Notes

1 Post-War Policy and Regional Cooperation, 1945–64

1. Tilman Remme (1995) Britain and Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia,1945–49 (LSE, Routledge: London)

2. Philip Charrier (2001) ‘ASEAN’s Inheritance: The Regionalisation of South-east Asia’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 325

3. A.J. Stockwell (2004) p. 1. CAB 134/1556, CPC(57)34 memo, 29 Novem-ber 1957

4. Draft Paper on Principal British Interests in the Far East, 14 January 1946,CO 537/1478, The [British] National Archives (TNA)

5. Draft paper by Far East Civil Planning Unit, circulated by Cabinet Office,14 January 1946, CO537/1478, TNA

6. Background Information on Far Eastern Countries: Political Conditions andEconomic Recovery Problems, Prepared for the use of the Committee onArmed Services in consultation with the Department of State, 80th Congress,1st Session – Senate Committee Print, 9 September 1947, Papers of JohnD. Sumner, ECA Files (C-I), Box 6, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library(HSTL)

7. Report to the National Security Council (NSC) by the Executive Secretary onSecurity of Strategically Important Industrial Operations in Foreign Coun-tries, 26 August 1948, White House Office, NSC Staff Papers, 1948–6, DisasterFile, Box 33, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library (DDEL)

8. Address by Mr Allen Griffin, publisher of the Monterey Peninsula Her-ald, Monterey, California, delivered at the Institute on Southeast Asia, SanFrancisco State College, San Francisco, 21 July 1950, Student Research File (BFile), Pacific Rim: Indochina, Thailand, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia and thePhilippines, #31A, Box 1 of 2, HSTL

9. Gregory Pemberton (1987) All the Way: Australia’s Road to Vietnam (Sydney:Allen & Unwin), p. 12

10. Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary, 25 June1952, White House Office, Records of the Office of the Special Assistant forNational Security Affairs, NSC Series, Policy Papers, Box 3, DDEL

11. R.B. Smith (2007) Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943–93 (Abingdon:Routledge), pp. 65–66

12. Bradley Simpson (2008) Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development andU.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press),p. 9

13. Syamsuddin Haris, ‘General Elections Under the New Order’, in Hans Antlovand Sven Cederroth (eds.) (2004) Elections in Indonesia: The New Order andBeyond (London: RoutledgeCurzon), pp. 18–19

14. M.C. Ricklefs (2001) A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200, 3rd ed(Stanford: Stanford University Press), Ch. 20

158

Notes 159

15. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (1994) Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism(Singapore: ISEAS), pp. 18–19

16. Audrey R. Kahin and G. McT. Kahin (1995) Subversion as Foreign Policy:The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia (Seattle: University ofWashington Press)

17. Bradley Simpson (2008) Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development andU.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press),pp. 38 & 83

18. Letter, H. V. Evatt to Johnson, 24 February 1944, A989, 44/735/168/20,National Archives of Australia (NAA)

19. Cablegram, Bruce to Curtin, 10 November 1944, A989, 44/630/5/l/11/22,NAA

20. Memorandum, for Butterworth and Fisher, 15 July 1949, Box 5, JohnF. Melby Papers, China File, Publications, General, HSTL

21. Memorandum, through Secretary of State and Butterworth, 16 January 1950,Box 5, John F. Melby Papers, China File, Publications, General, HSTL

22. Memorandum, President’s Asia Trip, 12 October 1966, Box 6, National Secu-rity Files, International Meetings and Travel File, Lyndon Baines JohnsonLibrary (LBJL)

23. Memorandum, Landon to Rostow, 6 March 1961, Box 130, National SecurityFiles, Countries, Laos General, John F. Kennedy Library (JFKL)

24. Anita Inder Singh (1993) The Limits of British Influence, South Asia andthe Anglo-American Relationship, 1947–56 (London and New York: PinterPublishers and St Martin’s Press), pp. 50–51

25. Rusk was Chief, US State Department International Security Affairs division,1946; Director, US State Department Office of UN Affairs, Deputy Under-Secretary of State, 1949–50; Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs,1950–51

26. Memorandum, Rusk to Bowles, 29 November 1965, Box 1897, Central PolicyFiles 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, National Archives andRecord Administration, United States (NARA)

27. Matthew Jones (2002) Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia, 1961–1965 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 18–19

28. Saki Dockrill (2002) Britain’s Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice betweenEurope and the World (New York: Macmillan), p. 42

29. Nicholas Tarling (2010) Southeast Asia and the Great Powers (Abingdon:Routledge), p. 80

30. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (1994) Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism(Singapore: ISEAS), pp. 48 & 125

31. Nicholas Tarling (2006) Regionalism in Southeast Asia (London: Routledge),pp. 96–97

32. Minute, A.J. de la Mare to Mr Samuel, 23 January 1967, FCO 15/18 andForeign Office Memorandum, July 1966, FO 371/187566, TNA

33. Tan Tai Yong (2008) Creating ‘Greater Malaysia’: Decolonisation and the Politicsof Merger (Singapore: ISEAS), pp. 15–18

34. Cabinet submission by Garfield Barwick, Minister for External Affairs,25 February 1963, A5619, C470 Part 1, NAA

35. Record of meeting between Rusk and British Secretary of State, Washington,DC, 6 April 1961, DO169/161, TNA

160 Notes

36. Ralph Smith (1985) An International History of the Vietnam War, Vol. II: TheKennedy Strategy (Hampshire and London: Macmillan), p. 70

37. Cabinet submission by Garfield Barwick, Minister for External Affairs,25 February 1963, A5619, C470 Part 1, NAA

38. Stockwell (ed.) (2004) British Documents on the End of Empire: Malaysia, SeriesB, Volume 8 (London: Institute of Commonwealth Studies), p. xlix

39. Canberra to Commonwealth Relations Office, 14 December 1961,DO169/235, TNA

40. Sir Saville Garner to Sir A. Snelling, 5 April 1963, DO169/01, TNA41. Pierre Van der Eng (2009) ‘Konfrontasi and Australia’s aid to Indonesia during

the 1960s’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 5242. Dewi Fortuna (1994) Anwar Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism

(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore), pp. 25–2643. R.B. Smith (2007) Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943–93 (Abingdon:

Routledge), pp. 76 & 80–8144. Cabinet submission no. 572 by Garfield Barwick, Minister for External

Affairs, 2 February 1963, A519, C470 Part 1, NAA45. CIA Weekly Review: Political Trends in Malaysia’s Borneo States, 2 June 1967,

Box 276, NSF, Country File, Malaysia, LBJ; R.B. Smith (2007) Changing Visionsof East Asia, 1943–93 (Routledge: Abingdon), p. 75

46. Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey (1996) Emergency and Confrontation: AustralianMilitary Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin)

47. Bradley Simpson (2008) Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development andU.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press),pp. 126–128

48. H.W. Brands (1995) The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits ofAmerican Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 156–164

49. Memorandum, 15 September 1964, NSF, Country File, Asia and the Pacific,Indonesia, Box 246, LBJL

50. Bradley Simpson (2008) Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development andU.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford: Stanford University Press),p. 3

51. Telegram, Canberra to London, 8 March 1963, DO169/235, TNA52. Record of Conversation, Gordon Walker and Rusk, 27 October 1964,

PREM13/428, TNA53. Canberra to Secretary of State for Defence, 19 March 1963, DO169/235, TNA54. Peter Dennis and Jeffrey Grey (1996) Emergency and Confrontation: Australian

Military Operations in Malaya and Borneo 1950–1966 (Sydney: Allen & Unwinin association with the Australian War Memorial), p. 320

55. Karl Hack (2001) Defence and Decolonisation in Southeast Asia: Britain, Malayaand Singapore 1941–1968 (Surrey: Curzon Press), pp. 278 & 289

2 Long-Term Policy and Short-Term Problems,October 1964–October 1965

1. Minutes of meeting of Long Term Study Group, 8 June 1964, CAB 148/8,TNA

2. Richard Crossman (1975) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One(London: Hamilton and Cape), p. 456

Notes 161

3. Note by Chairman of the Long Term Study Group, 23 October 1964, CAB148/10, TNA

4. Minute, J.E. Cable, Foreign Service Officer, 6 January 1964, FO371/175065,TNA

5. Record of conversation between Wilson and Rusk, 29 January 1965, FO371/180206, TNA

6. Note by Chairman of the Long Term Study Group, 23 October 1964, CAB148/10, TNA

7. Amendments to Reports of the Long Term Study Group, 5 November 1964,CAB 148/10, TNA

8. Permanent Under-Secretary Steering Committee Paper, 31 December 1964,FO 371/180207, TNA

9. Permanent Under-Secretary Steering Committee Paper, 31 December 1964,FO 371/180207, TNA

10. Permanent Under-Secretary Steering Committee Paper, 31 December 1964,FO 371/180207, TNA

11. Cable, US Commander in Chief Strike Command to US Joint Chiefs ofStaff, 6 December 1964, Box 206, Country File, UK, National Security File,LBJL

12. Cable, US Commander in Chief Strike Command to US Joint Chiefs of Staff,6 December 1964, Box 206, Country File, UK, National Security File, LBJL

13. Cabinet Defence Policy Meeting at Chequers, MISC 17/1st meeting,21 November 1964, CAB 130/213, TNA

14. Cabinet Defence Policy Meeting at Chequers, MISC 17/1st meeting andMISC 17/2nd meeting, 21 November 1964, and MISC 17/4th meeting,22 November 1964, CAB 130/213, TNA

15. Cabinet Defence Policy meeting at Chequers, MISC17/4th meeting,22 November 1964, CAB 130/213, TNA

16. Record of meeting at the British Embassy in Washington, DC, 7 December1964, FO 371/184271, TNA

17. Record of meeting at the British Embassy in Washington, DC, 7 December1964, FO 371/184271, TNA

18. United Kingdom Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 16 December 196419. Letter, Callaghan to Gordon Walker, 1 January 1965; Minute, J.E. Cable,

