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way which avoidsall confusion- learlyseparatednddistinctni,i.s areimportant or ease f reading. econd, s us t mentioned,hebeginning feach ew dea sclearlymarked. hird,notesmustbe akenn a concise ndnon-literaryranner. hegleat emptations to takenotes orizontally ndthen c)align deas neabove nother.For example,et us akeHungary as omplainedha t tssteel xportso heEuropeannionareunableodevelop ecausefexcessivelyestrictiveariffquotas.But theUnion epresentativeointed ut ha tquotas restill under-used y Hungary y a largemargin, o he ariffquotashemselvcsdidn'tappearo rc: rcatinghediff icult ies.

Thiscouldbcr olct l :HU complaincd steel xportsoEU can't evelopBecauscoo str ict ari f fquotasBut Elj rcrp quotas nderusedy HU a otSo quotas ol prob

Thedrawbacks crebecomemmediately pparent.he nterpreter,akingnotes ather as a lleeting secretary r a sfudentat a university ecture, swriting too rluch. The deas o not stand ut clearlyat a glance rom thepage.And thc idcasare nor analyzed hrough he notes even hough heymay be in th e intclpreter'smind): they area slavish eproduction f thewordsusedby thespeaker,n theorder n which heywerespoken,whichwiil tend o lead he nterpretero function imilarlywhenacfually epro-ducing the speechorally.Th e upshotwill probablybe an unanaiyzedinterpretationwith inferior style, as he expressionn the target anguagewill be oo nfluenccd y he orm of expressionn thesourceanguage.The diagonal brm offers a naturalmovement or one'seyes o movefrom left to right and iom top to bottomof a pagewhenreading.By com-bining these wo nafuralmovements nd eproducinghem n the diagonallay-out he nterpreter il l make t easier or themseiveso pick ou t th eelements f asentence s heycast heireyes apidlyoverapage.Of course,this ast cornrnent nly applies o usersof scriptwhich is read rom left toright and rom top to bottom. nterpreters f Chinese, apanesend Arabic,for example,must adapt heir note-taking ystems s heysee it.

The Left-hand MarginTh e secondmajor component f a speech hich we havesaidshouldbe

ccted n notes re he inksbetweendeas nd heseparationsetweenas .The inks ie, by definition, utsidehesubject-verb-ob.lectresen-iari,,u.soa special laceha s obe ound or hem.Given hat he diagonal

|lny-u,rt nvolves ringing oureyes ack o he eft-hand ideof th epage 0, tr,rrr new dea, he ogicalplace o put the ink is to the extreme eft of the'',pug.. just efore hebeginning f the substantivedea.To makesure ha t:.lirrks reeas),to ind,and o avoidany confusionwith the subjectof the$cntence in k ntroduces,t isbesto eave eft-handmargin f one o \\'oLlcrltimetresor inks.Sonrenterpretersaychooseodrawa margindowntlrc eft-hand ideof th epagc, tltcrsmaychoose erelYo keep hemarginnutional. he ink is noted t hesatrc cvclon hepage s hesubject f theNcntcncet is ntroducing. hus, f we (ake hc cxample:GrainexportsotlrcUnitedStates avebeenunable o develop ecausehe United StatesIrlvc mposed igh mport ariffs', hi scouldbe noted

., /L4- ra u a x p*Z:5/u^-l/ Z-=

6 2'S6eco'"a //9

-/L*7D aaa' 41/ l*F#'(Thisexampleservesmerely o show he structure f notes:no interpreterwouldseriously ote ong-handn this way.)The first dea s easily dentifi-able in the diagonal ayout; the link standsout clearly in the left-handmargin;and he seconddea oilows from it equallyciearly.

Besides eingused or iinks, he efrhand column s also deal or rep-resentingpointsof view, another ey element n notes.To show this wereturn o the text usedabove or theexample f unwantedhorizontalnote-taking:

Hungary as omplainedhat ts steel xportso theEuropean ntonarenotable o develop ecausefexcessivelyestrictiveariffquo-tas. But the Unionrepresentativeointedout that quotasare still

