north africa and the middle east · source: anti trafficking in persons division/ministry of...
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NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST
Dividers_country profiles.indd 8 15/11/2016 15:07:26
Dividers_country profiles.indd 9 28/10/2014 11:08:38
− Algeria − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Algeria was introduced in November 2009, and it covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects Between 2010 and 2011, four persons were prosecuted, and one convicted. In 2014, one person (male Algerian citizen) was investigated, prosecuted, and convicted of trafficking in persons. Source: Ministry of Justice/Algerian Police. Victims Between 2010 and 2011, five victims of trafficking for the purpose of begging were detected. In 2014, one adult woman was identified as a victim of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The victim was an Algerian, exploited in her country. Source: Ministry of Justice/Algerian Police. Additional information The national authorities of Algeria have developed a national strategy on prevention and repression of trafficking in persons which was released on 20 October 2015. An inter-ministerial committee, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has been created to develop a national action plan and a report of the activities in place to combat trafficking in persons in Algeria. The national action plan identifies the national focal point on the issue of trafficking in persons, which is in charge of coordinating the actions of different ministries, to reinforce the legislation on trafficking in persons, to strengthen the national capacity on the matters of detection and identification of victims of trafficking, to improve international cooperation, and to implement a communication plan for advocacy purposes.
− Bahrain − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Bahrain covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects
Number of cases recorded for trafficking in persons, 2010-August 2015
Source: Anti Trafficking in Persons Division/Ministry of Interior.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2010-August
2015
Source: Anti Trafficking in Persons Division/Ministry of Interior.
The convicted persons were citizens of Bahrain and of countries in the Middle East, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Source: Anti Trafficking in Persons Division/Ministry of Interior.
192 8
26 3510
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Aug2015
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Aug2015Females convicted 4 0 2 6 3 0Males convicted 4 0 4 8 12 00246810121416
Victims Victims of trafficking victims detected, by age and gender, 2010-August 2015
Source: Anti Trafficking in Persons Division/Ministry of Interior. Victims of trafficking victims detected, by form of exploitation, 2010-August 2015
Source: Anti Trafficking in Persons Division/Ministry of Interior.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Jan-Aug2015
Adult women 32 5 20 24 49 18Adult men 11 119 47 60
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Jan-
Aug2015
Sexual exploitation 20 1 11 18 42 10Forced labour 23 5 8 125 58 69
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Victims of trafficking victims detected, by area of origin, 2012-August2015
Source: Anti Trafficking in Persons Division.
East Asia, 18
South Asia, 112
North Africa, 13
Americas, 9
− Egypt − The specific offence of trafficking in persons was introduced in May 2010. The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Egypt covers all forms of trafficking listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects
Investigated cases of trafficking in persons and organizing organ trafficking, 2012-2015
Sources: Department of Combating Women Exploitation Crimes, General Administration for Protection of Public Morals; Department of Combating Minor Exploitation, General Administration for Juvenile Welfare; and Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Persons Follow-up Department, Public Security Sector. Persons arrested for trafficking in persons and organizing organ trafficking, by
gender, 2012-2015
Sources: Department of Combating Women Exploitation Crimes, General Administration for Protection of Public Morals; Department of Combating Minor Exploitation, General Administration for Juvenile Welfare; and Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Persons Follow-up Department, Public Security Sector.
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23
52
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2012 2013 2014 2015
2012 2013 2014 2015Females 16 22 55 21Males 14 18 38 17
0102030405060708090
100
Persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2014
Sources: Department of Judicial Inspection, Public Prosecution, as per case statistics provided by different Prosecutions all over Egypt. Victims
Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by age and gender, 2012-2015
Sources: Department of Combating Women Exploitation Crimes, General Administration for Protection of Public Morals; Department of Combating Minor Exploitation, General Administration of Juvenile Welfare; and Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Persons; Department, Public Security Sector.
