nordic demography in history and present-day...

$: Nordic demography in history and present-day societyumu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:148220/FULLTEXT01.pdf · c\_ \o g`\no orj bjj_ m`\njin oj hjq` oj Opi_nq\gg7 rjmf \i_ gjq`+$
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This is the published version of a chapter published in Nordic demography in history and present-daysociety.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Vikström, L-C. (2001)Women Migrants in a Swedish Sawmill Town: The Socio-Spatial Paths of Single WomenMigrants Heading for Sundsvall in the 1870s.In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic demography in history and present-daysociety (pp. 367-384). Umeå: Umeå universitetScandinavian Population Studies

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-8549

Sjhì Idbm\iondi \ Or`_dnc O\rhdgg Pjri

Pc` Oj^dj*Ok\od\g L\ocn ja Odibg` Sjhì Idbm\ion D`\_dib ajmOpi_nq\gg di oc` .54-n

?N^VR$5U^V_`VZR !>[``N" GVW_`^lY

Aqì ocjpbc m`^ìo hdbm\odji nop_d`n c\q` `hkc\ndu`_ oc\o k`jkg``qì ]àjm` oc` di_pnomd\g ]m`\focmjpbc r`m` pn`_ oj hjqdib \mj*

pi_) di_pnomd\g odh`n _àdido`gt rdoi`nn`_ \ i`r fdi_ ja hj]dgdot+.Uòoc` g\^f ja ^jhkgò` hdbm\odji _\o\ c\n gào \ gjo ja lp`nodjin pi*\inr`m`_) di k\mod^pg\m ^ji^`midib di_dqd_p\g hjq`n h\_` ]t rjhì+Pcpn ocdn nop_t rdnc`n oj d_ìodat oc` hdbm\ojmt k\oc ja ndibg` rjhìc`\_dib ajm Opi_nq\gg di oc` .54-n rcì ocdn Or`_dnc n\rhdgg ojri`sk`mdì^`_ \ m\kd_ di_pnomd\gdu\odji+ Bdmno) oc` rjhì$n b`jbm\kcd^\g]\^fbmjpi_ rdgg ]` k\oo`mi`_+ O`^ji_) oc` rjhì$n Opi_nq\gg m`nd*_ì^t rdgg ]` ^jind_`m`_ rdoc m`b\m_ oj oc`dm ^\m``mn \i_ h\mdo\ghj]dgdot+ Pcdm_) \ hdijm i`rnk\k`m npmq`t rdgg jaa`m njh` `som\ di*ajmh\odji ji rc\o \ a`r rjhì hdbm\ion r`m` m`\ggt _jdib di jm_`moj `\mi oc`dm _\dgt ]m`\_+

Djkàpggt) ocdn \kkmj\^c rdgg nc`_ apmoc`m gdbco ji rjhì$n nj^dj*nk\od\g hj]dgdot+ Qnp\ggt) \bbm`b\o`_ _\o\ kmj_p^` m`npgon rc`m` oc`\ôjmn oc`hn`gq`n) oc` hdbm\ion) oì_ oj a\_` \r\t di \gg oc` no\odnod^nm`b\m_dib oc` g\mb`*n^\g` kmj^`nn`n ja dioìndad`_ h dbm\odji \i_pm]\idu\odji oc\o kmdh\mdgt j^^pmm`_ _pmdib di_pnomd\gdu\odji+ Djr*`q`m) oc\ifn oj oc` ^jhkpo`mdu`_ k\mdnc m`bdno`mn nojm`_ \o oc` @`hj*bm\kcd^ @\o\ >\n` %@@>& \o Qh`~ Qidq`mndot di Or`_ì) do dn kjnnd]gòj ^jq`m g\mb` k\mon ja rjhì$n b`jbm\kcd^\g \i_ nj^d\g hj]dgdot ji\i di_dqd_p\g g`q`g+

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I\o`md\g \i_ hòcj_=gg m`npgon _``kgt _`kì_ ji oc` \^^`nn oj \i_ i\opm` ja njpm^`n+ I\itnop_ìon ja hdbm\odji) k\mod^pg\mgt ocjn` m`nomdô`_ oj ^ìnpn _\o\) adi_oc`hn`gq`n ^jiamjio`_ r doc \ gjo ja kmj]g`hn rcì do ^jh`n oj\i\gtudib hdbm\odji kmj^`nn`n+ =hjib h\it joc`mn) Nj]`mo H`` c\nm`^ìogt `hkc\ndu`_ oc\o oc` g\^f ja lp\iodo\odq` njpm^`n h\f`n gjibd*op_di\g nop_d`n ji hdbm\odji) pm]\idu\odji \i_ ^c\ib`n jq`m odh`m`\ggt c\u\m_jpn +/ =^^jm_dib oj Ljjg`t \i_ Scto` n^cjg\mn apmoc`mi``_ oj \__m`nn joc`m njpm^`n \i_ `skgjm` i`r hòcj_n di jm_`m oj^jq`m oc` g\^f ja fijrg`_b` ^ji^`midib oc` hdbm\odji kmj^`nn) dik\mod^pg\m \n do \kk`\m`_ _pmdib oc` di_dqd_p\g$n gda` k\oc +0

Djr`q`m) di njh` k\mon ja Apmjk`) np^c \n di Or`_ì) cdnojmd\in\m` gp^ft ìjpbc oj c\q` njpm^`n) rcd^c \ggjr oc`h oj \kkgt gjibd*op_di\g \kkmj\^c`n+ Ojhòdh`n) \n di oc` ^\n` ja Opi_nq\gg) oc` njpm^`n\m` `qì ^jhkpo`mdu`_ \i_ ocpn nojm`_ \o oc` @@> \o Qh`~ Qidq`m*ndot+ Pc` m`bdno`mn ^jindno ja dhkjmo\io `qìon ^jii`ô`_ rdoc di_dqd_p*\gn) np^c \n ]dmocn) _`\ocn) h\mmd\b`n) \i_ hdbm\odjin+ Pcdn cjg_n ajmoc` .5--*.56/ k`mdj_+ Pc` m`gd\]dgdot ja oc` m`bdno`mn c\n ]`ì ^jhk\m`_oj joc`m njpm^`n \i_ r\n ajpi_ ompnorjmoct +1 Qiajmopi\o`gt) ocdn dnijo oc` ^\n` rcì do ^jh`n oj rjhì$n j^^pk\odjin) rcd^c oì_ oj ]`pi_`m*m`kjmo`_) di k\mod^pg\m \ao`m oc`dm c\qdib h\mmd`_+ Ei \__dodji)rjhì g\]`g`_ g`^fi' d+`+ h\d_n ja \gg rjmf) \m` kmj]\]gt jq`m`nodh\o`_+=ijoc`m ^\o`bjmt ^jindnon ja k`kc\(nfd\e' d+`+ _`hjdn`gg`n ) h\h*n`gg`m ) epibampm \i_ amÅfi\m ) cì^` rjhì jaoì m`b\m_`_ \n_\pbco`mn ja hd__g`*^g\nn hì+ >t \__m`nndib lp\gdo\odq` _\o\ oc`kmj]g`h ja _`\gdib rdoc rjhì$n rjmf \i_ lp\iodo\odq` _\o\ rdgg \og`\no oj njh` `soìo g\o`m ]` `s`hkgdad`_+

= ^jcjmo ^jindnodib ja .)/50 a`h\g` hdbm\ion c\n ]`ì _m\ri amjhoc` ^jhkpo`mdu`_ m`^jm_n+ Ei ocdn nop_t) rjhì hdbm\ion \m` _àdi`_\n ]`dib pih\mmd`_ \i_ \b`_ .2 t`\mn jm jg_`m ji oc`dm \mmdq\g _pmdiboc` .54-n+ Pc`t rdgg ]` pi_`m ^jind_`m\odji \n gjib \n oc`t no\t ji diOpi_nq\gg+ Koc`mrdn` oc`dm _`\oc jm oc` ì_ ja oc` m`bdnom\odji) di.56/) ^gjn`n oc` gjibdop_di\g \i\gtndn+ @p` oj oc` ^mdo`mdji ja ]`dibgji` rjhì hdbm\ion) ^gjn` oj 5- k`m^ìo r`m` pi_`m oc` \b` ja 0-ji \mmdq\g+

Opi_nq\gg) \ ojri di hjodjiBjm \ gjib odh` do gjjf`_ \n da oc` di_pnomd\g m`qjgpodji rjpg_ i`q`m^mjnn oc` Or`_dnc ]jm_`mn+ Scdg` \ghjno `q`mt k\mo ja S`no`mi Ap*mjk` r\n \aa`ô`_ ]t di_pnomd\gdu\odji \i_ pm]\idu\odji oc`m` r`m`

