The Masonry SocietyAIA Provider: 50119857

Nondestructive Evaluation and Testing of Masonry

December 14, 2017

Michael Schuller, P.E.

The Masonry Society is a registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of completion for non-AIA members are available upon request.

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Course Description

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Nondestructive evaluation methods are valuable approaches for evaluating conditions of existing masonry construction without causing damage. Masonry strength can also be measured in place using in situ test methods, without resorting to destructive sample removal for laboratory testing. Methods discussed during this seminar include mortar hardness testing, pulse velocity measurements, surface penetrating radar, infrared thermography, flatjack testing, and in situ shear tests, with special emphasis on applying these methods for diagnosing both historic and modern masonry construction. We will also cover the process of planning an investigation following published codes and guidelines.

Learning Objectives1. Describe key design properties needed for retrofit or

renovation of existing masonry structures. 2. Define nondestructive and minimally invasive masonry

evaluation techniques. 3. Identify 2 methods for locating grout and reinforcement in

modern masonry construction. 4. Plan the number of tests needed for evaluating in situ

masonry strength.

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Nondestructive EvaluationIn Situ Tests Typical applications Planning (or specifying) an investigation Interpreting and using data Validation and proof testing

INTERPRETATION• Experience• Software• Complementary

methods• Calibration• Probe

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253133421.2417801885.364040951334

254-77021.0931500485.2075341770

255-234020.944519985.051027252340

256-402120.7958897684.89452044021

257-479420.6472596284.738013554794

258-432520.4986294884.58150674325

259-296920.3499993484.424999852969

260-32120.201369284.268493321

261214220.0527390684.111986152142

262387219.9041089283.95547933872

263589619.7554787883.798972455896

264672819.6068486483.64246566728

265631619.458218583.485958756316

266495919.3095883683.32945194959

267284319.1609582283.172945052843

26878619.0123280883.0164382786

269-80318.8636979482.85993135803

270-292718.715067882.70342452927

271-450818.5664376682.546917654508

272-506418.4178075282.39041085064

273-474818.2691773882.233903954748

274-370718.1205472482.07739713707

275-223117.971917181.920890252231

276-99017.8232869681.7643834990

27723317.6746568281.60787655233

278110717.5260266881.45136971107

279147117.3773965481.294862851471

280170717.228766481.1383561707

281176017.0801362680.981849151760

282165116.9315061280.82534231651

283158216.7828759880.668835451582

284183816.6342458480.51232861838

285219516.485615780.355821752195

286250316.3369855680.19931492503

287314616.1883554280.042808053146

288393516.0397252879.88630123935

289425815.8910951479.729794354258

290385915.74246579.57328753859

291277615.5938348679.416780652776

292116315.4452047279.26027381163

293-59515.2965745879.10376695595

294-334115.1479444478.94726013341

295-660614.999314378.790753256606

296-908614.8506841678.63424649086

297-1017314.7020540278.4777395510173

298-1005814.5534238878.321232710058

299-857914.4047937478.164725858579

300-621214.256163678.0082196212

301-257914.1075334677.851712152579

302165213.9589033277.69520531652

303545513.8102731877.538698455455

304805913.6616430477.38219168059

305986013.513012977.225684759860

3061023413.3643827677.069177910234

307933313.2157526276.912671059333

308733713.0671224876.75616427337

309475712.9184923476.599657354757

310165712.769862276.44315051657

311-226612.6212320676.286643652266

312-621112.4726019276.13013686211

313-922812.3239717875.973629959228

314-1017612.1753416475.817123110176

315-953212.026711575.660616259532

316-734311.8780813675.50410947343

317-402811.7294512275.347602554028

31827211.5808210875.1910957272

319485811.4321909475.034588854858

320920111.283560874.8780829201

3211143211.1349306674.7215751511432

3221244310.9863005274.565068312443

3231233710.8376703874.4085614512337

3241074610.6890402474.252054610746

325745210.540410174.095547757452

326245010.3917799673.93904092450

327-256010.2431498273.782534052560

328-912410.0945196873.62602729124

329-147199.9458895473.4695203514719

330-174379.797259473.313013517437

331-197529.6486292673.1565066519752

332-204779.57320477

333-18612

334-13724

335-5220

3361665

3376593

33813092

33918662

34020464

34119894

34215853

34310608

3444833

345-2138

346-7306

347-9962

348-11352

349-10522

350-8301

351-5458

352-1720

3532219

3545734

3558516

3569656

3579322

3587826

3594946

3601463

361-1682

362-5173

363-7509

364-8752

365-9220

366-8768

367-7698

368-6254

369-4316

370-2402

371-987

372134

3731280

3742171

3752993

3764348

3775358

3785754

3796302

3806723

3816406

3825236

3833149

3841213

385-423

386-2281

387-3536

388-3804

389-3141

390-1704

391-5

3921184

3931630

3941142

395-65

396-2228

397-4978

398-6817

399-7187

400-5285

401-1898

402980

4034691

4048434

40510945

40611151

4078646

4084380

409810

410-4706

411-11248

412-16045

413-18138

414-18372

415-16633

416-13272

417-6329

4182322

4199831

42015711

42120457

42222955

42323056

42420559

42516057

42610528

4274738

428-1214

429-6267

430-10462

431-12980

432-13860

433-14047

434-13457

435-11114

436-8619

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438-2991

439-168

4402480

4415044

4427161

4438857

4449079

4459155

4468564

4476563

4484729

4493459

4501249

451-809

452-3169

453-5971

454-8114

455-11351

456-13975

457-15006

458-14102

459-12151

460-9102

461-5807

462-1542

4632790

4646919

46510949

46615625

46718810

46818860

46917025

47013604

4719751

4723088

473-4409

474-10775

475-13253

476-14212

477-13496

478-11091

479-4735

4803724

4819131

48212415

48315109

48415785

48513281

4868478

4872057

488-4410

489-9521

490-15131

491-18197

492-17875

493-15352

494-9737

495-2699

4964463

49711818

49815772

49916861

50016586

50112018

5025737

503-2037

504-12599

505-20645

506-23234

507-24646

508-21286

509-15070

510-6380

5117119

51218563

Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE)Visual Surface hardness Pulse velocity Impact-echoMicrowave radar Tomographic imaging Sounding Infrared thermographyX-rayMetal locationBorescope