6 January 1965, FO 371/180205, TNA20. Richard Crossman (1975) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One

(London: Hamilton and Cape), p. 11721. Memorandum by R.L. Wade-Gery on the Kuala Lumpur Conference, 3 Febru-

ary 1965; Report, Lord Head to Bottomley, 9 February 1965, FO 371/180206,TNA

22. Despatch, Head to Bottomley, 10 February 1965, FO 371/180206, TNA23. Telegram, London to Department of State, 4 September 1965, Box 281,

National Security File, Country File, Asia and the Pacific, LBJL24. Record of meeting between Wilson and Bruce, 17 February 1965, PREM

13/692, TNA25. Telegram, Washington to Foreign Office, 24 February 1965, PREM 13/692,

TNA26. Telegram, Foreign Office to Bangkok, 4 March 1965, FO 371/180206, TNA27. Cmnd 2592, Statement on the Defence Estimates 1965, HMSO, London,

February 1965

162 Notes

28. Foreign Office Minute by J. Graham, Foreign Office Permanent Under-Secretary’s Department, 22 March 1965, FO 371/184508, TNA

29. Foreign Office Minute on the Defence Review by Foreign Office PermanentUnder-Secretary’s Department, 10 May 1965, FO 371/184510, TNA

30. Memorandum, Francis Bator to Johnson, Deputy National Security Adviser,16 February 1965, Box 25, Wilson Correspondence 1965–67, Papers of FancisM. Bator, LBJL

31. Minute, J. Spreckley, Assistant Private Secretary to Minister of State forForeign Affairs, 19 March 1965, FO 371/184508, TNA

32. Foreign Office Minute on the Defence Review by Permanent Under-Secretary’s Department, 10 May 1965, FO 371/184510, TNA

33. Cmnd 2592, Statement on the Defence Estimates 1965, HMSO, London, Febru-ary 1965; David Hawkins, The Defence of Malaysia and Singapore, Royal UnitedServices Institute for Defence Studies, London, 1972, p. 30

34. Record of conversation between Wilson and Rusk, 14 May 1965, FO371/184274, TNA

35. Foreign Office Minute by B. Burrows, Foreign Office Under-Secretary, 20 May1965, FO 371/184510, TNA

36. Record of meeting with Healey and McNamara in London, 30 May 1965,Box 5, Name File – Klien Memorandum, National Security File, LBJL; Brieffor Chancellor Callaghan’s visit in June 1965, Box 207, Country File, UK,National Security File, LBJL

37. Record of meeting with Healey, Callaghan and McNamara, 3 June 1965, FO371/184511, TNA

38. Telegram, London to Department of State, 25 June 1965, Box 207, CountryFile, UK, National Security File, LBJL

39. Record of meeting between Callaghan and McNamara, 30 June 1965,Box 1691, Central Files 1964–66, RG 59, NARA

40. Letter, W. Wright, Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Defence toE. Peck, Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Foreign Office, 18 May 1965, FO371/180207, TNA

41. Denis Healey (1989) The Time of My Life (London: Penguin), pp. 280–28142. Record of meeting between Wilson and Menzies, 1 July 1965, FO

371/184512, TNA43. Minute by B. Burrows, 28 July 1965, FO371/184511, TNA44. Record of meeting between Healey and Stewart, 29 July 1965, FO

371/184512, TNA45. Foreign Office Minute by P. Gore-Booth, Permanent Under-Secretary of State

for Foreign Affairs, 16 August 1965, FO 371/180207, TNA46. Record of meeting between Healey and Wilson, 8 October 1965, PREM

13/216, TNA47. Joint Intelligence Committee Report, ‘Intelligence Appreciation of Australia’s

Overall Strategic Situation’, 8 October 1965, TS677/3 pt. 8, A1838(A1838/346), NAA

48. Richard Crossman (1975) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One(London: Hamilton and Cape), p. 456

49. Telegram, London to Washington, 9 September 1965, Box 208, NationalSecurity File, Country File, UK, LBJL

50. Telegram, London to Department of State, 4 September 1965, Box 281,National Security File, Country File, Asia and the Pacific, LBJL

Notes 163

3 Confrontation Ends, July 1965–August 1966

1. Letter, Wilson to Johnson, 29 January 1965, PREM 13/429, TNA2. Telegram, London to certain missions, 6 January 1965, FO 371/180310; let-

ter, A. Golds, Joint Indonesia–Malaysia Department to A. Gilchrist, Jakarta,18 June 1965, FO 371/181528, TNA

3. David Easter (2004) Britain and the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1960–66(London: Tauris Academic Studies), p. 174

4. Letter, Healey to Wilson, 13 August 1965, PREM 13/431, TNA5. Foreign Office Paper on Singapore leaving Malaysia, 13 August 1965, FO

371/181459, TNA6. John Subritzky (2003) Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and

New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–65(Basingstoke: Macmillan), p. 3

7. Record of Meeting, Quadripartite Talks, 3 September 1965 and 7 September1965, FO 371/181529, TNA

8. Telegram, Washington to London, 7 September 1965, Box 208, CountryFile, UK, National Security File, LBJL

9. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Washington, 5 September 1965, Box 276,National Security File, Country File, Asia and the Pacific, LBJL

10. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 1 October 1965, FO371/180316, TNA11. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 2 October 1965, FO 371/180317, TNA12. Telegram, British Commander in Chief Far East to British Chief of Defence

Staff, 1 October 1965, FO371/180316, TNA13. Minute, South-East Asia Department to Defence and Overseas Policy Com-

mittee, 1 October 1965, FO371/180317, TNA14. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 15 October 1965, FO371/180318, TNA15. Telegram, London to Certain Missions, 14 October 1965, FO371/181455,

TNA16. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 15 October 1965, FO 371/180318, TNA17. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (1994) Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and

Regionalism (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), p. 3918. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 14 October 1965, FO 371/180348, TNA19. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 15 October 1965, FO 371/181455,

TNA20. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 20 October 1965, FO 371/181519, TNA21. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 25 October 1965, FO 371/180321, TNA22. Telegram, Washington to London, 26 October 1965, FO 371/181519, TNA23. Record of conversation, George Ball and National Security Adviser

McGeorge Bundy, 1 November 1965, Box 4, Indonesia, Papers of GeorgeW. Ball, LBJL

24. Telegram, Washington to London, 28 October 1965, FO 371/181519, TNA25. Commonwealth Relations Office Minute by Pritchard, Deputy Under-

Secretary of State, 1 November 1965, FO 371/181502, TNA26. Foreign Office Minute by Stanley, 4 November 1965, FO 371/181456, TNA27. Robert Cribb and Colin Brown (1995) Modern Indonesia (Harlow: Longman),

pp. 82–9628. Foreign Office Minute by Stanley, 4 November 1965, FO 371/181456, TNA29. Memorandum, Director of the Office of Southwest Pacific Affairs to Assis-

tant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 3 November 1965, Foreign

164 Notes

Relations of the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore; Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 350–351

30. Inward Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 1 November 1965, A11209,1964/6647 Part 5, NAA

31. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 9 November 1965, FO 371/181457, TNA32. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 11 November 1965, FO 371/181457, TNA33. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 12 November 1965, FO 371/181547, TNA34. Memorandum, Stanley to Moberly, Ministry of Defence, 26 November

1965, FO 371/181531, TNA35. Intelligence Memo, 18 November 1965, Foreign Relations of the United

States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore; Philippines,Washington, 2001, pp. 371–373

36. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 11 November 1965, FO 371/181457, TNA37. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 19 November 1965, Foreign Relations

of the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 373–374

38. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 19 November 1965, FO 371/181457,TNA

39. Intelligence Memorandum, 22 November 1965, Foreign Relations ofthe United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 375–379

40. Account of a visit to Jakarta by Foreign Office Official Ford, 26 November1965, FO 371/180343, TNA

41. Telegram, London to Kuala Lumpur, 25 November 1965, FO 371/181457,TNA

42. Summary of discussions amongst Australian, British, New Zealand andUnited States officials, 1–2 December 1965, FO 371/181457, TNA

43. Telegram, London to Washington, 4 December 1965, FO 371/181547, TNA44. Inward telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Canberra, 3 December 1965, A1209,

1964/67 15, NAA45. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 2 December 1965, Foreign Relations of

the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 379–380

46. Memorandum, Director of the Far East Region to Deputy Assistant Sec-retary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 13 December 1965,Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia;Malaysia–Singapore; Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 383–384

47. Telegram, Washington to Jakarta, 16 December 1965, Foreign Relationsof the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, p. 385

48. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 22 December 1965, Foreign Relationsof the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 388–390

49. Memorandum, Joint Chiefs of Staff to McNamara, 30 December 1965,Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia;Malaysia–Singapore; Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 390–392

50. Brief for ministerial visit to Washington, DC and the Far East, January 1966,FO 371/190784, TNA

51. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 18 January 1966, FO 371/187560, TNA

Notes 165

52. Telegram, London to Canberra, 21 January 1966, A1945 (A1945/37),287/3/20, NAA

53. Record of meeting between Healey and Holt, 1–2 February 1966, PREM13/889, TNA

54. Foreign Office paper on Anglo-Indonesian relations, 4 January 1966,FO 371/186044; Telegram, London to Jakarta, 12 January 1966, FO371/187570, TNA

55. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 31 January 1966, FO 371/186044, TNA56. Memorandum from Komer, Deputy Special Assistant to Johnson for

National Security Affairs, to Johnson, 15 February 1966, Box 6, Name File,Komer Memos Vol. 2, National Security File, LBJL

57. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 2 February 1966, Foreign Relations ofthe United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, pp. 395–399

58. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 12 February 1966, FO 371/186049, TNA59. Telegram, Paris to London, 15 February 1966, FO 371/186049, TNA60. Telegram, Rome to London, 24 February 1966, FO 371/186049, TNA61. Telegram, Washington to London, 19 February 1966, FO 371/186049, TNA62. Telegram, London to Certain Missions, 14 March 1966, FO 371/186029,

TNA63. Telegram, Washington to London, 18 March 1966, FO 371/187583, TNA64. Telegram, Washington to Jakarta, 17 March 1966, Box 248, Country File,