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ijocdib ]po nh\gg ojrin di Or`_ì) rdoc ji` ndibg` `s^`kodji7 Ooj^f*cjgh) oc` ^\kdo\g+ Qiodg oc` .54-n) di_pnomd`n r`m` jaoì gj^\o`_ di oc`^jpiomtnd_`+ Ei .6-- ajpm jpo ja adq` Or`_`n r`m` nodgg gdqdib di mpm\gk\mon ja Or`_ì+2 Pc` pm]\idu\odji kmj^``_`_ `qì hjm` ngjrgt dioc` ijmoc`mi k\mon ja oc` ^jpiomt+3

Djr`q`m) amjh oc` .54-n jir\m_n ocdibn c\kkì`_ lpd^fgt di ocÒpi_nq\gg m`bdji+ Askg\i\ojmt a\ôjmn ja dhkjmo\i^` rdoc m`b\m_ ojocdn ^c\ib` r`m` oc` am`` om\_` \i_ Or`_ì$n \]pi_\i^` ja i\opm\gm`njpm^`n) np^c \n oc` r\o`m^jpmn` \i_ ajm`no+ Ei oc` \m`\ npmmjpi_dibOpi_nq\gg oc` g\oo`m f`t a\ôjmn r`m` ijo c\m_ oj adi_+ Pcdn m`bdji r\nocpn k`ma`ô ajm `no\]gdncdib n\rhdggn) k\mod^pg\mgt ndi^` Opi_nq\gg$nc\m]jm \i_ oc` Cpga ja >jocid\ r`m` epno r\dodib oj ^\mmt jaa oc` ampdoja oc` ajm`no oj oc` m`no ja Apmjk` rc`m` oc` _`h\i_ r\n di^m`\ndib+Pjbòc`m o`^cid^\g \_q\i^`n) np^c \n oc` diqìodji ja oc` no`\h*_md*qì hdggn) oc`n` ^ji_dodjin h\_` oc` Opi_nq\gg _dnomdô ]`^jh` ji` jaoc` a\no`no*bmjrdib m`bdjin di Apmjk` di oc` .54-n+ Ei odh`n ja kjkp*g\odji km`nnpm` \i_ di^m`\ndib `hdbm\odji _p` oj oc` a\hdi` t`\mn ja.534*35) oc` ojri njji ]`^\h` fijri \n \i \go`mi\odq` dio`mi\g _`*nodi\odji+

Jjo npmkmdndibgt) oc` dioìndad`_ diagps ja hdbm\ion rìo di o\i_`hrdoc oc` di_pnomd\g _`q`gjkhìo \i_ ^\pn`_ \ kjkpg\odji di^m`\n` dioc` ojri+ Ei .51-) jigt \]jpo /)--- k`jkg` r`m` gdqdib di Opi_nq\gg+Ei .55-) oc` kjkpg\odji ^jindno`_ ja ngdbcogt hjm` oc\i 6)--- dic\]*do\ion+4 O`ì amjh \i dio`mi\odji\g cjmduji) ocjpbc) Opi_nq\gg ^jpg_c\m_gt ]` ^jind_`m`_ \ g\mb` ojri+ J`q`moc`g`nn) amjh \ _`hjbm\kcd^kjdio ja qd`r do c\n km`qdjpngt ]`ì ncjri oc\o ocdn nh\gg ojri gdf`h\it joc`mn) di a\ô apiôdji`_ \n rjpg_ \it g\mb` ^dot `gn`rc`m` diApmjk` +5

@p` oj oc` i\opm` ja oc` g\]jm oc` n\rhdgg _`h\i_`_) hjnogt tjpibhì \i_ a\hdgd`n admno ojjf oc` mj\_ oj Opi_nq\gg jm oc` npmmjpi_dibn\rhdgg k\mdnc`n+ Jjo \ ndibg` n\rhdgg ^jpg_ \ôp\ggt ]` ajpi_ di ocòjri) jigt ji oc` jponfdmon ja do+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) Opi_nq\gg kmjqd_`_oc` i`^`nn\mt ]\ifn \i_ oc` c\m]jm \i_ ocpn \_hdidnom\odq`gt ]`^\hòc` ^ìo`m ajm oc` om\_` \i_ ^jhh`m^` oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt bì`m\o`_ +6Ei jigt \ ^jpkg` ja _`^\_`n ocdn _`q`gjkhìo ^\pn`_ \ _m\h\od^^c\ib` di oc` ojri$n nj^dj*`^jijhd^ nompôpm`+ Dì^`) oc` km`*di_pnomd\g km`_jhdi\i^` ja j^^pk\odjin ^jii`ô`_ oj kmdh\mdgt adncdib\i_ om\_dib r\n m\kd_gt m`kg\^`_ ]t \ g\mb` iph]`m ja i`r j^^pk\*odjin gdif`_ oj oc` rcdo`* \i_ ]gp`*^jgg\m n`ôjm+ Ei k\mod^pg\m) pinfdg*g`_ g\]jm`mn km`_jhdi\o`_ ji oc` nom`òn ja Opi_nq\gg+.-@p` oj \gg oc`pi_`mm`kjmo`_ n`\nji\g g\]jm`mn rcj r`m` o`hkjm\mdgt gdqdib di ocòjri) oc`m` dn m`\nji oj ]`gd`q` oc\o oc` g\mb` iph]`m ja pinfdgg`_

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rjmf`mn r\n `qì hjm` kmjijpi^`_+ ?\g^pg\odjin ]\n`_ ji oc` g\o`.54-n npbb`no oc`m` r`m` \]jpo 0)---+.. @àdido`gt) h d__g`*^g\nncjpn`cjg_n \i_ oc` h\it njgdo\mt rjmf`mn i``_`_ rjhì$n n`mqd^`n+= rjh\i fi`r oc` \mo ja ^jjfdib \ h`\g jm n^mp]]dib \ agjjm+ Ei\__dodji) oc` hì hdbco c\q` i``_`_ rdq`n ojj+ Dì^`) tjpib rjhìc\_ \o g`\no orj bjj_ m`\njin oj hjq` oj Opi_nq\gg7 rjmf \i_ gjq`+

Ei qd`r ja oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt r` h\t _`hjbm\kcd^\ggt ^jind_`mOpi_nq\gg \n \ h\g` kmjadg` ojri+ @p` oj oc` _`h\i_ k\mod^pg\mgt ajm_jh`nod^ n`mq\ion) oc`m` r\n pnp\ggt \ a`h\g` npmkgpn di ojrin+ EiOr`_ì) ./. rjhì oj .-- hì r`m` gdqdib di pm]\i \m`\n di .54-+Pcdn otkd^\g npmkgpn dn ijo n`ì di Opi_nq\gg) ijo `qì \^^jm_dib ojoc` jaad^d\g no\odnod^n+ Ei .54- oc`m` r`m` jigt ... rjhì oj .-- hì +./Pcpn Opi_nq\gg _dnkg\t`_ \i `qì bì_`m _dnomd]podji+

C`jbm\kcd^\g ]\^fbmjpi_>t aj^pndib ji oc` ^\o`bjmd`n `dd`îXk`fe) èk\ieXc cfe^ [`jkXeZ\ \i_èk\ieXc j_fik [`jkXeZ\ oc` rjhì hdbm\ion$ b`jbm\kcd^\g ]\^fbmjpi_]\n`_ ji oc`dm k\mdnc ja _`k\mopm` rdgg ]` o\fì dioj ^jind_`m\odji+ Eodn kjdiog`nn oj `skg\di oc` admno ^\o`bjmt) \i_ oc` gdhdo ja ncjmo _dno\i^`n\kk`\mn \o oc` ]jm_`mn ja oc` Opi_nq\gg m`bdji %â+ Bdbpm` /&+ Pcpnncjmo _dno\i^` hdbm\odjin \m` `lp\g oj _`k\mopm`n amjh oc` npmmjpi_dibk\mdnc`n) rcdg` hdbm\odjin amjh \gg joc`m k\mon ja Or`_ì ^jmm`nkji_oj gjib _dno\i^` hjq`hìon+

Aq`m ndi^` N\qìno`di kmdio`_ cdn hdbm\odji g\rn) m`n`\m^c c\n odh`\i_ odh` \b\di m`^jbidu`_ rjhì \n ncjmo _dno\i^` hdbm\ion+.0Odi^òc`t r`m` npkkjn`_ oj rjmf di \ijoc`m k`mnji$n cjpn`cjg_ di jm_`moj bò njh` nfdgg di cjr oj mpi \ cjpn`cjg_ ]àjm` no\modib ji` ja oc`dmjri) tjpib rjhì hjq`_ \r\t) ]po pnp\ggt epno ajm \ rcdg`+Djr`q`m) _pmdib di_pnomd\gdu\odji h\d_n r`m` jaa`m`_ `s^`ggìo\go`mi\odq`n di oc` bmjrdib ojrin) j^^pk\odjin rcd^c oc`t jaoìm`b\m_`_ \n ]òo`m oc\i n`mqdib a\mh`mn \i_ oc` gdf` di oc` ^jpiomt*nd_`+ Pcpn) ocjpn\i_n ja rjhì r`m` hjqdib dioj ^dod`n \gg jq`m Ap*mjk`+ Cm\_p\ggt) oc`t no\t`_ ji di oc`n` pm]\i \m`\n ajm gjib`m jmk`mh\iìo k`mdj_n) di k\mod^pg\m ndi^` oc` ^jpiomtnd_` ]`^\h` g`nn\]g` oj npkkjmo don g\i_g`nn kjkpg\odji+

