normal radiographic dental anatomy
TRANSCRIPT
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Fig. 1-1A — Nasal fossae
(nasal cavities)B — Median
palatine suture (intermaxillary suture)C — Incisive
foramen (anterior palatine foramen)
D — Root canalE — DentinF — Enamel
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Fig. 1-2C — Median
palatine suture (intermaxillarysuture). Radiolucent line
D — Overlapping of teeth
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Fig. 1-3A — Soft tissue of
noseB — Upper lip line
(border of a heavy upper lip)
C — Lamina dura(radiopaque line) and periodontal ligament space (radiolucent line) surrounding the tooth root
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Fig. 1-4A — Incisive
foramen (anterior palatine foramen)
B — Nasal fossae(nasal cavities)
C — Nasal septum
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Fig. 1-5A — Incisive
foramen B — Incisive canal
(nasopalatinecanal, anterior palatine canal)
C — Nasal fossa(nasal cavity)
D — Nasal septum covered on each side by nasal mucosa
1 — Walls of the incisive canal
2 — Inferior nasal meatus
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Fig. 1-6A — Incisive
canal (nasopalatinecanal)
B — Lateral fossa (thin bone)
C — Walls of the incisive canal
D — Metal x-ray instrument
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Fig. 1-7A — Anterior
nasal spineB — Anterior
borders (floor) of nasal fossae
C — Nasal septumD — Nasal fossae
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Fig. 1-8A — Median
palatine sutureB — Pulp chamberC — Root canal
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Fig. 1-9A — Tip of nose
(cartilaginous)B — Upper lip
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Fig. 1-10A — Soft tissue of nose (arrows)B — Lateral fossa (due to thinness of bone)
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Fig. 1-11A — Palatal torus
(torus palatinus)B — X-ray
instrument
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Fig. 1-12A — Inferior nasal
conchae (turbinate bones)
B — Common nasal meatus
C — Inferior nasal meatusD — Anterior border (floor)
of nasal fossaE — Nasal septumF — Trabeculae in the
maxillary bone. Compare this trabecularpattern with that in the mandibular bone
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Fig. 1-13 Radiographs mounted with film bumps facing the reader
A — Incisive canalB — Patient's right inferior
nasal conchaC — Patient's left inferior
nasal conchaD — Patient's right common
nasal meatusE — Patient's left common
nasal meatusF — Nasal septumG — Patient's left maxillary
sinus
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Fig. 1-14Edentulous maxilla ---
midline regionA — Walls of the
incisive canalB — Incisive canal (nasopalatine canal)
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Fig. 1-15A — Soft tissue
(gingiva)B — Wall of the nasopalatine canal
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Fig. 1-16A — Nasal septumB — Patient's left nasal fossa (containing inferior nasal concha)C — Maxillary sinus (of patient's left side when film bump faces the reader)D — Anterior nasal spineE — Anterior wall of the maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-17A — Superior foramina of
the incisive canalB — Nasal septumC — Incisive canal
connecting the incisive foramen to the superior foramina of the incisive canal
D — Nasal fossa (of patient's left side when film bump faces the reader)
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Fig. 1-18A — Superior foramina of
the incisive canalB — Nasal septum (bony)
covered on each side by nasal mucosa
C — Inferior nasal concha(of patient's right side when film bump faces the reader)
D — Inferior nasal concha(of patient's left side when film bump faces the reader)
E — Cartilaginous septum of nose
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Fig. 1-19A — Nasal septum (bony)B — Cartilaginous septum of noseC — Inferior nasal conchaeD — Common nasal meatusE — Anterior nasal spine
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Fig. 1-20Arrows --- External naris of
the patient's left side (plural-nares)
A — Inferior nasal concha(of patient's right side when film bump faces the reader)
B — Inferior nasal concha(of patient's left side when film bump faces the reader)
C — Nasal septum (bony) The three arrows directly below "C" are superimposed on the cartilaginous nasal septum. The other three arrows on the side are superimposed on the left ala of the nose
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Fig. 1-21A — Bony nasal septumB — Cartilaginous nasal septum
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Fig. 1-22Arrows --- Lateral fossa(radiolucent image produced by the thinness of bone)The lateral fossa could be misdiagnosed as an apical lesion and should therefore be compared with the contralateralside. Also, pulp vitality test should be performed