2012 2013 2014Females 4 3 6Males 10 17 21
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2012 2013 2014 2015Men 1 29Women 18 5 2Boys 4 24 48 37Girls 8 17 37 27
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2012-2015
Sources: Department of Combating Women Exploitation Crimes, General Administration for Protection of Public Morals; Department of Combating Minor Exploitation, General Administration of Juvenile Welfare; and Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Persons; Department, Public Security Sector.
Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by region of origin 2012-2015
Sources: Department of Combating Women Exploitation Crimes, General Administration for Protection of Public Morals; Department of Combating Minor Exploitation, General Administration of Juvenile Welfare; and Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Persons; Department, Public Security Sector.
Trafficking for sexual
exploitation, 67
Trafficking for forced labour,
24
Trafficking for organ
removal, 41
Trafficking for other
exploitation, 7
Trafficking for begging, 126
Egypt -domestic
trafficking, 239
East Asia, 19
Sub-Saharan Africa, 7
− Israel − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Israel covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects
Number of investigations for trafficking in persons, 2010-2014
Source: Israeli Police.
Number of persons suspected of trafficking in persons, by gender,
2010-2014
Source: Israeli Police.
45
2429
7
17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Females 6 9 9 3 3Males 14 53 36 16 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, 2010-2014
Source: Israel State Attorney’s Office.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2010-2014
Source: Israel State Attorney’s Office.
In the vast majority of the cases, the convicted persons were Israeli citizens Source: Israel State Attorney’s Office.
51
24
15
8 6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
18
33
13
20
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Victims
Number of victims referred to the shelters Ma’agan, Atlas, and Tesfa by the police, by age and gender, 2010-2014
Source: Shelters Ma’agan, Atlas, and Tesfa.
Number of victims referred to the shelters Ma’agan, Atlas, and Tesfa by the police, by form of exploitation, 2010-2014
Source: Shelters Ma’agan, Atlas, and Tesfa.
.
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Women 15 16 33 39 44Men 63 10 53 26 27Children 0 0 0 17 0
0102030405060708090
100
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Forced labour 72 18 54 28 27Slavery for sexual services 0 0 21 31 30Sexual exploitation 6 8 11 6 11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Number of victims referred to the shelters Ma’agan, Atlas, and Tesfa by the police, by citizenship, 2012 – 2014
Source: Shelters Ma’agan, Atlas, and Tesfa.
Israel -domestic
trafficking, 23
Thailand, 28
Other , 14
Eritrea, 72
Ethiopia, 77
Eastern Europe and Central
Asia, 27
− Jordan − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Jordan was adopted in March 2009. This law covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects Investigated cases of trafficking in persons, 2010-2013
Source: Anti-Human Trafficking National Committee. Persons investigated for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2010-2013
Source: Anti-Human Trafficking National Committee. According to the national authorities, 19 persons were convicted of trafficking in persons between 2010 and 2013. Source: Directorate of Human Rights and Family Affairs.
26 29
1217
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2010 2011 2012 2013
46
27
11
38
8
10
2
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2010 2011 2012 2013
Females
Males
Victims Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2010-2013
Source: Anti-Human Trafficking National Committee. Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2009-2013
Source: Anti-Human Trafficking National Committee.
3015 9
54
51
34
15
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2010 2011 2012 2013
Females
Males
Domestic servitude, 38
Forced labour, 18
Sexual exploitaiton, 5
Child trafficking, 2
Unspecified, 29
Victims of trafficking in persons assisted by Jordanian Women's Union, by area of citizenship, 2009-2013
Source: Anti-Human Trafficking National Committee.
East Asia, 7
Middle East, 9
Other South Asia, 6
Bangladesh, 20
− Kuwait − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Kuwait was enacted in 2013 and it covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects The national authorities reported two cases of trafficking in persons in the year 2015. In connection with these two cases, 10 persons were investigated, and three convicted of trafficking in persons in the same year. The persons convicted were all foreign males. Source: Ministry of Interior.