Sc\o \kk`\mn di Bdbpm` .) cjr`q`m) dn oc` m`g\odq`gt gjib _dno\i^òc\o hjno rjhì hdbm\ion c\_ om\q`g`_+ Pc` otkd^\g km`_jhdi\i^`ja ncjmo _dno\i^` hjq`hìon _j`n ijo \kk`\m di Opi_nq\gg+ Dì^`) dogjjfn \n da oc` rjhì m`b\m_`_ Opi_nq\gg \n m`\ggt rjmoc oc` kmd^` ojk\t di o`mhn ja hdg`n+ Aqì ocjpbc jigt ^jindnodib ja \]jpo /2 k`m*

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Bdbpm` .+ JcXZ\ f] [\gXikli\ XZZfi[è^ kf jfZ`f(\Zfefd`Z jkXklj feXii`mXc) L\cXk`m\ eldY\i) H 8 ,'-3.)

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=fdd\ekj5 K i gt r jh ì h db m\i on m` k j m o` _ \n c \q di b j ^^p k \ odj i ji \ mmdq \ g \m`^ji n d_ ` m`_ ) `s ^`k o aj m oc ` ] \ mn nc jr di b oc ` oj o\ g m` g\ odq ` iph ]` m+?ogcXeXk`fej5,) Oh \gg*n^\g` ] p n di ` n nr jh ì \i _ ^dqdg jaad^d\gn/+ M p\ gdad`_ k mj a` nn dj i \ g g\ ] j m` mn \ i _ p i l p \ gda d` _ r j mf ` mn0+ @ jh `nod^ n` mq \i on1+ P dog` *r jh ì

^ìo) oc` g\mb`no kmjkjmodji ja ncjmo hdbm\odji dn ajpi_ \hjib oc`h\d_ hdbm\ion) rcdg` oc` odog`*rjhì _dnkg\t \ adbpm` ja ngdbcogt hjmòc\i .- k`m^ìo+ Pcì) Bdig\i_ ajmhn oc` m`\nji rct njh` rjhì\kk`\m di oc` dhhdbm\odji ^\o`bjmt+ Ka ^jpmn`) ocdn dn _p` oj oc` ^gjn`b`jbm\kcd^\g \^^`nn \^mjnn oc` n`\+ =n \ h\oo`m ja a\ô dhhdbm\odjidhkgd`_ \ ncjmo`m hdbm\odji oc\i hjno dio`mi\g _`k\mopm`n _àdi`_ \ngjib _dno\i^` hjq`hìon+

Ea n`mq\ion h\digt hdbm\o`_ di jm_`m oj adi_ \ ej]) _`hjdn`gg`n \i_oc` gdf` kmj]\]gt c\_ joc`m m`\njin oj hjq` \mjpi_ `qì da oc`t ojj)\n rdgg njji ]` n`ì) c\_ oj `\mi oc`dm _\dgt ]m`\_+ Sc\o fdi_ jam`\njin) cjr`q`m) dn c\m_ oj ep_b`+ Ijno gdf`gt) fdi \i_ nj^d\g iòrjmfdiagpì^`_ njh` rjhì$n ^cjd^` ja _`nodi\odji+ Ei oc` k\mdnc m`bdn*o`mn) oc` dhh`_d\o` a\hdgt iòrjmf ^\i ]` ^jq`m`_) np^c \n k\mìon)nd]gdibn jm oc` cpn]\i_ oj ]`+ Scì do ^jh`n oj oc` rjhì rcj c\_

* 04. *

\^^`nn oj ocdn m`\_t*h\_` iòrjmf ji \mmdq\g) oc` dhhdbm\ion ^g\dhoc` g\mb`no kmjkjmodji rcdg` oc` ncjmo _dno\i^` ^jpio`mk\mo ^g\dhn oc`nh\gg`no7 .4+2 k`m^ìo q`mnpn 1+6 k`m^ìo+ Hjib _dno\i^` hjq`mn ncjr\ adbpm` ja 5+1 k`m^ìo+ ?jiq`mn`gt oj oc` h\d_n) kmdh\mdgt oc` odog`érjhì c\_ \^^`nn oj oc` iòrjmf \]jq` hìodji`_) 3 q`mnpn .2 k`m*^ìo+ Pj njh` `soìo oc`n` adbpm`n `skg\di rct rjhì ajpi_ \k\mod^pg\m dio`m`no ja bjdib oj Opi_nq\gg+ J`q`moc`g`nn) jigt \]jpo `q`mtoìoc rjh\i ^jpg_ `sk`ô oj adi_ ocdn fdi_ ja a\hdgt \nndno\i^`+Dì^`) hjno rjhì hdbm\ion r\gf`_ oc`dm jri r\t ojr\m_ oc` ojri+Ka ^jpmn`) amdì_n \i_ nj^d\g od`n) rcd^c \m` ijo ^jq`m`_ ]t oc` k\mdncm`bdno`mn) \gnj hdbco c\q` h\_` oc` rjhì ^cjjn` Opi_nq\gg \n oc`dm_`nodi\odji+ Sct `gn` rjpg_ k\mod^pg\m rjhì di oc` njpoc ja Or`_ìc\q` ]joc`m`_ oj ^jh` \gg oc` r\t oj Opi_nq\gg< Aqì da hjno rjhìhdbm\ion _`k\mo`_ amjh oc` npmmjpi_dib ^jpiot) Bdbpm` / apmoc`m^jiadmhn oc\o \ bm`\o iph]`m ja oc` rjhì h dbm\ion hjq`_ \^jind_`m\]g` r\t di jm_`m oj m`\^c Opi_nq\gg+

Jjo npmkmdndibgt) Bdbpm` / _dnkg\tn oc\o Opi_nq\gg kmdh\mdgt \oom\ô*`_ rjhì amjh oc` gjr`m nj^d\g nom\o\) \i_ hjno kmj]\]gt ocjn` rcjc\_ omjp]g` adi_dib rjmf di oc` ^jpiomtnd_`+ Pc`m` dn) cjr`q`m) m`\*nji oj npnk`ô oc\o r` \m` _`\gdib rdoc \ hp^c hjm` _daa`mìod\o`_bmjpk ja rjhì rjmf`mn c`m` oc\i oc` odog` [fd\jk`Z j\imXek npbb`non+Sjmfdib \n \ h\d_ hpno c\q` h`\io q\mdjpn _jh`nod^ _pod`n rc`m`tjp njhòdh`n ^g`\i`_) ^jjf`_) ipmn`_ ^cdg_mì jm `g_`mgt k`jkg`) jmdmji`_ tjpm h\no`m$n ncdmo+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc` no\opn ja \ h\d_ _`kì_`_ji oc` nj^dj*`^jijhd^ kjndodji ja oc` cjpn`cjg_ di rcd^c nc` n`mq`_+>`^\pn` ja oc` m\kd_ kjkpg\odji di^m`\n` di Opi_nq\gg) oc` m`bdno`mn)piajmopi\o`gt) ^\iijo gj^\o` oc`n` cjpn`cjg_n+ Ijm`jq`m) \ h\d_ ^jpg_]` \ _\pbco`m ja \ghjno \itji`7 a\mh`m) ^mjao`m) ncj`h\f`m) h\no`m)g\]jm`m) om\_`nh\i) jm rc\o`q`m+ Pcdn h\f`n oc` h\d_n `qì hjm`_daad^pgo oj om`\o cjhjbì`jpngt+ Djr`q`m) hjno h\d_n hjq`_ diojoc` ojri _pmdib oc` hjiocn ja Kôj]`m \i_ Jjq`h]`m+ Pcdn di_d^\o`noc\o oc`t \ôp\ggt rjmf`_ \n n`mq\ion ndi^` do r\n \ om\_dodji oj ìo`mjm g`\q` \i `hkgjthìo \mjpi_ Id^c\`gh\n+.1

Pc` n`^ji_ h\ejm bmjpk ^jindnon ja rjhì g\]`g`_ k`kc\(nfd\e'rcd^c ^jhkmdn`n rjhì rcj c\q` ij j^^pk\odji tò \ odog` m`kjmo`_di oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ Pcpn do dn _daad^pgo oj kg\^` oc`h cd`m\m^cd^\ggt+Lmj]\]gt njh` ja oc`h c\_ \ ej]) hjno gdf`gt di oc` n`mqdib jm ]pnd*i`nn n`ôjm+ = _`hjdn`gg`) ajm dino\i^`) hdbco c\q` ]`ì rjmfdib \n \n`\hnom`nn jm bjq`mi`nn di jm_`m oj h\f` ì_n h`ò+ Pc` bdqì odog`ndi oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn i`q`moc`g`nn di_d^\o` oc\o oc`n` rjhì kmj]\]gtr`m` _\pbco`mn ja m\oc`m r`\goct a\oc`mn+.2