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Fig. 1-23Arrows --- Lateral fossa(radiolucent image produced by the thinness of bone)The lateral fossa could be misdiagnosed as an apical lesionL — Patient's right nasal fossa (when film bump faces the reader)
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Fig. 1-24A — Dental papillae of unerupted permanent central and lateral incisorsB — Unerupted permanent central incisor (mandibular)C — Unerupted permanent lateral incisorD — Unerupted permanent canineE — Right deciduous second molarF — Right deciduous first molarG — Left deciduous central incisorH — Left deciduous lateral incisorI — Left deciduous canine
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Fig. 1-25L — Anterior wall of maxillary sinusM — Anterior border (floor) of nasal fossa
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Fig. 1-26L — Anterior wall of maxillary sinusM — Anterior border (floor) of nasal fossa
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Fig. 1-27L — Maxillary sinus (antrum)M — Anterior border (floor) of nasal fossaN — Nutrient canal leading to a nutrient foramen
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Fig. 1-28L — Inferior nasal concha (turbinate)M — Inferior nasal meatusN — Maxillary sinus (of patient's left side when film bump faces the reader)O — Ala of nose (soft tissue)P — Slight cone cut (technique error)
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Fig. 1-29L — Septum in maxillary sinusM — Anterior wall of right maxillary sinusN — Anterior border (floor) of nasal fossaO — Patient's right nasal fossa
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Fig. 1-30L — Septum in maxillary sinusM — Floor of maxillary sinusN — Maxillary sinus (antrum)O — Uneruptedthird molarP — X-ray dental instrument (metal rod)
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Fig. 1-31L — Maxillary sinus (antrum)M — Septum in maxillary sinusN — Floor of maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-32Arrows --- Floor of nasal fossa (junction of the lateral wall and floor of nasal fossa)L — Anterior wall of maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-33Arrows --- NasolabialfoldA — GingivaB — CheekThe radiograph is of the patient's right side when the film bump faces the reader
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Fig. 1-34Arrows --- Nasolabial foldL — Floor of maxillary sinusM — Plastic x-ray instrument (Snap-A-Ray®)N — CheekThe radiograph is of the patient's left side when the film bump faces the reader
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Fig. 1-35L — Torus palatinus
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Fig. 1-36L — Anterior wall of maxillary sinusM — Floor of the maxillary sinusN — Maxillary sinus (antrum)Notice that the roots of the molars project into the sinus
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Fig. 1-37Small arrows ---Maxillary tuberosityL — Zygomaticprocess of maxilla (U-shaped)M — Floor of maxillary sinusN — Dental instrument (hemostat) superimposed on the crowns of teeth
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Fig. 1-38L — Maxillary sinusArrows --- Floor of maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-39L — CoronoidprocessM — GingivaN — X-ray dental instrument (plastic)
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Fig. 1-40L — Nutrient
foramen
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Fig. 1-41L — HamularprocessM — Maxillary tuberosityN — CoronoidprocessO — Zygomaticprocess of the maxilla (U-shaped)
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Fig. 1-42L — ZygomaticarchM — CoronoidprocessN — Gingiva
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Fig. 1-43L — Floor of the nasal cavityM — ZygomaticarchN — Coronoidprocess
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Fig. 1-44L — PterygoidplatesM — CoronoidprocessN — Zygomaticprocess of the maxilla (U-shaped)
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Fig. 1-45L — Zygomatic
archM — Pterygoid
platesN — Coronoid
process
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Fig. 1-46Bite-wing radiographL — Hamular
processM — Mandibular
canal
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Fig. 1-47Arrows --- Vascular canal (or groove) in the wall of maxillary sinus Canal (or groove) for the posterior superior alveolar artery
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Fig. 1-48L — Torus
palatinus
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Fig. 1-49The radiograph is of the patient's right side when film bump faces the readerL — Zygoma (malar
bone)M — Zygomatic
process of maxilla (U-shaped)
N — Coronoidprocess
O — X-ray dental instrument (plastic)
P — Alveolar ridgeX — Maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-50The radiograph is of the patient's left side when film bump faces the readerL — Maxillary sinus (antrum)M — Thickened mucosal lining of sinusN — X-ray dental instrument (metal rod)O and surrounded by four arrows — Coronoidprocess
