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NOORUL ISLAM CENTRE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

NOORUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY, KUMARACOIL

M.E. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

SEMESTER I

Sl.

No

Course

CodeCourse Title L T P C

THEORY

1 MA1501Advanced Mathematics

3 1 0 4

2 BM1501Advanced Bio Signal processing

3 0 0 3

3 BM1502Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation

3 0 0 3

4 BM1503Applied Medical Image Processing

3 0 0 3

5 BM1504Anatomy and Physiology

3 0 0 3

6 XX5E1Elective I

3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

7 BM1571Medical Image & Signal Processing Lab

0 1 2 2

TOTAL 18 2 2 21

MA1501 ADVANCED MATHEMATICS 3 1 0 4

AIM:To gain a well found knowledge of optimizing a function and variational problems which

provide necessary mathematical support and confidence to tackle real life problems.

OBJECTIVE:The course objective is to extend the ability of the students in the areas of Matrix Theory

and Stochastic Processes. This will be applicable in Engineering practices and serve as a pre-requisite for higher studies and research.

UNIT I ADVANCED MATRIX THEORY 9Generalised Eigen vectors– Jordan canonical form –– Matrix norms – Singular value

decomposition – Pseudo inverse – Least square approximations – QR algorithm.

UNIT II SPECIAL FUNCTION 9Bessel's equation – Bessel function – Recurrence relations - Generating function and

orthogonal property for Bessel functions of first kind – Fourier-Bessel expansion.

UNIT III RANDOM PROCESSES 9Classification – Stationary random processes – Ergodic process - Auto correlation – Crosscorrelation – Properties - Power spectral density.

UNIT IV DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING 9Bellman’s principle of optimality – Characteristics of the dynamic programming model –

The recursive equation - Backward and Forward approach – Applications of Dynamicprogramming problem in Allocation problems , Shortest route problem and Cargo loadingProblem

UNIT V CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS 9Euler’s equation – Functional dependent on first and higher order derivatives –

Functional dependent on functions of several independent variables -Isoperimetric Problems.

L: 45 + T: 15, TOTAL: 60 PERIODSREFERENCES:

1. Bronson, R., “Matrix Operations”, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw–Hill, NewYork,1989.

2. Gupta, A.S., “Calculus of Variations with Applications”, Prentice-Hall of India, NewDelhi, 1997.

3. Dr.Venkataraman, M.K., “ Higher Mathematics for Engineering and Science”, NationalPublishing Company.1992.

4. Taha, H.A., “Operations Research – An Introduction”, Sixth Edition, Prentice-Hall ofIndia, New Delhi,1992.

5. Gupta, P.K. and Hira, D.S., “Operations Research”, S.Chand & Co. New Delhi,2001.6. Peebles Jr., P.Z., “Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”,

McGraw-Hill Inc..2002.

BM1501 ADVANCED BIO SIGNAL PROCESSING 3 0 0 3

UNIT –I INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS 9Examples of Biomedical signals - ECG, EEG, EMG etc - Tasks in Biomedical Signal

Processing - Computer Aided Diagnosis. Origin of bio potentials - Review of linear systems -Fourier Transform and Time Frequency Analysis (Wavelet) of Biomedical signals- Processing ofRandom & Stochastic signals – spectral estimation – Properties and effects of noise inbiomedical instruments - Filtering in biomedical instruments

UNIT –II CONCURRENT, COUPLED AND CORRELATED PROCESSES 9Illustration with case studies – Adaptive and optimal filtering - Modeling of Biomedical

signals - Detection of biomedical signals in noise -removal of artifacts of one signal embedded inanother-Maternal-Fetal ECG-Muscle- contraction interference. Event detection - case studieswith ECG & EEG – Independent component Analysis - Cocktail party problem applied to EEGsignals - Classification of biomedical signals.

UNIT –III CARDIO VASCULAR APPLICATIONS 9Basic ECG - Electrical Activity of the heart- ECG data acquisition – ECG parameters &

their estimation - Use of multiscale analysis for ECG parameters estimation - Noise & Artifacts-ECG Signal Processing: Baseline Wandering, Power line interference, Muscle noise filtering –QRS detection - Arrhythmia analysis.

UNIT -IV DATA COMPRESSION 9Lossless & Lossy- Heart Rate Variability – Time Domain measures – Heart Rhythm

representation - Spectral analysis of heart rate variability - interaction with other physiologicalsignals.

UNIT –V NEUROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 9The electroencephalogram - EEG rhythms & waveform - categorization of EEG activity -

recording techniques - EEG applications- Epilepsy, sleep disorders, brain computer interface.Modeling EEG- linear, stochastic models – Non linear modeling of EEG - artifacts in EEG &their characteristics and processing – Model based spectral analysis - EEG segmentation - JointTime-Frequency analysis – correlation analysis of EEG channels - coherence analysis of EEGchannels.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODSTEXT BOOKS

1. D.C.Reddy ,“Biomedical Signal Processing: Principles and techniques” ,Tata McGrawHill, New Delhi, 2005

2. Willis J Tompkins , Biomedical Signal Processing -, ED, Prentice – Hall, 1993REFERENCES BOOKS

1. R. Rangayan, “Biomedical Signal Analysis”, Wiley 2002.2. Bruce, “Biomedical Signal Processing & Signal Modeling,” Wiley, 20013. Sörnmo,“Bioelectrical Signal Processing in Cardiac & Neurological Applications”,

