northwest farm & ranch - fall edition 2012

Boundary

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Lewis

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YakimaFranklin Farm and Ranch

Northwest

FALL 2012

Hope for hefty heifersPlacing animal welfare first

Produced quarterly by Tribune Publishing Company

Record apple season expected

Inside this issue

2 | Friday, September 28, 2012 | Moscow-PullMan Daily news Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012

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Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Friday, September 28, 2012 | 3Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012

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Boundary

Bonner

Kootenai

Benewah

Latah

Nez Perce

Lewis

Shoshone

Clearwater

Idaho

Morrow

Umatilla

Union

Wallowa

Baker

PendOreille

StevensFerry

SpokaneLincoln

GrantAdams

Whitman

Asotin

GarfieldColumbia

Walla WallaBenton

Klickitat

YakimaFranklin

Farm and RanchNorthwest

On the cover: Two calves and cow graze in a field east of Pullman.

The science of weeds

WSU recruits researcher to network with growers | 20

Farming lentils$50,000 grant to benefit pea and lentil farmers | 8

Large grant to help cattle fertility research at WSU

By Kelcie Moseleyfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

A study of cattle preg-nancies at Washington State University may

help lead to cost savings for farmers and helpful informa-tion for people hoping to start a family.

Researchers with-in WSU’s College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences and the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service at Miles City, Mont., received a $1.1 million, five-year grant from the National Institutes of Health in August to fund research that attempts to find out why 25 to 30 per-cent of pregnancies in beef cattle are lost.

“Specifically what we’re focused on is a period of early pregnancy where both humans and cattle have a majority of pregnancy loss,” said Tom Spencer, a profes-sor at WSU and one of the researchers on the project. “(Which is) basically the first three weeks of pregnancy.”

Spencer said dairy cattle exhibit high losses of preg-nancy in that window of time, at about 80 to 85 per-cent loss. The same goes for humans — about one-third will experience early preg-nancy loss. About half of those losses can likely be attributed to simply a bad egg, but the other half is what they are trying to pin down.

“It looks more and more like it’s an inability of the uterus to support develop-ment of the embryo,” Spencer said.

Research animal scien-tist and reproductive psy-chologist Tom Geary said they are in the very early stages of the study, but so

far they have placed embry-os produced in vitro at the University of Florida into 269 heifers in Miles City, Mont. Geary said 58 percent of those heifers remained pregnant, which is actu-ally higher than they were expecting. He said they will go through the same process four to six more times with the hope of determining which ones remain pregnant most or all of the time, and which never or rarely main-tain pregnancies. Those ani-mals will be transferred to WSU, where a series of tests will be used to examine dif-ferences in gene levels and identify the causes of early pregnancy loss.

Cattle are a nice model to use because pregnancy tis-sues can be collected easily from the animals, whereas trying to collect samples from a human is likely to compro-mise the pregnancy.

Ultimately, they hope this knowledge might translate into ways women can be test-ed in less invasive, more spe-

cific ways for fertility issues, because today’s methods are not ideal, Spencer said.

“It’s expensive and physi-cally and emotionally taxing to women, because it’s not covered by a lot of health care plans, but also because these are couples that really want to have a baby,” he said.

Spencer said in terms of its applicability to farmers, having a set of genetic mark-ers to test on a heifer at birth could help determine wheth-er a farmer wants to raise her as a replacement or feed lot heifer. If it is discovered that the animal is infertile once it reaches breeding age, not only are the costs of rais-ing it lost, but the average cost of replacing a dairy heif-er is approximately $1,500, and about $1,000 for a beef heifer.

“Animals that can’t get pregnant can’t lactate, and they end up being cold, and it’s very expensive to replace them,” Spencer said.

Geary said they are getting ready to do a second round of

embryo transfers in October, and he’s pleased with their progress.

“Just the success we’ve had so far has been great, so it may mean that we’ll be able to decrease the overall costs of doing this,” Geary said.

This research extends beyond the spectrum of fer-tility, however. Spencer said with the onset of global warm-ing, genetic selection may be necessary to help animals survive climate change.

“It’s going to be nice down the stretch to potentially be doing some genetic engineer-ing with animals to allow them to survive in a non-hos-pitable environment, because that’s really going to be an issue come 2020 or 2030,” he said.

Holly Neibergs, an assis-tant professor and animal sci-entist at WSU, is also working on the research but could not be reached for comment.

Kelcie Moseley can be reached at (208) 882-5561, ext. 234, or by email to [email protected].

Geoff Crimmins/Daily NewsA calf waits in an enclosure at Washington State University in Pullman.

Hope for hefty heifers

Horse healthProfessor researches

equine fever | 14

“… it’s like a lack of work ethic on Congress’ part. We are doing

our jobs, and they went home without doing their job. It’s

disappointing.”


By Kathy Hedbergfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

The adjournment of Congress without reaching concord on the farm bill was a let down to farmers and others

who look to the legislation for security and support.

“We are so disappointed and it comes down to a couple of phrases,” said Joseph Anderson, a farmer from Genesee and president of the Idaho Grain Producers Association.

“We had a dysfunctional Congress that is so unable to work together and compro-mise right now and come up with a work-able solution that (both the Senate and the House agriculture committee) agreed to,” Anderson said.

“And then farmers are out doing their jobs and … it’s like a lack of work ethic on Congress’ part. We are doing our jobs, and they went home without doing their job. It’s disappointing.”