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Fig. 1-51The radiograph is of the patient's left side when film bump faces the readerL — Zygomaticprocess of the maxilla (U-shaped)M — Floor of the nasal fossa (junction of lateral wall and floor of nasal fossa)N — Lower border of the zygomaO — Septum in maxillary sinusP — Floor of maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-52The radiograph is of the patient's right side when film bump faces the readerL — Maxillary
tuberosityM — Lower border
of zygomaN — Floor of nasal
cavityO — Floor of
maxillary sinusP — Zygoma
(malar bone)
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Fig. 1-53The radiograph is of the patient's right side when film bump faces the readerSmall arrows --- lower border of zygomaL — Septa in
maxillary sinusM — Zygomatic
process of maxilla (U-shaped)
N — Floor of maxillary sinus (near the alveolar ridge surface)
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Fig. 1-54The radiograph is of the patient's left side when film bump faces the readerSmall arrows --- Vascular canal (or groove) in wall of maxillary sinus. Canal (or groove) for the posterior superior alveolar arteryL — Anterior wall of maxillary sinusM — Zygomaticprocess of maxillaN — Septum in maxillary sinusO — Floor of maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-55The radiograph is of the patient's left side when film bump faces the readerSmall arrows --- lower border of zygomaL — Floor of nasal fossaM — Zygomaticprocess of the maxilla (U-shaped)N — Maxillary sinus
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Fig. 1-56E — Nutrient
canals
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Fig. 1-57E — Nutrient
foramenF - Nutrient
canal
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Fig. 1-58E — Genial tubercles
(circular radiopacity) surrounding lingual foramen (radiolucent dot)
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Fig. 1-59E — Genial
tubercles (circular radiopacity) surrounding lingual foramen (radiolucent dot)
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Fig. 1-60E — Mental ridgeF — Lower border
of mandibleG — Genial
tubercles appear to arise from the lower border of the mandible because of excessive negative angulationof the x-ray beam
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Fig. 1-61E — Mental ridgeF — Lower
border of mandibleG — Genial
Tubercles
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Fig. 1-62E — Genial tubercles (as seen on an occlusal film)
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Fig. 1-63E — Mental fossa(depression in bone)The mental fossacould be misdiagnosed as an apical lesion
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Fig. 1-64E — Mental fossa(depression in bone)The mental fossacould be misdiagnosed as an apical lesion
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Fig. 1-65E — Lower lip lineF — Mental ridgeG — Lower border (cortical plate) of the mandible
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Fig. 1-66E — Mental ridgesF — Lower border of
mandible
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Fig. 1-67E — Mandibular tori
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Fig. 1-68E — Mandibular tori
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Fig. 1-69AD — Plastic x-ray film
holder (Snap-A-Ray®)E — Deciduous first
molarF — Deciduous second
molarG — First premolarH — Permanent central
incisorI — Deciduous canineJ — Permanent lateral
incisorK — Permanent canine
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Fig. 1-69BBite-wing radiograph of patient's right
sideA — Unerupted maxillary second
permanent molarB — Maxillary first permanent molarC — Unerupted maxillary second
premolarD — Unerupted maxillary first
premolarE — Maxillary second deciduous
molarF — Maxillary first deciduous molarG — Mandibular first deciduous molarH — Unerupted mandibular first
premolarI — Mandibular second deciduous
molarJ — Unerupted mandibular second
premolarK — Supernumerary tooth (unerupted)L — Mandibular permanent first molarM — Unerupted mandibular
permanent second molar
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Fig. 1-70Mental foramen
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Fig. 1-71Mental foramen
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Fig. 1-72Mental foramen. May be mistaken as an apical lesion
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Fig. 1-73AMental foramen image superimposed on the apex of the first premolar because of over-angulation of the x-ray beam
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Fig. 1-73BMental foramen. Correct x-ray beam angulation is used. The foramen is no longer superimposed on the root apex. This change in position of the radiolucency with changes in x-ray beam angulation differentiates an anatomy from an apical lesion.
