not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phonology
not all sounds can go together in a word
some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment
![Page 2: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contrast: and
For instance, shore and sore mean different things. They are a minimal pair.
![Page 3: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
English Minimal Pairs
![Page 4: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Japanese English“do” “cut viciously with knife”
! acceptable in words like see
Both languages have both sounds
predictable before [i]
not predictable
![Page 5: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Predictable
![Page 6: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
before voiced consonant
before unvoiced consonant
Predictable
![Page 7: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Complementary distribution
before unvoiced
consonantno yes
before voiced consonant yes no
![Page 8: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Complementary distribution
Two sounds X and Y are in complementary distribution if Y never occurs in any of the phonetic environments in which X occurs.
i.e. a minimal pair could never be exhibited
![Page 9: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
English non-contrasts
![Page 10: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hindi contrasts
“fruit”“moment”“strength
![Page 11: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•two sounds are in contrast•a minimal pair can be found
(they can occur in the same contexts) •the sounds belong to different phonemes
•two sounds are psychologically nondistinct•no minimal pair can be found
(forced by complementary distribution)•they are allophones of the same phoneme
![Page 12: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What about and ?
![Page 13: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The flap in English vs. Spanish
Predictably, /t/ surfaces as in English[ ]Flapping:
in environments where it is surrounded by vowels, the 2nd of which is stressless
![Page 14: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
in Spanish, the flap is contrastive
[pita] “century plant”“funeral pyre”
![Page 15: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nasality
‘luxurious’‘stalk’‘scold’‘ascend’‘forbid’‘eat’‘house’‘car’
Malay
‘but’ ‘hand’‘very’ ‘train’
French
![Page 16: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example problem
![Page 17: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Formalizing vowel shortening
“in the environment”
[e] !" / [voiceless consonant]
![Page 18: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Formalizing vowel shortening
“in the environment”
“is realized as”
[e] !" / [voiceless consonant]
![Page 19: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Formalizing vowel shortening
“in the environment”
“is realized as”“before”
[e] !" / [voiceless consonant]
![Page 20: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Formalizing vowel shortening
happens with other Vs too, e.g.coat/codelap/lab
“in the environment”
“is realized as”“before”
[e] !" / [voiceless consonant]
![Page 21: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Uninsightful !
"""""""""""""""""""""#
$
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&
!"
!
"""""""""""""""""""""#
$
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&
/
!
""""""""""""#
$
%%%%%%%%%%%%&
![Page 22: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Better
[V] !" [V̆] /!
+ consonant! voice
"
![Page 23: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Better
[V] !" [V̆] /!
+ consonant! voice
"
a natural class
![Page 24: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
English flapping
[t] !" [ ] /!! consonant
" #! consonant! stress
$
![Page 25: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The TheoryPostulate two levels
1. underlying form (string of phonemes that are distinctive in this language)
2. surface or phonetic form (specifying particular phones in a language-independent way)
and provide phonological rules that derive the surface form from the underlying form.The rule format we will use is A ! B/ C D “A rewritten as B in the context where it ispreceeded by C and followed by D.”
Any of A,B,C,D might be written more generally as a feature matrix
!
"#+ feature" feature
...
$
%&
A feature matrix makes positive or negative reference to a combination of phonologicalfeatures like nasal, voiced, high, a!ricate etc. Such combinations specify natural classes.
![Page 26: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
English voicing data indicates that /r/ patterns with /l/.
(1)
brew prowgreen tripdrip creepfrog prayshrimp
so do /j/ and /w/
(2)
beauty putridDuane twinGwen quickview cuteswimthwack
!
"#+ sonorant+ voice! nasal
$
%& "'! voice
(/
!
"""""#
+ consonant! sonorant! continuant! delayedrelease! voice
$
%%%%%&
“English liquids & glides become voiceless after voiceless stops.”
![Page 27: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phonological features
![Page 28: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Phonological features
![Page 29: not all sounds can go together in a word some phonetic ... · some phonetic details are predictable, given the environment. ... They are a minimal pair. English Minimal Pairs](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022516/5b00a3e97f8b9ad85d8ce565/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CORONAL made with the tongue tip or blade raised
Lebanese definite article “the” is /il/before non-coronal before coronal
si]b]
an] s]
Phonological features