Elsevier

4. Semmlow, “Bio-signal and Biomedical Image Processing”, Marcel Dekker5. Enderle, “Introduction to Biomedical Engineering,” 2/e, Elsevier, 2005

BM1502 ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 3 0 0 3

UNIT 1: BIOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENT 9Electrode-Electrolyte interface, half-cell potential, Polarization- polarisable and

nonpolarizableelectrodes, Ag/AgCl electrodes, Electrode circuit model; motion artifact.Body Surface recording electrodes for ECG, EMG, and EEG -Internal Electrodesneedle and wireelectrodes- Micro electrodes- metal microelectrodes, Electrical properties of microelectrodes.Electrodes for electric stimulation of tissue

UNIT II : CARDIOVASCULAR MEASUREMENT 9ECG Theory, ECG Electrodes,Electrocardiograph,Vectorcardiograph, Amplifiers,

Transient Protection, Interference Reduction, Movement Artifact Circuits, Active Filters, RateMeasurement, Averaging and Integrator Circuits, Transient Protection Circuits,Phonocardiography, Blood Pressure Measurement (Invasive and Noninvasive), Blood Flowmeters: Magnetic, Ultrasonic, Thermal Convection Methods, Cardiac Output Measurement (dyedilution method), Plethysmography

UNIT III : NEURO MEASUREMENT 9Different waves from different parts of the brain, structure of neuron, Neuro muscular

transmission, Electroencephalography, Evoked Response, EEG amplifier, Biofeedback-Muscular Measurement- Muscle contraction mechanism, Myoelectric voltages,Electromyography (EMG)

UNIT IV : SPECIAL SENSES INSTRUMENTATION 9I. Ear: Mechanism of Hearing, Sound Conduction System, Basic Audiometer; Pure tone

audiometer; Audiometer system Bekesy; Evoked response Audiometer system, Hearing Aids.II. Vision: Anatomy of Eye, Visual acuity, (Errors in Vision,) Slit Lamp, Tonometer,ophthalmoscope, Perimeter.

UNIT V : RESPIRATORY INSTRUMENTATION & ELECTRICAL SAFETY 9

Natural Process of Breathing, O2 and CO2 Transport, Regulation of Breathing,Spirometers, airflow measurement, Oxygenators-Bubble Type, Membrane Type ,VentilatorsElectrical Safety:Significance of Electrical Danger, Physiological Effect of Current, GroundShock Hazards, Methods of Accident Prevention Electrical safety codes & standards.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODSTEXT BOOKS

1. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation By R. S. Khandpur, TMH

2. Biomedical Instrumentation, Arumugam

REFERENCES BOOKS

1. Human Physiology- The Mechanism of Body Function By Vander, Sherman,TMHEd.1981

2. Introduction To Biomedical Equipment Technology By Carr & Brown3. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements By Cromwell, 2nd edition, Pearson

Education.4. Biomedical Digital Signal Processing, Tompkins, PHI5. Text book of clinical Ophthalmology- Ronald Pitts Crick, Pang Khaw, 2ndEdition, World

Scientific publication. ISBN 981-238-128-76. “Medical Instrumentation” by John G Webster7. “Hand Book of Biomedical Engineering” by Jacob Klime.

BM1503 APPLIED MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3 0 0 3

UNIT I : DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS AND TRANSFORMS 9Image perception, MTF of the visual system, Image fidelity criteria, Image formation

model, Image sampling and quantization – two dimensional sampling theory, Imagequantization, Optimum mean square quantizer, some basic relationships between pixels, matrixand singular value representation of discrete images, Image transforms – 2D-DFT, DCT, DST,Walsh- Hadamard, Haar, Slant,KL and their properties..

UNIT II :IMAGE PREPROCESSING 9Image enhancement – point operation, Histogram modeling, spatial operations,

Transform operations - Image restoration – Image degradation model, Inverse and Weinerfiltering - Image Compression – Spatial and Transform methods

UNIT III : MEDICAL IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION 9Mathematical preliminaries and basic reconstruction methods, Image reconstruction in

CT scanners, MRI, fMRI, Ultra sound imaging., 3D Ultra sound imaging Nuclear MedicineImaging Modalities- SPECT,PET, Molecular Imaging.

UNIT IV: IMAGE ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION 9Image segmentation- pixel based, edge based, region based segmentation. Image

representation and analysis, Feature extraction and representation, Statistical, Shape, Texture,feature and image classification – Statistical, Rule based, Neural Network approaches

UNIT V : IMAGE REGISTRATION AND VISUALIZATION 9Rigid body visualization, Principal axis registration, Interactive principal axis

registration, Feature based registration, Elastic deformation based registration, Medical imagefusion, Image visualization – 2D display methods, 3D display methods, virtual reality basedinteractive visualization.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODSREFERENCES:

1. Atam P.Dhawan, ‘Medical Image Analysis’, Wiley Interscience Publication, NJ, USA2003.

2. R.C.Gonzalez and R.E.Woods, ‘Digital Image Processing’, Second Edition, PearsonEducation, 2002.

3. Anil. K. Jain, ‘Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing’, Pearson education, IndianReprint 2003.

4. Alfred Horowitz, ‘MRI Physics for Radiologists – A Visual Approach’, Second editionSpringer Verlag Network, 1991.

5. Kavyan Najarian and Robert Splerstor,” Biomedical signals and Image processing”,CRC– Taylor and Francis, New York,2006

6. H.B.Mitchell, “Image fusion Theories and Applications”, Springer verlag BerlinHeildelberg, 2010.

7. Jerry L.Prince and Jonathan M.Links,” Medical Imaging Signals and Systems”- PearsonEducation Inc. 2006

8. Geoff Dougherty, “Digital Image Processing for Medical Applications,”CambridgeUniversity Press,India 2009

BM1504 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:

To understand basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology. To study the organs and systems involved in body functions. To apply this knowledge into Biomedical engineering field.