* 04/ *

Bdbpm` /+ A\fîXg_`ZXc YXZbîfle[ YXj\[ fe k_\ Zflekp f] [\gXikli\XZZfi[è^ kf jfZ`Xc jkXklj fe Xii`mXc) >\gXikli\j ]ifd k_\ i\^`fe fiXYifX[ Xi\ j\gXiXk\cp Zfej`[\i\[) ;Yjfclk\ eldY\i) H : ,'--+) N_\lebefne jfZ`Xc ZXk\^fip `j Y\cfn \oZcl[\[)

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MfliZ\5 Pc` @ `h jb m\kc d^ @ \ o\ >\n`) Qh `~ Q idq`mndot +

?ogcXeXk`fej5.+ Oh\gg*n^\g` ]pndi`nnrjhì

\i_ ^dqdg jaad^d\gn/+ Mp\gdad`_ kmja`nndji\g g\]jm`mn

\i_ pilp\gdad`_ rjmf`mn0+ @jh`nod^ n`mq\ion1+ Pdog`*rjhì

?jpiod`n7 =+ Ooj^fcjgh) oc` ojri>+ Ooj^fcjgh) oc` ^jpiot?+ Qkkn\g\@+ OÅ_`mh\ig\i_A+ |no`mbÅog\i_B+ FÅifÅkdibC+ Gmjij]`mbD+ G\gh\mE+ Cjog\i_G+ >g`fdib`H+ Gmdnod\ino\_I+ I\ghÅcpnJ+ D\gg\i_

K+ CÅo`]jmb # >jcpnL+ zgqn]jmbN+ Of\m\]jmbO+ R}mhg\i_P+ |m`]mjQ+ R}noh\ig\i_S+ Gjkk\m]`mbT+ C}qg`]jmbU+ R}no`mijmmg\i_V+ F}hog\i_=?+ R}no`m]jooì>@+ Jjmm]jooì

* 040 *

Ei oc` ocdm_ bmjpk r` adi_ nfdgg`_ \n r`gg \n pinfdgg`_ a`h\g` rjmf*`mn) np^c \n \ a`r h\ip\g g\]jm`mn) njh` cjpn`f``k`mn \i_ \ ^jpkg`ja ncjk \nndno\ion+ Pc` lp\gdad`_ rjhì rjmf`mn r`m` `s^gpndq`gtìb\b`_ di h\fdib ^gjoc`n \i_ oc` gdf`) rdoc ji` `s^`kodji7 \ ^jjf+Pc`m` r`m` jigt orj rjhì m`kjmo`_ \n jri`mn ja njh` fdi_ ja ]p*ndi`nn+ Pc` a`r rjhì ìb\b`_ di ^dqdg n`mqd^` c`g_ kjndodjin \no`\^c`mn) ipmn`n) \i_ hd_rdq`n+

K^^pk\odji\g \i_ h\mdo\g hj]dgdot jq`m odhÈo r\n km`qdjpngt no\o`_ oc\o Opi_nq\gg \i_ oc` npmmjpi_dib m`bdji\oom\ô`_ \ gjo ja h\g` h\ip\g g\]jm`mn _pmdib oc` k`mdj_ ja odh]`m`sk\indji+ =o oc` n\h` odh` oc` ojri$n `^jijhd^ gda` ]jjh`_) rcd^c\gnj \ô`_ \n \ o`hko\odji ajm hdbm\ion m`g\o`_ oj joc`m nj^d\g ^\o`bjmd`n)np^c \n gjr`m ^dqdg n`mq\ion \i_ ]pndi`nn ìom`kmì`pmn+ Ei oc\o ^\n`rjhì ojj rjpg_ c\q` ajpi_ `qì hjm` k`jkg` oj n`mq` jm kjoìod\ghì oj h\mmt+ Ei \__dodji) jq`m odh` oc` a`h\g` g\]jm h\mfò jaa`m`_ijo jigt hjm` rjmf oj _j) ]po \gnj \i di^m`\n`_ q\mdòt ja j^^pk\odjin+D`m` do dn ja dio`m`no oj kdôpm` oc` a`h\g` hdbm\ion _pmdib oc`dm no\t+Sc\o ]`^\h` ja oc`h da r` ep_b` oc`dm pm]\i \_qìopm` \^^jm_dib ojoc`dm j^^pk\odji\g \i_ h\mdo\g hj]dgdot< Qiajmopi\o`gt) oc` k\mdncm`bdno`mn \m` pi\]g` oj m`kjmo di _ò\dg rc\o oc` rjhì$n ^\m``mn gjjf`_gdf`+ >po `qì da ocdn \kkmj\^c ^\iijo _`n^md]` oc` ojo\g kdôpm`) do ^\i\o g`\no kmjqd_` kd`^`n ja do+ H\o`m ji) \ hdijm ^jhk\mdnji ]\n`_ ji \g\mb`m nop_t ^ji^`mi`_ rdoc _\o\ amjh \ i`rnk\k`m npmq`t rdgg ncjrcjr orj _daa`mìo njpm^`n njhòdh`n _dn\bm`` rcì do ^jh`n oj rc\o\ a`r rjhì hdbm\ion r`m` m`\ggt _jdib di Opi_nq\gg+

Ei P\]g` . oc` rjhì$n j^^pk\odji ji \mmdq\g jaa`mn oc` admno j^^\ndjija h`\npm`hìo+ Pc` n`^ji_ ji` j^^pmn rcì oc` rjhì \m` km`*nìo di Opi_nq\gg ajm oc` g\no odh` di \ k`mdj_ rcd^c ^jq`mn \ h\sd*hph ja adao`ì t`\mn+ Ei jm_`m oj bdq` oc`h \ a\dm ^c\i^` oj ^c\ibòc`dm nj^dj*`^jijhd^ kjndodji) jigt rjhì rcj m`nd_`_ di oc` ojriadq` t`\mn jm gjib`m \m` ^jind_`m`_+.3Sjhì rcj _p` oj oc`dm c\qdibh \mmd`_ g\^f m`kj mo`_ j^^pk\odji ji oc` n`^ji_ j^^\ndji jah`\npm`hìo \m` gdif`_ oj oc`dm cpn]\i_n+.4 Aqì ocjpbc _`hjdn`g*g`n \i_ oc` gdf` pnp\ggt \m` _dnlp\gdad`_ amjh ndhdg\m \i\gtndn) oc`trdgg \itr\t ]` m`b\m_`_+ Koc`mrdn` r` rjpg_ fijr ijocdib \]jpooc`h _pmdib oc`dm no\t+ Pc` n\h` cjg_n ajm oc` pifijri ^\o`bjmt)ndi^` rjhì rcj g\^f \ m`kjmo`_ j^^pk\odji ji \mmdq\g h\t q`mtr`gg no\mo oj rjmf _pmdib oc`dm no\t+ Ei ocdn m`nk`ô oc` ajmoc^jhdibhj]dgdot \i\gtndn hpno ]` m`b\m_`_ \n m\oc`m hj_dad`_+

* 041 *

P\]g` . ncjrn oc\o oc` nj^d\g no\]dgdot dn nomdfdib di \gg oc` ^\o`bjmd`n+S`gg jq`m 2- k`m^ìo ja oc` rjhì hdbm\ion f``k oc`dm kjndodjiocmjpbcjpo oc` k`mdj_ ja diq`nodb\odji+ J`q`moc`g`nn) oc`m` \m` njh`_daa`mì^`n rjmoc ijod^dib+ Pc` odog`*rjhì %1&) ajm dino\i^`) g\o`mopmi pk di \ghjno `q`mt ndibg` ^\o`bjmt+ Pcdn di_d^\o`n oc\o ocdn bmjpkkmj]\]gt ^jindno`_ ja h\it _daa`mìo otk`n ja rjhì+ Ojh` ja oc`hr`m` gdf`gt _\pbco`mn ja r`\goct a\oc`mn rcdg` joc`mn r`m` hjm` ojk\m\gg`g oc` no\opn ja n`mq\ion+ Ea oc`t c\_ \ a\oc`m rdoc \ ajmopi`)oc`t r`m` q`mt \oom\ôdq` oj hì ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` pkk`m nj^d\g nom\o\+>po oc` a\ô oc\o oc` odog`*rjhì hjno am`lpìogt \kk`\m di oc` orjnj^d\g bmjpkn ^jindnodib ja g\]jm`mn) ]joc nfdgg`_ \i_ pinfdgg`_ %2 #3\&) \i_ `qì \hjib oc` nj^d\g bmjpk ^jq`mdib a\mh rjmf`mn) h\g`n`mq\ion \i_ _jh`nod^ n`mq\ion %3]&) npbb`non oc\o oc`t h\mmd`_ ^jh*hji g\]jm`mn jm njhòdh`n no\mo`_ oj rjmf \n h\d_n+ Pj njh` `soìoocdn r\n \gnj oc` ^\n` ajm oc` rjhì m`kjmo`_ \n c\qdib ij j^^pk\odjiji \mmdq\g+

