notes: 13.1-13.2 - rna & protein synthesis...9 role of rna –an analogy• now imagine what...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
NOTES: 13.1-13.2 -
RNA & Protein Synthesis
Vocabulary:
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Transcription
• RNA Polymerase
• Codon
• Translation
• Anticodon
Key Concepts:
● What are the 3 main types
of RNA?● What is transcription?
● What is translation?
![Page 2: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Genes and Proteins:• RECALL: the sequences of
nucleotides in DNA contain INFORMATION!
• This information is put to work through the production of PROTEINS.
![Page 3: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
What do proteins do for the body?
• Proteins are diverse:
control chemical messages in cell;
direct the synthesis of carbo’s, lipids, and nucleotides;
enzymes;
give the cell structure and
movement
• Goal of protein synthesis:
MAKE A PROTEIN
![Page 4: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Protein Structure:
• RECALL: proteins are polymers of AMINO ACIDS
• The sequence of nucleotides in each GENE contains the information for the sequence of AMINO ACIDS in a single protein
• Each human cell contains about 20-30,000 genes
![Page 5: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
• Like DNA= made of nucleotides
• copy of DNA segment
• 3 main types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
• 3 differences
1) sugar = ribose
2) single stranded
3) instead of the base thymine (T), RNA uses
URACIL (U)
![Page 6: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
![Page 7: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Job of RNA: Function in Protein Synthesis
![Page 8: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Role of RNA – an analogy
• Imagine what goes into a new car being built on an automobile assembly line:
1) Engineers make the design and tell the workers how to make the cars;
2) Workers follow the directions to build the cars;
3) Suppliers bring parts to the assembly line so they can be installed in the car
![Page 9: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Role of RNA – an analogy
• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for making proteins;
2) The workers (RNA molecules!) follow the instructions from DNA and build the proteins;
3) Other workers (other RNA molecules) bring parts (AMINO ACIDS) over to the assembly line
![Page 10: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
3 Types of RNA:
1) Messenger RNA (mRNA): brings information from the DNA in the nucleusout to the ribosomes;
2) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): clamp on to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids into a protein;
3) Transfer RNA (tRNA): the “supplier”; transports amino acids to the ribosome
![Page 11: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
DNA RNA
• How does the information in DNA , which is found in the nucleus, get out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm…it needs a “MESSENGER”!
![Page 12: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
• Step #1 (of 2) of protein synthesis
• Transcribe: to make a copy
• transcribing DNA information (gene instructions) into mRNA
– mRNA can leave the nucleus goes to ribosomes in
the cytoplasm
• special base sequences in DNA are recognized by RNA as “start” and “stop” signals
– “Start” sequence called PROMOTER region of DNA
![Page 13: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Details of the Process
• 1. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at the site where instructions for the needed protein begins & it separates the 2 DNA strands
![Page 14: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
2. RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA strand using complementary base-pairing
![Page 15: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
• Remember…there aren’t “T” bases in RNA
• “C” binds with “G”
• DNA “A” binds with RNA “U”
![Page 16: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Which strand was copied? A or B
![Page 17: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
3. when RNA polymerase reaches the end or "STOP" part of the genetic code for that protein, it releases
4. DNA re-zips
5. finished mRNA (message) leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
![Page 18: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
• Bases are grouped by 3
• Called a CODON (“code”)
![Page 19: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
• Transcription ends with mRNA which will exit the nucleus to the cytoplasm
• So… if transcription is the first step of Protein Synthesis, what happens next in the cytoplasm?
![Page 21: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
• Making a protein (string of amino acids): translating from the language of nucleic acids into a polypeptide
• How does it go from mRNA (copy of DNA) to amino acids (building blocks of proteins)?
A group of 3 mRNA bases makes up a
“codon” (think of as a “code word”)
each codon specifies a particular amino
acid
there are “start” and “stop” codons
![Page 22: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
1) mRNA attaches onto the ribosome
3 nucleotides of mRNA = codon
• 2nd kind of RNA= ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
makes up the majority of the ribosome
![Page 23: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
• 3rd kind of RNA= transfer RNA (tRNA)
carries amino acids to the ribosomes (amino
acids join together)
3 nucleotides of tRNA that “match” or
compliment the mRNA = anticodon
there are 64 different tRNA molecules
(more than 1 for each amino acid)
REDUNDANCY of the CODE!!
![Page 24: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Amino acid
![Page 25: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
amino acid
tRNA
anticodon
codon (mRNA)
![Page 26: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
2) By matching the codon of mRNA to the anticodon of tRNA, the correct amino acid is put into place
Next tRNA goes here!!!!
![Page 27: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
3) a peptide bond is formed between the 2 amino acids
![Page 28: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
4) protein chain continues to grow until a “stop” codon is reached on the mRNA
no tRNA exists for “stop” codons
![Page 29: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
● Molecules of tRNA are specific for
only 1 amino acid
-one end of tRNA attaches to a
specific amino acid
-the other end attaches to mRNA
codon by base pairing
(anticodon = a sequence of 3 bases
on tRNA)
Amino acid
![Page 30: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
● tRNA’s decode the genetic
message codon by codon
![Page 31: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
![Page 32: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
**table 13.6 on
page 367 shows
the “dictionary”
for the codons
and their
corresponding
amino acids
![Page 33: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
![Page 34: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
![Page 35: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
![Page 36: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
![Page 37: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Translation: All At Once
![Page 38: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: All At Once
![Page 39: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Step 1. TRANSCIPTION
(nucleus)
Step 2. TRANSLATION
(ribosome)
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
PROTEIN
![Page 40: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Protein Synthesis—video
http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/protein.html
![Page 42: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
PRACTICE:
DNA: T A C C G C G G T T T A A C T
mRNA:
amino
acids:
![Page 43: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
PRACTICE:
DNA: T A C C G C G G T T T A A C T
mRNA: A U G G C G C C A A A U U G A
amino
acids:
![Page 44: NOTES: 13.1-13.2 - RNA & Protein Synthesis...9 Role of RNA –an analogy• Now imagine what goes into PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: 1) DNA provides the “workers” with the instructions for](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022063017/5fda205794f98069a320264d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
PRACTICE:
DNA: T A C C G C G G T T T A A C T
mRNA: A U G G C G C C A A A U U G A
amino
acids: met – ala - pro - asn - STOP