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selves idn'tappearo be creatinghedifTicuities.This couldno w be noted:

uU ' ,/oy' "7-./tcoano/ 1* T

$..-our" *-d# 2*-l^^*-o */n'-/n"

l -y ' 4/( : / / / /,tn J"tutn-o ^ Lt

y'*-/.,

e 11/

Jl^. .oL 4t

tlte speech contlnues' aller not prolrcnl' lll atryuilrs' vrv4r reP

should emade "t*"tll iint'"* pu'ug*phs riections f a speech'his

canbedone, or ".";;:;;;$"Ui^1,t u"'o"theentirewidth of the

page,atherhan 'ftJ" l"L as or separationf ideas; lternatively ne

rnaydraw h'e" snon"'ie"'it"r rit* in the eft-handmarginbeforea new

paragraphrsectlon'o symbolizeparagraohndent' heway hesepara-

rion smadesun,*ol"#i,;;;;td; it iJperfectlv learo he nterpreter't"tt" it"" has o read ack heirownnotes'lterticalitYf ListsAnexceptiono hegeneraiprinciple.ofdiagonalay-outs hat ists

shouldbenoted ertically.i;;il";ts in the.listiave hesame aiueand

shouldtherefore e attribu;;;;;;;;;t positionn notes' hus'onecould

note'Western u*ty *'u'"Juf""J u "'lt' of natural atastrophes'

iolentwtn-,.t ti".."t, flooiing andearthquake's:

nol 7.- /4^.From this exampleone can seehow links andpointsof view canbe easilypicked out by the interpreter.They can evenbe combined,as n but EU.llere theeconomy f note-takingor pointsof view becomes pparent. un-gaty complained, he EU r epresentative ointed out, but thesewords assuch cJo ot need o be noted: he nterpreterwill remember he first verbwitlr the helpof the context,and he second erb could us t as well have[:een rrrirl,tltted, or any of a number of equivalents.

IJcfire leaving he question f the eft-hand narginwe should ecallthat deas o no t us t need o be inked,but on occasionshey need o beseparated.t may therefbrebe very useful o draw a short ine after eachidea o separatet clearly from the next one. fthis is considered uperflu-ous,as he diagonal ay-out ofa pageshould n anycaseseparatedeas,aline shouldat leastbe drawn after each completesentence. hus, n theexampleaboveone could draw a line after oo restrictive,a\d, assuming

i l . - r / s /f"."/ .J * ; 5/'ru-ts{2.4Z^.+/r-L'AlistcanofcourseoccuranylvhereinaSentence.Itmayequallywellaffectthe subjector the verb'*Fo"*u*ptt' theprevious entence

ould havebe-sun, EuropeunTu'ttey'no'rfl-to't,C'*1 una southernBulgaria

havealliJilt"J'4, inwhich asene ould ote:

5o

ir*iiii: E,- -f/r- l 4 Gteea5 8'9

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hearsomething,or hearing t fair to register t immediarely, nd so areun-able o note t down,whileknowing hat here ssomethingheyhavemissed.In those ircumstances,ou will want o puta questiono hespeaker fter_'"ards,and o pur th equestion ou will want to knorvwhere he elevantpoint n th espcechs andwhat ts conrexts. Thismeans ou shourd oteclearly ha r omerhings missing. he simpresthrng s ro pura very rargec-r-gssn the igl$erdgglg_rlgi_Lbe!-oles-atthe u-" t.uEi-B-tnaa;rrr,i'gitcmwould ave eenn he otei. ni r il r enabreou o ind he oint nthatpage.But he nterpreterlsoneedso be able o find he elevanr age,an dquickly, o as nor o keepderegatesait ingwhire he y oo k rrr-heirquestion. n easy hing ocr . s ohave spare enci l r pe navai labre ndto sl ip t in betweenhc pages f yournote-pad r hepage erevanro trrcquestron. hi s wil l n*kc it possible t th e cn d of a speectro f l ip backimmediately. r lrc:lrrssageoncemed '< lpu l .your uestion urckry nddirectly.