Indonesia, National Security File, LBJL65. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 20 March 1966, FO 371/186035, TNA66. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 21 March 1966, PREM 13/809, TNA67. Letter, Healey to Stewart, 22 March 1966, PREM 13/809, TNA68. Memorandum, Stewart to Healey, 23 March 1966, PREM 13/809, TNA69. Letter, Gilchrist to Stewart, 28 March 1966, FO 371/186030, TNA70. Memorandum, James Thomson, Special Assistant to Assistant Secretary of

State for Far East to Moyers, Special Assistant to the President, 31 March1966, Box 248, National Security File, Country File, Indonesia, LBJL

71. Memorandum, Donald Ropa, National Security Council Staff to the Presi-dent’s Special Assistant, Rostow, 18 April 1966, Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore; Philippines,Washington, 2001, pp. 427–428

72. Hansard, House of Lords, 3 May 196673. Telegram, Washington to Jakarta, London, and Kuala Lumpur, 20 April

1966, Box 2326, Central Policy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations,RG 59, NARA

74. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 28 April 1966, FO 371/187573, TNA75. Cabinet Conclusions (66) 24 (2), 12 May 1966, CAB 128/41, TNA76. Indonesia Report, undated, Box 248, National Security File, Country File,

Asia and the Pacific, Indonesia, LBJL77. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 30 April 1966, FO 371/186050, TNA78. CIA Intelligence Memorandum, 6 May 1966, Box 249, National Security

File, Country File, Indonesia, LBJL79. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 12 April 1966, FO 371/187561, TNA80. Letter, Tokyo to London, 22 April 1966, FO 371/187559, TNA81. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 7 May 1966, A4359, 201/2/2, NAA

166 Notes

82. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 30 March 1966, FO 371/187561, TNA83. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 30 March 1966, FO 371/187561, TNA84. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 14 April 1966 & 16 April 1966, FO

371/187561, TNA85. Letter, London to Bangkok, 5 May 1966, FO 371/185921, TNA86. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 8 May 1966, FO 371/187562, TNA87. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 12 May 1966, FO 371/187563, TNA88. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 23 May 1966, Box 248, Country File,

Indonesia, National Security File, LBJL89. Telegram, Jakarta to London, 18 May 1966, FO 371/187563, TNA90. Savingram, Kuala Lumpur to Canberra, 20 May 1966, A4359, 201/2/2, NAA91. Telegram, London to Jakarta, 24 May 1966, PREM 13/1007, TNA92. Telegram, British Commander-in-Chief Far East to London, 28 May 1966,

FO 371/187564, TNA93. Telegram, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations to Canberra,

25 May 1966, A1838, 3006/4/7, NAA94. Telegram, Bangkok to London, 28 May 1966; Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to

London, 27 May 1966, FO 371/187564, TNA95. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 27 May 1966, Foreign Relations of

the United States, 1964–68, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia–Singapore;Philippines, Washington, 2001, P. 432

96. Cablegram, Kuala Lumpur to Canberra, 28 May 1966, A1838, 3006/4/7,NAA

97. Cablegram, London to Canberra, 2 June 1966, A1209, 1964/67 15, NAA98. Cablegram, Bangkok to Canberra, 4 June 1966, A1838, 3006/4/7, NAA99. Harold Crouch (1978) The Army and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell

University Press), pp. 376–377100. J. Mackie (1974) Konfrontasi: The Indonesia–Malaysia Dispute 1963–1966

(Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press for the Australian Institute ofInternational Affairs), p. 322

4 Changing Defence Strategies for South-East Asia,October 1965–October 1966

1. Defence Committee Minute, 2 June 1966, A1945, 245/1/49 Part 1, NAA2. Letter, Bottomley to Lord Head, 14 October 1965, FO 371/184515, TNA3. Note for Cabinet by P.H. Bailey, 18 October 1965, A5619, NAA4. Minute by G. Arthur, The Defence Review, 1 November 1965, FO

371/184521, TNA5. Minute by G. Arthur, The Defence Review, 10 November 1965, FO

371/184515, TNA6. OPD, Misc. 17th/18th meeting on Cabinet Defence Policy, 13–14 November

1965, CAB 130/213, TNA7. OPD, Misc. 17th/18th meeting on Cabinet Defence Policy, 13–14 November

1965, CAB 130/213; Telegram, London to Washington, 16 November 1965,FO 371/184515, TNA

8. Letter, Healey to Wilson, 19 November 1965, FO 371/184516, TNA9. Letter, C.W. Wright to G. Arthur, 3 December 1965, FO 371/184518, TNA

Notes 167

10. Record of meeting at White House between Wilson and Johnson, 16 Decem-ber 1965, PREM 13/686, TNA; Box 209, National Security File, Country File,UK, LBJL

11. G. Herring (1996) America’s Longest War (New York: McGraw-Hill), pp. 153,166–167

12. R. Thompson (2001) The Pacific Basin Since 1945 (Harlow: Longman),pp. 99–100

13. Record of meeting at British Embassy in Washington between Wilson andMcNamara, 17 December 1965, PREM 13/686, TNA

14. Foreign Office minute on proposed four power arrangements in the Far East,J.E. Cable, 4 January 1966, FO 371/190783, TNA

15. Chief of Staff 3rd Meeting 1966, 18 January 1966, DEFE 4/194, TNA16. Memorandum, Rostow to Johnson, 20 January 1966, Box 209, National

Security File, Country File, UK, LBJL17. Memorandum, Rostow to Johnson, 20 January 1966, Box 209, National

Security File, Country File, UK, LBJL18. Record of Conversation at US State Department between Healey, Stewart,

Rusk and McNamara, 27 January 1966, FO 371/190785, TNA; Box 1691,Central Files 1964–66, Defense Affairs, UK, RG 59, NARA

19. Cabinet decision number 33, 30 January 1966, A4940/1, NAA20. Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 14 February 1966, A1838/269,

NAA21. Summary of meeting on defence with Holt, Healey, and Dean Eyre, 1–2

February 1966 and agreed minutes of those meetings, 2 February 1966,A4940/1, NAA

22. Telegram, Canberra to London, 2 February 1966, FO 371/190786, TNA23. Chief of Staff, 11th meeting 1966, 22 February 1966, DEFE 4/196, TNA24. R. Crossman (1975) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One, Minister of

Housing 1964–66 (London: Hamilton and Cape), p. 45625. Chief of Staff 19th meeting 1965, 13 April 1965, DEFE 4/183, TNA26. Chief of Staff 7th meeting 1966, 7 February 1966, DEFE 4/195, TNA27. Cmnd 2901, Statement on the Defence Estimates 1966, Part I: The Defence

Review, February 1966, p. 828. Telegram, Baguio to Washington, 2 March 1966, Box 45, White House

Central Files, Confidential File – Foreign Affairs 1966, LBJL29. Circular Telegram from Washington, 12 March 1966, Box 2814, Central Files

1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA30. Defence Review minute, March 1966, FO 371/190786, TNA31. Record of meeting between Sir Henry Hardman, Permanent Under-Secretary

of State, Ministry of Defence and Sir Edwin Hicks, Australian Minister forDefence, 18 April 1966, DEFE 13/507, TNA

32. Record of meeting between Healey and Hasluck, 19 April 1966, DEFE 13/507,TNA

33. Telegram, Washington to US Canberra, 12 April 1966, Box 1908, Central Files1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

34. Telegram, London to Washington, 25 May 1966, Central Foreign Policy Files1964–66, Political and Defence, Political Affairs and Relations, Box 1692,Central Files 1964–66, RG 59, NARA

35. Cablegram, Canberra to London, 3 June 1966, A2908/1, NAA

168 Notes

36. Cabinet Office minute on implications of the end of Confrontation, 14 June1966, FO 371/190802, TNA

37. Telegram, London to Hong Kong, 17 June 1966, and briefs for quadripartitetalks in Canberra on 30 June 1966, FO 371/190802, TNA

38. Foreign Office brief for quadripartite talks in Canberra on 30 June 1966,22 June 1966, FO 371/190802, TNA

39. R. Smith (1991) The International History of the Vietnam War, Volume Three:The Making of a Limited War (London: Macmillan), p. 341

40. Record of meeting in Canberra, 30 June 1966, FO 371/190803, TNA;Telegram Washington to London, Canberra, Wellington, Kuala Lumpur,Singapore, Jakarta and Bangkok, 21 July 1966, Box 209, National SecurityFile, Country File, UK, LBJL

41. Memorandum for President’s Asian Trip October–November 1966, 10 Octo-ber 1966, Box 6, National Security File, International Meetings and Travel,LBJL

42. Steering brief for the London Study Group, 3 October 1966, FO 371/190787,TNA

43. Minute, A.J. de la Mare to George Brown, 14 October 1966, FO 371/190805,TNA

44. Telegram, Washington to Kuala Lumpur, 12 October 1966, Box 2453, CentralFiles 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

45. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Washington, 23 September 1966, Box 276,National Security File, Country File, Malaysia, LBJL

46. Letter, Given to Murray, 19 September 1966, FO 371/185910, TNA47. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Washington, 5 September 1966, Box 276,

National Security File, Country File, Malaysia, LBJL48. Telegram, London to Washington, 30 September 1966, PREM 13/1277,

TNA49. Meeting of Cabinet with Johnson, 21 October 1966, A5839 XMI Vol 2, NAA50. Record of meeting of the London Study Group, 3–5 October 1966, FO

371/190806, TNA

5 Dissent in London, June 1966–July 1967

1. Minutes of Parliamentary Labour Party meeting, 15 June 1966, Museum ofLabour History, Manchester

2. Letter Dean to Michael Palliser, 22 June 1966, PREM 13/1083, TNA3. Record of Cabinet meeting, 14 July 1966, CAB 128/41; Letter, Shackleton to

Healey, 14 July 1966, DEFE 13/535, TNA; R. Crossman (1975) The Diaries of aCabinet Minister: Volume One, Minister of Housing 1964–66 (London: Hamiltonand Cape), p. 570

4. R. Crossman (1975) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One, Minister ofHousing 1964–66 (London: Hamilton and Cape), pp. 570–575

5. Letter Shackleton to Healey, 14 July 1966, DEFE 13/535, TNA6. Minutes of meeting between Healey and British Chiefs of Staff, 18 July 1966,