@jh`nod^ n`mq\ion %0& ajmh oc` nj^d\g bmjpk hjno di^gdi`_ oj \go`moc`dm nj^dj*`^jijhd^ no\opn+ Qnp\ggt oc`t opmi pk di oc` rjmfdib*^g\nn ^\o`bjmd`n %2 # 3\&+ Djr`q`m) \ a`r n`mq\ion h\i\b`_ oj bò ojoc` cdbc`m nj^d\g nom\o\) \i_ _d_ nj oj \ g\mb`m _`bm`` oc\i _d_ ocà`h\g` rjmf`mn di oc` n`^ji_ nj^d\g bmjpk \^^jm_dib oj oc` a`h\g`^g\nndad^\odji+ Pcdn r\n nj _p` oj oc`dm c\qdib h\mmd`_) ijo oj oc`dmc\qdib c\_ \ m`h \mf\]g` ^\m``m+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) n`mq\i on $`hkgjthìo di ]òo`m*jaa cjpn`cjg_n hdbco c\q` dhkgd`_ oc\o oc`tc\_ \^^`nn oj \ k\moi`m h\mfò rc`m` hd__g` jm pkk`m ^g\nn hì r`m`njhòdh`n di^gp_`_+

Sjhì rjmf`mn %/& ajmh oc` hjno nj^d\ggt no\]g` bmjpk+ Dì^`) 52k`m^ìo ja oc`h f`ko oc`dm j^^pk\odji \n pinfdgg`_ jm nfdgg`_ rjmf`mn+Pcì `q`mt n`^ji_ rjh\i gj^\o`_ oj oc` admno nj^d\g bmjpk ji \mmdq\gc`g_ c`m no\opn) ]po rdoc ocm`` `s^`kodjin+ Pc`n` rjhì) cjr`q`m)\m` a\m ojj a`r oj ep_b` amjh+

* 042 *

P\]g` .+ MfZ`Xc jkXklj fe Xii`mXc è ZfdgXi`jfe kf jfZ`Xc jkXklj fe[\gXikli\ fi Xk k_\ \e[ f] k_\ k`d\ jgXe) Iecp nfd\e d`îXekj i\j`[è^è Mle[jmXcc ]fi ]`m\ p\Xij fi cfe^\i Xi\ Zfej`[\i\[) L\cXk`m\ eldY\i) H8 2,4)

Oj^d\g bmjpkji _`k\mopm` Oj^d\g bmjpk ja oc` rjhì h dbm\ion ji \mmdq\g

. / 0 1 Qhehiqh.+ Kri`mn ja g\mb`*n^\g`ìo`mkmdn`n * * * -+6 *

/+ Ddbc`m ^dqdg jaad^d\gn * * -+/ 0+4 *

0[+ Oh\gg*n^\g` ]pndi`nnìom`kmì`pmn di om\_`\i_ di_pnomt) h\no`m\modn\in # ^m\aonhì .3+4 .+2 .+5 /+1

0\+ B\mh`mn) oì\io a\mh`mn * * -+1 * /+1

1+ Hjr`m ^dqdg jaad^d\gn# ^g`mfn 00+0 /+6 1+1 4+0 /+1

2+ Mp\gdad`_ kmja`nndji\gg\]jm`mn) ^m\aonhì# \modn\in ]`gjr oc` g`q`gja h\no`m /2+4 .-+6 ..+- 6+2

3[+ Qilp\gdad`_ rjmf`mndi di_pnomt # pm]\i^jhh`m^` 00+0 3-+- .5+2 4+0 6+2

3\+ I\g` n`mq\ion) a\mhrjmf`mn8 _jh`nod^ n`mq\ion * 5+3 21+- 5+0 ..+6

Qink`^dad`_ .3+4 * 2+2 23+- 4+.

Qifijri * /+6 1+3 0+4 21+5

Pin[f # %J& .-- %3& .-- %02& .-- %2/1& .-- %.-6& .-- %1/&

MfliZ\5 Pc` @ `h jb m\kc d^ @ \ o\ >\n`) Q h `~ Q i dq`mndot +?ogcXeXk`fej5 R`mod^\g adbp m`n dggp nom\ o` r c`m` oc` r jh ì ^jii`ô`_ oj ji` nk`^dad^nj^d\g b mj p k ji \mmdq \ g op mi p k ji oc ` n`^ji_ j^^\ndji ja h `\np m`h ì o+ I \mf `_^j gph in di _ d^ \ o` no\] dgdot +=fdd\ekj5 >`gjr oc ` a db p m` n di ] m\^f ` on nc jr c jr oc ` nj^d\g ^ g\nndad^\ odji^j mm` nk j i _ n \^^j m_ di b oj bì_` m+.+ Oh \gg*n^\g` ] p n di ` n nr jh ì \i _ ^dq dg jaad^d\gn % . )/ )0\) 1&/+ M p\ gdad`_ k mj a` nn dj i \ g g\ ] j m` mn \ i _ p i l p \ gda d` _ r j mf ` mn %2 )3\&0+ @ jh `nod^ n` mq \i on %3]&1+ P dog` *r jh ì %Qink`^dad`_&

* 043 *

Sjpg_) ocì) oc` \]jq` k\oo`mi ja rjhì$n hj]dgdot ]` m`k`\o`_rcì ^jind_`mdib ocjn` rcj i`q`m h\mmd`_ _pmdib oc` odh` jadiq`nodb\odji< Jj) oc` nj^d\g no\]dgdot ja oc`n` rjhì dn `qì hjm`kmjijpi^`_+ Pcdn ^ji^gpndji c\n ]`ì _m\ri \ao`m c\qdib diq`nodb\o`_oc` 0.6 hdbm\ion m`kjmo`_ \n ]`dib rjmfdib ji ]joc j^^\ndjin jah`\npm`hìo+ Pcpn) oc` odog`*rjhì c\q` ijo ]`ì \^^jpio`_ ajm+Ogdbcogt hjm` oc\i ./ k`m^ìo ja oc` /1 rjhì g\]`g`_ \n lp\gdad`_ jmpilp\gdad`_ rjmf`mn ji \mmdq\g) hjnogt n`\hnom`nn`n) r`m` \]g` oj^c\ib` oc`dm kjndodji+ Djr`q`m) dino`\_ ja hjqdib pkr\m_) oc`tno\mo`_ oj rjmf \n n`mq\ion+ Pc` /6. h\d_n) ajm oc`dm k\mo) m`h\di`_`qì hjm` nj^d\ggt no\]g`+ Kigt \]jpo 2 k`m^ìo ja oc`h ^c\ib`_ oc`dmj^^pk\odji ]t c\qdib no\mo`_ oj rjmf \n n`\hnom`nn`n+ Pc` ajpm rjhììb\b`_ di nh \gg*n^\ g` ]pndi`nn \m` ojj a`r oj ep_b` amjh +J`q`moc`g`nn) jigt ji` ja oc`h np^^``_`_ di f``kdib c`m kjndodji+

Ei ncjmo) oc` mj\_n ojr\m_n kmjbm`nn r`m` c\m_gt g\d_ rd_` \i_jkì+ @`nkdo` Opi_nq\gPn jibjdib di_pnomd\gdu\odji oc` rjhìhdbm\ion$ g\]jm h\mfò r\n nodgg g\mb`gt m`nomdô`_ oj otkd^\g a`h\g`n`ôjmn+ Pcpn) \ ndbidad^\io h\ejmdot ja oc` rjhì hdbm\ion m`h\di`_nj^d\ggt no\]g`) `qì da \ h\mmd\b` njhòdh`n ^\pn`_ \ ^c\ib` oj oc`dmno\opn+ =i_ rcì do j^^pmm`_ do r\n pnp\ggt _dm`ô`_ pkr\m_+ >po) ja^jpmn`) oc`n` adi_dibn \m` \aa`ô`_ ]t oc` a\ô oc\o hjno a`h\g`hdbm\ion epno ]t ]`dib h\d_n \gm`\_t r`m` gj^\o`_ di oc` gjr`m k\moja oc` nj^d\g nom\o\+