The current farm act expires Sept. 30, but the lapse won’t have much practical

effect in the near term. Although many had expected the House to approve its version of the 2013 Farm Bill by mid- to late June and the full Congress to reach agreement on it before the end of summer, it appears the major sticking point in negotiations revolved around the food stamp program, which constitutes about 74 percent of the farm bill. Republicans think the bill doesn’t cut farm subsidies and food stamps enough and Democrats believe the proposed food stamp cuts were too harsh.

Anderson said for the time being farm-ers who looked to a new farm bill especially for its emergency crop protection provisions will go on about business as usual.

“We’re proceeding under the assumption that the risk management tools that we’ve had in the past, they will automatically renew and assume that they’re in place,” he said. “But that’s probably only for this year until it’s reauthorized. And probably one of the bigger things of not having a farm bill in place is just uncertainty. The stock market reacts negatively to uncertainty. And ag reacts negatively.”

As a result, he said, people may put off capital purchases, such as new equipment or other investments into their businesses.

“A lot of the grain industry is tempo-rarily pretty strong, but there are pockets that we had — several counties declared disaster areas from drought or frost. And they don’t really have any idea if there will be a disaster program in place for what crop insurance doesn’t cover,” Anderson said.

The lack of a farm bill also could affect some farmers’ ability to get an operating loan,” Anderson said. Livestock producers might find the absence of a bill could affect their overall operations if they were await-ing some grazing or disaster assistance.

“It’s a jobs and an energy bill and a rural health bill, too,” Anderson said. “All of the dollars that filter down through the farm bill end up in our rural economy pretty directly to reinvest in (our) businesses and communities.”

Kathy Hedberg can be reached at (208) 983-2326, or by email to [email protected].

Failure to pass farm bill before adjournment means uncertainty for local growers

Congress’ inaction disappoints farmers

Joseph AndersonPresident of IGPA

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By David Johnsonfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

While calling for more profes-sionalism in farm animal pro-duction, a Canadian animal

welfare expert recently recited a poem about pigs rolling in manure and then mimicked piglet grunts to help illus-trate his point.

When David Fraser finished the schtick, he received a loud ovation from those attending the Washington Farm Animal Welfare Symposium at Washington State University in Pullman.

“In a pig-like voice,” Fraser said, urg-ing the audience to join him for a second verse of grunts and squeals.

Then Fraser introduced scientific data showing that a professional understand-ing of such piglet sounds can lead to increased swine production and profits, while also ensuring the welfare of the pigs.

“Different views of animal welfare

have very deep cultural roots,” said Fraser, a professor of ani-mal behavior at the University of British Columbia.

At one time in Canada, he said, the num-ber of people who owned herds of cattle

far outnumbered doctors, nurses and others who worked in the health indus-try. What’s more, the “farmers” enjoyed more public trust.

But over the decades, the number of people producing livestock for a living has declined drastically, while the number of those in the health profession has soared. Moreover, the public perception of health workers has surpassed those who raise ani-mals for a living.

Speaker recommends shifting animal production from agrarian to professional model

Placing animal welfare first

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Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Friday, September 28, 2012 | 7Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012Professionalism, Fraser suggested,

has made the difference.“What’s happened is the nurses,

doctors and surgeons organized them-selves into profes-sions,” he said.

Professional peo-ple, he said, share certain skills, gen-erate insights that improve their prac-tice, set standards, create systems of mutual support and discipline and adopt other modes of behav-ior that maintain public trust.

Enter the debate over animal welfare.

“What would hap-pen if animal pro-duction was seen as shifting, not from an agrarian to an industrial model, but from an agrarian to a professional model?” Fraser asked.

Those with the more agrarian set of values tend to feel that a good life for animals must first and foremost be a natural life, Fraser explained. That’s achieved by, among other things, emu-lating nature, paying attention to emo-tions of animals and freedom of indi-vidual animals.

“Those taking a more industrial view, will tend to feel that a good life for animals must first and foremost be a healthy life,” Fraser said. That’s

achieved, not by emu-lating nature, but by controlling nature and such things as pre-venting disease and protecting animals from harsh weather.

Fraser said live-stock raisers, whether they be in cattle, pigs, chickens or something else, would benefit by joining ranks to share their needs and incor-porate animal welfare standards throughout the industry.

“Concerns over animal welfare are linked to the percep-

tion that animal production has shifted from the agrarian model to an industrial model,” Fraser said. “A shift toward a professional model might provide a way of safeguard-ing animal welfare and maintaining public trust.”

David Johnson can be reached at (208) 883-0564, or by email to [email protected].

“Those taking a more industrial view, will

tend to feel that a good life for animals must

first and foremost be a healthy life.”

David FraserProfessor at University

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By Estelle Gwinnfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

The USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council wants to let General Mills know

it can improve the nutrition-al profile of its products by using dry pea and lentil flours instead of corn, wheat or rice flours.

With nearly 80 percent of the nation’s dry peas and len-tils being grown in the Palouse, local farmers could well see an increase in demand because of a new marketing push.

The USADPLC recently was awarded $50,000 from the Idaho Specialty Crop Block Grant grant program, a pro-cess that began in April.

Specialty crops, which are smaller commodities such as lentils or nuts, receive grants such as these to increase their competitiveness in the coun-try, said Ali McDaniel, food marketing manager for the USADPLC.

The council will be using the grant money to increase awareness of the sustainabil-ity and nutritional value of dry

peas and lentils.The marketing project will

include four hour-long webi-nars that will target the food industry.

“They’re being used more as ingredients now,” McDaniel said. “We’re trying to educate the food industry on how to use them as an ingredient, because they’re a much healthier option than using corn or rice

or wheat. They’re significantly healthier especially in terms of protein and fiber, and we want to teach them how to use it.