DEFE 13/535, TNA7. Cabinet Memorandum C(66)107, 18 July 1966, CAB 129/126, TNA8. Record of Cabinet meeting, 20 July 1966, CAB 128/41, TNA

Notes 169

9. Memorandum, Bator to Johnson, 14 July 1966; Memorandum, Fowler toJohnson, 18 July 1966, Box 209, National Security File, Country File, UK,LBJL

10. George Herring (1996) America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam,1950–1975 (New York: McGraw-Hill), p. 160

11. Background paper for Wilson’s visit to Washington, 29 July 1966, Box 215,National Security File, Country File, UK, LBJL

12. Memorandum Rusk to Johnson, 27 July 1966, Box 209, National SecurityFile, Country File, UK, LBJL

13. Cablegram, Canberra to Washington, 14 July 1966, A1838, 3006/4/7, NAA14. Department of State Intelligence Report, 27 July 1966, Box 209, Country File,

UK, National Security File, LBJL15. Record of conversation between Wilson and Johnson, 29 July 1966, Box 215,

National Security File, Country File, UK, LBJL16. R. Crossman (1975) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume One, Minister of

Housing 1964–66 (London: Hamilton and Cape), pp. 594 & 60217. R. Crossman (1976) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume Two, Lord Pres-

ident of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons, 1966–68 (London:Hamilton and Cape), pp.13–14, 110; B. Castle (1993) Fighting All the Way(London: Macmillan), p. 383

18. Record of meeting of the London Study Group, 3–5 October 1966, FO371/190806, TNA; Steering Brief for London Study Group, 3 October 1966,FO 371/190787, TNA

19. Record of meeting between Healey and the service ministers, 17 October1966, DEFE 13/392, TNA

20. Harold Wilson (1971) The Labour Government 1964–70 (London: Weidenfeldand Nicolson)

21. Denis Healey (1989) The Time of My Life (London: Penguin), p. 32722. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (66) 57th conclusions, 15 November 1966,

CAB 128/41, TNA23. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (66) 59th conclusions, 22 November 1966,

CAB 128/41, TNA24. Labour Party Annual Report 1966, Museum of Labour History, Manchester25. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (66) 61st conclusions, 29 November 1966,

CAB 128/41, TNA26. Meeting of OPD, 25 November 1966, CAB 148/25, TNA27. Memorandum, Rostow to Johnson, November 1966, Box 56, Special Head of

State Correspondence, National Security File, LBJL28. Telegram, London to Department of State, 15 December 1966, Box 1692,

Central Policy Files 1964–66, Defence, RG59, NARA29. Meeting of OPD, 9 December 1966, CAB 148/25, TNA30. R. Crossman (1976) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume Two, Lord Pres-

ident of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons 1966–68 (London:Hamilton and Cape), pp. 155–156

31. Denis Healey (1989) The Time of My Life (London: Penguin), p. 32732. Letter, J.O. Moreton to A.J. de la Mare, 30 January 1967, FCO 15/29, TNA33. Letter, Hull to Healey, 8 February 1967, DEFE 13/584, TNA34. Record of meeting of Foreign Office officials, 9 February 1967, FCO 15/29,

TNA

170 Notes

35. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (67) 6th conclusions, 3 February 1967, CAB128/42, TNA

36. Minutes of Parliamentary Labour Party meeting, 22 February 1967, Museumof Labour History, Manchester

37. Telegram, London to Washington, 1 March 1967, Box 210, National SecurityFile, Country File, UK, LBJL

38. R. Crossman (1976) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume Two, Lord Pres-ident of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons 1966–68 (London:Hamilton and Cape), p. 156

39. Hansard, 28 February 1967, House of Commons40. Telegram, London to Washington, 1 March 1967, Box 1640, Central Policy

Files 1967–69, Defence, RG59, NARA41. Telegram, London to Washington, 1 March 1967 and 5 March 1967, Box 210,

National Security File, Country File, UK, LBJL42. Minute by R.A. Sykes, Head of Defence Department, Foreign Office, 15 March

1967, FCO 46/32, TNA43. Memorandum for OPD(67) 22 by OPD(O), 20 March 1967, FCO 46/32,

TNA44. Memorandum by Healey and Brown to Cabinet, 31 March 1967, CAB

129/128, TNA45. Record of Cabinet Meeting, cc (67) 16th conclusions, 4 April 1967, CAB

128/42, TNA46. Record of Cabinet Meeting, cc (67) 19th conclusions, 11 April 1967, CAB

128/42, TNA47. Memorandum, F.D. Kohler to Rusk, 14 April 1967, Box 2572, Central Policy

Files 1967–69, Political Affairs, RG59, NARA48. Telegram, London to Washington, 18 April 1967, Box 210, National Security

File, Country File – UK, LBJL49. Telegram, Washington to London, 18 April 1967; Record of meeting at

the US State Department, 18 April 1967; Record of meeting in the US,20 April 1967; Telegram, Washington to London, 20 April 1967, FCO 46/54,TNA

50. Telegram, Washington to London, 18 April 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA51. Letter, Rusk to Brown, 21 April 1967, FCO 46/53, TNA52. Record of meeting between Hasluck, Holyoake, Brown and Rusk, 20 April

1967; Telegram, Washington to London, 19 April 1967; Telegram Wellingtonto London, 21 April 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA

53. Telegram, London to Canberra, 22 April 1967; Record of meeting betweenHealey and Morrison, Acting Australian High Commissioner to Malaysia,27 April 1967, A1209, 1966/7335 pt.A, NAA

54. Letter, Rusk to McNamara, 8 May 1967, Box 211, National Security File,Country File, UK, LBJL

55. Telegram, London to Washington, 16 May 1967, Box 1640, Central PolicyFiles 1967–69, Defence, RG59, NARA

56. Denis Healey (1989) The Time of My Life (London: Penguin), p. 29357. Foreign Office Brief on the latest developments in Vietnam, 4 May 1967,

FCO 46/54, TNA58. Letter, Rusk to Brown, early May 1967, FCO 46/53, TNA59. Cabinet memorandum cc (67) 81, 23 May 1967, CAB 129/130, TNA

Notes 171

60. Minute by MacLehose, Private Secretary to the Secretary of State, ForeignOffice, 12 May 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA

61. Record of conversation between Wilson and Johnson, 2 June 1967, FCO46/28, TNA

62. Record of meeting at Commonwealth Relations Office, 22 June 1967, PREM13/1456, TNA

63. Memorandum by OPD(O), 21 June 1967, FCO 46/33, TNA64. Cabinet memorandum c(67) 117, 4 July 1967, CAB 129/131, TNA65. Minutes of Parliamentary Labour Party meeting, 19 July 1967, Museum of

Labour History, Manchester66. Telegram, London to Washington, 28 July 1967, Box 2567, Central Policy

Files 1967–69, Political Affairs, RG59, NARA

6 Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia,April 1965–August 1967

1. Administrative history of the Department of State, Volume 1, Chapter 7,Box 3, East Asia Sections A–D, White House Central Files, LBJL

2. Shaun Narine (2002) Explaining ASEAN: Regionalism in Southeast Asia (Boul-der: Lynne Rienner), pp. 12–14

3. Estrella D. Solidum (2003) The Politics of ASEAN: An Introduction to SoutheastAsian Regionalism (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press), p. 22

4. Kai Dreisbach, ‘Between SEATO & ASEAN’. in Marc Frey, RonaldW. Pruessen and Tan Tai Yong (eds.) (2003) The Transformation of South-east Asia: International Perspectives on Decolonization (New York: M.E. Sharpe),pp. 254–256

5. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (1994) Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), pp. 49–57

6. Albert Lau, ‘Introduction: Southeast Asia and the Cold War’, in Albert Lau(ed.) (2012) Southeast Asia and the Cold War (Abingdon: Routledge), p. 8

7. Conversation between Ball and Talbot, 22 February 1965, Box 4, Papers ofGeorge W. Ball, Indonesia, National Security File, LBJL

8. Memorandum Chester Cooper to Bundy, 1 April 1965, Files of McGeorgeBundy, South-East Asian Regional Development, National Security File, LBJL

9. Record of discussion between Rusk and Stewart, 14 May 1965, FO371/180439, TNA

10. Letter, Rusk to Rev. Henry Van Dusen, 10 September 1965, Box 1897, CentralPolicy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

11. Telegram, Washington to Singapore, 23 November 1965, Box 1803, CentralPolicy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

12. Telegram, Washington to US Singapore, 23 November 1965, Box 1803,Central Policy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

13. Agreement on establishing the Asian Development Bank, 4 December1965–31 January 1966, FCO 15/24, TNA

14. Telegram, Baguio to Washington, 2 March 1966, Box 45, Confidential File,Foreign Affairs, White House Central Files, LBJL

15. Telegram, Department of State Circular, 12 March 1966, Box 2814, CentralPolicy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

172 Notes

16. Ropa to Rostow, 28 July 1966, Box 7, Name File, Ropa Memos, NationalSecurity File, LBJL

17. Memorandum by R.F. Oliver, 9 June 1965, FO 371/180439, TNA18. Record of meeting, Miscellaneous 17/8th meeting, Cabinet Defence Policy,

13–14 November 1965, CAB 130/213, TNA19. Foreign Office minute by J.E. Cable, 4 January 1966, FO 371/190783, TNA20. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Ottawa, 22 February 1966, FCO 15/18, TNA21. Memorandum, N. Pritchard to Lord Beswick, 20 May 1966, FO 371/187564,

TNA22. Telegram, London to certain missions, 26 May 1966, FO 371/187564, TNA23. Letter, Vice-president to Johnson, 5 January 1966, Box 4, Name File – Vice-

president Volume I, National Security File, LBJL24. Record of conversation between Rusk and Thanat Khoman, 28 June 1966,

Box 1898, Central Policy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG59, NARA

25. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 3 June 1966, FO 371/187565, TNA26. Telegram, Jakarta to Washington, 27 May 1966, Foreign Relations of the United

States 1964–68, p. 43227. Record of meeting between Colin Jackson MP, Tam Dalyell MP and General

Suharto, 2 June 1966, PREM 13/1058, TNA28. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Washington, 3 June 1966, Box 2452, Central

