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Noone Society Presents …..

The Nomni White paper

(El Nomni Abyud Papyrus)

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Nomni: A peer-to-peer electronic indigenous government back digital asset and fiat currency (Token) for, all indigenous civil, economic, security & financial system

Gen. Dr. Noboohu Oonoo NoopooH (Dr. Lawiy Zodok Shamu-El)

www.noonesociety.tk, Noonesocietycouncil2016@hotmail.com. THE PROFESSMENT

There are projects that use such blockchain advantage as exchange transactions without intermediaries. Some of such projects include all kinds of decentralized exchanges, crowdfunding sites and p2p lending systems. Blockchain has attracted the attention of banks and other financial institutions, as it enhances security against cyber-attacks, guarantees data integrity, and reduces operational costs. Some of the interesting financial projects include, which combines a distributed payment system and currency exchange. Having assessed the benefits of the new technology, major banks (Bank of America, Bank of England, Reserve Bank of India) and their associations (for example, R3 blockchain consortium, which includes banks, such as Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Credit Suisse, Barclays, Uni-Credit and others), announced they will work on financial blockchain platform

projects.

http://www.noonesociety.tk/mailto:Noonesocietycouncil2016@hotmail.com

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An important step in blockchain development was taken by the Noone project, which offers

an omniversal blockchain platform for civil services, based on smart laws, contracts, software modules that execute transaction algorithm with arbitrary digital assets. The main

advantages of smart laws, contracts, cities over the conventional laws, contracts, and cities are: security, no need for intermediaries, reduced transaction costs and, of course, execution automaticity. A decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO) service has been implemented on the Ethereum, Ripple, and Egaas platform. DAO is a smart law, contract,

city systems that fully or partially secures the work of commercial and non-commercial organizations. Published state and corporate analytical studies found that widespread introduction of blockchain will reduce costs of financial transactions, while at the same time enhancing their protection against fraud. It will also bring indisputable advantages in effecting control over all sorts of assets and ensuring data confidentiality. However, the number of technical challenges faced by blockchain that are being solved are:

· Poor scalability (growth in data volume on each node)

· Low bandwidth,

· Centralization tendency as a result of the growing resource-intensity of data validation

procedure (when using the proof-of-work method used in Bitcoin blockchain).

There are many ways to overcome these problems in the now time and there are acceptable

solutions. However, it becomes obvious that they are not the main obstacles to expand the

introduction of blockchain outside the sphere and scope of virtual money.

If we look to the experience of the development of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency and its clones,

it would be noted that it was made possible primarily thanks to the closeness of the data

space of their blockchains –credibility and privacy of transactions without intermediaries are

ensured only due to the fact that transactions are conducted within one database and they

do not require reference to any external source. It is exactly this condition of closeness of

data space that is not implemented when attempting to apply blockchain in projects related

to real world tangible objects rather than virtual objects. In fact, the Bitcoin blockchain

should be regarded as a distributed registry of digital assets.

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These assets (coins) appear in blockchain in strictly fixed amounts, and the blockchain

stores data of all transactions with these assets. This is what ensures security and privacy of

the Bitcoin system and user trust in it.

The eGaaS blockchain platform Common space for smart contracts Any data placed in

blockchain registries, document management systems and crowdfunding sites have no higher

reliability than original offline information. That is, blockchain provides only data security,

protects them from modification after entry into the system and ensures confidence in the

safety or relevant transaction inside the blockchain. But it doesn't guarantee full data

integrity. Smart contracts also have this same kind of limitations – they can only be effective

if the executable code has direct access to the objects described in them. It means that they

can only operate on data stored in the blockchain platform implementing smart contracts.

And it is clear that contracts operating only within the closed information environment of a

particular blockchain cannot be widely used by state, financial and business institutions. The

problem of credibility will not be solved either by entering all digitized state, financial and

business information into a variety of specialized blockchain registries. Even if a common

blockchain platform protocol for data transmission between blockchains is developed, the

system as a whole will still not provide the level of reliability and, most importantly, the

credibility level that the Bitcoin blockchain provides, transaction, verified within one

blockchain cannot be reliable when data obtained from the outside is included in it even if the

data are entered not by humans but by special applications ("oracles"). From this analysis, it

can be concluded that the obvious benefits of the blockchain technology can be fully realized

only within a common enclosed information space, that is, within a common blockchain

platform for all possible data types. This was the idea that formed the basis for the eGaaS

project. Noone Society, will participate in the eGaas project as well as including the

Counterparty network and other major crypto-exchanges for our Noone Society Financial

Service, who will implement and utilized this project to leverage other system included in our

services like Noone Government Service Exchange on the C.E.S Community Exchange

System and Nibiru Reserve which will be the backed up reserve for all crypto-currencies on

our own Virtual Private Network servers and web, similar to darknet, internet, etc..

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The following principles lie at the heart of the eGaaS blockchain platform:

· Only those data that are generated within the platform can have full credibility;

· These data would be credible only if they are used within the platform;

· Maximum credibility of data inputted into the system from the outside can be obtained only

if there is an extremely formalized and legally verified offline protocol, implemented at the level

of governments. Noone Society and our sovereign indigenous government back digital asset

and fiat currency Nomni will be offer to all world governments and their financial markets as a

secured financial vehicle for use of securing all digital assets and cryptocurrencies on the

market today and more altcoins to come, allowing exchanges and digital asset creators more

access to working with a peaceful established world indigenous government body for

completion of economic development plans, internal, and external civil services and products.

In today's world when all spheres, state, financial, economic, social, are extremely intertwined,

interdependent and integrated into a common information flow, blockchain can be a reliable

and effective platform only if data on maximum number of objects and agents involved in

activities in these spheres are included. That is, the eGaaS database should incorporate all

possible registries: of civilians (citizens), property, organizations, shareholders, industrial

products, copyrights, licenses, etc. Besides, it is obvious that all financial activities delegated

most likely to the central bank of the country has to be transferred to a common blockchain

platform. Allowing for development for a balance of central government and decentralize civil,

economical, & financial systems.

However, full functionality and maximum efficiency of such a common blockchain can be

secured only by including in it the legislative regulations of the state. This will complete the

creation of a closed information space required for efficient functioning of smart contracts. It

is only when agreement objects (registry objects), conditions of agreements (legislative

regulations, tariffs, standards), financial instruments, and, of course, transaction agents are

joined in the common data space that smart contracts can be actually used for mass

purposes.