UNIT I: CELL STRUCTURE, TISSUE and TISSUE SYSTEMS 9Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology, Basic Anatomical and Physiological

terms - Cell Structure & Functions, different cell organelles and their functions - Tissues andTissue Systems-Organization of human system - Introduction to Support Systems - MaintenanceSystems, Control Systems, Defence System and Concept of Homeostasis.

UNIT II: SKELETAL, MUSCULAR and NEURAL SYSTEMS 9The Skeletal System: Skeleton, Functions of skeleton, Classification of bones, Study of

joints - Structure and function of a Synovial joint - The Muscular System: Types of Muscles inthe body - The characteristics, structure and functions of the Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Musclesand Cardiac Muscles. Structure of a Neuron. Classification of neurons. Parts of brain corticallocalization of functions. Conduction of action potential in neuron - synaptic transmission. Partsof spinal cord , simple reflex , with drawl reflex and autonomic nervous system.

UNIT III : DIGESTIVE, EXCRETORY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 9Gross anatomy of digestive system, functional anatomy of Mouth, Oral cavity, Pharynx,

Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine and Anal canal - Physiology of digestion,assimilation & peristalsis, Gastric and digestive juices involved during digestion, associatedglands involved in digestive system - Urinary system, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra -

Skin and sweat glands. Functional anatomy male and female reproductive system - Grossanatomy of the respiratory passages

UNIT IV : BLOOD AND CARDIOVASCULAR 9Composition of blood corpuscles - RBC, WBC and Platelets - Plasma, hemoglobin -

coagulation of blood and anti coagulants, blood groups and its importance - Sites, functionalanatomy of lymph nodes and their function - Lymphatic system and its’ role in immune system -Functional anatomy of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries - The organization of systematicand pulmonary circulation, the cardiac cycle - Blood: Composition and Functions, Blood groupsand their importance - Cardiac output and venous return - Blood pressure and regulation of bloodpressure.Regulation of respiration. Cardiac cycle – ECG - Heart sound - volume and pressurechanges

UNIT V: ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND SPECIAL SENSES 9Anatomical structure of important endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,

pancreas, adrenal and gonads) - Short anatomy of the hypothalamus and the releasing hormonessecreted from it - Structure and function of anterior and posterior pituitary - Function of thyroid,parathyroid, supra renal and islets of Langerhans.Functions and importance of the parts of thebrain viz., cerebrum,mpons, medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and autonomicnervous system [sympathetic and parasympathetic] - Functional anatomy and physiology of eyes,ears, nose, tongue and skin.


1. Anatomy & Physiology, Gary A.Thibodeau, Kevin T.Patton – 7thEdition, MosbyPublisher 2009.

2. The Human Body, Gillian Pocock& Christopher D.Richards, Oxford University Press,2009.

3. Guyton ‘Text book of Medical Physiology – WB Jaunder company Philadelphia –10thedition 2002.

4. Tobin C.E., “Basic Human Anatomy”, McGraw – Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., Delhi 1997.5. Gibson.J., “Modern Physiology & Anatomy for Nurses”, Blackwell SC Publishing 1981.6. Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Elaine.N.Marieb Eight Edition, Pearson

Education,New Delhi, 2007.

BM1571 MEDICAL IMAGE & SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB 0 1 2 2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Basic representation of biomedical signals

2. Applying filtering methods to reduce noise in biomedical signals

3. Analysis of EEG signal

4. Analysis of ECG signal

5. Detection of QRS complex from ECG signal

6. Analysis of Arrhythmias

7. Adaptive noise canceling

8. Spectral Analysis

9. Gray level transformation and histogram processing of X-ray images.

10. Noise removal and filtering in various medical images

11. Pixel based segmentation of MRI images

12. Edge based segmentation of CT images.

13. Morphological operations on x-ray images.

14. Statistical feature extraction on X-ray and CT images.

15. Medical Image registration.

16. Color image Segmentation – Implementation in medical images





SEMESTER II

Sl.

No

Course


THEORY

1 BM1505Biomedical Imaging Systems

3 0 0 3

2 BM1506Advanced Virtual Instrumentation

3 0 0 3

3 BM1507Special Medical Equipments

3 0 0 3

4 BM1508Advanced Bio-MEMS

3 0 0 3

5 BM1509Bio Transducers & Sensors

3 0 0 3

6 XX5E2 Elective II 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

7 BM1572Virtual Instrumentation Laboratory

0 1 2 2

TOTAL 18 1 2 20

BM1505 BIOMEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS 3 0 0 3

UNIT-I X-RAYS AND RADIATION 9Principles and production of soft and hard X-rays, selection of anodes, Heel Pattern.

Scattered radiation, Porter Bucky system, Cooling system, Radio isotopes- alpha, beta andgamma radiations. Radio pharmaceuticals.Radiation detectors - Gas Filled, ionization Chambers,proportional counter, GM counter and Scintillation Detectors.

UNIT-II RADIO DIAGNOSIS AND SPECIAL RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS 9Radiography, Angiography, Fluoroscopy, Image Intensifier, Multi section radiography,

Principle, Plane of Movement, Multi section Radiography, CAT, Principle of NMR, MRI,Digital Fluoroscopy. Angiography, Cine angiography. Digital SubtractionAngiography.Mammography, CT-colonography.