Victims The national authorities reported that seven female trafficking victims - all from the Philippines - were identified in 2015. One victim was trafficked for sexual exploitation, and six for mixed sexual and labour exploitation. In addition, nine other victims from different West African countries were detected and repatriated in the same year. Source: Ministry of Interior.
− Lebanon − Enacted in September 2011, the current legislation on trafficking in persons in Lebanon covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects
Number of trafficking in persons offences, 2012-July 2015
Source: Office for control of trafficking in persons and protection of ethics.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2012-July 2015
Source: Office for control of trafficking in persons and protection of ethics.
2
19
15
7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2012 2013 2014 Jan-July2015
2
19
15
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2012 2013 2014 Jan-July2015
Victims
Number of detected victims of trafficking in persons, 2012-July 2015
Source: Office for control of trafficking in persons and protection of ethics.
All victims detected in the year 2015 were trafficked from neighbouring countries. Source: Office for control of trafficking in persons and protection of ethics.
19
26
33
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2012 2013 2014 Jan-July2015
− Morocco − The specific offence criminalizing trafficking in persons was passed in the Parliament in August 2016. This new law covers all aspects listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition. The offences of child forced labour and forced prostitution were used to prosecute trafficking-related cases during the reporting period. Investigations and suspects The authorities report having prosecuted cases of trafficking in persons by use of other criminal offences. In 2012, the investigation of 22 cases of sexual exploitation brought about prosecutions of 25 persons. More than 71 persons have been prosecuted for the crime of facilitating child prostitution. Fifteen cases have been recorded for the offence of exploiting children for begging. Sixteen persons have been prosecuted for mistreatment of children by hand of the employer. Source: Ministry of Justice and of Public Freedom. Victims The authorities report having detected about 800 victims of offences connected to trafficking in persons between 2012 and 2015. Among them, about 400 were children. Most of the victims were recorded in connection with trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation. About 50 children were reported as victims of exploitation in begging. About 100 children were reported to be exploited in drug trafficking. Source: Ministry of Justice and of Public Freedom.
− Oman − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Oman covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2013-2015
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The authorities reported that 13 cases of trafficking in persons were investigated between 2013 and 2015. During the same period, seven persons were convicted. They were all males; two were local citizens, and five were citizens of Bangladesh.
Victims Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by age and gender, 2013-2015
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
All the victims detected were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Ten were citizens of South Asian countries, and two were citizens of North African countries.
2013 2014 2015females 1 2 2males 12 8 9
02468
101214
2013 2014 2015women 4 3 1men 3girls 1
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− Sudan − The specific offence of trafficking in persons was introduced in Sudan in March 2014. It covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects Due to the recent introduction of the specific offence of trafficking in persons, the authorities did not record criminal cases under this offence during the reporting period. Source: Executive Office of the Secretariat of the National Committee. Additional information Established by the Combating of Human Trafficking Act of 2014, the National Committee for Combating Human Trafficking is the national authority on trafficking in persons. Supervised by the Minister of Justice, it is headed by the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Justice and comprises representatives of the Ministries of Defense, Interior, Justice, Foreign Affairs, Labour, Information, Education, Social Welfare and Social Security, Health, Science, and Communication, and representatives of States, the Commission of Refugees, the Advisory Council on Human Rights, the Intelligence and Security Service, the Secretariat of Sudanese Working Abroad, and the National Council for Child Welfare. Source: Executive Office of the Secretariat of the National Committee.
− Tunisia − The specific offence criminalizing trafficking in persons was passed in the Parliament in July 2016. This new law covers all aspects listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition. Before the passage of this new law, no specific offence was criminalizing trafficking in persons in Tunisia. Investigations and suspects In the absence of a specific trafficking in persons offence during the period here considered, the Ministry of Justice reported numbers of cases prosecuted under other offences. During the judicial year 2014/15, 335 cases of begging were recorded. In addition, 24 cases of kidnapping, 31 cases of prostitution, 3 cases of procurement, and 81 cases of violation of labour laws were reported during the same period. Source: Ministry of Justice.