Policy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA29. Cablegram, Kuala Lumpur to Canberra, 30 May 1966, A1209, 1964/67/15,

NAA30. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Washington, 13 June 1966, Box 2452, Central

Policy Files 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA31. Despatch, Kuala Lumpur to London, 10 June 1966, FO 371/187565, TNA32. Cablegram, Kuala Lumpur to Canberra, 12 July 1966, A1838, 3006/4/7,

NAA33. Johan Saravanamuttu (1997) ‘ASEAN in Malaysian Foreign Policy Discourse

and Practice, 1976–1997’, Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 3734. Letter, Murray to Stewart, 23 June 1966, FO 371/187546, TNA35. Record of meeting with representatives of Australia, New Zealand, US, and

Britain, 30 June 1966, FO 371/190803, TNA36. Record of meeting between Stewart and Malik, 1 July 1966, FO 371/186076,

TNA37. National Intelligence Estimate no. 55–67, Central Intelligence Agency, Box 7,

National Security File, National Intelligence Estimates, Box 7, LBJL38. Record of meeting between Stewart and Malik, 1 July 1966, FO 371/186076,

TNA39. National Intelligence Estimate no. 55–67, Central Intelligence Agency,

15 February 1967, Box 7, National Security File, National IntelligenceEstimates, Box 7, LBJL

40. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (1994) Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), pp. 43–45

41. Record of meeting between Wilson and Holt, 11 July 1966, CAB 133/329,TNA

42. Letter, J.L. Knott to Sir Paul Gore-Booth, 11 August 1966, FO 371/186043,TNA

Notes 173

43. Memorandum of conversation between Australian Ambassador Keith Wallerand George Ball, 11 August 1966, Box 2308, General Records of the Depart-ment of State, Central Policy File 1964–66, Political Affairs and Relations, RG59, NARA

44. Telegram, Washington to Kuala Lumpur, 12 October 1966, Box 2453, GeneralRecords of the Department of State, Central Policy File 1964–66, PoliticalAffairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

45. Foreign Office minute, de la Mare to Foreign Secretary, 14 October 1966, FO371/190805, TNA

46. Telegram, Department of State circular, 3 October 1966, Box 2814, GeneralRecords of the Department of State, Central Policy File 1964–66, PoliticalAffairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

47. National Intelligence Committee (NIC) 303(74), First Draft, 5 July 1974,A1838, 3004/13/21 Part 28, NAA

48. Record of meeting of Cabinet with President Johnson, 21 October 1966,A5839 XMI Part 2, NAA

49. Letter, Wilson to Minister of Overseas Development, 27 October 1966, PREM13/3027, TNA

50. Letter, de la Mare to MacLehose, 16 November 1966, FCO 15/27, TNA51. Telegram, Black to Washington, 23 November 1966, Box 2814, General

Records of the Department of State, Central Policy File 1964–66, PoliticalAffairs and Relations, RG 59, NARA

52. Record of conversation between Bundy and Brown at the House of Com-mons, 20 March 1967, PREM 13/1454, TNA

53. Cablegram, Jakarta to Canberra, 3 March 1967, A4359/14, 221/5/22 Part 1,NAA

54. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (1994), Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy andRegionalism (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies),pp. 131–132

55. Telegram, Washington to London, 29 March 1967, FCO 15/18, TNA56. NIC 303(74), First Draft, 5 July 1974, A1838, 3004/13/21 Part 28, NAA57. Brief for Secretary of State’s discussions with Rusk during SEATO Conference,

12 April 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA58. Record of meeting between Brown, Hasluck, Holyoake, and Rusk, 20 April

1967, FCO 46/54, TNA59. Cablegram, Kuala Lumpur to Canberra, 6 April 1967, A1838/280, 3004/13/21

Part 1, NAA60. Letter, Rusk to Brown, Early May 1967, FCO 46/53, TNA61. Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 11 April 1967, A1838/280, 3004/13/21

Part 1, NAA62. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 22 and 23 May 1967, FCO 15/18,

TNA63. Memorandum, Murray to de la Mare, 7 June 1967, FCO 15/19, TNA64. Memorandum, Murray to de la Mare, 13 June 1967, FCO 15/19, TNA65. Hansard, 17 July 1967, Col. 1521–22, Vol. 75066. Foreign Office minute, 12 July 1967, FCO 15/4, TNA67. Department of State Circular Telegram, 6 August 1967, Box 1519, General

Records of the Department of State, Central Policy File 1967–69, Defence,RG 59, NARA

174 Notes

68. Ranjit Gill (1997) ASEAN Towards the 21st Century: A Thirty Year Review ofthe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (London: ASEAN Academic Press),pp. 30–33

69. Savingram to all posts from Canberra, 5 September 1967, A1838, 3004/13/21Part 3, NAA

70. The Sydney Morning Herald, 11 August 1967; The West Australian,12 August 1967

71. Lee Kuan Yew (2000) From Third World to First: The Singapore Story: 1965–2000(Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings), p. 369

72. Airgram, Bangkok to Department of State, 6 September 1967, Box 1850,Central Policy Files 1967–69, Political Affairs and Relations, RG 59,NARA

73. Research memorandum on South-East Asian regional groupings since 1960,20 May 1968, FCO 15/13, TNA

7 New Policy for South-East Asia, April 1967–May 1968

1. Central Intelligence Agency Intelligence Memorandum, October 1968,Box 281, National Security File, Country File, Asia and the Pacific, Box 281,LBJL

2. Talking points for Brown for visit of Australian High Commissioner toLondon, January 1967, FCO 15/43, TNA

3. Telegram, London to Heads of Mission, 6 January 1967, FCO 15/27, TNA4. Minute, Moreton to de la Mare, 5 January 1967, FCO 15/43, TNA5. Letter, de la Mare to Mackay, Moreton, MacMahon, Dudley and Cooper,

29 June 1967, FCO 15/4, TNA6. Foreign Office minute on British policy in East Asia, 3 May 1967, FCO 15/4,

TNA7. Brief for Foreign Secretary’s talks with Hasluck and Holyoake, April 1967,

FCO 46/54, TNA8. Brief of Foreign Secretary’s talks with Rusk, 12 April 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA9. Record of meeting between Brown and Hasluck, 19 April 1967, FCO 46/54,

TNA10. P.L. Pham (2010) Ending ‘East of Suez’: The British Decision to Withdraw

from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–1968 (Oxford: Oxford University Press),p. 158

11. Notes on British Policy East of Suez, 24 April 1967, A1209, 1966/7335 pt.2A; Cablegram, London to Canberra, 24 April 1967, A1209, 1966/7335 pt. 2,NAA

12. Telegram, Canberra to London, 25 April 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA13. Telegram, Canberra to London, 16 May 1967, FCO 46/54, TNA14. Letter, Healey to Razak, 16 June 1967, PREM 13/1456, TNA15. Record of meeting between Lee Kuan Yew, Healey and Bowden, 22 June 1967,

PREM 13/1456, TNA16. Record of meeting between Lee Kuan Yew, Healey and Bowden, 23 June 1967,

PREM 13/1456, TNA17. Letter, Healey to Crossman, 28 June 1967, PREM 13/1456, TNA18. Letter, Holt to Wilson, 30 June 1967, PREM 13/1456, TNA

Notes 175

19. Record of meeting between Foreign Office, Ministry of Defence, Com-monwealth Office and Board of Trade Officials, 6 July 1967, FCO 15/27,TNA

20. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to London, 10 August 1967, PREM 13/1457, TNA21. Telegram, London to Kuala Lumpur, 22 August 1967, PREM 13/1457, TNA22. Letter, Australian High Commission in London to Wilson, 4 October 1967,

FCO 15/29, TNA23. Letter Williams to Andrews, 7 October 1967, FCO 15/29, TNA24. Letter, Thomson to Wilson, 16 October 1967, FCO 46/50, TNA25. Cabinet Submission, Australian Defence Policy – Current Considerations in

Relation to Malaysia/Singapore, 8 December 1967, A5842/2, vol. 18 sub. 562dec. 771, NAA

26. Memorandum, Griffith to Holt, 11 December 1967, A1209, 1966/7335 pt.8,NAA

27. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (67) 66th conclusions, 16 November 1967,CAB 128/42 pt. 3, TNA

28. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (67) 67th conclusions, 21 November 1967,CAB 128/42 pt. 3, TNA

29. Minute, Burke Trend to Wilson, 28 November 1967, PREM 13/2195, TNA30. Draft record of conversation between Brown and Marshall, 29 November

1967, FCO 15/790, TNA31. Cablegram, London to Canberra, 7 December 1967, A1209, 1966/7335 pt. 9,

NAA32. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (67) 74th conclusions, 21 December 1967,

CAB 128/42 pt. 3, TNA33. Ministry of Defence memorandum by Dodds, 18 December 1967, DEFE

13/509, TNA34. Letter, Healey to Wilson, 20 December 1967, PREM 13/2195, TNA35. Background note for Brown, 3 January 1968, FCO 46/43, TNA36. Telegram, Kuala Lumpur to Washington, 23 September 1966, National

Security Files, Country File, Malaysia, Box 276, LBJL37. Cabinet memorandum by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, 3 January 1968,

CAB 129/135, TNA38. Cabinet memorandum by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the

Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs, 3 January 1968, CAB 129/135,TNA

39. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (68) 1st conclusions, 4 January 1968, CAB128/43 pt. 1, TNA

40. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (68) 1st conclusions, 4 January 1968, CAB128/43 pt. 1, TNA

41. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (68) 6th conclusions, 12 January 1968,afternoon session, CAB 128/43 pt. 1, TNA

42. Letter, Johnson to Wilson, 12 January 1968, PREM 13/2081, TNA43. Record of meeting between Brown and Rusk, 11 January 1968; Brief for

Cabinet Meeting, 12 January 1968, FCO 46/43, TNA44. Telegram, London to Washington, 15 January 1968, FCO 46/43, TNA45. Letter, Wilson to Johnson, 15 January 1968, FCO 46/43, TNA46. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (68) 5th conclusions, 12 January 1968,

morning session, CAB 128/43 pt. 1, TNA

176 Notes

47. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (68) 6th conclusions, 12 January 1968,afternoon session, CAB 128/43 pt. 1, TNA