According to the USDA, 100 grams of lentil flour has 33 grams fiber and 25 grams pro-tein, while all-purpose wheat flour has three grams fiber and 10 grams protein.

“Even if you’re only replac-ing 20 percent you’re going to

get a significant increase in fiber and protein in the prod-uct,” McDaniel said.

If the food industry catches on to the dry pea and lentil craze, it will be good news for farmers in the Palouse area, considering many of them grow the sustainable crops.

“We want to make the farm-ers more profitable by selling more of their product. We export

Geoff Crimmins/Daily NewsA farmer harvests lentils in a field near Palouse River Drive south of Moscow.

$50,000 grant to benefit pea and lentil farmers

Council designs marketing plan to target the food industry

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Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Friday, September 28, 2012 | 9Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012a lot of our product and we want to use it more domestically, which would decrease their shipping costs,” McDaniel said, so U.S.-based companies are a big target for the council.

“For lentils and dry peas about 70 percent of those crops are exported,” said Tim McGreevy, CEO of the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council. “Within the next 10 years we will see con-sumption of lentils, peas and all pulse products really increase domestically. My goal is to have 50 percent of our product consumed here at home.”

Chickpeas have led the way for increased interest in the U.S., which is largely attributed to hummus con-sumption, McGreevy said.

“The hummus consumption has been extraordinary and it’s driven producers in this area to increase their acreage in chickpeas because the prices have been strong,” McGreevy said. “It works well in this area.”

If the council can guide lentils in the same path as chickpeas, farmers will have cause to celebrate, espe-cially when combined with research being done at Washington State University to alter the season of dry pea crops.

“We’re developing some winter vari-eties of peas and lentils that would be planted in the fall to take advantage of

the rains we receive in the winter time and then harvest them in July instead of August or September. There’s some real potential to shift more acreage into the drier areas,” McGreevy said, which would allow farmers to grow more of the crops without giving up their wheat crops.

Growing more pea and lentil crops could also save farmers money consid-ering their low maintenance.

“It’s the most sustainable crop they grow, and the plant itself makes its own nitrogen. They really don’t have to apply any synthetic fertilizers in order to produce it,” McGreevy said. “It’s also a very low water use crop, it takes about 43 gallons of water to produce a pound of pulse crops which is incredibly low compared to most other crops.”

McGreevy, who runs a small farm himself, said he’s excited for the mar-keting project and the benefits it will bring to the local farmers, who will see better profits if the domestic demand rises.

“If we saw an increased demand, we would definitely see a resurgence in not only the processing industry but certainly in the production as well.”

Estelle Gwinn can be reached at (208) 882-5561, ext. 301, or by email to [email protected].

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By Debbie BryceFor Northwest Farm and Ranch

The growing demand for expanded marketing opportunities among livestock producers in eastern

Washington is leading to construction of a new federally inspected slaughter house in Odessa, said Willard Wolf, president of the Livestock Producers Co-op Association.

Wolf said a feasibility study conducted by Whitworth College in Spokane and funded by Cattle Producers of Washington, determined that consumers are looking to buy local products and most buyers like the idea of knowing where their food is coming from.

“The study determined that there is a real need for a small, federally inspected plant here,” Wolf said.

For producers of beef, sheep, pigs and goats to sell their cut and wrapped product retail and directly to consum-ers, animals must be processed in a federally approved facility and few in Washington are willing to work directly with producers.

Local livestock growers with direct marketing programs must currently ship animals to sites in Idaho and Oregon for processing, adding cost for producers and consumers. Wolf said in the past three years, almost 3,000 cattle, more than 2,000 sheep and 4,200 hogs were shipped out of state for slaughter each year.

Along with Wolf, the LPCA board of directors is comprised of a powerhouse of livestock producers from across the state — Cass Gibbons of Brewster, Ed Gross, Fred Brown, both from Spokane, Randy Emtman of Valley Ford, Jeff Schmidt of Othello, Ace Timm, of Okanogan, Gary Galbrath, of Ritzville and Wade King of Odessa. Combined these ranchers run more than 8,000 head of cattle and farm 30,000 acres.

“It’s a pretty powerful board,” Wolf said. “These are major producers that grow over 20 different food products.”

In all, 68 LPCA members are on board and ready to use the new facil-ity which is set to open next spring, Wolf said. Many of them already have direct marketing programs in place.

Willard Wolf rides at his ranch near Valley Ford.

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Platt said a series of work-shops starting in November are aimed at helping pro-ducers manage direct marketing oper-ations.

Some of the risks livestock produc-ers confront in the direct market meat business are similar to those they face producing feeder and finished livestock, but many are unfamiliar. The workshops will address financ-ing, marketing and product supply management, as well as public rela-tions, product quality, consumer con-

cern, animal welfare, envi-ronmental issues food safety and liability, business, and environmental regulations.

Platt said consumers today want to know where their meat comes from and the four-workshop series will help livestock produc-ers meet that demand.

“Hopefully, (producers) can capture some profit that would otherwise be captured by middlemen,” Platt said.

The first workshop is set for Nov. 1, at Pepper Jack’s Bar and Grill in Grand Coulee. Keynote speaker Allan Peterson will discuss topics including business planning and marketing.

The second is scheduled Dec. 13, at Don’s Restaurant

in Soap Lake. Mark Nelson and Jan Busboom will focus on risks related to livestock finishing, meat quality, and other factors identified and discussed by a panel of people in the direct mar-ket meat business.

The third, scheduled Jan. 10, in Ritzville at Washington Association of Wheat Growers, 109 E. First St. will feature Ken Krous with the Washington Department of Revenue

who will discuss business regula-tions, Claudia Coles of the Lincoln County Department of Health will focus on sanitary and health regula-tions, David Lundgren will discuss environmental regulations and Ruth Newberry from WSU will concentrate on animal care issues.

