomainsofSpiritualWell-Being
TheEFAweconductedtohelpreducethenumberofitemsintheSpiritMapinventory(seeprevioussection)bundleditemstogetherintocommonunderlyingconstructsorfactors.Wehavecalledtheseunderlyingconstructsorfactorsdomains,accordingtothepracticeinthespiritualwell-beingliterature.Whatisthenatureoftheseunderlyingdomains?WeexplorethisquestionasitisansweredintheliteratureandasitisansweredbyanupdatedanalysisofourSpiritMapdata.
TheDomainsofSpiritualWell-BeingintheLiterature
TheNationalInterfaithCoalitiononAging(NICA,1975)proposedfourmainthemesintheirframeworkdefinitionofspiritualwell-being:“theaffirmationoflifeinarelationshipwithGod,self,communityandenvironmentthatnurturesandcelebrateswholeness”(p.4).Fisher(2010)saysoftheserelationships,“Anextensivereviewofliteraturerevealedthatthesefoursetsofrelationshipsarethekeyfeaturesmentionedwhendiscussingspiritualwell-beingoverthelastthreedecades”(p.107).Fisher(2010)describesthesedomainsasfollows:
Personaldomain–whereinoneintra-relateswithoneselfwithregardstomeaning,purposeandvaluesinlife...
Communaldomain–asshowninthequalityanddepthofinterpersonalrelationships,betweenselfandothers,relatingtomoralitycultureandreligion...
Environmentaldomain–beyondcareandnurtureforthephysicalandbiological,toasenseofaweandwonder,forsomethenotionofunitywiththeenvironment.
Transcendentaldomain–relationshipofselfwithsome-thingorsome-Onebeyondthehumanlevel...(p.107)
TheDomainsofSpiritualWell-BeingasRevealedbySpiritMap
In2019,weperformedanewEFA(principalcomponentanalysis,obliquerotation)onourenlargedsampleof1048respondentswithaspecificgoalofseeingifathreetosixfactorsolutionwouldcomparefavorablywiththefourdomainsofspiritualwell-beingreferencedaboveandatthesametimehavegoodpsychometricproperties.
ThesampleforthisnewEFAconsistedof1048adultrespondentswhohavetakentheSpiritMapsurveyonbehalfoftheircongregationorasindependentindividualsmotivatedtowantthefeedbackofferedbyouranalysis.Wementionthissimplytocontrastthefactthatmanyoftheresultsreportedintheliteraturearebasedondatafromundergraduatestudentsinapsychologyorsociologycourse.TheSpiritMapsampleisalsogeographicallydispersedwithparticipatingcongregationsintheEast(33.5%),Midwest(36.0%)andWest(30.5%).
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Thechosenfactorsolutionyieldsthefollowingsixunderlyingdimensionsordomainswhichwehavenamed:
(1) PersonalInsights:WithinMe(2) PersonalInsights:WithinRelationship(3) Communal:RelationshipandRightAction(4) Environmental:OpennesstoWonder(5) SpiritualCuriosity(6) SpiritualPracticeandMeaning
Thetablesbelowshoweachdomain,whatSpiritMapitemsdefinethatdomain,andthefactorloadingsforeachitem.Thehighertheloadingthehigherthedegreeofassociationwiththefactor.Weassignedeachitemtothedomainwhereithasthehighestloading.Therearefiveitems(2,4,5,27,and31)whoseloadingssuggestmembershipintwoormoredomainsasidentifiedinthelasttablebelow.
PersonalInsights:WithinMe
Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100
12 Iamreflective. 6920 Iamself-aware. 5522 Iammindfulofmyemotions. 4725 AwarenessofmymortalityinformshowIlivemylife. 462 (Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse.)SeealsoEnvironmental. 4423 Iseesomethinguniversalinallhumanstruggle. 395 (Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.)SeealsoEnvironmental. 43
PersonalInsights:WithinRelationship
Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100
33 IcantellthedifferencebetweenwhatIamresponsiblefor,andwhatIdonotcontrol.
78
34 Imakegooddecisionsaboutwhentoact. 6535 I’mabletoadaptwhenthingsdonotturnoutthewayIwant. 6537 Ihavetheabilitytorepent,forgivemyself,andchange. 6038 Icanaskforandacceptforgiveness. 5344 Icanbeinthepresenceofmyownoranother’spainwithoutneedingtofleeorfix
it.50
26 Havinggoodboundariesallowsmetoactwithintention. 4924 Iacceptambiguityasinherentinlife. 39
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Communal:RelationshipandRightAction
Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100
18 Iactwiththeinterestsofothersinmind. 7319 Iactwithintegrity. 6916 Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers. 6813 Iamrespectfulofthefeelings,actions,andopinionsofothers. 62
14Itakeresponsibilityfortheconsequencesofmyactions,eventhosethatareunintended.