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Nu Unified City-States

Smart laws, contracts, & cities

Transfer of core activities to the eGaaS common blockchain platform and widespread use

of smart contracts as a means of regulating relations between the parties would inevitably

lead to fundamental transformation of the existing forms of state governance. The role of

legislative activity would utterly increase, and the need for the controlling functions of the

government would virtually be eliminated making them more Noocratic. Laws that have been

transferred to the blockchain become instruments of direct effect: any changes in legislative

regulations, tariffs and rates are automatically taken into account by all the existing smart

contracts. At that, the smart contracts themselves are initially created in strict compliance

with legislative regulations this is ensured programmatically and no longer by incompetent &

heartless lawyers. Therefore, combining laws and activities regulated by all civilians in the

eGaaS common database would eliminate a lot of regulatory authorities and automatically

perform many functions of the state. The new term "smart law" is introduced to emphasize the

special form of implementing state laws in the eGaaS blockchain platform.

Smart law is an algorithm (scenario) in which the conditions necessary for ascribing attributes

relations to objects of the law (legal and natural persons) or for performance of certain

actions with these objects are established. For example, a smart law may determine the

conditions of establishment of relationship "married" between two citizens of the state or

conditions of transaction "tax payment". Some smart laws (for example, tax laws) work in a

tracking mode – they record execution of transactions of a certain type and automatically

perform statutory action (tax deduction). Other smart laws (for example, marriage smart law)

are triggered when they are accessed through special forms and are performed interactively.

After checking all the conditions set out in them, these smart laws complete their action by

ascribing attributes relations to new objects or refusing to do so.

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Economic smart laws and cities control both how smart contracts are created and how they

are executed, thereby automatically prohibiting the inclusion in them of operations that

contravene the law. Introduction of smart laws and cities (in addition to the financial system

and registry structure) therefore completes the creation of a common information space for

full and efficient operation of smart contracts. All state laws whose subjects are objects

listed in the eGaaS blockchain registries are transferred into smart law format. Transfer of

state laws into smart law format does not require the involvement of programmers, a special

eGaaS interface is used. Earlier-adopted laws come into effect in the eGaaS space in the

form of smart laws after signing them with electronic keys belonging, for example, to the heads

of the legislative and executive bodies of the state. New laws can be created and tested right

in the eGaaS space. A new smart law is adopted and comes into force once signed with the

required number of electronic keys of representatives of the legislative body of the state. A

special smart law establishes the percentage of votes required for the adoption of laws.

Special smart laws prescribe the duration and conditions of legislative elections, they accept

applications from candidates, launch the voting procedure and count the votes. Voting by

means of electronic keys is quick and incurs minimum cost. Voting results, that are stored in

the blockchain, are practically impossible to be tampered with. Solidifying the security and

financial backing of the account ledgers for all Noone Society governmental and non-

governmental operations utilizing both a private and a public ledger and blockchain.

Smart laws are directly effective laws. Implementing them does not require intermediaries or

regulatory authorities. Amendments and changes made to them take effect immediately.

Many of the functions of state bodies, most notably registration of civil status (birth,

marriage, divorce), taxation, regulation of financial and business relations, are automatically

executed and controlled by eGaaS smart laws.

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Transfer of all data on objects regulated by state laws (natural persons and legal entities,

real estate, shares, etc.) to the eGaaS platform minimizes the possibility of fraud and

manipulation of these objects, their origins and operations with them become extremely

transparent. Also, continuous monitoring by smart laws makes business transactions

conducted using smart contracts much safer. Together with paper documents, and the

documentary credit of Nomni as a digital asset & financial instrument, with the very concept

"forgery of documents" is also eliminated: blockchain entry about getting a driver's license,

visa, certificate, awarding of a title or award cannot be changed, and you can gain a free and

secure access to this information from any device connected to the network.

However, despite the openness and accessibility of information contained in the eGaaS

database, the blockchain technology ensures its confidentiality. The link between a bank

account or medical data and a civilian (citizen) to whom they belong is encrypted and closed

for direct access. But if necessary, for example, by a court order, any data can be accessed

if there are two or more electronic signatures of representatives of various institutions (e.g.

the central bank, prosecution and investigation). As an interstate blockchain platform that

features equality of all its components and information security against forgery, eGaaS can

increase the independence of every country in international relations and strengthen the

supremacy of civil union & society power in domestic affairs.

eGaaS further offers:

· Would ensure automatic implementation of many international standards and agreements;

· Would make it impossible to change the state affiliation of objects of unified registries

without relevant international agreements;

· Would reduce the possibility of hidden influence of the external structures on the legislative

activity of the state as a result of the transparency of blockchain technologies;

· Would hinder illegal financing of political organizations from outside the state.

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However, eGaaS would also become an effective tool for implementation of the UN

Resolution on the Responsibility to Protect, which says that state sovereignty should be

conceived not only as a privilege but also as a duty to protect the people living within the

boundaries of the state. In the event the rights and freedoms of people in a particular state

are violated, eGaaS would serve as an effective mechanism for international and now

intercontinental as well as global institutions for introduction of such coercive measures as

economic sanctions, which will be automatically executed by all members of the platform.

Practical implementation of the eGaaS project requires addressing several technical

problems. One of the main problems is to ensure a capacity sufficient to maintain the working

efficiency of all system components. Here, it should be noted that the capacity of any

blockchain platform does not exceed the capacity of its weakest node. That is why

Ethereum-type blockchain cannot be used to create a common database – its nodes simply

cannot cope with the load required to process transactions of even a small country. The

possibility of distributing computing operations among all nodes exists only in theory.

Although the very idea of load distribution is very attractive and it is included in the list of

tasks to be solved by the eGaaS team. And, of course, the existing blockchain platforms are

incapable of providing the required transaction processing speed. Even if 7 billion people will

each make 10 transactions per day, you'll have over 700 thousand transactions per second

according to eGaas. Consequently, the system should be designed for a load of at least one

million transactions per second. However, the very idea of a common blockchain platform that

requires creation of a common global space of the most reliable data already contains a

solution to the problem of providing sufficient network capacity and to the problem of

maintaining the equality of states and their confidence in all nodes. It is clear that such

solution involves creating an eGaaS blockchain network node for each state joining the

platform. At that, each node will have to contain a complete copy of the blockchain

database. To this end, a special data center capable of serving the node operation should

be allocated for each state. The equality of all states and their confidence in the information

posted in the eGaaS database is secured via equal participation of all nodes in the creation

and signing of blocks. All the network nodes confirm transactions and sign blocks

consecutively. If a block is not signed within the allotted time, the right of signature is

transferred to the next node.

