NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Definition

1. includes all nonverbal stimuli in a

communicative setting generated by an

individual and the individual's use of

environment.

2. includes intentional and unintentional

nonverbal messages.

Functions of Nonverbal Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

Repeats Substitutes Accents Regulates Contradicts

CHARACTERISTICS OFNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Often culturally derived--can vary in meaning by

culture. Often the opposite to the verbal message. Almost impossible not to use NVC. Up to 70 or 80% of communication, between native

speakers, is NVC. In a cross-cultural interchange, nonverbals are even

more important to understanding the total meaning...

In contrast to spoken language, nonverbal language: . May or may not be systematized, no rules

or regularity. Has no dictionary. Difficult to ask for clarification. . Generally impossible to control. . Nonverbal communication channels are

natural, and not learned.

The use of space in communication.There are 4 kinds of space: intimate,personal, social, and public. The followingthings factor into the use of space: ageand gender, culture and ethicalbackground, topic or subject matter,setting, physical characteristics ofparticipants, attitudes and emotions,characteristics of interpersonalrelationship, and personality.

II. Specific Nonverbal Components

ProxemicsProxemics

North American Office

Japanese Office

HapticsHaptics

The use of touch in communications.

Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact .

Some cultures are very comfortable with bodily contact; others avoid it.

In gestures (1991), Roger Axtell has classified the following cultures as “touch” and “don’t touch.DON’TTOUCHJapanUnited StatesCanadaEnglandAvustralia

MIDDLEGROUNDFranceChinaIrelandİndia

TOUCHMiddle EastCountriesLatinCountriesItalyGreeceSome AssianCountries

Contact groups: Arabs: Iraq, Kuwait,Saudi Arabia, Syria, United ArabRepublic; Latin Americans: Bolivia,Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Mexico,Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela;Southern Europeans: French, Italian,Turkish.

Non Contact Groups: Asian: China,Indonesia, Japan, Phillipines, Thailand;Northern Europeans: Austrailia,England, Germany, the Netherlands,Norway, Scotland; Americans are alsosimilar to this group; Indians andPakistans

A different approach fromWatson, O.Michael,he has classified the followingcultures as “contact groups” and “noncontact groups”

– 1. body gestures

– 2. facial expression

– 3. eye contact

– 4. posture

KinesicsKinesics

Kinesics, or body language, is one of themost powerful ways that humans cancommunicate nonverbally. It is used toportray moods and emotions and toemphasize or contradict what is being said.

The use of your body in communication, or body movements.The use of your body in communication, or body movements.

A. body gestures . Hand Gestures

Hands and arms are used bymost of us to communicate ourthoughts, people rubbing armstogether, keeping their armsclosed, clinching the fists allthese tell what the person has onhis mind.

Do’s:Do’s:

Hand Gestures • Don'ts:Don'ts:

•gesture to reinforce your content

•gesture naturally

describing size or shape

emphasizing an important point enumerating a list

pointing to a specific item in your visual aid

•gesture nervously

tugging your ear

scratching your arm

licking your lips

•keep your hands in any one position for too long

fig leaf"

parade rest" pocket change jingle" use stylized, constantly repeating gestures

Palm Gestures

People use two basic palm positions. The first hasthe palm facing upwards and os characteristics ofthe beggar asking for money or food. The secondhas palm facing down as if it is holding down orrestraining. One of the most valuable ways ofdiscovering whether someone is being open andhonest or not, so to look for palm displays. Whensomeone begins to open p or be truthful, he willexpose all or part of his palms to another person.Like most body language, this is a completelyunconscious gesture, one that gives you a fellingor hunch that the other person is telling the truth.When a child is lying or concealing something, hispalms are hidden behind his pockets when he triesto explain where he was. Thus the hidden palmsmay give wifes a hunch that he is holding back thetruth.

'Dominant Palm Gesture'

'Submissive Palm Gesture'

'Authoritative Palm Gesture'

Hand Shaking

'Normal hand shake'

'Dominant Handshake'

'Submissive Handshake'

Leg Gestures

Crossed-Leg Gestures

The standard leg-cross position

The American figure 4 leg lock position

Standing leg cross gestures

Smoking gestures

Positive Attitude

Negative Attitude

B. Facial Expressions

The face and eyes convey the most expressive types of body language. Research conducted by Leathers (1976) determined these ten types of meaning can be communicated by facial expressions;happiness, suprise, fear, anger, contempt, interest, bewilderment, and determination.

C.Eye ContactThe business gaze

The social gaze

The intimate gaze

The Shut Others Gestures

Posture the way someone stands, sits or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages

Posture can convey self- confidence, status and interest

Confident people generally have a relaxed posture, yet stand errect and walk with assuarance.

Walking with stopped shoulders and slow, hesitating gait projects such negative messages as lack of assurance and confidence

D. Posture

Chronemics The use of time in communication. The use of time in communication.

Hall (1983) distinguished 2 patterns Hall (1983) distinguished 2 patterns of time that govern different of time that govern different cultures: Monochronic Time cultures: Monochronic Time Schedule and Polychronic Time Schedule and Polychronic Time ScheduleSchedule

Monochronic and PolychronicMonochronic and Polychronic

MonochronicMonochronic

Does one thing at a time.

Time is very serious!

Job tends to be more important than family even.

Privacy is extremely important.

-Seldom borrows or lends

-Works independentl

PolychronicPolychronic

Does several things at a time.

Time is important but not sacred.

Family and interpersonal relationships are more important than work.

Actively involved with others.

(United States, Germany, Scandinavia and Switzerland. )

(Latin Americans, Mediterranean people, Arabians)

Beyond M- Time and P-time, Hall (1959) also differentiatesfive time intervals for arriving late for appointments mumble something time slight apology time midly insulting time rude time downright insulting time