58
15 Iactinanauthenticmanner. 5810 Igivetoothersfullyandgenerously. 559 Iseekharmonywithothers. 5040 Iamabletoexercisepowerwithoutcorruption. 4921 Ifreelyandintentionallygivemytimeandenergytoothers. 426 Leadingamorallifemakesmehappy. 4141 Icangiveloyaltytoanother’sleadershipwithoutlosingmyintegrity. 4017 IbelieveitmatterswhatIdo. 39
Environmental:OpennesstoWonder
Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100
1 Iseebeautyallaroundme. 713 Idelightinexperiencesbothgreatandsmall. 6839 Iexperienceawe. 5732 Iamcurioustolearnmoreabouthowtheworldaroundmeworks. 515 (Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.)SeealsoPersonalInsights:WithinMe 474 (Ifeelpartofsomethinglargerthanmyself.)SeealsoSpiritualPracticeand
Meaning46
2 (Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse.)SeealsoPersonalInsights:WithinMe 43
SpiritualCuriosity
Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100
29 Iappreciatethebeautyandpowerofreligioussymbolsandritualsotherthanmyown.
71
30 Iamawareofsomeofthelimitationsorparadoxesofmyownpreferredreligiousvocabulary.
70
28 Iperceiveandrespondtotruththatisexpressedinmythorpoetry. 5936 Myspiritualgrowthisimportanttome. 51
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SpiritualPracticeandMeaning
Item# Item ObliqueLoading*100
8 Iactivelypracticemyspiritualorreligiousfaith. 5542 Iactinareligiousmanner. 5411 Iactinaspiritualmanner. 527 Ihaveaclearpurposetomylifeandamabletoarticulatethatpurposetoboth
myselfandothers.51
43 Ibelievemylifehasmeaningandpurpose. 484 (Ifeelpartofsomethinglargerthanmyself.)SeealsoEnvironmental. 39
ItemsinMultipleDomains(furtherexplanationbelow)
Item# Item Oblique
Loading*100
2Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse.(PersonalInsights:WithinMeorEnvironmental)
44and43
4Ifeelpartofsomethinglargerthanmyself.(SpiritualPracticeandMeaningorEnvironmental)
39and46
5Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow.(PersonalInsights:WithinMeorEnvironmental)
43and47
27 EventhoughIcannotknowexactlywhatwillhappen,thepromisesImakegiveshapetomyfutureandmeaningtomylife.(nosignificantloadingonanyonedomain;loadingsrangefrom12to31)
loadingrange[12,31]
31 Iactwithawarenessofmyplaceintheinterconnectedwebofexistence.(nosignificantloadingonanyonedomain;loadingsrangefrom12to26)
loadingrange[12,26]
Threeitemsintheabovetable(2,4,5)havedualdomainmembershipwithrelativelyhighloadingsinbothdomains.
Twoitemsintheabovetable(27and31)donothavesufficientlyhighloadingsinanydomain,butratherhavesomelevelofattachmentinalldomains.WewillcontinuetousetheseitemsintheSpiritMapinventorybecause:
• Theybothhaveastrongtheoreticalconnectiontoliberalreligiousfaithandpractice.• Item31ranksrelativelyhigh(12th)asaKeyOpportunityforSpiritMaprespondents
andrankshigh(9th)asacorrelateofoverallspiritualwell-beingwhencomputedfromtheresponsesinourdatabase.
Wealsonotethatitem27usesthemostwordsofthe44items.This“complexity”mightcontributetoitslackofsignificantassociationwithanyofthesixfactors.
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SpiritMapdoesnotyetreportdomainscores.Wehaveandwillcontinuetousethemforresearchpurposes.WearealsointheprocessofinvestigatingthepotentialvalueoftellingindividualsorgroupswhatdomaintheirSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiesbelongto.Whenwedo,whenitems2,4,and5appearasSignatureStrengthsorKeyOpportunities,wewillassigntheirdomainmembershipasprovidesthemostpotentialinsightfortheindividual.Whenitems27and31appearasSignatureStrengthsorKeyOpportunities,wewillnotmakeanydomainreference.
Webelievethatthespiritualwell-beingdomainsrevealedbytheitemsintheSpiritMapinventoryshowgoodalignmentwithotherpostulatedandwell-researchedspiritualitydomains.Thisalignmentisparticularlycompelling,giventhefactthatthespiritualwell-beingdomainsofSpiritMapemergefromitemsgeneratedtotallyindependentlyfromanyconsiderationoftheitemsexploredbyresearcherslikeFisherandwithoutanyconsiderationofdomainsofspiritualwell-being,asposited,forexample,bytheNICAorFisher.