During 2015, the Ministry of Interior reported 443 victims of sexual exploitation of girls, and 66 Tunisian girls who were victims of sexual exploitation abroad. Moreover, 41 victims of exploitation through begging, 54 victims of procurement, 10 victims of exploitation of labour, and 22 victims of organization of prostitution. Source: Ministry of Interior. Victims According to a study conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the National Authorities of Tunisia, the country is an origin for cross-border trafficking. Tunisian women are trafficked for sexual exploitation to other parts of the Middle East, especially the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Some men are trafficked to Europe for forced labour. Domestic trafficking affects children. Boys are exploited in forced labour, for begging, and petty crimes. Girls, for domestic servitude, sexual exploitation, and forced labour. Women are domestically trafficked for sexual exploitation, and persons with disabilities are exploited for begging. Source: Etude exploratoire sur la traite des personnes en Tunisie, 2013, IOM.
− United Arab Emirates − The current legislation on trafficking in persons in the United Arab Emirates covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Investigations and suspects
Number of investigated cases of trafficking in persons, 2007-2015
Source: National Committee to combat Human Trafficking.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2010-2015
Source: State Courts/National Committee to combat Human Trafficking.
10 2042
5837 47
19 15 170
10203040506070
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Females 36 40 27
Males 133 71 122
Total 50 46 54
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Number of convictions for trafficking in persons, 2007-2015
Source: State Courts/ National Committee to combat Human Trafficking.
Victims
Victims of trafficking in persons by age and gender, 2010-2015
Source: Office of Public Prosecution/National Committee to combat Human Trafficking.
5 6
35
5
19
31
126
30
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Women 139 44 72 19
Men 2
Girls 10 4 3 5
Boys 3 1
Total 20 24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Victims of trafficking in persons, by region of origin, 2012-2015
Source: National Committee to combat Human Trafficking.
All victims detected between 2012 and 2015 were females trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
North Africa and the Middle East, 8
East Asia, 29
South Asia, 77
Sub-Saharan Africa, 5
Eastern Europe, 9
Others, 8
− Yemen − There is no specific trafficking in persons offence in Yemen. Suspects and investigations The Yemeni Organization to Combat Trafficking reported that criminal investigations on trafficking in persons took place for the removal of organs. As of 2013, authorities claim hundreds of cases of trafficking in which victims were recruited in Yemen and trafficked abroad for organ removal. However, due to the absence of proper legislation, no prosecutions or convictions have been reported during the period considered. Source: Yemeni organization to combat trafficking. Victims The exploitation of mass populations of migrants arriving from the Horn of Africa by sea to the coasts of Yemen is reported by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The exploitation is organized by Yemeni smuggling networks, as well as by smugglers from neighbouring countries. Typically, migrants are forced to pay a ransom, are tortured, exposed to sexual violence, and slavery. In 2013, the Yemeni army released a large number of Ethiopian migrants living in exploitative conditions in organized camps close to the border with Saudi Arabia. UNICEF and partner organizations rescued 347 children (334 boys and 13 girls), and suggested that the actual number of trafficked children could be higher. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights also reports the use of children as combatants. Government forces and other armed groups continue to enlist children with the promise of a better life and financial incentives. Family reasons or poverty and mistreatment by relatives were also reported as motivation to join armed groups. According to UNICEF, from 1 January to 30 June 2012, 12 children from Abyan were recruited by the group Ansar al-Sharia; three by the al-Houthi armed group and two by the First Armoured Division. Source: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2012/2013. The Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concerns about children working in the agriculture and fishing sectors or as domestic servants, and at the fact that those children are forced to carry out hazardous work. The Committee named Yemen as a source country for children trafficked to neighbouring countries, in particular Saudi Arabia. It also reports the sale of children for the purpose of removal of organs for profit, and the trafficking of girls for the purposes of sexual exploitation under the guise of so-called “tourism marriages” or “temporary marriages,” and for the purposes of sexual exploitation in hotels and clubs in the country. Source: Committee on the Rights of the Child.