The fourth is scheduled for Feb. 5, in Spokane at the Spokane County WSU Extension Center at 222 N. Havana St. and will emphasize man-aging food safety risk and liability. At the workshop participants will com-pile a list of strategies important for managing risks based on their direct market meat businesses experience.

All workshops begin at 10 a.m. Registration for the workshop

series is $85 until Oct. 12, then fees increase to $110. The registration fee covers lunches and refreshments. A brochure describing the workshops containing a registration form may be downloaded from http://bit.ly/meat-marketing. The brochure may also be requested by calling WSU Extension in Davenport at (509) 725-4171. For special needs accommodations, or for more information, contact Tom Platt at (509) 725-4171.

Debbie Bryce can be reached at [email protected]


coming upn A series of workshops planned in central and eastern Washington is aimed helping livestock producers better manage their direct marketing operations and a new federally inspected slaughter house in Odessa is a crucial first step in that process.

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Hail damage will make a slight dent in

fresh market cropBy Meredith Metsker

for Northwest Farm and Ranch

Despite the widely spread hail damage in the spring and sum-mer to apple orchards all over

the state, Washington is still looking at a potential record crop this year, according to Jon DeVaney, executive director of the Yakima Valley Growers-Shippers Association.

DeVaney said as the early apple harvests have progressed, apple grow-ers have picked a significantly larger volume of fruits than anticipated.

The Yakima Valley Growers-Shippers Association in August predicted shipping 108.7 million boxes to market this year, which is almost one million fewer boxes than the state’s record of 109.4 million boxes set two years ago.

“Growers did see some damage, and that’s not good, but for the most part it’s going to be a very good year for the Washington apple industry,” DeVaney said.

Part of Washington’s good fruit eco-nomic fortune can be attributed to the severe apple damage in New York and Michigan. DeVaney said New York will yield only about half of its normal harvest, while Michigan’s yield has been reduced to about 10 percent of its normal harvest.

With Washington’s largest apple competitors out of the picture, DeVaney said Washington apple growers are sure to get good prices for their fruit, even after the hailstorms.

“There’s such demand that even fruit that has some hail marking, because of the nationwide shortage, low apple volumes, there’s going to be strong demand on the fresh market,” DeVaney said. “It’s very good news for Washington apple growers. … This year they’re going to see still strong demand for that fruit.”

DeVaney said as long as the hail didn’t break the skin of the apple, the apple could pass under the Washington Extra Fancy, Washington Fancy, and Washington standard hail grades. The more stringent Extra Fancy and Fancy grades also require that apples have few hail spots, that the damaged area is less than a total surface area of a half inch, and that the dents are no bigger than an eighth of an inch in size.

DeVaney said the spring and sum-mer hail storms were “selective,” hit-ting some eastern Washington orchards hard while leaving others unscathed.

David Douglas, a District 2 com-missioner for the Washington Apple Commission and owner of Douglas Fruit Co. of Pasco, said the harder hit orchards may also have to deal with

Washington looking at potential record apple season

AppleS gAloRe

Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Friday, September 28, 2012 | 13Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012damage to the fruit trees themselves, which could afect next year’s returns.

Douglas also said it’s hard to know exactly how many apples will pass the hail grade and ship to fresh market so early in the harvesting sea-son.

The other important factor in this year’s apple harvest season is the amount of the labor needed to har-vest the fruit in time. With a likely record harvest in the works, DeVaney said some orchards are stretched thin when it comes to labor forces.

“The labor is tight-er than most growers would like. The fact that we’ve had good weather, that we are having longer days of harvesting, it’s a nice steady harvest period so we should have ade-quate time to get every-thing picked,” DeVaney said. “The weather has been cooperating which gives us more time to get the crop.”

DeVaney also said that orchardists who do not have the neces-sary labor to the get their crops in on time may simply have to pick the apples a day or two after the opti-mum harvest period. The delay in harvest can negatively affect the fruit’s market-ability, DeVaney said, because the apples will not store as well and growers will be pres-sured to sell as soon as possible rather than look for the best price.

Harvests of early apple varieties like honey crisp, golden delicious, and gala across the state of Washington are in full swing.

Meredith Metsker can be reached at (208) 882-5561, ext. 236, or by email to [email protected].

By Joel Mills for Northwest Farm and Ranch

The University of Idaho’s corn maze next to the Lewiston Roundup

grounds is primarily about fun. But it’s also an agricultural expo-sition that can help connect the farm to the table.

“With about 1 percent of our population today involved in pro-duction agriculture, most people have no idea where our food comes from, or how it’s produced,” said John Foltz, UI College of Agricultural and Life Sciences associate dean, who started the maze with some students a few years ago.

So when people visit the 11-acre corn maze, they won’t just find fun. They’ll find facts about things like precision agriculture, Foltz said.

One example is how stu-dents, professors and local farm-ers worked together to create the maze over the last several months. Using a John Deere GreenStar guidance system, the

team created an intricate maze in record time.

“This year, we were able to do a much more complicated design, with half the number of people, in half the amount of time,” Foltz said.

The maze design is in honor of the 100th anniversary of 4-H programs in Idaho. It features a steer, the state Capitol, and a bicycle, which respectively rep-resent the three missions of 4-H: science, citizenship and healthy living.

The GreenStar GPS transceiv-er and monitor were mounted to a mower in the field of imma-ture corn. The operator then punched in the coordinates from a spreadsheet written by agricul-tural engineering professor Dev Shrestha, which he created from a student design.