UNIT-III RADIOISOTOPES AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE SYSTEMS 9Alpha, Beta and Gamma emission, Principle of radiation detectors, dot scanners, Nuclear

angiogram, brachytherapy,Principles of Radiation therapy. Hazardous effect of Radiation,Radiation protection Techniques, Safety Limits, Radiation Monitoring, Principle of nuclearmedicine, Production of radionuclides, generators, detectors, analysers-single, multi, thyroiduptake system, Gamma Camera- Principle of operation, Collimator, Photo multiplier tube, X-YPositioning Circuit, Pulse height Analyzer. Principles of SPECT and PET.

UNIT IV THERMAL IMAGING SYSTEM 9Medical thermography, physics of thermography, infrared detectors, thermographic

equipments, Quantitative medical thermography, pyroelectric vidicon camera,thermal camerabased on IR sensor with digital focal plane array.

UNIT-V SPECIAL IMAGING SYSTEM 9Ultrasound,physics of ultrasonic waves,A-Scan, B-scan, M-mode

echocardiograph,Endoscopy,Laproscopy-urology,Real time US imaging system- Multi-elementlinear array scanners-biological effects of US. Lithotriptors.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODSTEXTBOOKS

1. R.S.Khandpur, “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw-ill PublishingCompany Ltd., New Delhi, 1997. (Unit I - IV).

2. Steve Webb“The Physics of Medical Imaging“, Adam Hilger Philadelphia 1988. (Unit V)

REFERENCES1. William R.Hendee, E.Russel Ritenour,” Medical Imaging Physics”, Third Edition,

Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, 1992.2. Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine –Third edition – Gopal B.Saha –

Publisher – Springer, 2006.3. Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering –B.H Brown , PV Lawford, R H Small

wood , D R Hose , D C Barber , CRC Press, 1999.

4. Standard handbook of Biomedical Engineering and Design – Myer Kutz Publisher –McGraw – Hill, 2003.

5. P.Raghunathan, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Medicine” Conceptsand Techniques

BM1506 ADVANCED VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION 3 0 0 3

AIMTo obtain comprehensive knowledge in virtual instrumentation and some of its

biomedical applications.

OBJECTIVES To study the basic building blocks of virtual instrumentation. To study the various techniques of interfacing of external instruments of PC. To study the various graphical programming environment in virtual instrumentation. To study biomedical tool boxes in virtual instrumentation. To study a few applications in virtual instrumentation

UNIT I : FUNDAMENTALS OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION 9Concept of virtual instrumentation – PC based data acquisition -virtual instrument and

traditional instrument-hardware and software in virtual instrumentation-virtual instrumentationfor test, control and design

UNIT II : INTERFACING OF INSTRUMENTS IN VI SYSTEM 9Interfacing of external instruments to a PC – RS232, RS 422, RS 485 and USB standards

- IEEE 488 standard – ISO-OSI model for serial bus – Introduction to bus protocols of MOD busand CAN bus.

UNIT III : GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT IN VI 9Concepts of graphical programming – Lab-view software – Concept of VIs and sub VI -

Display types – Digital – Analog – Chart – Oscilloscopic types – Loops – Case and sequencestructures - Types of data – Arrays – Formulae nodes –Local and global variables – String andfile I/O.

UNIT IV : .TOOLS IN VI 9Digital filter design tools –spectral measurement tools – biomedical startup kit-GSD

Application-Image acquisition and processing using LabVIEW

UNIT V : APPLICATIONS IN VI 9Fourier transforms Power spectrum-Correlation methods-windowing & flittering-

Application in Process --Control Designing of equipments like Oscilloscope, Digital Millimeterusing Lab view Software -Study of Data Acquisition & control using Lab view

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS1. Virtual instrumentation using Lab View, Sanjay Gupta, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing,

first reprint, 2006.2. S. Gupta and J.P Gupta, ‘PC Interfacing for Data Acquisition and Process Control’,

Instrument society of America, 1994.3. Peter W. Gofton, ‘Understanding Serial Communications’, Sybex International.4. Robert H. Bishop, ‘Learning with Lab-view’, Prentice Hall, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS1. Labview Graphical Programming, “Gary Johnson”, second edition, MC GrawHill,

Newyork, 19972. Labview for everyone, “Lisa K. Wells & Jettrey Travis”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,

1997.3. Basic Concepts of Labview 4, “Sokoloff”, Prentice Hall, New Jercy, 1998.4. PC interfacing for Data Acquisition & process control, “S. Gupta, J.P.Gupta”, second

Edition, Instrument Society of America, 1994.

BM1507 SPECIAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS 3 0 0 3

UNIT I ARRHYTHMIA, AMBULATORY AND FOETAL MONITORINGINSTRUMENTS 9

Cardiac Arrhythmia Simulator, QRS detection techniques, exercise stresstesting,ambulatory monitoring instruments,cardiotocograph,Methods of monitoring foetal heartrate,monitoring labour activity,recording system.oximeters-ear,pulse oximeter, skin reflectanceoximeter,intravascular oximeter, cardiac-bedside-central monitoring systems

UNIT II BLOOD FLOWMETERS AND CARDIAC OUTPUT MEASUREMENT 9Electromagnetic blood flowmeter-types, ultrasonic blood flowmeters, NMR blood

flowmeter, lase rdoppler blood flowmeter, indicator dilution method, dye dilution method,thermal dilution method, measurement of continuous cardiac output derived from the aorticpressure waveform,impedance technique,ultrasound method.