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For creating a block, each node receives a commission from transactions. To maintain the

working efficiency of the eGaaS blockchain, the transaction confirmation commission is

established such that it is sufficient for maintenance of the data center. The commission is

calculated every month based on the average expenses incurred by nodes to maintain data

centers and the total transaction amount. Such a way of calculating commissions will allow

each node, no matter how small the city-state that owns it, to maintain its functionality,

regardless of the number of transaction and the blockchain size. The range within which the

commission (relative to the calculated baseline) can be changed, depending on the

transaction amount, should be established via a special global, intercontinental, and

international smart law. Initially, the main eGaaS systems (financial transactions, smart laws

and smart contracts) will be tested on a virtual state. An account will be opened in its Central

Bank for each user who obtained its civilianship (citizenship). Civilians (Citizens) will have

access to the basic business operations like the creation of organizations, financial

settlements in the government currency using smart contracts. Standard smart laws, for

example, marriage and divorce laws, laws for elections to the parliament of the virtual state,

and laws for writing and adopting new smart laws will be subsequently tested. eGaaS offers

only a technological solution for implementation of the financial activities of states, for

creation and execution of smart laws and smart contracts and for creation of the appropriate

registries. However, eGaaS cannot predetermine the legal procedures necessary for states

to join the blockchain platform. Which for Noone Society was an easy legislative decision as

the virtual setup fits our mundialization resolution. It is advisable to allow experts to draw up

rules and regulations necessary for deployment of the government’s move into the eGaaS

platform. To this end, it is proposed that international working groups be established in all

areas in which eGaaS technology will be used: state structure and international relations,

monetary policy and banks, customs relations, certification of goods and services, common

registries, medicine, education, social protection, ecology, etc. These working groups will

have to create rules and regulations that will regulate the creation of smart laws that set out

the procedure on how states will join the project. Working alongside with Noone Society

states can form themselves into allied crypto-states, nations, and kingdoms through our

Intergalactic Treaty of Peace & Friendship.

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https://www.scribd.com/document/274034875/Noon-Society-Treaty-of-Peace-and-

Friendship

At the first stage of eGaaS joining procedure, governments and legislative bodies of each

country will have to develop and implement a citizens' registration mechanism protected

against forgery with transfer of their account electronic keys to them. When registering in

eGaaS, the date of birth, gender, parents, marital status and details of identity documents

(and other information at the discretion of the government) are entered. After compiling the

registry of citizens, the government can enter smart laws of civil registration (registration of

birth, marriage, divorce, death) into the system and enact them. The registry of citizens will

also allow to use election smart law that regulates acceptance of applications from

candidates for elected office and the voting procedure. Implementing just this first step will

allow not only to form a secure registry of civilians (citizens) required for implementation of

any activity, but also to work out an algorithm for adopting and applying smart laws and

making amendments thereto, and most importantly, to save significant resources spent by the

state on civil registration and elections. As the first international eGaaS project that does

not require linkage to financial transactions, it is proposed to create a common visa registry

for all states. With registries of citizens, the procedures of obtaining an invitation and visa,

which in essence comes down to making entries to the eGaaS blockchain, in most cases can

take place without visiting consulates and embassies, reliable information about citizens is

available in the common database. One can check from any smartphone whether a visa was

issued or not. Such visa is definitely more accessible, reliable and protected against

tampering than a paper label on a passport. To fully introduce smart contract technology,

the government would need to open eGaaS accounts for all its civilians (citizens) in its

Central Bank. After that, most financial settlements can be performed via smart contracts

under the control of smart laws. Full transition of government to the eGaaS platform would:

· Significantly reduce documents circulation in the public, social and economic spheres;

· Make the provision of public services convenient and fast;

· Allow the real-time analysis of social, political and economic processes;

· Almost eliminate expenses on monitoring and registration authorities;

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· Make the government activity more transparent and accessible for accounting and control,

which will enhance its efficiency and lead to significant reduction in corruption and shadow

economy;

· Offer new methods of combating crime.

Combination of a full range of registries, financial, legal and economic systems in a common

information space would open up new business opportunities:

· Would simplify the process of registration, licensing, insurance, and approval of business

loans;

· Would minimize the need for accounting and legal services;

· Would enhance transaction safety;

· Would eliminate a great number of intermediaries;

· Would radically reduce transaction costs, particularly in international trade.

For civilians (citizens), eGaaS would:

· Automate the process of receiving public services;

· Protect personal data from other citizens, as well as from unauthorized access by certain

state structures;

· Eliminate the need to obtain, maintain and provide paper documents;

· Lower the cost of many services due to the p2p (person-to-person) services eliminating

intermediaries: mutual crediting, ordering a taxi, hotel reservations, buying flight tickets, etc.;

· Raise the level of medical care thanks to full account of all medical records, prescriptions,

procedures and so forth. Data on expenses in public areas and economic sectors where

introduction of a common blockchain platform can radically change financial situation or

completely eliminate financial losses:

· In 2015, there were approximately 2.81 million people employed as accountants and

auditors in the U.S. only. This figure is projected to increase to 3.4 million in the coming

years.

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Business expenditures on the accounting, tax preparation and payroll calculation services in

the United States are projected to reach $160 billion by 2018.

· The IRS expenses in 2015 passed $11 billion.

· In 2015, the global banking sector generated $1.3 trillion in total profit formed from

business and citizens' expenses on banking services [9].

· A study by Prof. Edgar Feige, an economist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison,

estimates that shadow economy turnover in the US in 2012 totaled as much as $2 trillion.

According to the Internal Revenue Service, about $500 billion in taxes were lost because of

unreported wages.

· According to a report "Corruption Perceptions Index 2015" released by Transparency

International, poor countries lose $1 trillion to corruption every year.

· In 2009, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime put transnational organized

crime turnover at around $870 billion – an amount equal to 1.5 per cent of global GDP.

If we consider the above-listed global losses and extrapolate the US data to the whole

world, we can predict that transition to the eGaaS blockchain can save about 10% of global

GDP.

The main questions that have been answered by this write-up is: Why do states need this

particular common blockchain platform? Why is it meaningless to implement some of its

services (such as smart laws, smart contracts, financial transaction mechanism, and all kinds of

registries) on separate blockchains. The key arguments in favor of a common eGaaS

blockchain platform are summarized below:

· Separate blockchain registries and blockchain platforms ensure data accuracy and integrity

only within their own databases, any data transmission between separate blockchains

minimizes all the advantages of this technology.