“It shows you where you’re at, and where you need to drive,” Foltz said, noting this year’s maze has 1,062 GPS points.

The two previous corn mazes were plotted out using a hand-held GPS unit, which took 10 to

12 hours.Of course, such high-tech

equipment isn’t intended for corn mazes. But they can show the public what modern agriculture is capable of. It helps farmers to plant and add fertilizers and other inputs in the most efficient, cost-effective and environmental-ly friendly way, Foltz said.

“This allows them to be very precise, and use no more than what they need,” he said.

There will be other educa-tional opportunities at the maze, including fake cows that kids can milk, and posters detailing agri-cultural practices. There is also a quiz about Idaho agricultural on the back of a $1 map of the maze, a purchase that Foltz rec-ommended.

“Otherwise, the people who get lost have no idea where they are, and we have no idea where they are,” he said.

The map shows the locations of 10 numbered stakes where people can wait after calling a cellphone number to report that they are lost. And with the corn 11 feet tall this year, getting lost is going to be a common experi-

ence, Foltz said.“It’s a little spooky-scary dur-

ing the day because it all looks the same,” he said, noting that night maze-going will be even more surreal with the intense glow from four mast-mounted construction light arrays. “The tassels on the top of the corn plants kind of give off this weird, eerie glow. Then down in the maze it’s pretty dark. So it’s plen-ty scary, and people get lost.”

Joel Mills can be reached at (208) 883-0564, or by email to [email protected].

Mixing fun and educationIf you go:n WHAT: Clearwater Corn Mazen WHERE: Lewiston Roundup groundsn WHEN: Fridays 6-10 p.m., Saturdays noon-10 p.m., and Sundays noon-5 p.m., starting Oct. 5, with a special Halloween haunted maze from noon-10 p.m.n COST: $5 per person (kids 4 and younger free)n WHY: Annual fundraiser for University of Idaho ag college student clubs

Searching for the way

Future Farmers of America make their way through the 11-acre Clearwater Corn Maze last year at the Lewiston Roundup Grounds with the help of Joe Vandal.

Steve Hanks/Tribune

UI corn maze provides visual learning experience


Washington State professor researches equine fever

By Debbie BryceFor Northwest Farm and Ranch

Abicycle is propped in the corner under shelves filled with fam-ily photos and books. The small

office is neat and functional and from this third-floor venue Don Knowles overlooks the Washington State University campus that has been his home the past 30 years.

Knowles is a research leader for the USDA Agricultural Research Service and a professor of Virology at WSU.

“Doing research makes me a better teacher, and teaching makes me a better researcher,” he said.

Knowles was just inducted into the Agricultural Research Service Hall of Fame and he plans to travel to Washington, D.C., in December to accept the prestigious award.

Originally from Chicago, Knowles was recognized for his role in develop-ing a conclusive diagnosis and then a

treatment for equine piroplasmosis, also called equine tick fever. The disease is transmitted to horses through the bite of a tick carrying either the Babesia caballi or Theileria equi parasites.

The disease causes fever, loss of appe-

tite and destroys red blood cells.“Basically it causes the horse to

become anemic,” Knowles said.Equine piroplasmosis is prevalent in

South and Central America, Knowles

said, and horses that test positive for the disease are banned from entering the U.S.

Horses that have been exposed exhib-it minor cold-like symptoms, but in the US where the disease is uncommon and animals have no resistance, an outbreak can be catastrophic.

“Horses that are at risk are ones that have never been exposed to it,” Knowles explained.

When the disease was detected in horses in California in 2000, Knowles and his team developed a conclusive diag-nostic test for piroplasmosis. Expanding on treatments already being studied by

He knows what makes horse ticksDID YOU KNOW?

n At 825,000 acres, the King Ranch between Corpus Christi and Brownsville, Texas, is larger than the state of Rhode Island. The working ranch was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

Washington State University Professor Don Knowles was inducted into the Agricultural Research Service Hall of Fame for his role in developing a treatment for equine piroplasmosis, an infection rarely seen in the US.

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Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Friday, September 28, 2012 | 15Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012fellow scientist Ralph Knowles — no relation — Don Knowles was able to create an effective treatment for the infection.

“He started the process of testing drugs to treat this,” Knowles said. “With improved diagnostics, we were able to come up with a treatment for the disease.”

So when federal authorities notified Knowles that piroplas-mosis was discovered on the King Ranch in Texas two years ago he was well equipped to help.

“When the outbreak occurred on the King Ranch we were ready to go,” Knowles said.

The King Ranch is an 825,000 acre, family owned operation known for producing world-class quarter horses as well as Kentucky Derby-quality thoroughbreds. In all, 150 hors-es had tested positive for piro-plasmosis on the King Ranch, located outside Corpus Christi, Texas.

Knowles said treatment for equine piroplasmosis is expen-sive, but the alternatives are bleak.

“Basically there are three options,” he said. “Euthanize

the horse, ship it out of the country or quarantine it for life, and that’s also expensive.”

Dave Delaney, King Ranch vice president and general man-ager, said putting the horse down was not an option.

“This is a working ranch,” Delaney said. “Our horses are on the payroll.”

The value of the horses’ genetic legacy also eliminated the possibility of euthanizing

them — the first-ever registered quarter horse was bred on the King Ranch, he said.

Delaney said the cost of treatment was about $400 to $500 per horse.

To eradicate piroplasmosis on King Ranch, pastures where infected horses were kept were vacated and all the horses were treated and moved to clean areas. Delaney said the horses will remain under quarantine

for two to three years. Delaney said Don Knowles

“is a great scientist. He helped us to deal with state and federal agencies and return to normal operations.”