=n km`qdjpngt) oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn a\dg oj o`gg pn hjm` di _ò\dg \]jporc\o oc` rjhì hdbm\ion r`m` ]pnt _jdib di Opi_nq\gg+ Pc` gj^\gi`rnk\k`mn) cjr`q`m) kmjqd_` dio`m`nodib kjnnd]dgdod`n ja ^jq`mdib oc`rjmf ja \o g`\no njh` rjhì+ Pc\ifn oj oc` ^jhkpo`mdu`_ m`^jm_n doc\n ]`ì kjnnd]g` oj d_ìodat njh` i`rnk\k`m*rjhì di oc` k\mdncm`bdno`mn \i_ bò oc`dm _`hjbm\kcd^ ndop\odji \o oc` odh` oc`t \kk`\m`_di oc` gj^\g i`rnk\k`mn) d+`+ Mle[jmXccj N`[eè^ %OP& jm Mle[jmXccj(Jfjk\e %OL&+ Ei ocdn r\t \ ^jhk\mdnji ]òr`ì lp\iodo\odq` \i_lp\gdo\odq` njpm^`n \n m`b\m_n oc` t`\m ja .546 c\n ]`ì ^\mmd`_ jpo+Cì`m\ggt) oc` i`rnk\k`mn jaa`m`_ \ gjo hjm` diajmh\odji ja dio`m`nom`b\m_dib njh` rjhì$n ^pmmìo j^^pk\odji+ Bdbpm` 0 ncjrn \ a`r`s\hkg`n ja rc\o oc` _daa`mì^`n gjjf`_ gdf` di .546+ Ei jm_`m oj bòoc` rjhì$n _`hjbm\kcd^ am\h` rcì oc`t ajm njh` m`\nji opmi`_pk di oc` gj^\g i`rnk\k`mn) oc`dm hdbm\ojmt _\o\ \i_ ^dqdg no\opnbì`m\o`_ amjh oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn c\q` ]`ì \__`_ +.5

* 044 *

Bdbpm` 0+ = gi\j\ekXk`fe f] k\e nfd\e d`îXekj YXj\[ fe è]fidXk`fe^\e\iXk\[ ]ifd k_\ e\njgXg\ij è ,324 Xe[ k_\ gXi`j_ i\^`jk\ij) Qfd\ei\cXk\[ kf ]Xj_`fe Xe[ ZXk\iè^ kiX[\)

.+ D[nn[l) odgg hj_`midn`mdib j^c ]g`fidib) /+ Qh^_ln_]eh[^ aÅma}m_db\m D~m\m]òìq}g j^chjoo\b\n odgg =kmdg h~i\_n ngpo cjn ]dggdbo) ip ]jì_` ~ Jjmmh\gh) Oom\i_b\o\i) d=JJ= ?+ JKN@H|S+ C\hg\ Gtmfjb\o\i+ HÅa]`mbn b~m_) i+ 043+ =JJ= BNKOP%OP .546*-0*//& %51.--..3-& %OP .546*-1*-5& %51.--./5-&

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* 045 *

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L\mdnc ja ]dmoc8 %p& : pm]\iL\mdnc ja _`k\mopm`) d+`+ oc` kg\^` gào ]`cdi_ \o oc` admno \mmdq\g8 %p& : pm]\iL\mdnc ja _`nodi\odji) d+`+ oc` g\no m`kjmo`_ kg\^` oj rcd^c oc` rjhì h\tg\o`m c\q` hdbm\o`_8 %p& : pm]\i+ Ea oc`m` dn ij hdbm\odji m`kjmo`_ oc` rjh\i_d`_ jm no\t`_ ji di oc` ojri piodg oc` ì_ ja oc` m`bdnom\odji) d+`+ .56/+

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>if^ otk` dggpnom\o`n rjm_n) rcd^c r`m` pi_`mgdi`_ di oc` i`rnk\k`mn+ CkXc`Zj mà`m oj diajmh\*odji ]\n`_ ji oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+ Sjm_n di ?=LEP=HO \m` h\_` nj ]t h`+

Bdmnogt) Bdbpm` 0 m`q`\gn oc\o odog`*rjhì jm `qì rdq`n di a\ô r`m`rjmfdib `qì da oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn m`h\di ndgìo \]jpo oc`dm ìb\b`*hìo di _jdib ]pndi`nn) ajm dino\i^`+ =kk\mìogt) rjhì m`kjmo`_ \n]`dib h\d_n di oc` k\mdnc m`^jm_n r`m` njhòdh`n _jdib nopaan ijo_dm`ôgt m`g\o`_ oj _jh`nod^ n`mqd^` %â+ ?\n` 3&+ Jjo npmkmdndibgt) oc`m`dn ji` rd_jr %?\n` .&+ Ka ^jpmn`) rd_jrn i``_`_ oj `\mi oc`dm _\dgt]m`\_ rcì oc` ji` npkkjn`_ oj npkkjmo oc`h r\n ij gjib`m \mj*pi_+ =gnj ndibg` _`hjdn`gg`n) ijo c\qdib cpn]\i_n oj npkkjmo oc`h)r`m` _jdib ]pndi`nn di oc` a\ncdji jm ^\o`mdib om\_`) \n ajm dino\i^`=h\i_\ qji =ci %?\n` 2&+ Ijm`jq`m) ]t ]`dib h dbm\ion oc`t

* 046 *

kmj]\]gt g\^f`_ oc` dhh`_d\o` \^^`nn oj \ a\oc`m jm \ a\hdgt ja jmdbdioc\o ^jpg_ k\t ajm oc`dm _\dgt gda`+ Dì^`) oc`t c\_ oj \mm\ib` oc`dmnpmqdq\g \gg ji oc`dm jri) \i_ k`mc\kn ocpn no\mo`_ oj _j ]pndi`nn dioc` i``_g` jm ^\o`mdib om\_`) \m`\n di rcd^c oc`t r`m` kmj]\]gt nfdgg`_ndi^` ^cdg_cjj_+ Djr`q`m) oc` \]nì^` ja \ cpn]\i_ _j`n ijo `skg\dirct rdq`n r`m` rjmfdib+ Ijno gdf`gt oc`t c\_ oj rjmf di jm_`m ojnpkkjmo oc` a\hdgt di ^\n` oc` cpn]\i_ _d_ ijo `\mi ìjpbc hji`t+Djr`q`m) do ^jpg_ c\kkì oc\o oc`t _d_ oc`dm ]pndi`nn ajm api) jmkmdh\mdgt _p` oj \ a\hdgt om\_dodji+

O`^ji_gt) ocdn npmq`t jaa`mn \ijoc`m r\t ja o`nodib \gm`\_t `no\*]gdnc`_ g\rn$$ ja hdbm\odji+ Bjm dino\i^`) Bdbpm` 0 m`q`\gn oc\o hjnoja oc` rjhì c\_ km`qdjpngt `sk`mdì^`_ pm]\i gda` di joc`m ojrinoc\i Opi_nq\gg+ Pc`dm pm]\i ]\^fbmjpi_ kmj]\]gt diagpì^`_ oc`dm^cjd^` ja _jdib ]pndi`nn+ Ooj^fcjgh) ajm dino\i^`) am`lpìogt \kk`\m`_\n kg\^` ja ]dmoc jm _`k\mopm`+ Ei opmi ocdn m`q`\gn oc\o hjno ja oc`hc\_ hjq`_ \ ^jind_`m\]g` r\t di jm_`m oj m`\^c Opi_nq\gg \i_ h\t]`m`no\mo oc`dm ]pndi`nn+ ?jiq`mn`gt oj oc` h\d_n) hjno ja oc`n` rjhìhpno ]` gj^\o`_ oj oc` pkk`m nj^d\g nom\o\+ Ei m`n`\m^c do c\n km`qdjpngt]`ì \mbp`_ oc\o di_dqd_p\gn ]`gjibdib oj oc` hd_ jm pkk`m nj^d\gcd`m\m^ct pnp\ggt om\q`g`_ gjib`m _dno\i^`n oc\i _d_ oc` rjmfdib*^g\nn k`jkg`+ Aqì da ijo ^jhkgò`) ocdn i`rnk\k`m npmq`t apmoc`m^jiadmhn ocdn+ Dtkjocòd^\ggt) hjno rjhì km`nìo`_ di Bdbpm` 0kmj]\]gt c\_ oc` hji`t) \h]dodji \i_ i`^`nn\mt ^jio\ôn rcd^c o\*fì ojbòc`m ì^jpm\b`_ oc`h oj hjq` \gg oc` r\t oj Opi_nq\gg+