· Smart contracts are effective only when all the data on objects involved in the transaction,

as well as statutory provisions governing the contract, and, of course, the relevant financial

transactions, are directly accessible by the smart contract algorithm, that is or are recorded in

a common database.

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· Transfer of the legislative system of a state to smart law technology is also possible only if

all the objects, whose interrelationships, including financial ones, are regulated by state laws,

are presented in the common blockchain platform.

· The normal functioning of the economy of a modern state cannot be closed within its

borders. Therefore, a common blockchain platform can perform only as a global,

intercontinental, and international platform that connects all the states of the world together

into a common network.

· None of the existing blockchain platforms of which conventional computers could be nodes,

can provide the necessary reliability and performance of a common network. Therefore, only

state-supported large data centers, each of which stores a full version of the blockchain, can

serve as blockchain platform nodes. Only such a network configuration, where each of the

nodes is involved in the verification and signing of blocks, can provide reliable data storage

and accuracy. All previous attempts at building information models of state and economic

activities have failed because the parties involved built a typical model, they tried to duplicate

and replicate offline relationships in the program code. eGaaS offers doesn’t mean

governments are to give up offline economy, it provides a tool for building a new, initially

additional digital economies. A common blockchain is needed not to model relationships, but

to implement them on a fundamentally different basis. All formal communications, all formal

relations, contacts, transactions, sales & purchases go to the blockchain subspace. They fall

into digital sediment. Archiving live communication and creativity remain outside, on the

surface. eGaaS is an international blockchain platform that is needed both by states and by

civilians (citizens) in equal measures. eGaaS is designed to illuminate the shadowy niche in

which the modern financial and political systems reside. eGaaS should be the platform on

which the state and business structures of all countries should function harmoniously for the

benefit of the civilians (citizens). Noone Society by the issuing of our own financial

instruments, coinage(s), also intrinsic, tangible currency and cryptocurrency as well. Our

coinage (token) is called Sovereigncoins (token), masih or Nomni (token). Our commercial

medium of exchange instruments and items will be known as Nomni Units. These securities

will help create those who are in dire need of finances to help rebuild, replenish, and rehab

homes, upgrade entire neighborhoods, by turning them into eco communities and villages.

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Land development projects, land surveys that are back by new smart land patents, that will be

use to secure funding for the entire society and all world governments. That way everyone in

the entire society will also have what is needed to survive and thrive in finances, economics,

and promulgate their own true cultures. Noone Society Financial Services will be at the for-

front of the financial markets new evolution by linking up with those at eGaas, and as well as

The Community Exchange System (www.community-exchange.com)

The Community Exchange System (CES) is a community-based exchange system that

provides the means for communities to trade and exchange their goods and services, both

locally and remotely. It could also be described as a global complementary trading network

that operates without the need for money as it is commonly understood. This will also take

place of our current security exchange commission, and other clearing house companies who

are supposed to monetize securities. As they are passed through the clearing houses to be

exchange for a FEDWIRE, TT&L, and ACH, transfer through the federal window. Our

current government is being funding privately by a privately owned corporation known as the

Federal Reserve with its own government, that has been guiding the course of our natural

constitutional government, since it conception. Unlike the conventionally known fiat based

exchange system, the CES has not just one physical currency. The idea that such a

currency is necessary before any trading can take place is an ancient one and increasingly

changing in this day and age of computers and the Internet. Digital minted Information can

replace tangible currencies and at the same time eliminate most of the problems associated

with our current money system.

In addition, the CES provides a range of exchange methods for exchanging goods and

services: record keeping organized bartering, swapping, gifting and sharing and proper

monetization of securities, documentary credits, and all other financial instruments and items.

This allows users to find the appropriate way to exchange what they have to offer, all without

using Federal Reserve Debt notes. There are many similar trading systems around the

world, commonly known as Community Exchange Systems, Local Exchange Trading

Systems (LETS), and Mutual Credit trading systems, Clearing Circles, Trade

Exchanges or Time Banks. These all use metric currencies – currencies that measure as

opposed to the issued currencies of conventional money-based exchange systems.

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Apart from using information instead of circulating currencies to facilitate exchange, these

exchange systems are community-focused in order to build community and keep wealth where

it is created. The CES takes this a step further by providing the means for inter-community

trading, right up to the global level.

As metric currencies are documentary credit information they do not have to be ‘accepted’

like conventional federal money so there is no need for an issuing authority or for a supply of

it, and none is required to start trading. ‘Money’ in these systems is a retrospective book-

keeping that keeps a record of who did what for whom and who provided what to whom.

There can never be a shortage of documentary credit information as there can of money, as

information does not have to be created and limited by a third party (banks or government) in

order to give it value and meaning. For this reason the concepts of borrowing, lending and

interest are meaningless in the CES.

There are many different types of alternative or complementary exchange systems and they

are growing in popularity throughout the world. Some use ‘hard’ currencies, where notes and

coins are issued by the group for their own use; others use time as a ‘currency’ rather than

notes; and yet others use a ‘virtual currency’ which is the recording of the values of goods and

services exchanged.

Complementary exchange systems foster the real wealth of communities and rebuild a sense

of worth and self-esteem among their users. Around the world they report an increased

sense of vitality in all sectors of the communities using them. While these exchange systems

might have a slightly different function for each of these sectors, they certainly have

relevance to all.

These systems provide infinite opportunities for exchanging one’s narrow specializations for

the goods and services offered by others. In this way a complementary exchange system acts

like a supplementary currency, creating an additional stream of value in a community. By

supplementing conventional cash flow with a local exchange system a community can provide

an additional source of essential goods and services that become scarce in economic

downturns and protect itself from changes and fluctuations in the national money supply. I

help you, and you help another—and someone else helps me.

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The recipients of help become, in turn, the providers of help. What goes around comes

around. By helping others you become entitled to receive goods, services or help from

someone else.

When you receive something, someone else is entitled to claim from the community the

equivalent of what they provided.