48. Record of Cabinet meeting, cc (68) 7th conclusions, 15 January 1968, CAB128/43 pt. 1, TNA

49. Airgram, London to Washington, 3 February 1968, Box 2564, Central PolicyFiles 1967–69, RG 59, NAUS

50. Statement on the Defence Estimates 1968, February 1968, HMSO Cmmd. 354051. Denis Healey (1989) The Time of My Life (London: Penguin), p. 29352. Saki Dockrill (2002) Britain’s Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice Between

Europe and the World (New York: Macmillan), pp. 207–20853. Telegram, Department of State to US Embassy in Singapore, 11 January 1968,

Box 1642, Central Policy Files 1967–69, Defence, RG 59, NARA54. Memorandum, Rostow to Johnson, 16 January 1968, Box 7, Name File,

Rostow Memos, National Security File, LBJL55. Telegram, British Embassy in Saigon to London, 20 December 1967, PREM

13/2459, TNA56. Record of conversation between Johnson and Wilson, 22 December 1967,

PREM 13/2460, TNA57. Telegram, Washington to Canberra, 18 January 1968, A58671/2, NAA58. Telegram, Washington to Wellington, 22 January 1968, A5867/2, NAA59. Telegram, London to Washington, January 1968, Box 211, Country File,

UK, National Security File, LBJ; Cabinet Submission no. 7, 24 January 1968,A5867/2, AA; Airgram, London to Washington, Box 1640, Central PolicyFiles 1967–69, Defence, RG 59, NARA

60. Record of Defence and Overseas Policy Ministerial meeting (68) 1st meeting,26 January 1968, CAB 148/35, TNA

61. Research memorandum by Thomas Hughes, 7 February 1968, Box 1640,Central Policy Files 1967–69, Defence, RG 59, NARA

62. Department of State research memorandum, 7 February 1968, Box 2563,Central Policy Files 1967–69, Political and Defence, RG 59, NARA

63. Letter, Thomson to Wilson, 14 February 1968, FCO 15/33, TNA64. Letter, Wilson to Thomson, 14 February 1968, FCO 15/33, TNA65. Letter, Brown to Wilson, 19 February 1968, FCO 15/33, TNA66. Letter, Jenkins to Wilson, 19 February 1968, FCO 13/33, TNA67. Draft minute by J.O. Moreton, February 1968, FCO 15/29, TNA68. Telegram, London to Washington, 22 March 1968, Box 1518, Central Policy

Files 1967–69, Political and Defence, RG 59, NARA69. Telegram, Singapore to Washington, 20 March 1968, Box 1518, Central

Policy Files 1967–69, Defense, RG59, NARA70. Draft paper for Defence and Overseas Policy Ministerial Committee by

Brown and Thomson, May 1968, FCO 15/4, TNA

8 ‘Non-Military Means of Influence’ in South-East Asia,March 1968–October 1970

1. Saki Dockrill (2002) Britain’s Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice BetweenEurope and the World (New York: Macmillan), p. 226

2. Minute, Johnston to Stewart, 22 March 1968, FCO 16/166, TNA

Notes 177

3. Memorandum by defence policy staff to British Chiefs of Staff, 4 April 1968,FCO 16/166, TNA

4. OPD(O) Paper by the Defence Review Working Party, 14 May 1968, FCO15/30, TNA

5. Foreign Office brief on SEATO for Five Power Conference, May 1968, FCO15/34, TNA

6. OPD(O) Paper by the Defence Review Working Party, 14 May 1968, FCO15/30, TNA

7. Letter, Thomson to Wilson, 20 March 1968, FCO 15/3, TNA8. Telegram, Singapore to Washington, 11 December 1967, Box 2479, Central

Policy Files 1967–69, RG 59, NAUS9. Letter, Lee, British High Commission in Singapore to A.H. Reed, CRO, 9 April

1968, FCO 15/151, TNA10. Letter, A.M. Palliser to D.P.R. Mackillingin, 3 May 1968, PREM 13/2194,

TNA11. Memorandum for Cabinet by Healey and Thomson, 29 April 1968,

FCO 15/33 & Memorandum OPD (68) 29, 29 April 1968, CAB 148/37,TNA

12. Telegram, London to Kuala Lumpur, 3 May 1968, FCO 15/33; OPD 10thMeeting, 3 May 1968, CAB 148/35, TNA

13. Telegram, London to Washington, 1 June 1968, Box 212, Country File, UK,National Security File, LBJL

14. Cabinet Submission No. 81, Report by the Defence Committee, 8 May 1968,A5619, C22 Pt.2, NAA

15. Cabinet Minute, Report by Prime Minister on his visit to United States,4 June 1968, A5882, CO128, NAA

16. Telegram, London to Washington, 5 June 1968, FCO 15/34, TNA17. Telegram, London to Certain Missions, 5 June 1968, FCO 15/34, TNA18. Record of Five Power Conference on Far East Defence, 10–11 June 1968, FCO

15/34, TNA19. Chin Kim Wah (1983) The Defence of Malaysia and Singapore: The Transforma-

tion of a Security System, 1957–1971 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press),p. 189

20. Telegram, Washington to London, 20 June 1968, FCO 15/35, TNA21. Draft paper on US policy and British interests in South East Asia after

Vietnam, 28 June 1968, FCO 49/32, TNA22. Draft paper on US policy and British interests in South East Asia after

Vietnam, 28 June 1968, FCO 49/32, TNA23. Draft paper on US policy and British interests in South East Asia after

Vietnam, 28 June 1968, FCO 49/32, TNA24. Memorandum, Defence and Overseas Policy Ministerial Committee (68) 44,

Non-Military Means of Influence in the Persian Gulf, South East Asia andAustralasia, 24 July 1968, CAB 148/37, TNA

25. Memorandum, OPD (68) 44, Non-Military Means of Influence in thePersian Gulf, South East Asia and Australasia, 24 July 1968, CAB 148/37,TNA

26. Memorandum, OPD (68) 44, Non-Military Means of Influence in thePersian Gulf, South East Asia and Australasia, 24 July 1968, CAB 148/37,TNA

178 Notes

27. Talking points for Secretary of State’s visit to the UN and Washington, DCon 7–15 October 1968, FCO 15/14, TNA

28. Richard Crossman (1977) The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Volume Three,Secretary of State for Social Services 1968–70 (London: Hamilton and Cape),p. 159

29. Record of Meeting, Defence and Overseas Policy Ministerial Committee (68)14th meeting, 26 July 1968, CAB 148/35, TNA

30. Letter, S.J. Lambert to J.A.A. Knott, Head of Pacific and Asia division at theLondon Chamber of Commerce, 24 September 1968, FCO 15/25, TNA

31. Letter, S.J. Lambert to Murray, 25 September 1968, FCO 15/25, TNA32. Talking points for Secretary of States visit to the UN and Washington, DC on

7–15 October 1968, FCO 15/14, TNA33. Telegram, London to Washington, 19 December 1968, Box 1641, Central

Policy Files 1967–69, Defense, RG 59, NARA34. Hansard, House of Commons, 18 December 196835. The Times, 7 January 196936. Telegram, Washington to London, 25 January 1969, PREM 13/2615, TNA37. Telegram, Washington to Bonn, 11 February 1969, Box 1576, Central Policy

Files 1967–69 – Defense, RG 59, NARA38. Memorandum, William Rogers to Nixon, 7 May 1969, Box 2479, Central

Policy Files 1967–69, RG 59, NARA39. Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Memorandum, October 1968,

Box 281, National Security File, Country File, Asia and the Pacific, LBJL40. Nobuhiro Ihara (2010) The Formation and Development of the Association

of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 1966–1969: An Historical InstitutionalApproach, Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, pp. 201–206

41. Talking points for meeting with Malik, by Kissinger, 24 September 1974,Box 6, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for Asia and thePacific, Indonesia, GRFL

42. Nicholas Tarling (2006) Regionalism in Southeast Asia: To foster the political will(London and New York: Routledge), p. 210

43. Telegram, Washington to London, 15 February 1969, PREM 13/3007, TNA44. NIC 1(70), International Developments up to 1980 and their Implications for

Australia, Part 2, 9th September 1970, A452, 1970/4122, NAA45. Record of meeting between Wilson and Nixon, 3 August 1969, PREM

13/3027, TNA46. Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 29 July 1969, A5882, CO818, NAA47. Richard Nixon (1967) ‘Asia after Viet Nam’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 1,

pp. 111–12548. Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 29 July 1969, A5882, CO818, NAA;

Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 6 August 1969, A5882, CO818,NAA

49. Speech by William P. Rogers, Secretary of State, the National Press Club,Canberra, 8 August 1969, Box A90, Melvin R. Laird Papers, Department ofDefense Papers, Baroody Subject File, SALT, 1968–1972, GRFL

50. Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 23 September 1969, A5882, CO818,NAA

51. Cablegram, Washington to Canberra, 8 October 1969, A5882, CO818, NAA52. Cablegrams, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore to Canberra, 2 January 1970,

A5882, CO818, NAA

Notes 179

53. Kissinger memorandum for the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense,11 March 1970, Box 14, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–1977, General Subject File: Indonesia, GRFL

54. Memorandum of Conversation between Sumitro and Kissinger, 1 July 1970,Box 14, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–1977, GeneralSubject File: Indonesia, GRFL

55. Memorandum of Conversation between Sumitro and Kissinger, 8 July 1970,Box 14, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–1977, GeneralSubject File: Indonesia, GRFL

56. Memorandum, John H. Holdridge to Kissinger, 13 October 1970, Box 14,Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–1977, General Subject File:Indonesia, GRFL

57. Memorandum, John H. Holdridge and Richard T. Kennedy to Kissinger,18 November 1970, Box 14, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files,1969–1977, General Subject File: Indonesia, GRFL