Knowles and Glen Scoles with the USDA unit also identi-fied the cayenne tick as the pre-dominant carrier of equine piro-plasmosis. Their finding was later published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases.

None of the animals at the King Ranch were lost due to the disease and Knowles shares credit for that success

with the staff at WSU.Knowles is currently work-

ing to create a vaccine for equine piroplasmosis.

After attending the University of Illinois, Knowles did his graduate studies at WSU in Pullman. He said he enjoys teaching and conduct-ing research equally.

“The students keep you sharp,” Knowles said. “And I like training future scientists.”

When he’s not on campus at WSU, Knowles said he enjoys spending time with his wife, Jennifer and their two daugh-ters.

An avid outdoorsman, Knowles recently returned from a fishing trip in Sitka, Alaska.

Knowles said he became interested in veterinary medi-cine early on, but the deci-sion to teach and serve as a researcher came later.

“You have to decide if you want to practice medicine or not,” he said. “If I had to start over right now, I wouldn’t change a thing.”

Debbie Bryce can be reached at [email protected]

“You have to decide if you want to practice medicine or not. If I had to start over

right now, I wouldn’t change a thing.”

Don KnowlesWSU professor

Geoff Crimmins/Daily NewsA horse stands under a tree during a rain storm east of Kendrick.

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Common barberry assists in stem rust epidemic

By Elizabeth Ruddfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

While many farmers in eastern Washington and northern Idaho area are familiar with

stripe rust, this year’s cool, wet May and June brought on a rust that typi-cally doesn’t fair well in the area.

Stem rust, a fungi that gener-ally thrives in warm-er temperatures, has swept many of the spring wheat and barley fields this year due to the delayed maturity of the crops caused by the wet spring, said Tim Murray, a Washington State University professor of plant pathology.

“The last couple of years we’ve had pretty severe stem rust epidemics in the region,” Murray said.

He said typi-cally in eastern Washington, the temperatures during growing season are not warm enough to allow for stem rust to develop, and by July and August when it is warm enough it is too dry. Because of the late rains extending the moisture in the area, something fungi require to thrive, and the warm weather, this year farmers have experienced a severe stem rust epidemic.

Murray said at this point it is hard to know the effect on yield for the fields affected, which consisted of mostly spring wheat and barley although some were found in winter wheat, but he’s sure there will be some. He said some cases of stem rust on spring wheat and barley were so severe farmers were required to use a fungicide, which can be helpful if the fungi is detected soon enough.

As opposed to the more common stripe rust, a fungi which can handle cooler temperatures above freezing and survive on wheat, barley and

other grasses, stem rust requires a specific type of plant to complete it’s life cycle in the Northwest, Murray said.

“Initially, people didn’t make the connection between the barberry and stem rust,” he said.

Common barberry — a different species from decorative Japanese barberry — is a woody shrub that produces edible fruit and yellow-pigmented bark. Murray said com-mon barberry is an “old world plant” brought to the United States from Europe, and then across the nation by early settlers when they began homesteading and planting wheat. The barberry plant also has thorns, which can be used to fence in ani-mals, and the wood produced is strong enough to be used for tool handles, like shovels and rakes.

Murray said the connection between barberry and stem rust was discovered in 1917-1918, and because it was so bad in the Great Plains, a national program was developed in North Dakota and Minnesota in 1918. Washington joined the pro-gram in 1944. He said the purpose of the program was to locate bar-berry plants and eradicate them. The program also included educational programs to teach people about the plant so the public could help locate the bushes.

The program lasted until the mid 1970s, Murray said, and was high-ly successful with the last major epidemic occurring in 1956. Now, Washington is experiencing regrowth of barberry bushes in the areas where they were once eradicated, he said, which is contributing to the recent stem rust cycle.

“There’s not going to be anoth-er federal program, we know that,” Murray said. “There’s not enough money and the disease is not bad enough nationally to start another program.”

What they are doing, however, is using the information from the past program to educate the public and current farmers about stem rust and how to identify barberry bushes, he said.

“The idea again is to enlist the public support to locate the barber-ries, and then encourage the land-owners to destroy them,” he said.

Cool, wet months have cause uncommon fungi

Murray

Roberts

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Diana Roberts, a regional exten-sion specialist for WSU, is working with Murray and Xianming Chen, a U.S. Department of Agriculture plant pathologist at WSU, to increase aware-ness of the barberry through her work at the extension. Roberts said they are producing fliers and offer informa-tion about barber-ries and stem rust on their website www.PNWStemRust.wsu.edu, as well as host-ing workshops and speaking at con-ferences. She said she is also plan-ning a webinar for the winter.

She said she’s been working with stem rust since 2007 after receiv-ing a call from Stevens County in Washington where a farmer reported something on his wheat. Roberts said what they found was an isolated, but pretty bad case of stem rust.

“If you see a plant that’s infected, the stem of the wheat has brown pustules ... and if you rub your fin-

ger on it you’ll get a brown, rust residue,” she said.

The pustules are the spores which allows the fungi to be transported, she said, and recommended farmers keep an eye out for the rust dur-ing years with warm, hot summers and late rainfalls.

“It’s quite a strik-ing plant,” she said. “It has pretty yel-low flowers in May. Probably the easiest time to identify it is in the fall ... they keep their leaves longer

than many other plants, it has shiny leaves and bright berries, and can be anywhere up to 10 feet tall.”

Unlike stripe rust, stem rust can-not survive on grass through the win-ter so if the barberries are eliminated again the fungi will not be able to complete its life cycle, Murray said.