CES exchanges compile and distribute a directory of goods and services offered by the

users registered with them, as well as a list of their ‘wants’ or requirements. When a user

requires something advertised in the directory the seller is contacted and the trade takes

place. The buyer ‘pays’ the seller by signing a trading sheet provided by the seller or by

handing over a cheque-like trading slip that records how much the buyer is agreeing to be

debited by the seller for the goods & service delivered. The slip is either handed by the seller

to a group administrator who will enter the amount into the computerized system, or the

information is entered directly by the seller. Sales are recorded as credits for sellers and as

debits for buyers. The central book-keeping system records the relative trading positions of

the traders. Those in credit can claim from the community goods and services to the value of

their credit and those in debit owe the community goods and services to the value of their

debit. Traders receive a regular statement of account that lists their trades and gives their

balance at the end of the period. Information about the trading position of others prevents

unscrupulous buyers from exploiting the system. Newsletters assist in building links and

enhancing the sense of community.

No this is not a barter system, almost always involves bargaining between two individuals to

establish the relative worth of the goods or services they wish to exchange. There is no

bargaining in the CES as the recipient is in no way obligated to the provider. The

recipients of value ‘pay’ for what they have received by delivering & selling something to other

traders in the community at a later time. Complementary exchange systems are as versatile as

conventional ones.

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Is this just a tax dodge? Definitely not! Our motives are noble. Our aim is to create a more

equal society where wealth is distributed according to contribution, not according to the

ability to ‘make money’. In other countries where these systems have become big, the state

has either ignored the tax angle because it saves state expenditure on welfare payments, or

there is an agreement to provide services to the state. Our approach is that when the CES

becomes big, the state should become a user of the system and participate in the normal way.

In this way the state could credit itself through the services it provides to all users and debit

itself by purchasing the services of CES users.

Can I only trade with members of my own exchange group? The CES is a global trading

network with exchanges in many countries. Credits earned in one exchange can be spent in

another, or if you are visiting another area you can trade with local CES traders. New

exchanges are starting in new areas all the time, and existing ones are growing steadily.

One of the reasons why we took the initiative to launch this project is that it is in line with our

new economics thinking. New economics is about rebuilding society using alternative &

sustainable economic policies and practices. Complementary exchange systems fall into this

category because they are instrumental in:

• Mobilizing the real Wealth of a Community: The knowledge and skills of its people is

the real wealth of a community. Conventional money drains away while a local exchange

system keeps this wealth moving about the community, generating economic activity and

providing access to the common wealth for all involved. People who have accumulated a wide

range of skills and abilities suddenly become once again highly valued members of the

community.

• Fostering Self-Reliance & Self Esteem: In our communities unemployment is

growing and increasing numbers of people are unable to get their needs met. Single-parents

may need respite care or other services for their children. Elderly pensioners also need a

range of specialized services or may simply require company to combat loneliness. At present

a person’s ability to access these and other services is proportional to their purchasing

power. The community exchange system breaks this bottleneck by making it easier to match

someone’s need with another’s offerings. People are no longer dependent upon welfare or

charity, and everyone’s self-esteem is elevated.

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• Increased Personal Savings & Disposable Income: Because CES users can

acquire local goods and services through their local exchange system, this reduces their need

for one centralize kind of currency. Disposable income in conventional money, available after

basic needs are met, thus increases. Those who trade regularly with complementary

exchange systems will find they have more money left in their pockets at the end of each week.

The rate of community savings, and therefore of community investment and capital

generation, will improve. This will result in an improvement in the quality of life for everyone.

• Creating Local Economic Control: Complementary exchange systems help to plug

the leaky bucket of the local economy. By creating an exchange system that reduces the

leakage of wealth from a community, uncontrolled and activity-limiting capital outflows are

reduced. As wealth generated by users of a local exchange system only has value in the

community in which it is generated, it continues circulating to create more wealth for everyone.

They give community members a powerful new tool with which to “steer” the local economy in

directions which benefit everyone.

• Building Community Support Networks: Because the CES plugs its users into a

local information network, it provides new or isolated residents with an instantaneous social

support network. This avoids the embarrassment of introductions for strangers. Through a

CES network all users have a ready reason for calling for support or help. Elderly

pensioners, people with disabilities, unemployed youth, supporting parents, new arrivals, and

single-income families with partners trapped in a dormitory suburb can all build firm

friendships on relationships established through a functioning network.

• Fostering Social Justice & Equality: Because the value attached to one’s time and

commitment is set individually by participants, a complementary exchange system equalizes

the differentials that exist in the conventional economy between the work of women and the

work of men. This greater equality helps prevent the polarization of the community “haves”

and “have-nots”. There is no point in accumulating community credits as they do not earn

interest. It is only by spending them back into the community that the individual or community

benefits. Local exchange systems foster participation at all levels in the community.

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• Building a Sense of Community: The increasingly transient, temporary and mobile

lifestyle in the world today has seriously damaged our sense of belonging to a meaningful

community. Because a local exchange system builds relationships it is a powerful means of

regenerating a sense of trust among community members, a necessary component to the

health of any community. As communities become more self-aware and self-reliant through

the use of a local exchange system, isolation, fear and loneliness diminishes and everyone

benefits.

• Keeping Wealth where it is created: National currencies always leak away to the

‘money centers’ creating money deserts and the dwindling of local economic activity. Local

exchange systems, on the other hand, are community based and so keep wealth where it is

created. Where previously economic activity was stagnant, the local exchange system can

stimulate trade and permit things to happen where formerly there was no economic activity

due to a lack of money. By being community focused the entire community becomes self-

sufficient and does not have to rely on ‘imports’ and external businesses to provide what is

required.

• Bringing the ‘Money Power’ Back to the Commons: The money we use in our daily

lives is provided by the corporate financial system as a profit-making enterprise, not by the

government as a public service to the community. As such, the money we use does not belong

to the commons and so we have little control over how it is spent and who it benefits and the

true progression of our nation. A local exchange system is democratic but also fits our

noocratic system because it brings the ‘money power’ back to the people. Its users can

decide how that power is exerted therefore much stress is taken away and more creative

power is exerted.