ThreeimportantdifferencesbetweenSpiritMapdomainsandthedomainsdiscussedintheliterature:
1. SpiritMapdoesnotmentionGod,Creator,orprayer,butinitsstatedefforttoremainfaith-neutralsubstitutesitemsthatrelatetoaspirituallife,suchas“Iactinaspiritualmanner.”Thus,inplaceofaTranscendentaldomain,theSpiritMapitemspartitionintotwoSpiritualdomainsrelatingtotwodifferentaspectsofaspirituallife.
2. TheitemsintheSpiritMapinventoryaresuchthattheypartitionintotwodomainsthatspeaktotwodifferentaspectsofarelationshipwithoneself(Personal).
3. ThetwoSpiritMapitemsthatdealwithmeaningandpurposedonotattachtoeitherofthePersonalSpiritMapdomains,asmightbeexpectedfromFisher’sdescriptionofthatdomaininhisfindings
Wehaveahypothesisforthethirddifferenceabove,relatedtothesamplesusedinFisher’sstudiesvs.thoseusedinourSpiritMapresearch.ThetwoSpiritMapitemsrelatedtomeaningandpurposeare:
• Ihaveaclearpurposetomylifeandamabletoarticulatethatpurposetobothmyselfandothers(Item7)
• Ibelievemylifehasmeaningandpurpose(Item43)GivenFisher’sdescriptionofhisPersonaldomain“whereinoneintra-relateswithoneselfwithregardstomeaning,purposeandvaluesinlife”wewouldhaveexpectedthesetwoSpiritMapitemstoattachtoeitherofthetwoPersonalSpiritMapdomains.Instead,theyattachtotheSpiritMapdomainSpiritualPracticeandMeaning.MostoftheanalyticalworkestablishingFisher’sdomainsofspiritualwell-being,usinghisSHALOMortheSWBQinventories,wascarriedout,asmanyacademicresearchersdo,withcollegestudents.AllofthedevelopmentalworkofSpiritMaphasbeencarriedoutonolderadultswhocametotheSpiritMaptaskeitherasanindividualmotivatedtodiscovermoreaboutwheretheyareontheirspiritualjourneyorasmemberofacongregationmotivatedtohelptheircongregationdiscovermoreaboutthespiritualwell-beingofitscongregantsand/ormotivatedtodiscovermoreabouttheirownpersonalspiritualwell-being.
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WhatourEFAsuggestsisthatourSpiritMapadultstoalargedegreeassociatemeaningandpurposeintheirliveswiththeirspirituallives.Thisassociationis,apparently,notnearlyasstrongamongyounger,perhapslessspirituallymotived,collegestudents.ThereisoneadditionalpieceofevidencethatsupportsgroupingthetwomeaningandpurposeSpiritMapitemsinoneoftheSpiritualdomains.Asmentionedearlier,whenpeopletaketheSpiritMapinventory,weaskthem“Howwouldyourateyourcurrentlevelofoverallspiritualwell-being?(1–10).”Whenwecorrelatetheself-assessmentratingsofeachofthe44itemswiththisoverallspiritualwell-beingrating,herearethetopsixcorrelations:
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Correlation Itemnumber
Item
0.590 8 Iactivelypracticemyspiritual/religiousfaith0.504 11 Iactinaspiritualmanner
0.479 7 Ihaveaclearpurposetomylifeandamabletoarticulatethatpurposetobothmyselfandothers.
0.467 31 Iactwithawarenessofmyplaceintheinterconnectedwebofexistence.
0.453 42 Iactinareligiousmanner0.444 43 Ibelievemylifehasmeaningandpurpose.
ThedomainwehavenamedSpiritual:PracticeandMeaningisdefinedbyfiveofthesesixitems(allbutitem31).Thefactthatthemeaningandpurposeitems(7and43)correlatewithoverallspiritualwell-beingasstronglyastheitemsintheSpiritual:PracticeandMeaningdomain(8,11,and42)providessupportthattheybelongtogether.
PsychometricPropertiesoftheSpiritMapItemsandSix-FactorSolution
Thefactoranalysisreportedherewasaprincipalcomponentanalysiswithanoblique(oblimin)rotation.TheobliquerotationwasusedtofollowtheprocedureusedbyGomezandFisher(2003,p.1980).Thesamplesizewas1048resultinginaratioofN/n(samplesizetonumberofitems:1048/44)of23.8.Ideallythisratiois10.0orgreater.
Akeymeasureofsamplingadequacy(MSA)ofadatasetistheKaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)measureforeachitemandintotal.Ideallythesevalueswouldbe>=0.70,ahurdleclearedbyallitemsandintotalasillustratedinthefollowingtable:
Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10KMO 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.93 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.95
Item 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20KMO 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95
Item 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30KMO 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.94 0.94
Item 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40KMO 0.97 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.96
Item 41 42 43 44 overall KMO 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.97 0.95
Whenratingsforindividualitemsarecombinedtoformacompositescoreonadomaintheyneedtoexhibitinternalconsistency.Internalconsistencyreliabilityreflectstheextenttowhichasetofitemsismeasuringthesameconstruct.ItismostoftencalculatedusingCronbach’scoefficientalpha.
