normalization: a workshop for everybody pt. 1
DESCRIPTION
Brent Friedman- Three hour workshop format, 30 minutes or so on history, trends, quick review of normalization, 45 minutes on a normalization walk-through including everyone, then break into small teams (3-6 ppl) to do a 'normalization challenge' on a real world practical problemTRANSCRIPT
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Postgresql East 2010
Philadephia, PA
Databases – A Historical Perspective
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WHO AM I?
Brent FriedmanSenior Solutions Consultant
Cincom Systems, [email protected]
Databases – A Historical Perspective
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What is a database?
Databases – A Historical Perspective
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The earliest computers weren’t sufficiently complex to entertain the idea of a free-standing database. Data was directly linked with the application in memory at the time.
Databases – A Historical Perspective
TIMELINE: 1950s
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DATABASE – NETWORK MODEL
CODASYL
References to data are through low-level pointers. Adding or changing a database required considerable reworking of the storage mechanism.
Databases – A Historical Perspective
TIMELINE: 1960s
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DATABASE – HIERARCHICAL MODEL
IBM’s IMS
These databases allow only 1:1 or 1:many relationships. Such databases can be incredibly fast, but are not well suited to hold disparate types of information.
Databases – A Historical Perspective
TIMELINE: 1960s
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Name a hierarchical database system that is still in everyday use around the world.
Hint: What contact information about people do YOU store right now?
Databases – A Historical Perspective
DATABASE TRIVIA
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Around 1964, the term "data base" was "coined by workers in military information systems to denote collections of data shared by end-users of time sharing computer systems." In earlier days, each application had its own "master files" of data, so the concept of a data collection that could be shared by multiple applications was a new idea in efficiency.
http://www.snee.com/bobdc.blog/2005/12/25-years-of-database-history-s-1.html
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TIMELINE: 1964
Databases – A Historical Perspective
http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/HistoryPt4.htm
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TIMELINE: 1967
Databases – A Historical Perspective
The term “memory bank” enters, and soon (thankfully) leaves, the English language.
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1969…
Was not just about the counter-culture. But things
were about to happen…
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TIMELINE: 1970
Edgar F. Codd, commonly cited as E. F. Codd, published a paper on something he called “Relational Database Theory”
Databases – A Historical Perspective
http://www.ibiblio.org/jelkner/IntroToIT/database_lesson.html
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Codd, continued
Codd’s revolutionary idea did not focus on the relational algebra, but rather on how
the data should be addressed. His theory separated the schema from the storage
mechanism.
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RDBMS – What’s that?
A relational database management system is ultimately based on E. F.
Codd’s theories.
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TIMELINE – 1970sRDBMS – Path 1
The Ingres Group:Ingres; Sybase; MS Sql Server; and
something called Postgres…
These used the QUEL language
Databases – A Historical Perspective
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TIMELINE – 1970sRDBMS – Path 2
The (IBM) System R Group:DB2; Oracle; Nonstop SQL
These used the SQL language
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TIMELINE - 1976
Peter Chen proposed the Entity-Relationship diagram
(ERD), which is still sometimes called a “Chen
diagram”
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ERD – Chen Diagram
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model
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ERDs and so on
There are a multitude of design practices, modelling
tools, and even variations on how to diagram relational
data.
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To avoid tomato throwing, insinuations about lineage,
and general bodily harm, we will avoid a direct discussion of specific schools of thought in the area of relational data
representation.
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If you really need a hint…
Database Design Studio
Lite or Pro versions
www.chillisource.com
Databases – A Historical Perspective
http://www.thespeciousreport.com/2006/06060222comedy.html
database design tool
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TIMELINE – 1980s
The QUEL branch of RDBMS suffers a horrible boating accident, and is not heard
from again.
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TIMELINE – 1980s
SQLStructured Query Language
becomes the de facto standard among all relational
database products.
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SQL – The Real Image
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TIMELINE – mid 1980s
The rise of the personal computer (PC) issues in a host
of new ‘personal’ relational databases:
Paradox; Dbase III; RBASE; etc.
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TIMELINE – early 1990s
The trend toward 4GL (4th generation languages) leads
to visual front-ends for personal databases:Powerbuilder; Oracle
Developer;and even early MS VB
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TIMELINE - 1990
Some geek named Tim Berners-Lee, or “Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, OM, KBE,
FRS, FREng, FRSA” for all you Brits, proposed mating
hypertext with the early Internet.
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TIMELINE – mid 1990s
This “World Wide Web” thing really catches on, once Al
Gore let everybody know they could do something with their
dial-up modems besides playing DECWar at the local
university.
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TIMELINE – late 1990s
Relational databases become so ubiquitous that even your mother knows what “DBA”
means.
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TIMELINE – 1995ish
Graduate students Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen revise
Postgres’s query language, POSTQUEL, to use SQL, and
call it Postgres95…
http://www.postgresql.org/about/history
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TIMELINE – 2000s
Object databases, although they have been around for a while, start to get noticed by
non-geeks.
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The role of object databases in “SKYNET” has not yet been
determined…
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TIMELINE – 2005
Columnar databases find a growing audience in the “need for speed” crowd.
While probably still a niche segment, products such as
Monet are increasing in popularity.
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TIMELINE -2008
Sun Microsystems acquires MySQL
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TIMELINE – 2009
The rise of distributed systems inspires the NoSQL movement – rejection of traditional RDBMS systems for distributed data structures, such as Apache
Hadoop
Databases – A Historical Perspective
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TIMELINE – 2010
Will cloud computing gain ground on traditional IT infrastructure
models?
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Questions?
Comments?
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END OF
PART ONE
Databases – A Historical Perspective