Pcdm_gt) ocdn i`rnk\k`m nop_t di_``_ m`q`\gn \i dio`m`nodib ^jiagdô]òr`ì lp\iodo\odq` \i_ lp\gdo\odq` njpm^`n \n m`b\m_n rjhì$n pm*]\i j^^pk\odjin+ Scì \i\gtudib rjhì$n rjmf oc`m` dn ocpn bjj_m`\nji oj ^\màpggt ^jind_`m oc` m`npgon bì`m\o`_ ]t oc` k\mdnc m`bdn*o`m+ Ka ^jpmn`) hjno n^cjg\mn \m` \r\m` oc\o no\odnod^\g cdnojmd^\g _\o\pnp\ggt m`km`nìo di^jhkgò` diajmh\odji m`b\m_dib rjhì$n q\mdjpnrjmf+ Djr`q`m) oc\ifn oj oc` i`rnk\k`m npmq`t \i_ oc` ^jhkpo`mdu`__`hjbm\kcd^ _\o\ do c\n ]`ì kjnnd]g` oj ]òo`m _dnodibpdnc oc` i\opm`ja oc` ^jiagdô ]òr`ì lp\iodo\odq` \i_ lp\gdo\odq` njpm^`n+

?ji^gp_dib m`h\mfnEi h\it r\tn oc` rjmg_ ^c\ib`_ _m\h\od^\ggt _pmdib oc` ^jpmn` jaoc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt+ Eio`mqìdib \i_ g\mb`*n^\g` kmj^`nn`n r`m`\o rjmf \o oc` n\h` odh`) kmj_p^dib \ ojo\ggt _daa`mìo nj^d\g n^ì` \ooc` ì_ ja oc` ^ìopmt ^jhk\m`_ rdoc oc` ]`bdiidib ja do+ Or`_ìr\n k\mo ja ocdn _`q`gjkhìo) \i_ nj r\n _àdido`gt oc` ojri ja

* 05- *

Opi_nq\gg+ =n \ h\oo`m ja a\ô) do r\n ji` ja a`r ojrin di Or`_ìoc\o apgadgg`_ oc` ^mdo`md\ ajm bmjroc di oc` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt \n m`b\m_nndu`) `^jijhd^ apiôdji) \i_ _`hjbm\kcd^ `sk\indji+ Ei jm_`m oj bò\ ej] \ gjo ja hdbm\ion ocpn no\mo`_ oj _dm`ô oc`dm no`kn oj ocdn ojri+@`nkdo` oc` km`_jhdi\i^` ja oc` n\rhdgg di_pnomt) rcd^c hjnogtm`lpdm`_ h\g` g\]jm`mn) tjpib ndibg` rjhì ojj n``h oj c\q` c\_bjj_ m`\nji oj hjq` oj Opi_nq\gg+ Oo\odnod^\ggt nk`\fdib) rjhìhdbm\ion \ôp\ggt npmk\nn`_ oc` hì di oc` .54-n+ Pcdn nop_t c\naj^pn`_ ji oc` nj^dj*nk\od\g k\oc ja tjpib ndibg` rjhì ji oc`dmhjq` oj Opi_nq\gg _pmdib ocdn _`^\_`+ Pcpn oc`dm b`jbm\kcd^\g]\^fbmjpi_) j^^pk\odji\g nompôpm`) nj^d\g \i_ h\mdo\g hj]dgdot r`mòjkd^n ja k\mod^pg\m dio`m`no+ =]mj\_ oc` g\^f ja ^jhkgò` njpm^`n h\f`ndo c\m_ oj \i\gtu` ndhdg\m \nk`ôn) di k\mod^pg\m \n m`b\m_n rjhì$nhj]dgdot+ Ei_``_) ocdn ^dm^phno\i^` pi_`mgdi`n oc` kjdio ja ^jind_`mdibhjq`n h\_` ]t rjhì+ Pc\ifn oj oc` ^jhkpo`mdu`_ k\mdnc m`bdno`mn)np^c \i \kkmj\^c r\n h\_` kjnnd]g`+ ?jiq`mn`gt oj h\it joc`mnop_d`n ji lp\iodo\odq` _\o\) ocdn h\o`md\g \gnj a\^dgdo\o`n gjibdop_di\gnop_d`n) \o g`\no \n gjib \n oc` rjhì no\t`_ ji di Opi_nq\gg+

Ei ^jhk\mdnji oj joc`m àajmon ocdn m`kjmo m`q`\g`_ oc\o lpdo` \ g\mbìph]`m ja oc` tjpib ndibg` rjhì hdbm\ion c\_ hjq`_ \ ^jind_`m\]g`r\t di jm_`m oj m`\^c oc` ojri+ Ki \mmdq\g \]jpo 42 k`m^ìo ja oc`hr`m` m`kjmo`_ \n ]`dib g`^fi' d+`+ h\d_n jm _jh`nod^ n`mq\ion+ Pcìoc` k`kc\(nfd\e' _`hjdn`gg`n \i_ oc` gdf`) ajmh`_ oc` n`^ji_*g\mb`nobmjpk+ Aqì da oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn \m` pi\]g` oj apmidnc `s\ô diajm*h\odji ji rc\o j^^pk\odjin oc` rjhì hdbm\ion c`g_ _pmdib oc`dmno\t) hjno ja oc`h oì_`_ oj rjmf di otkd^\g a`h\g`+ Eo dn gdf`gt oc\o \ojri gdf` Opi_nq\gg) ocmjpbc \oom\ôdib nj h\it hì) \gnj kmjqd_`_lpdo` bjj_ ej] jkkjmopidod`n ajm rjhì+ Lm`nph\]gt) oc`m` r`m` cpi_*m`_n ja njgdo\mt hì) cpi_m`_n ja cpibmt rjmf`mn \i_ ocjpn\i_n ja_dmot ncdmon) oc\o \gg i``_`_ \ rjh\i$n n`mqd^`n+ = rjh\i fi`r oc`\mo ja ^jjfdib \ h`\g \i_ n^mp]]dib \ agjjm) \i_ nc` fi`r cjr ojr\nc \i_ dmji+ =i_ nc`) ojj) c\_ oj `\mi c`m jri gdqdib+

Djr`q`m) _pmdib oc`dm Opi_nq\gg m`nd_ì^t oc` rjhì hdbm\ionc\m_gt r\gf`_ oc` r\t ja nj^d\g np^^`nn+ Eino`\_) \ m`h\mf\]g` nj^dj*`^jijhd^ no\]dgdot ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ocjn` rcj no\t`_ ajm adq` t`\mn jmgjib`m+ >\nd^\ggt) jigt \ h\mmd\b` oì_`_ oj njhòdh`n c\q` ^c\ib`_oc`dm no\opn) \o g`\no oj njh` _`bm``+ >po oc` h\d_n pnp\ggt h\mmd`_h\g` n`mq\ion \i_ g\]jm`mn) `qì da njh` ja oc`h h\_` \ bjj_ h\o^c\i_ h\mmd`_ pkr\m_+ L`mc\kn oc`dm nfdgg di _jdib _jh`nod^ n`mqd^``skg\din ocdn otk` ja ^g\nn ejpmi`t+ Aqì ocjpbc oc` njpm^`n \m` pi\]gòj m`kjmo di rcd^c cjpn`cjg_n oc` h\d_n _d_ oc`dm rjmf) njh` ja oc`h

* 05. *

kmj]\]gt n`mq`_ r`\goct k`jkg` \i_ dio`m\ô`_ rdoc oc` pkk`m ^g\nnhì \i_ ocpn h\t]` h\i\b`_ oj h\mmt ji` ja oc`h+ Djr`q`m) ocdnc\kkì`_ jigt oj \ a`r h\d_n+ =itcjr) oc` n`mq\ion h\mmd`_ pkr\m_oj \ g\mb`m `soìo oc\i _d_ oc` joc`m rjhì rjmf`mn+ Pc` odog`*rjhìr`m` oc` ji`n hjno gdf`gt oj h\mmt hì amjh oc` pkk`m nj^d\g nom\o\+

=gg ji oc`dm jri) oc` rjhì hdbm\ion c\_ a`r kjnnd]dgdod`n ja^c\ibdib oc`dm no\opn) \o g`\no \^^jm_dib oj oc` k\mdnc m`bdno`mn+K^^pk\odji\g diajmh\odji _m\ri amjh oc` gj^\g i`rnk\k`mn di .546)cjr`q`m) ^\ggn ocdn dioj lp`nodji+ Ei ncjmo) rjhì m`kjmo`_ \n c\qdibij j^^pk\odji jm ocjn` g\]`g`_ _`hjdn`gg`n \i_ rdq`n di oc` k\mdncm`bdno`mn r`m` di a\ô ìb\b`_ di rjmf m`g\o`_ oj oc` n`mqd^` \i_ ]pnd*i`nn n`ôjm di Opi_nq\gg+ Pc\ifn oj oc` ^jhkpo`mdu`_ m`bdno`mn do r\nkjnnd]g` oj d_ìodat oc` rjhì) nò oc`dm _`hjbm\kcd^ am\h` \i_^jhk\m` oc` j^^pk\odji\g _\o\ di .546+ Pcdn ^jhk\mdnji m`q`\g`_a\ôn ja qdo\ g dh kjmo\i^` rcì do ^jh`n oj nop_t dib rjh ì $nj^^pk\odji\g nompôpm` di lp\iodo\odq` _\o\ np^c \n k\mdnc m`bdno`mn jm^ìnpn`n kmjqd_`+ Aqì ocjpbc ^jhkpo`mdu`_ \i_ ocpn \ggjrdib \rd_` m\ib` ja i`r hòcj_jgjbd^\g \kkmj\^c`n) ocdn ^\i i`q`m ^jq`moc` di^jhkgò` _\o\ ji rc\o rjhì di jm_`m oj `\mi oc`dm _\dgt ]m`\_m`\ggt r`m` rjmfdib rdoc+ Kigt ]t \__m`nndib njpm^`n ja _daa`mìoi\opm`n) ^\i k\mon ja ocdn bì`m\g kmj]g`h ]` apmoc`m `skgjm`_+