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Generalruleofthumb:
0.60=OK0.70=Good0.80=VeryGood0.90=Excellent>0.95=toohigh(itemsaretoointer-relatedandthereforesomeareredundant).Cronbach’salphascoresforoursixdomainsrangefromahighof0.89toalowof0.76,withallalphaswellabove0.70suggestinggoodinternalreliabilityacrosstheboard:
Domain Cronbach’sαPersonalInsights:WithinMe 0.76PersonalInsights:WithinRelationship 0.86Communal:RelationshipandRightAction 0.89
Environmental:OpentoWonder 0.80SpiritualCuriosity 0.79SpiritualPracticeandMeaning 0.84
Therootmeansquareoftheresiduals(RMSR)forthissix-factorsolutionis0.04.Ideallythismetricshouldbe<=0.08,soourresultsmeetthisbenchmark.
Whenperformingafactoranalysisoneofthekeydecisionstheanalystmustconsiderishowmanyfactorstoextract.Somekeyconsiderations:
• Whatdoestheorysay?Inthiscasetheliteraturewouldsuggestfourdomains(factors)ofspiritualwell-being.OursixdomainsnicelyparallelthesefourwithanexpandedPersonaldomainintoatwo-aspectrelationwithselfandanexpandedtwo-aspectSpiritualdomaininplaceofasingleTranscendentaldomain.
• Canthefactorsbeinterpreted?WethinktheSpiritMapfactorsqualify.• Dothefactorsexplainatleast50%oftheitemvariance?Thesixextractedfactors
explain54%ofthevariance.• Aretheeigenvaluesfortheextractedfactors>=1.0?Inthiscasetheeigenvaluesfor
thesixfactorsareall1.30orgreater.• Howmanyfactorsdoesparallelanalysissuggest?Thisanalysisisbasedontheeigen
valuespresentinarandommatrixthesamesizeasourdataset,i.e.,onewith1048rowsand44columns.Theparallelanalysissuggestsafactorsolutionofsixfactors.
ValidityandReliabilityIssues
TheIdiographicNatureofSpiritMap
Inconsideringvalidity,it’simportanttofirstunderstandinwhatwaysSpiritMapisanidiographicor,perhapsbetterdescribedas,aquasi-idiographicassessmentinstrumentincontrasttoanomotheticassessment.Thenwecanconsiderwhatconstitutesvalidityofanidiographicinstrument.
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Wikipedia(Wikipediacontributors2019,April21)capturestheessenceofthedifferencebetweenthetwoforms:
Inpsychology,idiographicdescribesthestudyoftheindividual,whoisseenasauniqueagentwithauniquelifehistory,withpropertiessettinghim/herapartfromotherindividuals.Nomotheticdescribesthestudyofclassesorcohortsofindividuals.Herethesubjectisseenasanexemplarofapopulationandtheircorrespondingpersonalitytraitsandbehaviours.
SpiritMapinitsusualapplicationisclearlyfocusedontheindividualasauniqueagentwithauniquelifehistory.Thatsaid,SpiritMapdoeshavecertaincharacteristicsthatalsopertaintonomotheticinstrumentsandiswhyweusetheterm“quasi-idiographic”.ConsiderthischaracterizationofnomotheticinstrumentsfromHaynesetal(2000):
Nomotheticassessmentinstruments:(a)involvemethodsthatarestandardizedacrosspersons,(b)providemeasuresofidenticalvariablesonidenticaldimensionsacrosspersons,(c)dependonaggregatedmeasuresobtainedfromotherpersonstoderivejudgments,and(d)areselectedforusewithaparticularclientfrompriorresearchwithpersonswithsimilarbehavior.(p.112)
Characteristics(c)and(d)donotapply.SpiritMapdoesnotrelyonaggregatedmeasures(oranyotherkindofmeasures)obtainedfromotherpersonstoderivejudgments.TheSpiritMapresultsdeliveredtoagivenclientarecompletelyself-referenced.Plus,thereisnoinstrumentselectioninvolved.Everyonegetsthesameinstrument.Characteristics(a)and(b)aremorecomplicated.TheyapplytotheSpiritMapinstrumentinthattheinventoryisstandardizedacrossindividualsandthemeasurescollectedareacrossidenticalvariablesanddimensions.However,SpiritMapprovidesindividualtailoring(anidiographiccharacteristic)throughtheimportanceratingsrespondentsprovide.Theimportanceratingsallowthegivenrespondenttoindicatehowmuchtocountorweightagivenitem(foreachofthe44items),intermsofitsimportancetothemintheirspirituallife.Theseunique-to-the-individualimportanceratingsineffecttailortheresultinganalysistothegivenindividual.ThisaspectofSpiritMapissimilartothenotionof“assessmentcongruence”discussedHaynesetal(2009).Inthatpapertheyproposethatindividualitemsshouldbeweightedbytheirrelevancetotheindividualandsuggestasetofmathematicaloperationsfordevelopingsuchmeasures.This,ineffect,iswhatSpiritMapdoeswithdirectassessmentsofimportanceinsteadoftheelaboratemathsuggestedinthepaper(thatmathrequiresthataseriesofrepeatedmeasuresbetakenoverarelativelyshorttimeperiod,e.g.,assessmentsfordepressionoranxiety,whichisneverpartoftheSpiritMapprotocol).