UNIT III DIATHERMY 9IR and UV lamp and its application. Thermography – Recording and clinical application.

Short wave diathermy, ultrasonic diathermy, Microwave diathermy, Electro surgerymachine - Current waveforms, Tissue Responses, Electro surgical current level.

UNIT IV RESPIRATORY MEASUREMENT STSTEM 9Instrumentation for measuring the mechanics of breathing – Spirometer-Lung Volume

and vital capacity, measurements of residual volume, pneumotachometer - Airway resistancemeasurement, Whole body plethysmography, Intra-Alveolar and Thoracic pressuremeasurements, Apnea Monitor. Types of Ventilators – Pressure, Volume, Time controlled.Flow, Patient Cycle Ventilators, Humidifiers, Nebulizers, Inhalators.

UNIT V EXTRA CORPOREAL DEVICES AND SPECIAL DIAGNOSTICTECHNIQUES 9

Need for heart lung machine, functioning of bubble, disc type and membrane typeoxygenerators, finger pump, roller pump, electronic monitoring of functional parameter.Haemo Dialyser unit , Lithotripsy, Principles of Cryogenic technique and application,Endoscopy, Laproscopy.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODSTEXT BOOKS:

1. Joseph J. Carr and John M. Brown, “Introduction to Biomedical equipment technology”,Pearson education, 2003.

2. John G.Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, third edition, WileyIndia Edition, 2007.

REFERENCES:1. Myer Kutz, “Standard Handbook of Biomedical Engineering & Design”, McGraw Hill,

2003.2. Khandpur R.S, “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw Hill, New

Delhi, 2003.3 L.A Geddes and L.E.Baker, “Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation”,4. Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement”, Pearson Education,

New Delhi, 2007.

BM1508 ADVANCED BIO-MEMS 3 0 0 3

Unit I: MEMS AND MICROSYSTEMS 9MEMS and Microsystems- Introduction - Typical MEMS and micro system products -

Application of micro system in healthcare industry - Working principle of Microsystems,materials for MEMS and Microsystems, micromachining, System modeling and properties ofmaterialsUnit II: MICROSENSORS AND ACUATORS 9

Mechanical sensors and actuators – beam and cantilever, piezoelectric materials, thermalsensors and actuators- micro machined thermocouple probe, Peltier effect heat pumps, thermalflow sensors, Magnetic sensors and actuators- Magnetic Materials for MEMS Devices

Unit III: MICRO OPTO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 9Fundamental principle of MOEMS technology, light modulators, beam splitter, micro

lens, digital micro mirror devices, light detectors, optical switch

Unit IV: MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS 9Microscale fluid - Important consideration on micro-scale fluid - Properties of fluid -

expression for liquid flow in a channel, fluid actuation methods, dielectrophoresis, micro fluiddispenser, micro needle, micro pumps- Typical Micro-fluidic channels - continuous flow system

Unit V DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 9Drug delivery, micro total analysis systems (MicroTAS) - detection and measurement

methods, microsystem approaches to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA hybridization,Electronic nose, Bio chip

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS1. Wanjun Wang, Steven A.Soper “ BioMEMS- Technologies and applications”, CRC

Press, Boca Raton,20072. Abraham P. Lee and James L. Lee, BioMEMS and Biomedical Nano Technology,

Volume I, Springer 2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS1. Tai Ran Hsu, “MEMS and Microsystems design and manufacture”, Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 20022. Nitaigour Premchand Mahalik, “MEMS”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New

Delhi, 2007

BM1509 BIO TRANSDUCERS & SENSORS 3 0 0 3

UNIT I: TRANSDUCER & ITS CHARACTERISTICS 9Transducer – Definition, Classification of Transducer – analog and digital transducer-

primary and secondary transducer- active and passive transducer Inverse transducer,Characteristics and choice of transducer, Factors influencing choice of transducer.

UNIT II: RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE TRANSDUCER 9Resistance Transducer-Basic principle, Potentiometer – Loading effects, Resolution,

Linearity, Non-linear Potentiometer, Noise in potentiometer, Resistance strain gauge – Types,Resistance thermometer, Thermistors – characteristics, Thermocouple – Compensation circuits –junction and lead compensation, merits and demerits. Inductance Transducer:- Basic principle,Linear variable differential transformer, RVDT, Synchro, Induction potentiometer, variablereluctance accelerometer

UNIT III: CAPACITANCE AND PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER 9Capacitance Transducer – Basic principle, transducers using change in - area of plates

distance between plates- variation of dielectric constants, frequency response, Merits, demeritsand uses. Piezoelectric transducer- Basic principle, Mode of operation, properties of piezoelectriccrystals, loading effects, frequency response and impulse response uses.

UNIT IV: PRESSURE, DIGITAL AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS 9Pressure sensors – bourdon tube, bellows, diaphragm. Digital Transducer – shaft encoder,

optical encoder ,digital speed transducer. Hall effect transducer, sound sensors, vibration sensors– seismic tranducer, chemical sensor – PH sensor, velocity transducer, Introduction to smartsensors.

UNIT V: BIOSENSORS 9Overview of Biosensors - Fundamental elements of biosensor devices - ElectrochemicalBiosensors - Optical Biosensors - Mass and Acoustic Biosensors

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS1. A.K. Sawhney “A Course in Electrical and Electronics Measurements and

Instrumentation” – Dhanpat Rai & Co., (Pvt) Ltd., 2000.2. S.Renganathan “Transducer Engineering” – Allied publishers Limited, 1999.