For more information about stem rust, visit www.PNWStemRust.wsu.edu.

Elizabeth Rudd can be reached at (208) 882-5561, ext. 237, or by email at [email protected].

“If you see a plant that’s

infected, the stem of the wheat has brown pustules ... and if you rub your finger on it

you’ll get a brown, rust residue.”

Diana RobertsExtension specialist

Moscow-Pullman Daily News online

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By David Johnsonfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

Next to bananas, mangoes are said to be the

second-most consumed fruit in the world. On the Palouse, they can be bought fresh or pro-cessed in a variety of grocery outlets.

But in developing countries like Kenya, where mango trees are prolific and the fruit abundant, experts estimate that half the annual crop rots on the ground or is lost in tran-sit to markets.

A team of students at Washington State University in Pullman and the University of Idaho in Moscow, howev-er, have come up with an idea for saving more of Kenya’s mango crop. In the process, team mem-bers have also proposed a way to create much-needed jobs for poverty-stricken Kenyans.

The students recent-ly won first place in an Institute of Food Technology national competition. Titled “Developing Solutions for Developing Countries,” the contest focused on mango production.

“As soon as the mango comes off the tree, you have maybe two or three days to either refriger-ate, process or preserve it somehow,” said Jesse Zuehlke, the team’s leader and a food sci-ence doctoral student at WSU. “And so, a group of eight of us entered and we came up with a solution to the excess of mangoes they have in Kenya every year.”

First, they created a unique mango product

and named it Mango Maandazi. It’s basically a deep-fried doughnut filled with chopped dried mangoes.

Then the eight-mem-ber team, using solar-powered driers, went a step further and proposed establishing mango processing sites throughout the country that could each employ between 15 and 25 peo-ple.

“They just don’t have the capability to pro-cess and preserve all the mangoes,” Zuehlke

said. “So we came up with a regional process-ing mechanism, sort of a hub-and-spokes type design. It allowed for more mangoes, theoreti-cally, to be processed and not wasted, while creating jobs in poverty stricken communities.”

The students were members of the joint WSU-UI Food Science Club. In addition to Zuehlke, members included WSU’s Rossana Villa-Rojas, Lauren Schopp, Anne Secor and Ford Childs; and UI’s

Saving the mango

Angela Lenssen photoAnne Secor, a masters student in the School of Food Science, is prepping the mangos for the pilot-scale tunnel dryer. Dehydrated mangoes are a significant ingredient in the student developed food product.

WSU, UI team project could make use of Kenya’s abundant fruit and provide needed jobs

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Moscow-PullMan Daily news | Friday, September 28, 2012 | 19Northwest Farm and Ranch | Fall 2012Alex Fredrickson, Jenny Lim and Amir Golmohamadi.

One judge, according to a WSU news release, lauded the students for going beyond creation of the mango maandazi product, which was the main focus of the competition, and offering an economically feasible production option geared to poverty stricken villages.

“A mandazzi is eaten traditionally at tea time in Kenya as a fried doughy snack,” Zuehlke said, explain-ing that combining the snack with mangoes had apparently never been done. “So we added sliced up dried mangoes into the mandazzi and created a novel product in that way.”

The students ran two sensory-taste tests on campus and both showed “favorable” results. Zuehlke said the mango mandazzi is not as sweet as most American pas-tries, but Kenyan diets are tradition-ally less sugar-laden.

Mangoes take well to dehydra-tion. Not only does the process pro-long shelf life, the fruit also seems to retain its taste and nutritional value. The mango mandazzi is actu-ally a whole wheat and enriched flour

mixture, spiced with cardamom and laced with dried mango pieces. Water is added, the dough is kneaded, sliced and fried.

“It’s actually pretty good,” Zuehlke said.

A UI food scientist, Gleyn Bledsoe, is currently looking to apply the stu-dents’ winning results in Pakistan. In addition, Zuehlke said, at least two world aid organizations have

expressed interest in their mango work. “We’ll wait and see what hap-pens,” he said.

Their research shows that each of the proposed mango drying sites could be set up for around $5,500, Zuehlke said. Kenya’s transportation infrastructure is limited and the smaller process-

ing centers spaced relatively close to one another would be better than one or two larger operations.

“So by having multiple regional drying sites on a much smaller scale, we minimize the transportation and minimize the supply chain so we don’t have to worry so much about the mangoes being perishable.”

David Johnson can be reached at (208) 883-0564, or by email to [email protected].

Adding dried mango to this popular Kenyan fried bread snack made the product ‘novel’ for the student competition. The student team’s comprehensive plan to utilize wasted mangos in Kenya propelled the UI/WSU team to the first place position at the national competition.

Angela Lenssen photo

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n A mandazzi, a fried doughy snack, is eaten traditionally at tea time in Kenya.

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By Holly Bowenfor Northwest Farm and Ranch

Washington State University’s new endowed chair in

small grains extension and research hopes to reach out to the region’s agricultural pro-ducers to learn what issues are important to them and to disseminate the university’s related research to those who can use it the most.

“I see myself as kind of a conduit between growers and researchers,” Drew Lyon said recently from his office on WSU’s Pullman campus.

Lyon, who is originally from Illinois but spent the past 22 years as a faculty member at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, said he’s happy his position at WSU is more focused on his specialty of weed science. At the UNL, he was a professor of agron-

omy and horticulture, while his doctorate, also from UNL, is in agronomy and weed sci-ence.

The WSU position, which is endowed by the Washington Grain Commission and focus-es on the dryland crops of eastern Washington, divides Lyon’s time 30 percent for research and 70 percent for extension.