Crypto Portfolio and Asset Holdings: Our society’s free coinage currently a

cryptocurrency portfolio worth $340 million or more due to some of our assets being backed

by Secured Creditors & Parties and has developed a total of 13 cryptocurrencies. Two of

which have yet to be launched, so there's still an opportunity for you to have a large stake in a

new globally circulated currency. 9 of these cryptos are located on the Counterparty asset

exchange:

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https://blockscan.com/asset?q=SSCCOMMODITY

https://blockscan.com/asset?q=A18284473848574423000

https://blockscan.com/asset?q=A16010333686354852000

https://blockscan.com/asset?q=A4467135775982984700

https://blockscan.com/asset?q=A6408522349366780000

https://blockscan.com/asset?q=A9686449138470382000

https://blockscan.com/assetInfo/NOMNI

https://blockscan.com/asset?q=CPNCOIN

https://counterpartychain.io/asset/ECFXSVC

https://counterpartychain.io/asset/SOVEREIGNC

Also, we own 1% of the total money supply of the "Pennies or Cent" Cryptocurrency which,

due to the end of Cryptsy, has now become a very rare and indivisible commodity that will be

added to another exchange on the C.E.S called the Noone Government Service

Exchange, and our monetary circular called the Southern Currency Union..

Over $2,000,000.00 worth of digital inventory that can be exchanged for Sovereigncoin:

Sovereigncoin has the largest forex digital product market offered for cryptocurrency

ranging from tutorials, to software, such as thousands of indicators and over 16,000 expert

advisors (automated trading bots).

Over $125,000.00 worth of FPGA electronic components that can be exchanged for

Sovereigncoin:

FPGA's are mini-supercomputers in a chip capable of doing anything the mind can perceive

and are currently on the bleeding edge of technology. This is an uncommon yet very valuable

commodity that backs our cryptocurrency.

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Blockchain Technological City District (Smart Cities) We have the opportunity to offer

the world true higher standards of living, economic freedom and security for everyone,

production in accordance with consumer demands, and equal and equitable distribution of

income, wealth, and funds for all empires, kingdoms, and nations world over. Masdar City in

Abu Dhabi UAE is being constructed for 45,000 to 50,000 people and is projected to

cost almost 20 billion USD by the time of expected completion in 2020-2025. Masdar

City will be one of the most sustainable cities in the world. Noone Society Nu City-States

of Peace will mimic Masdar City, Delaware, UK, Singapore, and Estonia by bringing in

and utilizing the technological advancements of digital assets and currencies.

The Blockchain is perfect for Government Services: William Mougayar is the author of

"The Business Blockchain" and a board advisor to the Ethereum Foundation, the non-

profit that oversees the development of one of two blockchains seeking to popularize the

distributed computing platform.

In this opinion piece, Mougayar offers his thoughts on why global governments should be –

and increasingly are – embracing blockchain

In Delaware, the state where a majority of new companies will likely incorporate, Governor

Jack Markell announced two blockchain initiatives in May at CoinDesk's Consensus 2016

event.

As detailed by the governor, the first effort is focused on moving state archival records to an

open distributed ledger, and the second allows any private company that incorporates in that

state to keep track of equity and shareholder rights on the blockchain.

At the time, Markell declared Delaware is "open for blockchain business", and hopefully,

2016 will see continued progress made in delivering on this promise.

Singapore: On the other side of the world in Singapore, the government has turned to

blockchain for different reasons.

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There, the city-state is seeking to prevent traders from defrauding banks, driven by an

incident where Standard Chartered lost nearly $200m from a fraud in China’s Qingdao

port two years ago.

Here, fraudulent companies used duplicate invoices for the same goods to get hundreds of

millions of dollars from banks, so the Singapore government developed a system with the

local banks focused on preventing invoice fraud by using the blockchain to create a unique

cryptographic hash (a unique fingerprint) of every invoice.

The banks share this unique key, rather than the raw data. If another bank tries to register an

invoice with the same details, the system will be alerted.

Estonia: Long one of the more progressive digital governments, Estonia has established an

e-residency program where anyone in the world can apply to become an e-resident of

Estonia. In return, residents receive a digital ID card with a cryptographic key to securely

sign digital documents, eliminating the need for ink signatures on official paperwork.

An e-resident can also open bank accounts using Estonia's e-banking system, set up an

Estonian company using the country's online system and use their e-services. With the

blockchain, Estonia is bringing worldwide residents to them virtually, and gaining new revenue

streams accordingly.

Estonia also has a healthcare initiative where medical records are tracked, and as a patient,

you know who looked at your record and when. This puts you in control of your own data,

and you have transparency about the medical care you are getting.

Georgia, Ghana and Sweden: Another emerging area of focus is in government land

registries.

The Republic of Georgia, for example, is developing a blockchain project focused on this

goal and spearheaded by their National Agency of Public Registry. They want to show that

Georgia is corruption free, modern and transparent government.

Another land registry application is taking shape in Ghana, West Africa, where they are

implementing it in 28 communities to enable tamper-resistant property ownerships.

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Again, the driving element was to make a statement against the perception that the country

had corrupt practices, and this initiative is used as a signal to attract foreign investors.

Sweden is planning to place real estate transactions on the blockchain so that all parties

involved in the transactions – banks, government, brokers, buyers and sellers – would be able

to track the progress of the agreement once it is completed. This will enable instantaneous

confirmation of valid transactions with the utmost levels of security and integrity.

UK: The UK is exploring the use of a blockchain to manage the distribution of grants.

Monitoring and controlling the use of grants is incredibly complex, and subject to potential

fraud or abuse.

A blockchain, accessible to all the parties involved, is a better way of solving that problem.

Activity areas: If your government, county, municipality, town, city or jurisdiction is not

thinking about the blockchain, they should be.

There is plenty of room for innovation, especially in small cities and municipalities, as they are

a perfect starting point.

Given the early stage of blockchain technology, it is a lot easier to implement solutions at

smaller scales first, in jurisdictions that have between five to 300,000 citizens, instead of

larger cities of more than a million inhabitants.

As a government entity, what can you do with the blockchain? Generically, there are four

categories of activity:

Verification. Licenses, proofs of records, transactions, processes or events. Did this event

take place? Was this service performed on this piece of equipment? Does this person have

the right permit?

Movement of assets. Transferring money from one person or entity to another. Enabling

direct payments, once a work condition has been performed.

Ownerships. Land registries, property titles, and any type of real estate ownership. The

blockchain is a perfect keeper of the chain of custody for any physical asset.

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Governing cities should issue blockchain e-identities to its civilians, enabling them too

securely use services like voting. An e-identity could become similar to a passport, allowing

its holder access to a variety of services and rights. But, how do we get there? And what

actions can the government take? MAZA is a Cryptocurrency Network for All Sovereign

Tribes. Which we of Noone Society look forward to future collaborations with.

Government leaders should by now be up to speed on the blockchain and by understanding

it first, and now committing to exploring its potential. Put people in charge of developing a

blockchain strategy. Maybe there are employees that have been exploring it already, and

they need to spread their wings and gain legitimacy with new projects.