* 05/ *

Jjo`n.+ ?a+ Ij^c) H`ngd` L\b`) Gfmè^ ?lifg\Xej5 G`îXk`fej è Q\jk\ie ?lifg\ jèZ\ ,10+

%>gjjhdiboji7 Ei_d\i\ Qidq`mndot Lm`nn .66/&) kk+ .*.5)//*26).-0*.3-8 Dj^cno\_o)Oo`q`) I dbm\odji di Lm`di_pnomd\g C`mh\it ) =\ekiXc ?lifg\Xe B`jkfip' TRE %.650&)kk+ .62*//18 I^?\ion) =ii`) Eio`mi\g I dbm\odji di Bmd`ng\i_) .42-*.5-2 ) DflieXcf ]Cek\i[`jZ`gcèXip B`jkfip' TTEE %.66/&) kk+ 054*1-68 {f`mh\i) Opi`) Ai ]àjgfidibaÅm` _ì _`hjbm\adnf\ m`qjgpodjiì + Ei P`_`]m\i_) H\mn*CÅm\i %A_+&) B`jkfi`\(]fijbeè^ gv epX mv^Xi) Mkl[`\i k`ccvêX[\ Mk\e =Xicjjfe ,/),-),422 %Hpi_ .644&) kk+/40*0-/8 {f`mh\i) Opi`) Ei o`mi ]àjgfidibnjh agtooi dib j^c `h dbm\odji + Ei{f`mh\i %A_+&) ?d`îXk`fe\e ]iX Hfi[\e è[k`c ,) P\i[\ejbi`^) LXggfik\i k`c [\k efi[`jb\_`jkfi`b\idy[\ ` EyY\e_Xme ,42,' 4(,- Xl^ljk %GÅkìc\hi .64.&) kk+ 3.*.-48 Pdggt)?c\mg`n) I dbm\odji di Ij_`mi Apmjk`\i Ddnojmt + Ei Opi_di) F\i # OÅ_`mgpi_)Amdf %A_n+&) N`d\' MgXZ\ Xe[ GXe) ?jjXpj fe G`Zif[\dfîXg_p %Ooj^fcjgh .644&) kk+.42*.64+

/+ H``) Nj]`mo) Q m]\i H\]jm I\mfòn) Ei*h dbm\odji ) \i_ @`hjbm\kcd` Cmjroc7>m`hì) .5.2*.6.1 ) DflieXc f ] Cek\i[`jZ`gcèXip B`jkfip' TTTPEE %.666&) kk+ 104*06+

0+ ?a+ Ljjg`t) ?jgdi # Scto`) E\i @+) G`îXekj' ?d`îXekj Xe[ Cdd`îXekj5 ; MfZ`XcB `jkfip f ]G`îXk`fe %Hji_ji7 Njpog`_b` .66.&+ O`` k\mod^pg\mgt Eiomj_pôdji) kk+ .*.58 ?a+ ht jri lp\gdo\odq` àajmon ji oc` a`h\g` h dbm\ion di Opi_nq\gg \i_ oc`dmj^^pk\odji\g nompôpm` \^^jm_dib oj \go`mi\odq` njpm^`n np^c \n gj^\g i`rnk\k`mn)]pndi`nn no\odnod^n \i_ k\odì o m`^jm_n+ Bjm m`npgon \i_ ap moc`m mà`mì^`n) n`` Sjhì di \ I\i$n Pjri+ =nk`ôn ji Ojpm^`n) K^^pk\odji\g Oompôpm` \i_ I\mdo\gIj]dgdot ja Ujpib Qih\mmd`_ Sjhì di Opi_nq\gg) \ Or`_dnc O\rhdgg Pjri)@pmdib Ei_pnomd\gdu\odji + Qikp]gdnc`_ k\k`m km`nì o`_ \o oc` h`òdib ja ocÀOOD? %Apmjk`\i Oj^d\g O^dì^` D dnojmt ?jia`mì^`& di =hno`m_\h ) =kmdg /---+

1+ A_qdinnji) OÅmì) >\e fjle[X jkX[\e) MfZ`XcX jb`cceX[\i ` [y[c`^_\k ` ,3++(kXc\kj Mle[j(mXcc %Qh`~ .66/&) kk+ 0.*02+

2+ Pcjh\n) @jmjoct Or\di`) MfZ`Xc Xe[ ?Zfefd`Z ;jg\Zkj f ]Mn\[`j_ JfglcXk`fe Gfm\d\ekj,20+(,4.. %J`r Ujmf7 Pc` I\^hdgg\i ?jhk\it .61.&) kk+ .6*/0)../*.33+

3+ P`_`]m\i_) H\mn*CÅm\i) @`hjbm\adnf no\]dgdoò j^c aÅm}i_mdib pi_`m _ò di_p *nomd`gg\ bìjh]mjooò + Ei P`_`]m\i_) H*C+ %A_+&) B`jkfi`\]fijbeè^ gw epX mv^Xi) M kl ([`\i k`ccvêX[\ Mk\e =Xicjjfe ,/(,-(,422 %Hpi_ .644&) kk+ /2- a+

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.-+ P`_`]m\i_ %.664&) k+ ./1+

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.0+ N\qìno`di) A+C) Pc` H\rn ja I dbm\odji ) DflieXc f ] k_\ LfpXc MkXk`jk`ZXc MfZ`\kp) Rjg+// %.556&) kk + /1.*0-.8 Bjm \ ]mdà nphh \mt \i_ njh` ^mdod^ dnh m`b \ m_ di bN\qìno`di $n m`npgon) n`` Cmdbb) @+>+) A+C+ N\qìno`di \i_ oc` P\rn ja h dbm\*odji$ ) DflieXc f ] B`jkfi`ZXc A\fîXg_p) 0). %.644&) kk+ 1.*218 Pcjmq\g_nì) Cpii\m) P`jmd`m am\ cdnojmdnf hdbm\nejinajmnfidib7 njnd\gkntfjgjbd `gg`m Åfjijhd< ) N`[(jbi`]k ]fi jXd]leej]fijbeè^' 1 %.663&) kk+ 126*150+

.1+ =^^jm_dib oj H`bjno\_b\i oc` /1oc ja Kôj]`m r\n npkkjn`_ oj ]` oc` _\t rcì`hkgjthìo \bm``hìon pnp\ggt mpi jpo+ O`` F\fj]nnji) Oq\io` # Ooì S+ F\fj]n*nji) Iifej fZ_]yikm`mcXej ^vieè^Xi) I^`]kX bmèefij mwe[X ]yi _XmXe[\jbXg fZ_ YXie_yi[jjblcc %Anfdgnopi\ .66-&) k+ 2.+

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.3+ Ei h\it nop_d`n adq` t`\mn ja m`nd_ì^` dn ^jind_`m`_ \n ]`dib \ ^jiad_ìo ^mdo`mdji+Pcdn c\n m`_p^`_ oc` ojo\g iph ]`m ja .)/50 a`h\g` h dbm\ion oj 4.6+ Pcpn 11+.k`m^ìo ja oc` rjhì c\_ gào Opi_nq\gg \i_ ^jpg_ oc`màjm` ijo ]` ^jind_`m`_c`m`+ ?a+ > m}i_nomÅh ) = i_`mn # Amd^nnji) Pjh) Oj^d\g I j]dgdot \i_ Oj^d\gJòrjmfn+ Pc` Hjr`m I d__g` ?g\nn di H\o` J diò`ìoc ?ìopmt Opi_nq\gg + Ei>m}i_nomÅh ) =i_`mn # P`_`]m\i_) H\mn*CÅm\i %A_n+&) Mn\[`j_ OiYXe >\dfîXg_p>liè^ Ce[ljki`Xc`qXk`fe %Qh`~ .662&) k+ /3.+

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.5+ Bdbpm` 0 jigt jaa`mn \ a`r `s\hkg`n _m\r i amjh \ g\mb`m npmq`t ji ocdn ojkd^+Pcjpbc a`r di iph]`m) oc`n` `s\hkg`n i`q`moc`g`nn bdq` \ ]mdà nphh\mt ja oc`h\ejm m`npgon+ ?a+ RdfnomÅh %/---&+

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nordic demography in history and present-day...

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