REFERENCE BOOKS1. Ernest O. Doeblin “Measurement Systems – Application & Design” McGraw – Hill

Publishing company, 1990.2. Woolvert, G.A., “Transducer in Digital Systems” Peter Peregrinus Ltd., England, 1998.3. D. Patranabis “Principles of Industrial Instrumentation” Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi, 1996.

BM1572 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 0 1 2 2

1. Creating Virtual Instrumentation for simple applications

2. Programming exercises for loops and charts

3. Programming exercises for clusters and graphs.

4. Programming exercises on case and sequence structures, file Input / Output.

5. Data acquisition through Virtual Instrumentation.

6. Developing voltmeter using DAQ cards.

7. Developing signal generator using DAQ cards.

8. Simulating reactor control using Virtual Instrumentation.

9. Real time temperature control using Virtual Instrumentation.

10. Instrumentation of an amplifier to acquire an ECG signal

11. Ac, Analyse and Present an EEG using virtual instrumentation

12. Image acquisition and processing using Labview.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS





SEMESTER III

Sl.

No

Course


THEORY

1 XX5E3 Elective III 3 0 0 3

2 XX5E4 Elective IV 3 0 0 3

3 XX5E5 Elective V 3 0 0 3

PRACTICAL

4 BM1573Medical Instrumentation Laboratory

0 1 2 2

5 BM15P1Project Work – Phase I

0 0 12 6

TOTAL 9 1 14 17

BM 1573 MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 0 1 2 2

1. Study and Check Specifications of an ECG Recorder.

2. Recording of Electromyogram.

3. Measure Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer, Calibration of BP apparatus

4. Study of Audiometer

5. record/monitor heart sounds using Electronic Stethoscope

6. Develop a Photo-plethysmography Sensor for Pulse Rate Measurement

7. Study of Haemodialysis Machine: Dialyzers

8. Respiratory measurement using Spirometry

9. Design and Implement an ECG Amplifier

10. Implement a Heart Rate Meter

11. Study EEG/EMG

12. Study Ophthalmic instruments

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS




CURRICULUM

SEMESTER IV

Sl.

No

Course


1 BM15P5 Project Work – Phase II 0 0 36 18

TOTAL 0 0 36 18





LIST OF ELECTIVES

Sl.No CourseCode

Course Title L T P C

1 BM15A1 Advanced Biomechanics 3 0 0 3

2 BM15A2 Physiological Control systems 3 0 0 3

3 BM15A3 Advanced Rehabilitation Engineering 3 0 0 3

4 BM15A4 Medical Optics 3 0 0 3

5 BM15A5 VLSI Design & Application 3 0 0 3

6 BM15A6 Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition 3 0 0 3

7 BM15A7 Physiological Modeling 3 0 0 3

8 BM15A8 Medical Informatics 3 0 0 3

9 BM15A9 Nano Technology in Medicine 3 0 0 3

10 BM15B1 Embedded Systems for Medical Applications 3 0 0 3

11 BM15B2 Biofluids and Dynamics 3 0 0 3

12 BM15B3 Advanced Biomaterials 3 0 0 3

13 BM15B4 Telemedicine & Expert Systems 3 0 0 3

14 BM15B5 Medical Robotics 3 0 0 3

15 BM15B6 Tissue Engineering 3 0 0 3

16 BM15B7 Hospital Waste Management 3 0 0 3

17 BM15B8 Soft computing for Medical Applications 3 0 0 3

18 BM15B9 Pattern Recognition for Medical Applications 3 0 0 3

BM15A1 ADVANCED BIOMECHANICS 3 0 0 3

AIM:

Fundamentals of mechanics involved in human body To give an exposure about the uses of bio mechanics in medical and sports.

OBJECTIVES:

To learn the basic concepts of Biomechanics. Application of biomechanics in Sports and medicine.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9Introduction to bio-mechanics, relation between mechanics and Medicine, Newton's laws,

biofluid mechanics, soft tissue mechanics, stress, strain, shear rate, viscosity, visco elasticity, nonNewtonian viscosity, mechanical properties of soft biological tissues.

UNIT: II STATICS AND MOTION OF THE BODY 9Statics and Motion of the body: Forces in the Achilles tendon, forces on the Hip. Stress and

strain, Shear, hydrostatics. Statics of the body: the lower arm. Hip. Statics of synovial joints.Kinematics and musculature. Forces on the feet.

UNIT: III MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 9Material components of the body. Elastic properties, bone shortening. Energy storage in

elastic media. Viscoelesticity in bone, bone fractures. Total muscle tension, Muscle fatigue.Biomechanics of bone and ligament.

UNIT IV MECHANISM OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9Skeletal muscles servo mechanism, Cardio vascular control mechanism, respiratory

control mechanism

UNIT V BIO MECHANICAL ASPECT OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 9Experimental and Analytical method of analysis, Clinical evaluation, Head Injury

tolerance, rotational injury, spine injury – Accident reconstruction, Analysis of impact, skidanalysis – Damage analysis.

TOTAL: 45

REFERENCES:1. Bio Mechanics Circulation: Y.C. Fung.2. Fundamentals of Biomechanics: Nihat Ozkay & Margareta Nordin.3. Physics of the Human Body. Irving P. Herman4. Fundamentals of Biomechanics. Duane Knudson5. D.Dawson and Right, Introduction to Bio-mechanics of joints and joint

replacement,Mechanical Engineering publications Ltd. 1989.6. Jacob clime, Head book of Bio Medical Engineering, Academic Press in,Sandiego, 1988.7. Susan J.Hall, Basics Bio Mechanics 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co,2002.