ValidationofIdeographicInstruments:ContentValidity
Weturnnowtoconsidervalidationissuesofidiographicinstruments.Theliteraturesuggeststhatcontentvalidityisamajorconsideration.Forexample,thisquote,whileclearlypertainingtoaclinicalsettingcanalsoapply,webelieve,tothemorecoachingsettingrepresentedbyatypicalapplicationofSpiritMap:
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Contentvalidityisaparticularlyimportantevaluativedimensionforidiographicassessmentinstruments.Thecontentvalidityofanidiographicassessmentinstrumentisthedegreetowhichtheelementsoftheinstrumentarerelevanttotheclientandthedegreetowhichmeasuresrepresentthearrayoftheclient'sbehaviorproblems.(Haynesetall,2000,p.125)
Moregenerally,contentvalidityreferstohowaccuratelyanassessmenttool(inthiscaseSpiritMapandits44items)tapsintothevariousaspectsofthespecificconstructinquestion,inthiscasespiritualwell-beingasauniversalhumanexperiencethattranscendsspecificreligiousbeliefs.ContentValidityofSpiritMap
Welookatcontentvalidityfromtwoperspectives,thatof:
• Subjectmatterexperts(thoseprimarilyresponsiblefortheitemsintheSpiritMapinventory)
• Thealignmentofthedomainsofspiritualwell-beingasrevealedbySpiritMapdatawithotherresearcheddomainsofspiritualwell-beingasreportedintheliterature.
ContentValidity-SubjectMatterExperts
Contentvalidityismostoftenassessedbyrelyingontheknowledgeofpeoplewhoarefamiliarwiththeconstructbeingmeasured,so-calledSubject-MatterExperts(SME).
Theoriginal56itemsetwasprimarilytheresultofthinking,writing,andresearchbythreewell-establishedandhighlyregardedUnitarianUniversalistministersreflectingaprofessionallifetimededicatedtohelpingindividualsandcongregationsenhancetheirindividualandcollectivespiritualgrowth,transformation,andspiritualwell-being.Theirfamiliaritywiththedomainofspiritualwell-beingestablishesthemasSubjectMatterExpertsandprovidesasignificantlevelofconfidencethatthefinalsetof44items(afteraninitialEFAandsubsequentanalysis)coversarepresentativesampleofthisdomainasrequiredtoestablishcontentvalidityforourtargetmarket:UnitarianUniversalists,otherswithaprogressivereligiousorientation,andthelargeandfast-growingpopulationofindividualswhoidentifyasspiritualbutnotreligious.1
ContentValidity-AlignmentofSpiritMapdomainswithdomainsreportedintheliterature
WhilereferencetoSubjectMatterExpertsrepresentstheprimarymethodforestablishingcontentvalidity,thealignmentofSpiritMapdomainsofspiritualwell-beingwithdomainsreportedintheliteraturerepresents,inouropinion,supportingevidenceofcontentvalidityaswell.Asdiscussedabove,we’veconcludedthatthe
1WhilethereareanalyticalproceduresforcombiningSMEassessments(seeforexample,Lawshe,C.H.(1975)),nonewasappliedinthiscase.
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alignmentofthefourdomainsintheliteratureandthesixdomainsofSpiritMapisgood.
Takentogether,thecredibilityoftheSubjectMatterExpertsbehindSpiritMapandthegooddomainalignment,developedindependentlyfromotherresearchers,offerstrongevidenceforthecontentvalidityoftheitemsintheSpiritMapinventory.
OtherValidityConsiderations
Thissectionhighlightstwoothertypesofvalidity—convergentandconstructvalidity—andwhatitwouldtaketoestablishthemforSpiritMap,andthechallengesofestablishingthemforSpiritMap.
Convergentvalidity,thedegreetowhichtwomeasuresorconstructsthattheoreticallyshouldberelated,areinfactrelated,wouldprovideanotherperspectiveonSpiritMap’svalidity.Forexample,wecouldlookatconvergentvaliditybylookingatthecorrelationsbetweenSpiritMapdomainscoresandSWBQdomainscores.BecausetheSWBQisconsideredavalidinventory(GomezandFisher,2003),thisinventory,webelieve,couldbeusedasabenchmarkforsuchacomparison.