Start experimenting with blockchain technology via proofs of concept, sandboxes and small

projects that do no harm.

Develop new and more progressive ideas that are increasingly ambitious, and touch the lives

of the civilians they are serving.

Make a difference. Commit to introducing innovative blockchain-based solutions that cut

costs and provide better or faster services to civilians. There is no more need to hope that

the public sector around the world starts putting the blockchain on their agenda. Now we can

see a significant difference in how government services are going to be delivered.

Initial Public Coin Offering: Initial Public Coin Offering is a popular way to raise money for

a new cryptocurrency project by distributing a percentage of the initial coin supply among

the early supporters and backers. An IPCO solves the problem of initial coin distribution,

since the supply goes to whoever has given money for the project development. It has been

controversial owing to a number of scams, but many successful cryptocurrencies were funded

through an IPCO. Some of the popular cryptocurrencies using this model include

Ethereum, Bitshares, NXT, Mastercoin, Factom, etc.

IPCOs have properties resembling stocks, and therefore new projects starting from

Ethereum have classified their IPCOs as ‘Software Pre-sales’ instead and believe they

follow the crowdfunding model instead of an IPO model, where payments are received not for

an equitable share in the enterprise but for a license to run the software.

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What is e-Residency & Smart Cities?

E-Residency and smart cities offers to every world civilian (citizen) a government-issued

digital identity and the opportunity to run a trusted government online, unleashing the world’s

civil service & entrepreneurial industrial potential.

The Republic of Estonia is the first country to offer e-Residency, a transnational digital

identity available to anyone in the world interested in administering a location-independent

business online. E-Residency additionally enables secure and convenient digital services

that facilitate credibility and trust online as well as lead to the operation of smart cities.

E-Residents can:

• Digitally sign documents and contracts

• Verify the authenticity of signed documents

• Encrypt and transmit documents securely

• Establish an E-Resident company online. A physical address in Estonia is required

to establish an Estonian company. An Estonian address may be obtained via an external

service provider.

• Administer the global, national, or state government from anywhere in the world.

• Conduct e-banking and remote money transfers. Establishing an a central bank

account like an Estonian bank account currently requires one in-person meeting at the bank.

E-residents are not guaranteed bank accounts and may establish them at the sole discretion

of our banking partners.

• Access online payment service providers

• Settle E-Resident taxes online. E-Residency does not automatically establish tax

residency. To learn about taxation and to avoid double taxation please consult a tax

professional.

All of these (and more) efficient and easy-to-use services have been available to Estonians

for over a decade. By offering e-Residents the same services, Estonia is proudly pioneering

the idea of a country without borders.

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E-Residents receive a smart ID card which provides:

• Digital identification and authentication to secure services

• Digital signing of documents

• Digital verification of document authenticity

• Document encryption

Digital signatures and authentication are legally equivalent to handwritten signatures and

face-to-face identification in E-Residents and between partners upon agreement anywhere

around the world. Recent changes in EU law mean that within the next few years Estonian

e-residents will be able to easily identify themselves, access online services, and conduct

business across Europe, Noone Society looks to soon offer the same to all world civilians.

The e-Resident ID card and services are built on state-of-the-art technological solutions,

including 2048-bit public key encryption. The smart ID card contains a microchip with two

security certificates: one for authentication, called PIN1, and another for digital signing,

called PIN2. PIN1 is a minimum 4-digit number used for authorization, and PIN2 is a minimum

5-digit number for digital signing.

E-Residency does not confer citizenship, tax residency, residence or right of entry to

Estonia or to the European Union. The e-Resident smart ID card is not a physical

identification or a travel document, and does not display a photo. For Noone Society and

all tribal members will use the Smart ID cards as legal and lawful identification, including but

not limited to civilianship and travel documentation.

Kaspar Korjus, e-Residency Programme Manager:

“We deeply appreciate the vast amount of positive feedback we have received so far – it is an

exciting journey to embark on and we are eager to see where it will lead. Since we are still in

early beta, there are some challenges to overcome. We have added a help box (below right),

and we encourage you to help us improve the experience on any of the services”.

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The cards are provided by E-coin, a leader in providing Bitcoin Debit Cards. Which all

Noone Society Tribes will have to make transactions on the Blockchain, for Counterparty,

eGaaS, our own NibiruFx Exchange which is a global, intercontinental, and international

blockchain platform implementing four basic functions needed for efficient transfer of most

types of government, legislative bodies and business activities into blockchain technology:

· Financial system,

· Registry structure,

· Smart contract algorithm,

· Smart law formation and execution mechanism.

The financial system secures transactions (in the currency of a particular kingdom country or

city-state) between the accounts of individuals and organizations, entered in blockchain

registries. Smart contracts automatically implement algorithm of deals with registry objects.

Here, transactions in fiat currencies can be carried out. Smart laws are electronic algorithms

describing the rules and conditions for implementing laws. These rules and conditions are

confirmed by digital signatures of representatives of the relevant legislative bodies. Smart

laws regulate the creation and implementation of smart contracts and automatically regulate

the relationship between individuals and organizations in all areas of government activity, from

civil registration to accrual of state subsidies and pensions. By combining the financial

system, registry structure, smart contract and smart law mechanisms into a common blockchain

platform, eGaaS serves as an efficient tool for the government, business and civilians

(citizens), which can be used to manage any activity. It eliminates the need for multiple

intermediaries, regulatory authorities, and document circulation. Blockchain combines the

benefits of several technologies, decentralized networks, distributed databases and

cryptographic algorithms. The main advantage of the blockchain technology is that data

integrity and safety cannot be compromised. This is achieved through the use of special

cryptographic algorithms and placement of the full version of the database on all the network

nodes. An additional benefit of the blockchain is that any digital assets can be exchanged in

its space without intermediaries, while preserving privacy.

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After years of successful use as a software backplane for the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, the

blockchain technology predictably attracted the attention of developers as a possible

effective solution for implementation of many projects that are not connected with virtual

money. Many major financial institutions and multinational corporations such as IBM,

Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, Barclays, and others have started to invest in research and

development of blockchain technology. Distributed digital asset registries became the first

projects that used blockchain systems. These are databases designed for secure storage of

records on real estate property, stocks, and copyright and so on. At that, it is assumed that

hosting any document in blockchain is equivalent to notarization of its content at a fixed time

point. Attempts are being made to create blockchain-based electronic documents by Noone

Society and our government back Crypto-bond securities or financial instruments. A purely

peer-to-peer version of electronic government back fiat cash that would allow online

payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial

institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a

trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the

double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps

transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a

record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not

only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the

largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes

that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and

outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast

on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the

longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone. Commerce on

the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted

third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most

transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model.

Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions

cannot avoid mediating disputes.

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The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction

size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in

the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for nonreversible services. With the

possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their

customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain

percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can

be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments

over a communications channel without a trusted party. What is needed is an electronic

payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing

parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.

Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from

fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this

paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer

distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of

transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU

power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes. We define an electronic coin as a chain

of digital signatures. Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of

the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of

the coin. A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership. The problem of

course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin. A

common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every

transaction for double spending like Noone Royal Mint. Assumingly after each transaction,

the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from

the mint are trusted not to be double-spent. The problem with this solution is that the fate of

the entire money system can’t depend on the administration running the mint, with every

transaction having to go through them, just like a bank. We need a way for the payee to know

that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions. For our purposes, the earliest

transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend.

The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions. In the

mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first.

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To accomplish this without a untrusted third party, transactions must be publicly announced,

and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they

were received. The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of

nodes agreed it was the first received. The solution we propose begins with a timestamp

system & server. A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be

timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post. The

timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into

the hash. Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with

each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it. The proof-of-work involves

scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a

number of zero bits. The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits

required and can be verified by executing a single hash. For our timestamp network, we

implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that

gives the block's hash the required zero bits. Once the CPU effort has been expended to

make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As

later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the

blocks after it. The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in

majority decision making. If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be

subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs. Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-

vote. The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest

proof-of-work effort invested in it. If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest

nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a

past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after

it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes. We will show later that

the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent

blocks are added. To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in

running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average

targeting an average number of blocks per hour. If they're generated too fast, the difficulty

increases. Network the steps to run the network are as follows:

1) New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.

2) Each node collects new transactions into a block.

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3) Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.

4) When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.

5) Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.

6) Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the

chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash. Nodes always consider the

longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it. If two nodes

broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or

the other first. In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other

branch in case it becomes longer.

The tie will be broken when the next proof of-work is found and one branch becomes longer;

the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one. New

transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes. As long as they reach

many nodes, they will get into a block before long. Block broadcasts are also tolerant of

dropped messages. If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the

next block and realizes it missed one. 6. Incentive By convention, the first transaction in a

block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This

adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute

coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition

of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add

gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended. The incentive

can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its

input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the

block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of tokens or coins have

entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely

inflation free. The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is

able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose

between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, and using it to generate

new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him

with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the

validity of his own wealth.

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Reclaiming Disk Space once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks,

the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space. To facilitate this

without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree, with only the

root included in the block's hash. Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off

branches of the tree.

The interior hashes do not need to be stored. A block header with no transactions would be

about 80 bytes. If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 *

365 = 4.2MB per year. With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of

2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not

be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory. Simplified Payment

Verification It is possible to verify payments without running a full network node. A user only

needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can

get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the

Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in. He can't check the

transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node

has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it. As

such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more

vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verify

transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated

transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network. One

strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they

detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted

transactions to confirm the inconsistency. Businesses that receive frequent payments will

probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker

verification. Combining and Splitting Value although it would be possible to handle coins

individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer.

To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs.

Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple

inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one

returning the change, if any, back to the sender.

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It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and

those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here. There is never the need to

extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history. The traditional banking model

achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the

trusted third party.

The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can

still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public

keys anonymous. The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else,

but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of

information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the

"tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were. As an additional firewall, a

new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common

owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal

that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is

revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner. We

consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the

honest chain. Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary

changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the

attacker. Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes

will never accept a block containing them. An attacker can only try to change one of his own

transactions to take back money he recently spent. The race between the honest chain and

an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk. The success event is

the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event

is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1. The probability

of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem.

Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite

number of trials to try to reach breakeven. We can calculate the probability he ever reaches

breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain. With the odds against

him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as

he falls further behind. We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to

wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction. We assume the

P a g e | 35

sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then

switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed. The receiver will be alerted when

that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late. The receiver generates a new key pair

and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing.

This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it

continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction

at that moment. Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret

on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction. The recipient waits until

the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't

know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks

took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson

distribution with expected value: To get the probability the attacker could still catch up now,

we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the

probability he could catch up from that point: We have proposed a system for electronic

transactions without relying on trust. We started with the usual framework of coins made from

digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way

to prevent double-spending. To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-

of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally

impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power. The

network is robust in its unstructured simplicity. Nodes work all at once with little coordination.

They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and

only need to be delivered on a best effort basis. Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at

will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.

They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on

extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them. Any needed rules

and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism. 8 References

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Final Summary

There will be a total number 333 plus government officials within Noone Society and all its Nu Unified

City-States, Kingdom-Countries, Dominions, and Global District using the p2p network.

The average population is estimated to be 8 billion global civilians using Nomni.

The average government salary will be $100,000 Nomni/USD monthly.

The Gross Intercontinental Product will be the considerable value for the economic labor force, tangible

and intangible civil service industries using Nomni.

The Consumer Price index for Nomni will be determined as the future unveils.

The Noocratic Government will spend $800,000,000,000.00 Nomni in the first 38 years of operation.

The 800,000,000,000.00 Nomni is worth $88,888,888,888.88 in USD at 1:9 ratio.

The Nu Unified City-States of Peace capital will be located in Aksum-Amexem (Texas).

The Nu City-States of Peace Capital is called the Crown House. References

[1] W. Dai, "b-money," http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998. [2] H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater,

"Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements," In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the

Benelux, May 1999. [3] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "How to time-stamp a digital document," In Journal of Cryptology,

vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991. [4] D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Improving the efficiency and reliability of

digital time-stamping," In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science, pages 329-334,

1993. [5] S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, "Secure names for bit-strings," In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on

Computer and Communications Security, pages 28-35, April 1997. [6] A. Back, "Hashcash - a denial of service counter-

measure," http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002. [7] R.C. Merkle, "Protocols for public key

cryptosystems," In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April

1980. [8] W. Feller, "An introduction to probability theory and its applications," 1957. [9]

http://egaas.org/docs/eGaaS_White_Paper.pdf [10] R3 (R3CEV LLC) - blockchain technology company