BM15A3 ADVANCED REHABILITATION ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3

UNIT I PROSTHETIC AND ORTHOTIC DEVICES 9Hand and arm replacement, different types of models for externally powered limb

prosthetics, feedback in orthotic system, material for prosthetic and orthotic devices, mobilityaids.

UNIT II AUDITORY AND SPEECH ASSIST DEVICES 9Types of deafness, hearing aids, application of DSP in hearing aids, vestibular

implants,Voice synthesizer, speech trainer.UNIT III VISUAL AIDS 9

Ultra sonic and laser canes, Intra ocular lens, Braille Reader, Tactile devices for visuallychallenged, Text voice converter, screen readers.

UNIT IV MEDICAL STIMULATOR 9Muscle and nerve stimulator, Location for Stimulation, Functional Electrical

Stimulation,Sensory Assist Devices

UNIT V REHABILITATION MEDICINE AND ADVOCACY 9Physiological aspects of Function recovery, Psychological aspects of Rehabilitation

therapy, Legal aspect available in choosing the device and provision available in education, joband in day-to-day life.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODSREFERENCES

1. Levine.S.N.Editor, Advances in Bio Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, InterUniversity Publication, New York 1968.

2. Albert M.Cook and Webster J.G, Therapeutic Medical devices, Prentice Hall Inc.,NewJersy, 1982.

3. Reswick.J, What is Rehabilitation Engineering, Annual review of Rehabilitationvolume2,Springer-Verlag, New York 1982.

BM15A4 MEDICAL OPTICS 3 0 0 3

UNIT I OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TISSUES 9Refraction, Scattering, absorption, light transport inside the tissue, tissue properties,

Light interaction with tissues, optothermal interaction, fluorescence, speckles.

UNIT II INSTRUMENTATION IN PHOTONICS 9Instrumentation for absorption, scattering and emission measurements, excitation light

sources – high pressure arc lamp, solid state LEDs, Lasers, optical filters, polarizer, solidstate detectors, time resolved and phase resolved detectors.

UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF LASERS AND SPECIAL OPTICAL TECHNIQUES 9Laser in tissue welding, lasers in dermatology, lasers in ophthalmology, otolaryngology,

urology,neurosurgery, dentistry, Near field imaging of biological structures, in vitro clinicaldiagnostic, fluorescent spectroscopy, photodynamic therapy .

UNIT IV OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY AND HOLOGRAM 9Optical coherence tomography, Elastrography, Doppler optical coherence tomography,

Application towards clinical imaging, principle of hologram, optical hologram, applications.

UNIT V OPTICAL BIOPSY 9Raman, infrared, optoacoustics, ultrasonically modulated optical imaging, molecular

probes, optical tweezers, bioluminescent reporters.TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS1. Tuan Vo Dirh, “Biomedical photonics – Handbook”, CRC Press, Bocaraton, 20032. Mark E. Brezinski., Optical Coherence Tomography: Principles and

Applications,Academic Press, 2006.

REFERENCES

1. Leon Goldman, M.D., & R. James Rockwell, Jr., “Lasers in Medicine”, Gordon andBreach, Science Publishers Inc., New York, 1971

2. R. Splinter and B.A Hooper, An Introduction to BioMedical Optics,Taylor andfrancis,2007.

BM15A5 VLSI DESIGN & APPLICATION 3 0 0 3

COURSE OBJECTIVES: To understand the concepts of MOS transistors operations and their AC , DC characteristics. To know the fabrication process of cmos technology and its layout design rules To understand the latch up problem in cmos circuits. To study the concepts of cmos invertors and their sizing methods To know the concepts of power estimation and delay calculations in cmos circuits.

UNIT I MOS TRANSISTOR THEORY 9NMOS and PMOS transistors, CMOS logic, MOS transistor theory – Introduction,

Enhancement mode transistor action, Ideal I-V characteristics, DC transfer characteristics,Threshold voltage- Body effect- Design equations- Second order effects. MOS models and smallsignal AC characteristics, Simple MOS capacitance Models, Detailed MOS gate capacitancemodel, Detailed MOS Diffusion capacitance model

UNIT II CMOS TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN RULE 9CMOS fabrication and Layout, CMOS technologies, P -Well process, N -Well process,

twin –tub process, MOS layers stick diagrams and Layout diagram, Layout design rules, Latch

up in CMOS circuits, CMOS process enhancements, Technology – related CAD issues,Fabrication and packaging.

UNIT III INVERTERS AND LOGIC GATES 9NMOS and CMOS Inverters, Inverter ratio, DC and transient characteristics , switching

times, Super buffers, Driving large capacitance loads, CMOS logic structures , Transmissiongates, Static CMOS design, dynamic CMOS design.

UNIT IV CIRCUIT CHARACTERISATION AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION 9Resistance estimation, Capacitance estimation, Inductance, switching characteristics,

transistor sizing, power dissipation and design margining. Charge sharing .Scaling.

UNIT V VLSI SYSTEM COMPONENTS CIRCUITS AND SYSTEM LEVELPHYSICAL DESIGN 9

Multiplexers, Decoders, comparators, priority encoders, Shift registers. Arithmeticcircuits –Ripple carry adders, Carry look ahead adders, High-speed adders, Multipliers. Physicaldesign – Delay modelling ,cross talk, floor planning, power distribution. Clock distribution.Basics of CMOS testing.