Todate,wehavenothadtheluxuryofaskingourSpiritMaprespondents(thesearenon-studentsamples)totakebothsurveyssothatresultscanbecompared.Wewillcontinuetolookforopportunitiestomakethiscomparison.
Constructvalidityisthedegreetowhichameasureaccuratelyassesseswhatitisintendedtomeasure.Wecouldpotentiallyinvestigateconstructvaliditytwoways,focusingontheassessmentweaskrespondentstogiveoftheiroverallspiritualwell-being(andwhatthatlevelwillbeinfiveyears):
• Peerevaluations• CorrelationofSpiritMapmeasureswithmeasuresfromanothervalidinstrument.
Peerevaluations
Ifinthefuturewewereabletoaskforpeerevaluationsofoverallspiritualwell-being,wecouldlookathowthesepeerevaluationscorrelatewiththeindividualself-reportedratingsoftheiroverallspiritualwell-beingtoestablishthedegreeofconstructvalidityofthisoverallspiritualwell-beingmetric.
Correlationwithmeasuresfromanothervalidinstrument
Again,ifSpiritMaprespondentscompletedaSWBQinventorytoo,wecouldlookatthecorrelationoftheirSpiritMapratingofoverallspiritualwell-beingwiththetotalSWBQscoreasanothercheckonconstructvalidity.Again,becausetheSWBQisconsideredavalidinventory(GomezandFisher,2003),thisinventory,webelieve,couldbeusedasabenchmarkforsuchacomparison.
Wehaven’tplacedahighpriorityoncompletingthisconstructvalidityresearchbecausetheratingofoverallspiritualwell-beingisusedveryminimallyinSpiritMapdeliverables.Itisnotusedatallindeliverablesforindividuals.Forcongregations,weonlyuseoverall
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spiritualwell-beinginasecondarydeliverablecalledCorrelatesofSpiritualWell-Being.ThisdeliverablereportshowtheindividualSpiritMapitemscorrelatewithoverallspiritualwell-being.2Thus,thecostintimeandmoneytoconductthisresearchisnotyetsupportedbythebenefits.Wedo,however,seethepotentialforfurtherresearchusingthemetricofoverallspiritualwell-being(seethesectionContinuingandFutureResearchandDevelopmentOpportunitiesbelow).
Wealsohavenotinvestigatedtheconstructvalidityofthe44self-assessmentand44importanceratings,becausetheseareidiographicevaluationsandarenotsubjecttoanyexternaldetermination,eitherfrompeersorfromcomparisonwithmeasuresfromsomeotherinstrument.Theratingsarebasedonanindividual’spersonalspiritualjourneyandlifeexperiences;theyuniquelybelongtotheindividual.Onlytheindividualcandeterminewhetheroneitemisrelativelymoreimportantthananotherintheirspirituallife.Onlytheindividualcanaccuratelydeterminewhetheroneitemisrelativelymoretrueofthemthananother.
WhatCanWeSayAboutReliability?
Testinstrumentsshouldhavetest-retestreliability.Thismeansthatifthetestisadministeredattime1andagainattime2,andthereisnoreasontoexpectsignificantchangesintheratingsoftheitemsbeingmeasuredduringthistimeinterval(e.g.,no“clinical”intervention),thentheratingsattime2shouldnothavechangedsignificantlyfromtheratingsattime1.
Normallyreliabilityisestablishedattheindividualrespondentlevel.DoSpiritMapattributeratingsforindividualsattime1haveahighcorrelationwithattributeratingsforthesameindividualsattime2?WehaveadministeredSpiritMapattwodifferentpointsintime–ayearapart–inonecongregation.However,theseadministrationshavenecessarilybeendoneanonymouslyprecludingtheabilitytolooktest-retestcorrelationsacrossindividuals.Whilenotideal,wecanlookatthecorrelationofself-assessmentmeanscoresforthetwopointsintime3.
Thiscorrelationof0.985suggestsverysimilar,stable,readingsforthe44surveyitemsoverthetwotimeperiods(n=343in2014andn=261in2015).Themaximumcorrelationbetweentwovariablesis1.000.
2Wenotethatall44itemshaveapositivecorrelation(rangingfrom0.10to0.70)withthismeasureofoverallspiritualwell-being.3Inthesecongregationalstudiesweusedaderivedmeasureofimportancebasedontheitemcorrelationswiththeoverallmeasureofspiritualwell-being.Inourworkwithindividualsweuseadirectratingofimportanceasdescribedinthefirstsectionofthispaper(referredtoasaself-explicatedmeasureofimportance).Forthederivedimportancemeasuresthecorrelationofmeanscoresacrossthe44itemsinthetwoadministrationsofthesurveyis0.764.