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Fig. 1-74A — NasolabialfoldB — GingivaC — CheekThe radiograph is of the patient's right side when film bump faces the reader
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Fig. 1-75A — Mandibular
canalB — Mental foramenC — Inferior border
of mandible (cortical bone)
The radiograph is of the patient's left side when film bump faces the reader
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Fig. 1-76A — External
oblique ridgeB — Internal
oblique ridge (the anterior extension is the mylohyoidridge)
C — Inferior cortical border of mandible
D — Submandibular(gland) fossa
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Fig. 1-77A — External oblique
ridgeB — Internal oblique
ridge (the anterior extension is the mylohyoid ridge)
C — Inferior cortical border of mandible
D — Submandibular(gland) fossa
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Fig. 1-78A — External
oblique ridge (External oblique line)
B — Internal oblique ridge (Internal oblique line)
C — Inferior cortical border of mandible
D — Submandibularfossa
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Fig. 1-79Mandibular canal (Inferior alveolar canal) near apices of third molar
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Fig. 1-80Mandibular canal (inferior alveolar canal)
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Fig. 1-81Surface of tongue
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Fig. 1-82X — Submandibularfossa
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Fig. 1-83Calcification around nutrient canal leading to the apical foramen of the mesial root of the first molar
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Fig. 1-84Nutrient canal leading to the apical foramen of the root of the first premolar. Presence of calcification around nutrient canal
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Fig. 1-85Dental papillae (Developing roots)
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Fig. 1-86Dental papillae. The incomplete root apices persist for 1 to 2 years after the teeth have erupted
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Fig. 1-87E — Calcification of cusps in the tooth follicle of the second permanent molarF — Tooth follicle of the second premolar between the roots of the deciduous second molar
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Fig. 1-88Follicular space around the crown of the unerupted third molar
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Fig. 1-89Large mandibulartorus
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Fig. 1-90Mandibular tori(exostoses)
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Fig. 1-91 Sparse trabeculae(wide intertrabecularspaces)
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Fig. 1-92Large marrow space (wide intertrabecularspace)Also known as focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect because normal bone fails to be deposited at the extraction site. Instead, normal red or yellow bone marrow fills the area
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Fig. 1-93Large marrow space (wide intertrabecularspace)
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Fig. 1-94A — Retained
deciduous second molar. Absence of second premolar
B — Mental foramen
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Fig. 1-95Composite restorations which are radiolucent may resemble caries. The well-demarcated borders differentiate them from caries
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Fig. 1-96Composite restorations which are intentionally made opaque by manufacturers to differentiate them from caries
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Fig. 1-97Composite restorations (radiolucent) which are placed on the facial or lingual surfaces of the incisor teeth. May be misdiagnosed as caries.
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Fig. 1-98A — Gutta-perchaB — Metal coping
(porcelain fused to metal)C — Composite
restorations (radiolucent)D — Radiopaque liner
(radiopaque calcium hydroxide) placed under composite restorations
(Commercial forms of calcium hydroxide are radiopaquewhereas pure calcium hydroxide is radiolucent)
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Fig. 1-99E — Silver amalgam restorationsF — Calcium hydroxide lining (radiolucent) underneath amalgam and zinc phosphate base. The commercial forms of calcium hydroxide (example, Dycal®, Life®, etc.) are radiopaque
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Fig. 1-100N — Metal abutments of
bridge (bridge copings)
O — Gold ponticP — Porcelain facing of
pontic
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Fig. 1-101M — Zinc
phosphate cementN — Acrylic jacket
crown (extremely radiolucent)
O — Gold post and core
P — Gutta-percha in root canal
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Fig. 1-102Porcelain jacket crown. Unlike acrylic which is extremely radiolucent, porcelain casts a faint radiopaque image
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Fig. 1-103R — Gold post
and coreS — Composite
restorationT — Metal rod of
x-ray instrument
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Fig. 1-104M — Metal postN — Silver point
to fill root canalO — Metal copingP — Porcelain
crown fused to gold core
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Fig. 1-105N — Retrograde
amalgam filling (silver amalgam at apex of tooth after apicoectomy was performed)
O — Gutta-percha in root canal
P — Composite restoration on lingual surface
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Fig. 1-106M — Silver amalgam
restorationN — Gold crownO — Silver pointsP — Gutta-Percha
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Fig. 1-107X — Prefabricated
aluminum crownY — Silver pointZ — Amalgam with
cement base
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Fig. 1-108Orthodontic brackets and wire
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Fig. 1-109Stainless steel band on crown of molar tooth
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Fig. 1-110Stainless steel crown on first molar
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Fig. 1-111All anterior teeth are bonded with resin. The bonding was done because the teeth were affected with amelogenesisimperfecta
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Fig. 1-112Posterior composite and glass ionomer cement are radiopaque. Glass ionomer cement is used as a liner and a fluoride-releasing agent to prevent recurrent caries
A — Posterior compositeB — Glass ionomer linerC — Posterior composite
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Fig. 1-113D — Posterior
compositeE — Posterior
compositeF — Glass
ionomer liner
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Fig. 1-114G — Posterior
compositeH — Glass
ionomer linerI — Posterior
composite
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Fig. 1-115C — Zinc phosphate
cement base (radiopaque) under a radiolucent restoration
S — Radiolucent restoration over a zinc phosphate cement base
Zinc phosphate and zinc oxide eugenol cements are both radiopaque. Pure calcium hydroxide cement is radiolucent but commercial forms of calcium hydroxide cement are radiopaque.