1. Neil H.E. Weste and Kamran Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design, PearsonEducation ASIA, 2nd edition, 2000.

2. John P.Uyemura “Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2002.

3. Eugene D.Fabricius, Introduction to VLSI Design McGraw Hill International Editions,1990.

4. Pucknell, “Basic VLSI Design”, Prentice Hall of India Publication, 1995.5. Wayne Wolf “Modern VLSI Design System on chip. Pearson Education.2002.

BM15A6 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND PATTERN RECOGNITION 3 0 0 3

AIM By learning various techniques of problem solving, searching and other knowledge

representation, artificial intelligence will be formed. By understanding different types of pattern recognition techniques and decision making,

any patterns in the clinical side can be recognised.

OBJECTIVES To study different components of artificial intelligence and basic problem solving

methods. To learn the different techniques of pattern recognition and training. To learn various rules available in decision making. Study the different approaches of pattern classification and application in clinical

diagnosis.

UNIT: I INTRODUCTION 9Definition of AI, Intelligent agents, perception and language processing, problem solving,

searching, heuristic searching, game playing, Logics, logical reasoning.

UNIT: II BASIC PROBLEM SOLVING METHODS 9Forward Vs Background, knowledge representation, frame problems, heuristic functions,

weak methods of matching.

UNIT: III PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION 9Patterns and features, training and learning in pattern recognition, pattern recognition

approach, different types of pattern recognition.

UNIT: IV DECISION MAKING 9Baye’s theorem, multiple features, decision boundaries, estimation of error rates,

histogram, kernels, window estimaters, nearest neighbor classification, maximum distancepattern classifier, adaptive decision boundaries.

UNIT: V CLUSTER ANALYSIS AND FEATURE EXTRACTION 9Unsupervised learning, hierarchical clustering, Graph theories approach to pattern

clustering, fuzzy pattern classifier, application of pattern recognition in medicine.TOTAL: 45

TEXT BOOKS1. Elain Rich and Kevin Knight, “Artificial Intelligence”, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill,

1993.2. Earl Gose, Richard Johnsonbaugh, Steve Jost, “Pattern Recognition and Inmage

Analysis”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

BM15A7 PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELING 3 0 0 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9System Concept, System Properties, Piece-Wise Linear Approximation, Electrical

Analog for Compliance, Thermal Storage, Mechanical Systems, Step response of aResistance/Compliant Systems, Pulse Response of First Order System.

UNIT II TRANSFER FUNCTION 9System as an Operator use of Transfer Function, Bio Engineering of a Coupled System,

Example of Transformed Signals and Circuits for the Transfer Function with Impedanceconcept,Prediction of Performance.

UNIT III PERIODIC SIGNALS 9Sinusoidal Functions, Sinusoidal Analysis of Instrumentation System, Evaluation of

Transfer Function s from Frequency Response, Relationship between Phase Lag and Time DelayTransient Response of an Undamped Second Order system, General Description of NaturalFrequency Damping, Physical Significance of Under Damped Responses.

UNIT IV FEEDBACK 9Characterization of Physiological Feedback Systems, system stability, Uses of System

Stability - Testing of System Stability.

UNIT V SIMULATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 9Simulation of Skeletal muscle servomechanism, thermo Regulation, cardiovascular

control System, Respiration controls, Oculo Motor System, Endocrine control system andModelling of receptors.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

REFERENCES1. William B. Blesser, A System Approach to Biomedicine, McGraw Hill Book Co, New

York, 1969.2. Manfreo Clynes and John H. Milsum, Biomedical Engineering System,McGraw Hill and

Co, New York, 1970.3. Douglas S. Rigg, Control Theory and Physiological Feedback Mechanism,The William

and Wilkins Co, Baltimore, 1970 .4. Richard Skalak and Shu Chien, Hand Book of Biomedical Engineering,McGraw Hill and

Co, New York, 1987.5. Michael C.K. Khoo, "Physiological Control System" - Analysis, Simulation and

Estimation"- Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 2001

BM15B7 HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 3 0 0 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9The Medical Waste Stream - Types of waste - Waste management elements - Definition

of General and Hazardous health care waste, Infectious waste, Genotoxic waste, Waste Sharps,Biomedical waste – categories Categorization and composition of Biomedical waste.Specification of materials. Hospitals & health care establishments & other sources- RegulatoryRequirements.

UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION 9Disease Transmission - Disinfection methods – Sterilization - steam sterilizing (Auto

claving) - Microwave (Non-burn treatment technology) - central sterilization unit (CSSD)

UNIT III DISPOSAL OF WASTE 9Sources of Health care wastes, Disposal methods - Colour coding for different wastes -

Incinerator - Hazardous waste, radioactive waste, liquid waste destruction - landfill.

UNIT IV CONTROLS APPLIED TO WASTE MANAGEMENT 9Air pollution and Emission control, Water pollution due to hospital waste and control

measures - Instrumentation and monitoring, Crematories

UNIT V ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, RISKS & PUBLIC ISSUES. 9Risk management in hospitals - Environment issues in hospitals - Risk analysis – Public

issues faced due to Hospital wastesTOTAL : 45 PERIODS

REFERENCES1. C.R.BRUNNER, Medical Waste Disposable Handbook, Incentrated, Consultant in

orporated, Virginia, 2000.2. C.R.BRUNNER, Incentrated Consultant in Corporated Incentration System Hand Book,

Virginia.

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