That means he’ll be spend-ing quite a bit of time out

in the field and on the road, meeting with growers and oth-ers who experience firsthand the challenges of Northwest agriculture, especially in the area of weed control.

“At this stage, I’m looking for what issues they’re find-ing problematic and how we can help with extension and research,” said Lyon, who started at WSU on Sept. 1.

For example, he recently visited Lind, Wash., to get a feel for agriculture there, and also met with Pacific Northwest Cooperative weed scientists in Pendleton, Ore.

In addition to learn-ing about regional issues, Lyon said he wants to make WSU’s agricultural research more accessible and under-standable to growers. That could include making more research-based information available on the Internet.

At the UNL, Lyon helped develop Crop Watch: Wheat, a website that features arti-cles on wheat growing in western Nebraska. He said some of the information there could be of interest to growers in the Inland Northwest, but he added that he eventually

University recruits weed scientist to network with growersLyon learning about Northwest ag after 22 years in Nebraska

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would like to develop a similar web-site specific to this region.

Crop Watch: Wheat is at http://cropwatch.unl.edu/wheat.

Lyon said he hasn’t dealt much with some of the weeds that plague Northwest crops, like Italian rye-grass and mayweed chamomile, and added that some production systems are different in Nebraska.

On the Great Plains, he said, growers are encouraged to rotate crops to combat weeds. But east-ern Washington doesn’t get as much rainfall, so a combination of strate-gies, including herbicides, may be the most successful. He said he hopes to compile information about the dif-

ferent methods of weed control into one package.

Lyon said growers are an excel-lent source of information and can help him get an idea of what he wants to accomplish at WSU.

He said he’s fortunate to work at WSU because the University of Idaho and Oregon State University also have weed science programs.

“You don’t have to go a long way to find people to work with and col-laborate with at the scientific level,” he said.

Holly Bowen can be reached at (208) 882-5561, ext. 239, or by email to [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter: @DailyNewsHolly

“You don’t have to go a long way to find people to work

with and collaborate with at the scientific level.”Drew Lyon

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By Brandon MaczDaily News staff writer

While Idaho is known for its potatoes, the international market is helping to root

the spuds out and replace them with dairy.

“Dairy is our No. 1 agricultural industry in Idaho now,” said Laura Johnson, bureau chief for the Idaho Department of Agriculture’s market development division. “There’s been some expansion here.”

Dairy is leading the way for agri-cultural exports in Idaho, account-ing for 35 percent of its total. Dairy exports are up 10 percent over the first six months of 2011, which was already a record-setting year for the state.

“Dairy is certainly our leader, but our success is really diversified,” Johnson said.

The surge in dairy exports has been greatest in the Asian market with cheese in high demand in South Korea and whey protein in China and Japan, which is up 20 percent over last year in the first sixth months of 2012. Johnson added butter is down.

“I think those surges had a lot to do with the tsunami there last year and are now probably going to go down to more reasonable levels,” she said.

Total agricultural exports to Japan in the first six months of 2012 are down 12 percent.

While China is up 73 percent for total agricultural exports from Idaho, it ranks third after Canada

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and Mexico, which were up 14 and 32 percent respectively.

Canada may be credited as the largest importer of Idaho agri-cultural products, but dairy only increased 5 percent. But the coun-try also represents 53 percent of Idaho’s exports of edible veg-etables and certain roots and tubulars. Legumes make up the largest portion of this agricultural category.

China will like-ly give Canada and Mexico a run for their money as its economy is expected to remain on the rise.

“The Chinese economy is ... expect-ed to grow 8 percent this year, and that’s slowing down over the last 10 years at 10 percent,” said Johnson.

While Asian economies strengthen-ing is one reason for Idaho’s increase in dairy exports, there’s still the mat-ter of taste, said Cheri Chase, com-munications director for the United Dairymen of Idaho.

“Particularly in Asian countries, as they become more westernized, they are acquiring that taste and desire for foods like cheese,” she said.

But it’s not just Idaho that’s milk-ing the benefits of higher international demand for dairy. About 14 percent of dairy products pro-duced in the United States goes to the international market, said Bob Naerebout, executive director for Idaho Dairymen’s Association.

“It’s not just grow-ing for Idaho,” said Naerebout. “It’s growing for all states that export (dairy).”

Oddly, the dairy industry is seeing a spike in demand while the industry has come down since its hay day in 1981.

Back then, there were 225,000 licensed commercial dairies in the United States, said Naerebout. Today, there are about 53,000.

Idaho is seeing production increase with Idaho Milk Products bringing in a new plant four years ago and Glanbia Foods — Idaho’s largest pro-cessor — constructing a new cheese innovation center and corporate offic-es in Twin Falls.

As for the quality of Idaho milk over national competitors, Naerebout said the state sets its somatic cell count at 400,000 while the federal standard is 750,000.

The somatic cell count is used to determine the quality of milk and is an indicator for the amount of patho-gens inside. The cell count increases as a response to bacteria.

At a 400,000 somatic cell count, Idaho milk meets European require-ments for export, said Naerebout.

So dairy is up and making waves in Idaho, but potatoes shouldn’t be discounted. The desire for western food in Asian countries means an increase in fast food restaurants there. And burgers need french fries, which could explain why this variety of cut spud saw a 28 percent spike in exports in the first six months of this year over last.

Brandon Macz can be reached at (208) 882-5561, ext. 238, or by email to [email protected].

“Particularly in Asian

countries, as they become more west-

ernized, they are acquiring that taste and desire for foods

like cheese.”Cheri Chase

Communications director for United Dairymen of Idaho

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