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Thereisasecondkindofreliability:internalconsistencyreliability.Internalconsistencyreliabilityreflectstheextenttowhichasetofitemsismeasuringthesameconstruct.Wereportedpositiveresultsregardinginternalconsistencyaboveinthesectiontitled“PsychometricPropertiesoftheSpiritMapItemsandtheSixFactorSolution”.
ResumeVirtuesvs.EulogyVirtues:ComparisonBetweenStrengthsFinderandSpiritMap
DavidBrooks(2015)discusseseulogyvirtues(howwewanttoberemembered)andresumevirtues(importantforcompetitionwithothers):
Itoccurredtomethatthereweretwosetsofvirtues,therésumévirtuesandtheeulogyvirtues.Therésumévirtuesaretheskillsyoubringtothemarketplace.Theeulogyvirtuesaretheonesthataretalkedaboutatyourfuneral—whetheryouwerekind,brave,honestorfaithful.Wereyoucapableofdeeplove?Weallknowthattheeulogyvirtuesaremoreimportantthantherésuméones.Butourcultureandoureducationalsystemsspendmoretimeteachingtheskillsandstrategiesyouneedforcareersuccessthanthequalitiesyouneedtoradiatethatsortofinnerlight.Manyofusarecleareronhowtobuildanexternalcareerthanonhowtobuildinnercharacter.
ApopularsurveyandanalysistoolcalledStrengthsFinder(fromGallup)dealswithresumevirtues.SpiritMapdealswitheulogyvirtues.SpiritMap,inadditiontoidentifyingyourSignature(Eulogy)Strengths–toparallelthe(Resume)StrengthsofStrengthFinder-alsoidentifiesthoseareas–KeyOpportunities–thatofferopportunitiesforspiritualgrowthanddevelopment.
TheKeyOpportunitiesSpiritMapidentifies,particularlywhenaddressedusingtheSignatureStrengthsSpiritMapidentifies,canhelpclosethegapthatBrooks(2015)says“opensbetweenyouractualselfandyourdesiredself...”when“youliveforexternalachievement,[and]yearspassandthedeepestpartsofyougounexploredandunstructured.Youlackamoralvocabulary...youlivewithanunconsciousboredom,separatedfromthedeepestmeaningoflifeandthehighestmoraljoys.”WorkwithSpiritMap’sSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiescanhelpreconnectpeoplewiththeirmeaning,purpose,peaceandjoy.
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ContinuingandFutureResearchandDevelopmentOpportunities
SpiritMapoffersarichsetofdata.Fouropportunitiesforcontinuingandfutureresearchanddevelopment:
1:DetermineDomainPatternsinSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunities
First,wewouldperformaConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis(CFA)toaffirmoursix-domainmodelofspiritualwell-being.Then,wewouldstudywhetherthesedomainshelpindevelopinghigher-levelthemesforKeyOpportunitiesandSignatureStrengths.Wewouldlookattheextenttowhichthedomainsofspiritualwell-beingassociatedwithanindividual’sorcongregation’sSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiesoverlap.Iftheydon’toverlap,andpreliminaryanalysissuggeststheytendnotto,wewouldexplorethedegreetowhichindividualsorcongregationsfinditusefultoknowwhatdomainofspiritualwell-beingtheirSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunitiesbelongto.
2:DetermineWhatItemsAreRelatedtoSpiritualWell-BeingCategories
Supposewegrouppeopleintooverallspiritualwell-beingcategories,somethinglikethefollowing:
• 9or10=veryhighspiritualwell-being• 7or8=high• 5or6=moderate• 1through4=lowspiritualwell-being
Wecouldthenuseadata-miningtoollikeCARTtodetermineadecision-treetopredictcategorymembershipbasedontheself-assessmentratingsofthe44items.Wecoulddeterminewhichofthe44itemswouldbeinvolvedinpredictingmembershipinagivencategoryandhowwouldtheitemsdiffercategory-to-category.
3:DevelopSpiritualTypes
Wenowhavesufficientsamplesizetoperformastatisticalprocedurecalledclusteranalysistoseeifwecanidentifyfourtosixmeaningfulsegmentsor“SpiritualTypes”Weanticipatefourtosixsegmentsbecausethathasbeenourtypicalresultinmarketingresearchstudies.