Abbreviat ions rd SymbolsTh eobvious rr 'rrrrrugef abbreviat i ' ,s nd ymbolss hat he yheip av etime n taking'. tcs, t lrus dding 'thc cfl iciency f note-taking.urther,by reducingar r clca, hichma y rccxpressed y onewordor a number fwords, o a synrh'1, l* : ntcr?reter ncrsr easiero escapehe rapof word_for-word ranslltion. llrc.s),nrbolc:prcsentsn dea, ather han hewordor words,and he rrlcrl.rrlc:r, ccing hesymbol n theirnotes,smore iableto think in termso1'llre:dsa athcr hanof words.Havingdecidcd lrat'n c wisheso useabbreviationsndsymbors,hequestion mnrediatcry rises s o whatextent he y shourd e usea.onecouid ak e heminim.rist viewof useof symbols sbeing epresentedyRozan,who in his ./'r'is.de notes tates ha t on eca n makedo with 20symbolsand hatof thesen factonly te nar e ndispensabre.therschoolsof thoughthave ended o a maximalist pproach,everopingomprehen-sivesystemsof symbor zationsuchas rraitaugtit or a numberof yearsbyMatyssek tHeidelberg, nshrinedn his r 9g 9Handbuch erNottzentech-nikfilr Dolmetscher.As in so manyareas f interpretation e wourdargue hat heapproachyou adopt s very mucha question f personalaste.Both th e minimalistand he maximaristpositions, nd ndied an y other ntermediary mtion,have heir merits.Rather han aying down a hard-and-fast ure as to thedesirabledegreeof symborization, t is better o ret each nterpreter indtheirown balance. ut in trying o strike ha tbarance numberof basic

principleshould eobsen'ed.' First. t should e ememberedhatabbreviationsnd ymbols re . ikeXdnVotherpartof notes, means o an end,andnot an end n thernselves.,1l'ti"r" s ittlepoint n creating vast, erhapsntellectuallyatisfying, ys -tcnrof abbreviationsnd ymbolsf thesystem oes ot heip he nterpreter

l:' ln ,',r".pr.t better.For he nterpretero benefit ully fromnote-taking, heiri ui,brcviari6nsnd symbolsmustbe unequivocal.t mustbe immediateiy-.,' irvious o the ntcrpretereading ack heirnotesexactlyu'hatal l theiri: abbreviat ionsndsymbols ean.i Thispleads gainsthearbitrarlcreation f complex, bstractystems' that he nterpreteril l have liffic:ultynanipulatingnd emembering.uch' rr ystemma ypreventhe nterpreterionr istt:ningttentivelyndanalyzing

rlrcoriginal, s heyconcentraten hepure:lt'crcltnicaluestion f how otritnsformhespeaker's ords ntosymbols.Worse. 'c n assuminghe n-. tcrpreter asnoted orrectly,heymay he nhavedifficulty n reading acki thcirnotes.Of course,hisdoes ot mean hatan nterpreterannot volve, anextensive ystem f abbreviationsndsymbols. he simple onditions. that heyshould lways eperfectly learandmakesenseo the nterpreter'

To makesense, bbreviationsnd symbolsmustbe 'logical' to theinterpretersing hem.Th eword logical' s deliberatelylacedn inverledconunas ere.n thatwe mean hatabbreviationsndsymbols houldhave:i an ntrinsicconnotative unction or the nterpreterwho uses hem' That s." theyshouldbe genuinely ymbots, ot us t signs.But as he nterpreters. th ecreator f theirow nsymbols,hepersonwho writes heman d he onlypersonwho needso read hem, heoniy logic' theyneed o respects that

th eabbreviationsndsymbolshe yuseshouldlogically'mean omethingto them; t may well be hat he symbolsof one nterpreter remeaninglessor illogical to any other nterpreter, ut that s neitherherenor there.Forexample,one nterpretermay find thata schematic itchfork, ooking likethe Greek etterpsi, meansagriculture.The resemblance ith the pitch-fork makes his symbol ogical for that nterpreter, ven f for anotheronethe Greek ettermeans omethingelse,or maybenothingat all.If a symbol s meaningful o the nterpreterwho uses t, the symbolshouldstand goodchance f becomingorganic' n the sensehatothersymbols anbe derived ro m it by using hesame ubjectiveogic.Thus,an interpretermay wish to use ? to indicatedemand n the economicsenseof 'supplyanddemand', sa questionmark triggers n their mindthe notion of asking,an d hu sdemand.Theymay then ake he nverseof ?,which s;, to ndicatesuppiy' n thesame conomic ontext. learly,there s no way that ca n ogicallynean'supply'if onedoesnot know

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lr r's Bcrcsrs r rhitsymbor, ut n thiscaset hasgrownorganicary, o opeak, utof another yrnbol.In summary,hen,abbreviationsnds{mbolsareverymucha personalffair.Theyare ndispensabt"na un'm d sr mitsaddownyR";;; ;; l#i:|",l:,,:r::, :?;,",1K:,#hemserveshestrait-jact