58. Memorandum by Healey and Stewart, OPD (69) 27, 19 May 1969, CAB148/92, TNA

59. Summary of discussions at Five Power meeting on defence, 19–20 June 1969,PREM 13/2616, TNA

60. Record of Five Power meeting on defence, Canberra 19–20 June 1969, A5882,CO664, AA

61. Memorandum by Healey for Defence and Overseas Policy Committee (69)33, 17 July 1969, CAB 148/92, TNA

62. Speech by British Ambassador Mr C.M. Maclehose to Lions Club of Saigon,24 February 1969, A1838, 67/1/4/41 Part 1, NAA

63. President Richard M. Nixon statement on the Asian Development Bank,Philippines, 27 July 1969, Box A90, Melvin R. Laird Papers, Department ofDefense Papers, Baroody Subject File: SALT, 1968–1972, GRFL

64. NIC 64(71), ‘The British Role and Presence in Asia up to 1980’, 2 July 1971,A1838, 67/1/4/41 Part 2, NAA

65. The Financial Times, 8 September 196966. Telegram, London to Washington, 13 September 1969, Box 2568, Central

Policy Files 1967–69, Political Affairs, RG 59, NARA67. Joseph Frankel (1974) ‘Britain’s Changing Role’, International Affairs, Vol. 50,

No. 4, p. 58168. Telegram, Singapore to Washington, 14 November 1969, Box 1518, Central

Policy Files 1967–69, Defense, RG 59, NARA69. Letter, Stewart to Wilson, 26 November 1969, PREM 13/2615, TNA70. Cabinet Minute, Canberra, 11 June 1970, A5873, 430, NAA71. Government White Paper ‘Statement on Defence Estimates’, 26 February

1970, in D.C. Watt & J. Mayall (eds.) (1971) Current British Foreign Policy:Documents, Statements, Speeches, 1970 (London: Temple Smith), pp. 139–145

72. ‘Speech by Healey to Parliament’, 4 March 1970, in D.C. Watt & J. Mayall(eds.) (1971) Current British Foreign Policy: Documents, Statements, Speeches,1970 (London: Temple Smith), pp. 153 & 164

73. Cabinet Minute, Canberra, 31 July 1970, A5873, 430, NAA74. Andrea Benvenuti and Moreen Dee (2010) ‘The Five Power Defence Arrange-

ments and the reappraisal of the British and Australian policy interestsin Southeast Asia, 1970–75’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 41,pp. 101–123

180 Notes

9 The New Strategic Environment,November 1971–September 1973

1. NIC 124(72), First Draft, 25 July 1972, A1838, 683/72/125, NAA2. NIC 57(72), Second Draft, 1 December 1972, A1838, 683/72/57, NAA3. Chad Mitcham (2005) China’s Economic Relations with the West and Japan,

1949–79: Grain, Trade and Diplomacy (Abingdon: Routledge)4. Record of conversation between Ford and Suharto, 5 July 1975, Box 20,

National Security Adviser, Trip Briefing Books and Cables for President Ford,GRFL

5. Ralph Smith (2007) Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943–93 (Abingdon:Routledge), p. 106

6. NIC 124(72), 4 August 1972, A1838, 683/72/124, NAA7. Savingram to Australian posts, 29 August 1972, A1838, 67/1/4/41 Part 2,

NAA8. NIC 303(74), First Draft, 5 July 1974, A1838, 3004/13/21 Part 28, NAA9. NIC 303(74), 2 September 1974, A1838, 3004/13/21 Part 28, NAA

10. NIC 124(72), First Draft, 25 July 1972, A1838, 683/72/125, NAA11. Memorandum, John H. Holdridge to Kissinger, 21 November 1972, Box 14,

National Security Adviser, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–1977, General Subject File: Indonesia, GRFL

12. NIC 57, September 1973, A1838, 683/72/57, NAA13. Memorandum, Kissinger to Ford, 1 July 1975, Box 11, National Security

Adviser Presidential Briefings Material for VIP visits, 1974–1976, GRFL14. NIC 57(73), September 1973, A1838, 683/72/57, NAA15. Shaun Narine (1998) ‘ASEAN and the Management of Regional Security’,

Pacific Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 198–20116. Leszek Buszynsky (1981) ‘SEATO: Why it Survived Until 1977 and Why

it Was Abolished’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2,pp. 287–296

17. Department of State Briefing Paper, January 1974, Box 65, Ford Vice-Presidential Papers, Office of Assistant for Defense and International AffairsFiles, 1973–1974, John O. Marsh, GRFL

18. Samuel P. Huntington (1973) ‘After Containment: The Functions of the Mil-itary Establishment’, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, Vol. 406, No. 1, p. 6

19. Secretary Kissinger’s meeting, 1 August 1974, Foreign Relations of the UnitedStates, 1969–76, Vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia, 1973–76,Washington, 2011

20. Talking points for President Ford’s visit to Peking in December 1975, Box 19,National Security Adviser, Trip Briefing Books and Cables for President Ford,1974–76, GRFL

21. NIC 57 (73), Terms of Reference for Assessment NIC 57 (73), 12 September1973, A1838, 683/72/57, NAA

22. Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 September 197323. R.B. Smith (2007) Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943–93 (Abingdon:

Routledge), p. 10824. Memorandum of conversation between President Nixon and General

Sunthorn, SEATO Secretary General, 21 September 1973, Foreign Relations of

Notes 181

the United States, 1969–76, Vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia,1973–76, Washington, 2011

25. Memorandum, W.R. Smyser to Kissinger, 18 July 1974, Foreign Relations ofthe United States, 1969–76, Vol. E-12, Documents on East and Southeast Asia,1973–76, Washington, 2011

26. Department of State Briefing Paper, January 1974, Box 65, Ford Vice-Presidential Papers, Office of Assistant for Defense and International AffairsFiles, 1973–1974, John O. Marsh, GRFL

27. The Hobart Mercury, 22 February 197328. Letter, Paris to Canberra, 11 September 1973, A1838, 683/72/57, NAA29. Department of Foreign Affairs memorandum, 22 May 1974, A1838,

3004/13/21 Part 28, NAA30. Chin Kim Wah (1983) The Defence of Malaysia and Singapore: The Transforma-

tion of a Security System, 1957–1971 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press),p. 178

31. Andrea Benvenuti (2009) ‘The Heath Government and British Defence Policyin Southeast Asia at the End of Empire (1970–71)’, Twentieth Century BritishHistory, Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 54

32. Record of conversation with Sir Eric Norris, Deputy Under-Secretary of State,Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 28 September 1973, A1838, 67/1/4/41Part 2, NAA

33. The Australian, 5 July 197334. Coral Bell (1988) Dependent Ally: A Study in Australian Foreign Policy

(Melbourne: Oxford University Press), pp. 97–9835. Letter from G.A. Edwards, First Secretary, Office of the High Commissioner

for Australia to the Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs, Canberra,28 November 1973, A1838, 67/1/4/41 Part 1, NAA

36. Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 September 197337. Letter from G.A. Edwards, First Secretary, Office of the High Commissioner

for Australia to the Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs, Canberra,28 November 1973, A1838, 67/1/4/41 Part 1, NAA

38. Don Taylor, Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 September 1973; Briefing for SirMichael Palliser’s visit to Indonesia: 21–22 October 1975, National SecurityArchive, George Washington University, http://www2.gwu.edu/∼nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB174/indexuk.htm

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Index

Abdul Rahman, Tunku, 12–14, 29, 40,43, 48, 50, 102–3

proposed five-power defencemeeting, 111–12

see also five-power defenceADB, see Asian Development Bank

(ADB)Aidit, D.N., 15Anglo-Brunei Agreement, 126Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement

(AMDA), 14, 116replacement with Five Power

Defence Agreement (FPDA),149–52, 155

anti-colonial sentiment, 7ANZUS, see Australia, New Zealand,

United States Defence Pactarms to South-East Asia, 40, 132–3,

138, 140–1Asia Pacific Council (ASPAC), 10, 149Asian Development Bank (ADB), 10,

66, 68, 92, 100, 139Asian Productivity Organisation, 10ASPAC, see Asia Pacific Council

(ASPAC)Association of South-East Asia (ASA),

10, 12–13, 93, 94–6, 102Association of South-East Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 2, 134creation of, 90–1, 103–4security role, 4

Australiaanalysis of British proposal for bases

in, 31, 33–6, 86, 106, 108–9containment of Communism, 18foreign policy, 18and Indonesia–Malaysia

Confrontation, 17–18negotiations with Britain, 61–5, 106proposed five-power defence

meeting, 111–12and SEATO, 149

Australia, New Zealand, United StatesDefence Pact (ANZUS), 121, 132

Bailey, P.H., 55–6Ball, George, 35, 74, 91, 98Barwick, Garfield, 14–15bases

foreign, 12, 13, 26in Australia, 31, 33–6in Singapore, 14, 18–20, 21–4, 35–6

Bevin, Ernest, 11Black, Eugene, 63, 92–3, 99–100Borneo, 1, 6, 13–19, 45–52, 76–7Bottomley, Arthur, 28, 113Britain

aid to Indonesia, 48–9, 132,137–9, 151

aid to Singapore and Malaysia,112–14, 118, 132, 139, 151

containment of Communism, 11,23, 93–4

decline in Anglo-Malaysianrelations, 114–15

dependencies of, 7development projects, 107–8as diplomatic power, 3, 125and European Economic

Community (EEC), 71, 83–5,122, 131, 141, 150, 154

incentives, 45–6international role, 24–9negotiations with Australia,

61–5, 106negotiations with United States,

57–61, 129–30new policy initiatives, 107–11,

117–18; execution of, 132–4‘non-aligned belt philosophy’, 65non-military means of influence,

130–2opportunities to end

Indonesia–MalaysiaConfrontation, 39–40

189

190 Index

Britain – continuedreduction of defence expenditure,

18, 20, 22, 24–33, 81–2, 120,140–1; delay in 88

role in Europe, 26, 87–9, 116–19,122, 127–8

strategy of, 7, 21–2support for Indonesian Generals,

40–3support for regional organisations,

93–4and Vietnam War, 65–6, 129–30‘wait and see’ approach, 43–5withdrawal from Singapore, 19, 29,

31, 33–5, 56; Australia’ssuspicions, 55–6, 62, 106,108–9; British concerns, 62–3;concerns about, 55; delay in,88; US concerns, 35–6, 41, 63–4,101–2, 119

see also East of Suez policy‘British policy towards South East

Asia’, 23, 27–8, 107, 110Brown, George, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81–8,