Suchsegmentsortypeswoulddifferfromoneanotherintermsofwhatrespondentsinagivensegmentthoughtwereparticularlyimportant(orrelativelyunimportant)tothem.Forexampleonesegmentortypemayindicatethatitemslike“Iseekopportunitiestolearnandgrow”,“Iamcurioustolearnmoreabouthowtheworldaroundmeworks”,and“Ithinkaboutmyplaceintheuniverse”areparticularlyimportanttothemandotheritemsmuchlessimportantinarelativesense.Anothersegmentortypemayfindthatitemslike“Iseekharmonywithothers”,“Igivetoothersfullyandgenerously”,and“Icaredeeplyaboutthewelfareofothers”areparticularlyimportanttothemandotheritemsrelativelylessimportant.Thefirstsegment/typemightbelabeledthe“CuriosityType”,thesecondsegment/typethe“CaringType”.Ouranalysiswouldalsoallowustoestimatethesizeofeachsegment/type,e.g.CuriosityTypesare15%ofthepopulation;CaringTypesare27%.Thiskindofsegmentationanalysisisaroutinemarketingresearchactivity.
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4:ComparetheDissonance/HarmonyandDistanceResults
Fisher(2010)introducesthenotionofaharmony/dissonancecalculationasafunctionofthetwomeasurementselicitedforeachitemintheSHALOMsurvey.InourworkingpaperthatcomparesSpiritMapandSHALOM(availableonrequest)wenotehowtheSpiritMapdistancecalculationandthedissonance/harmonycalculationcanleadtodifferentprioritizationsamongmultipleitems.Weneedtobetterunderstandthenatureandimplicationofthesedifferences.
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ReferencesBrooks,D.(2015,April11)TheMoralBucketList.RetrievedDecember20,2019from
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/12/opinion/sunday/david-brooks-the-moral-bucket-list.html
Fisher,J.(2010).DevelopmentandApplicationofaSpiritualWell-BeingQuestionnaireCalledSHALOM.Religions,1,105-121.
Fisher,J.W.(2015).ACritiqueofQuantitativeMeasuresforAssessingSpiritualityandSpiritualWell-Being.InE.C.Roberts(Ed.),Spirituality,GlobalPractices,SocietalAttitudesandEffectonHealth(91-131).NewYork,NY:NovaSciencePublishersInc.
Fisher,J.(2016).SelectingtheBestVersionofSHALOMtoAssessSpiritualWell-Being.Religions7(5),45
Gomez,R.&Fisher,J.W.(2003).Domainsofspiritualwell-beinganddevelopmentandvalidationoftheSpiritualWell-BeingQuestionnaire.PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,35(8),1975-1991.
Haynes,S.N.&HayesO’Brien,W.(2000).IdiographicandNomotheticAssessment.InPrinciplesandPracticeofBehavioralAssessment(109-126).NewYork,NY:KluwerAcademic/PlenumPublishers.
Haynes,S.N.,Mumma,G.H.,Pinson,C.(2009).Idiographicassessment:Conceptualandpsychometricfoundationsofindividualizedbehavioralassessment.ClinicalPsychologyReview29,179-191.
Lawshe,C.H.(1975).Aquantitativeapproachtocontentvalidity.PersonnelPsychology,28,563-575.
MeezenbroekE,GaraawnB,vandenBergM,vanDierendonckD,VisserA,SchaufeliW.(2012).MeasuringSpiritualityasaUniversalHumanExperience:AReviewofSpiritualityQuestionnaires.JournalofReligionandHealth51,(2),336-354.
NationalInterfaithCoalitiononAging.(1975).SpiritualWell-Being:ADefinition.Athens,GA.Wikipediacontributors.(2019,April21).Nomotheticandidiographic.InWikipedia,The
FreeEncyclopedia.Retrieved17:06,December20,2019,fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomothetic_and_idiographic&oldid=893406198
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AppendixA–DeterminationofSignatureStrengthsandKeyOpportunities
SpiritMapcreatesaprioritizingmetricforeachofthe44itemsbasedonastraight-forwarddistancecalculation.Assumptions:Thepoint(10,10)–self-assessmentratinga10,importanceratinga10–representsmaximumstrength.Anitemwiththesecoordinatesisonemaximallyimportantandonethatismaximallytrueofanindividual.ThisitemistheultimateSignatureStrength.Thepoint(1,10)–self-assessmentratinga1,importantratinga10–representsmaximumopportunity.Suchanitemismaximallyimportant,butonethatisminimallytrueforanindividual.ThisitemistheultimateKeyOpportunity.Basedontheseassumptions,SpiritMapperformsthefollowingcalculationsforeachofthe44items.Foritemswithself-assessmentratings>=theaverageself-assessmentrating,calculatethedistancestothepointwithmaximumstrength,(10,10).Thefiveitemsclosest(shortestdistance)to(10,10)areSignatureStrengths.OnthequadrantmapinAppendixBtheseitemsareidentifiedbydiamonds.Foritemswithself-assessmentratings<theaverageself-assessmentrating,calculatethedistancestothepointwithmaximumopportunity,(1,10).Thefiveitemsclosest(shortestdistance)to(1,10)areKeyOpportunities.OnthequadrantmapinAppendixBtheseitemsareidentifiedbycircles.
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AppendixB–QuadrantMapExample
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