100–3, 113, 115–19, 123–4Bruce, David, 19, 29

Callaghan, James, 28, 33, 72–3, 77, 79,83, 115

Carrington (Lord), 141Carver, Michael, 109, 123Castle, Barbara, 72Chalfont (Lord), 57Chequers meetings, 25–6, 28,

30–1China, 67

anti-Malaysia strategy, 15–16anti-Western policies, 23US strategy, 144

Cold War policy, 5, 7, 71, 91and United States, 7–10see also Communism

Colombo Plan, 10, 11, 68, 139Communism

policy of containment, 7–9, 18, 23,93–4, 134–5

see also Cold War policy

Confrontation, seeIndonesia–MalaysiaConfrontation

Conservative Government, 2, 141,153, 155

Cousins, Frank, 78Crosland, Tony, 72Crossman, Richard, 71, 72, 110

de la Mare, A.J., 110Dean, Patrick, 71decolonization, 2, 10, 19–20Defence and Overseas Policy

Ministerial Committee (OPD), 21,79, 122, 131

Defence and Overseas Policy OfficialCommittee (OPD(O)), 20–3

defence expenditure, Britain, 18, 20,22, 24–30

Defence Review, 2, 20, 24–7,59–60

Australian response, 34–5US response, 32–3

Defence White Paper (1966), 57,63, 88

dependencies, of Britain, 7development projects, 107–8Duncan Report, 139–40, 154

East of Suez policy, 2–5, 34Australian opposition to, 84–5Cabinet opposition to, 71–2cutting commitments, 79–83new policy initiatives, 107–11New Zealand objections to,

84–5reasons for, 83–6US opposition to, 84, 85–6

ECAFE, see Economic Commission forAsia and the Far East (ECAFE)

Economic Commission for Asia andthe Far East (ECAFE), 10–11,68, 92

equipment programme, 26–7, 30,32–4, 74, 77–8, 83, 110, 114,116–18

European Economic Community(EEC), 71–2, 83–5, 122, 131, 141,150, 154

Index 191

F-111s, 30, 83, 116–17Far Eastern Economic Review, 150financial crisis (July 1966),

71–6Five Power Declaration, 140five-power defence, 111–12, 122–24,

127–9, 132–3, 138–42, 154and South-East Asian regionalism,

138–42see also Abdul Rahman, Tunku

Five Power Defence Agreement(FPDA), 2, 149–52, 155

Foreign Affairs, 135Foreign and Commonwealth Office

paper, 125, 131–2four-power defence arrangement, 31,

43, 55–66waning interest in, 66–9

Fowler, Henry, 74–6FPDA, see Five Power Defence

Agreement (FPDA)France, 7, 10, 76, 83future defence policy, 111–12, 125–6,

133, 153

Garner, Saville, 14–15Ghazali, Tan Sri, 43, 49, 50–2Gilchrist, Andrew, 39, 42, 47, 50Gorton, John, 123, 128,

138, 150Guam Doctrine, 3, 134–8, 146

Hasluck, Edwin, 64Hasluck, Paul, 64, 75, 84Healey, Denis, defence budget, 25–7,

31–4, 37, 47–8, 56–7, 61–4, 72–3,77–88, 109–27, 138–40

Heath, Edward, 141Holland, 7, 76Holt, Harold, 45, 62, 97, 109–12Hong Kong, 1, 22, 44, 83, 150,

153, 155Humphrey, Hubert, 95

Indonesia, 2aid to, 48–9, 132, 137–9, 151attempted coup, 39–40and communism, 8–10, 12, 94face-saving agreement, 50–4

Guam Doctrine, 136natural resources, 8and regional cooperation, 95–7under General Suharto, 47–9under President Sukarno, 8–9, 12,

15–17, 28–9, 38, 42–3, 45–9Western support for Generals, 40–3see also Indonesia–Malaysia

ConfrontationIndonesia–Malaysia Confrontation, 2

beginning of, 15–19end of, 3, 38–44, 76–7, 97–8Western support for Generals, 40–3see also Indonesia; Malaysia

Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 8and Indonesia–Malaysia

Confrontation, 15, 42

Japan, 12, 61, 66, 95–9, 110–11economic progress, 7–8, 22,

86, 102military bases, 12, 55

Jenkins, Roy, 72, 115Johnson administration, 17Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 17, 26,

58–65, 68, 74–81, 86–8, 90–2,104, 117–21

Jungle Welfare School, 127

Kalimantan, see BorneoKennedy, John F., 9, 16–17Khoman, Thanat, 53, 95Kissinger, Henry, 137–8, 144Konfrontasi, see Indonesia–Malaysia

ConfrontationKrushchev, Nikita, 9

Labor Government, 1, 4, 85, 88,147, 150

‘The London Study Group’, 67Long Term Study Group, 20–3, 107–8Lubis, Abu Bakar, 91

Macmillan, Harold, 12Malaya, 1, 7–8, 12–14, 18–19, 95Malayan Communist Party, 13

192 Index

Malaysia, 2, 4aid to, 112–14, 118creation of, 13–19decline in Anglo-Malaysian

relations, 114–15defence aid to, 68expulsion of Singapore, 37Guam Doctrine, 136natural resources, 8, 22‘neutralisation’ concept, 145–6number of British forces in,

87–8, 116and regional cooperation, 95–6support for Western presence, 7–8trade, 22see also Indonesia–Malaysia

ConfrontationMalik, Adam, 44, 45, 47–52, 91, 96–7,

100, 102, 127, 132Manila Agreement, 13Manila Conference, 68Maphilindo, 13, 92, 94Mayhew, Christopher, 34, 71McGeorge Bundy, 91McNamara, Robert, 26, 33, 61, 74, 133Mekong Committee, 10, 11, 139Menzies, Robert, 18, 33–4, 68Menzies Government, 18Mokoginta (General), 42Morris, M.S., 110–11Murray, James, 41–2

Nasution (General), 39, 44natural resources, 8Netherlands East Indies, 7neutralization of South-East Asia, 23–4Nixon Doctrine, 3Nixon, Richard, 3, 134–9, 144‘non-aligned belt philosophy’, 65North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(NATO), 26, 33, 116, 125,140, 154

OPD, see Defence and Overseas PolicyMinisterial Committee (OPD)

OPD(O), see Defence and OverseasPolicy Official Committee(OPD(O))

organizations, regional andsub-regional, 10–11, 12

overseas expenditure, reduction in,72–6

Paris Peace Agreements, 130, 145, 147Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP), 71,

75, 79–81, 85, 88–9Philippines, 10, 12–13

claim to Sabah, 13military bases, 12

political power, defined, 131pound, see sterling

Regional Commission, 7regional cooperation for South-East

Asiabeginning of, 90–1British support for, 93–4closer Japanese relations, 3, 12five-power defence, 138–42and Guam Doctrine, 134–8and Malaysia, 95–6new political outlook, 97–100questions about defence, 100US support for, 90–3

research for book, 5Rio Tinto Zinc, 132Rusk, Dean, 11–12, 14, 17–18, 27, 61,

74, 96

Sabah, 13, 16, 28–9, 37–8, 50, 52,76, 134

Sarawak, 16, 28–9, 37–8, 49–50, 52, 76SEAARC, see South East Asian

Association for RegionalCooperation (SEAARC)

Shanghai Communique, 144, 147Singapore, 2, 4

aid to, 112–14, 118expulsion from Malaysia, 37–8Guam Doctrine, 136number of British forces, 87–8, 116role in securing British interests,

21–2, 29Sino-Soviet rivalry, 11, 136, 144Soesatjo (Colonel), 42

Index 193

South East Asia Treaty Organisation(SEATO), 21, 61, 63, 80

British support for, 93–4, 110future of, 126restructuring, 147–9, 151–2, 155–6

South East Asian Association forRegional Cooperation(SEAARC), 102

Soviet Union, 8, 9, 103, 134–7‘Special Commissioner in South-East

Asia’, 6Sterling

defence of, 75–6devaluation of, 112–13, 115, 124

Stewart, Michael, 72, 76, 96, 130–1Subandrio (Dr.), 15, 44Suharto (General), 39, 42, 43, 47,

94, 97Sukarno (President), 8–9, 12, 15–17,

28–9, 38, 42–3, 45end of regime, 47–9

Sukendro (General), 43Sunthorn (General), 148Swee, Goh Keng, 110

Thailand, 11, 12, 28, 53, 60, 65–7, 75,77, 80, 92, 94–7, 101–5, 126, 137,143–8

Thant, U, 91Thomson, George, 57, 115, 130–1Trend, Burke, 21Truman administration, 8, 11Tunku, see Abdul Rahman, Tunku

United Nations (UN), 10, 28, 30, 88,91–2, 103, 120, 126, 132, 139

United Statesaid to Indonesia, 48–9, 137–8and Cold War, 7–10concerns about British withdrawal,

35–6, 41, 63–4, 101–2, 119

containment of Communism,7–9, 135

defence options, 25–9, 32–3economic development of

South-East Asia, 133and Indonesia, 8–10Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation,

38, 41and negotiations with Britain,

57–61and north Asia, 6policy of non-involvement, 3reconstruction of the Japanese

economy, 7and regional cooperation for

South-East Asia, 3, 91–3and Singapore, 24strategy with China, 144Vietnam War, 17, 29, 56–7, 65–6,

68, 84, 120–1, 128, 130, 144–5‘wait and see’ approach, 43–5

United States National SecurityCouncil (NSC), 8

Vietnam, 3, 12Vietnam War, 17, 29, 56–7, 65–6, 68,

84, 120–1, 128, 130, 144–5

Walker, Patrick Gordon, 17, 26West Germany, British forces in, 31,

32, 72–4, 78White Paper on Defence (1970), 87,

89, 140Whitlam, Gough, 149Wilson, Harold, 20, 24–5, 58–9, 71Wilson Government, 2, 4, 20

Yew, Lee Kuan, 92, 134, 136

Zhou Enlai, 15Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality

(ZOPFAN), 4, 143, 145–7