Visual Evaluation: Condition Survey

Historical Information Review drawings Research history Interviews

Visual Measurements Plumb, level Photographs

02468

101214161820

-3 -2 -1 0 1

Hei

ght (

ft)

Relative Measurement (in.)

West Elevation, South of Window

Why is the outside wall face deflecting more than the inside wall face?

Rebound hardnessRebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness

of the surface upon which it impinges

Ernst Schmidt, 1948“Schmidt Hammer”

Rebound HardnessASTM C805, Standard Test Method for Rebound

Number of Hardened ConcreteVariations in original materialsQuality control: mortar joint repointingDamage: Fire Weathering

Pendulum Hammer

Nr = 76Nr = 71

Nr = 73

PachometerUsed for locating embedded metals Pulse induction method Detects any conductive metal

www.elcometer.com

Pachometer ApplicationsConductive metals Where? How deep? Size?

Signal Intensity

Signal Intensity

Signal Intensity

Metal detectionReinforcementAnchors Flashing

Conduit Pipes Electrical

Pulse Velocity Stress wave transmission Direct or “Through”

transmission Ultrasonic Sonic (mechanical pulse)

Parameters of interest Arrival time: velocity Amplitude: attenuation Frequency: attenuation,

reflections from subsurface anomalies

Pulse Velocity

Solid

RubbleFill

PartialFill

PartialFill

Masonry Wall

Pulse generated with instrumented hammer…

…received on other side of wall by accelerometer

VoidSpace

UN

KN

OW

N

Pulse Velocity TestingPoisson, 1848 Theory of compression waves in solids:

where:

An indicator ofstrength, quality

𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 = 𝑉𝑉2𝜌𝜌 1 + 𝜈𝜈 1 − 𝜈𝜈

1 − 2𝜈𝜈

𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑= dynamic modulus𝑉𝑉 = pulse velocity through the material𝝆𝝆 = density of the material 𝜈𝜈 = Poisson’s ratio

Pulse Velocity TestingWave transmission affected by: Dynamic modulus Density Interfaces between materials

Transmitter Receiver

Deteriorated zone Stone crack

Pulse Velocity Testing “Apparent” velocity based on straight-line path lengthResolution of internal anomalies limited by: Geometry Wavelength

Minimum resolvable anomaly: • About 10% of the member thickness• About ¼ of the pulse wavelength

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 =𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉𝑝 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑃𝑃

EXTERIORWALL

INTERIOR WALL

MASONRY TIE COURSE

WALL CAVITY

Header Courses

Where are they?Broken or intact?

Tie Course

Void

Mechanical Pulse Velocity

Pulse Velocity TestingCapabilities Internal construction Locate internal

anomalies: voids, cracks Quality control: repairs

Limitations Two-sided access required Point-by-point measurements Rough surface: coupling req’d

Pre-Repair

Post-Repair

Impact-Echo TestingBenefits Single-sided access Can be used to validate

other techniques

Limitations Complex to use with masonry Many ancillary reflections,

mode shapes, flexural response Point-by-point measurements Difficult on rough surfaces

Cornice stone crack

Reflection from internal crack

Intact stone

Microwave radarGround penetrating

radar: GPR Surface penetrating

radar: SPR Sensitive to dielectric

variations Voids Cracks Embedded metals Moisture Salts

Radar data acquisition

Source: GSSI

Radar antenna

Anomaly

Material layerAnomaly

From Line Scans to 2d Images

Source: GSSI

Microwave radar: 3D volume scan

Surface Penetrating Radar Sensitive to dielectric variations Voids Cracks Embedded metals Moisture Salts

BACK OF WALLSIGNIFICANTVOIDING

Figure 3 – GPR scan 030 from location #7

MODERATE VOIDING

Christ Church, Greenwich, CT

SPR: as-built information Search for hidden

(blind) headers

Surface Penetrating Radar Locate internal

voids, steelConcrete masonry

grout quality

Hol

low

Hol

low

Hol

low

Hol

low

Hol

low

Hol

low

Reb

ar,

Gro

uted

Reb

ar,

Gro

uted

Hol

low

Surface Penetrating RadarMicrowave energy travels at different velocity through

different materials

SPR: quality assuranceHow do you make sure a wall is injected properly? Microwave radar Borescope

Radar Scan Pre-injection

Post-injection

Many void collar joints

SPR EvaluationBeware of: Large metal inclusions Moisture variations Salts

Use complementary methods: Metal detectors Moisture meters Borescope examination

Moisture Meter

Infrared ThermographyWhat is it? Measures infrared radiation emission Surface temperature: 0.1º C resolution Shows variations in material properties and construction

S P 0 1

Historic Williamsburg, VirginiaBenjamin Powell Smokehouse

Infrared Thermography

Heat flux driven by: Interior heating or cooling Solar radiation Infrared lamps

C

B

A

Corte Castiglioni Mansion, Mantova

Infrared ThermographyMoisture content variationsDamp walls: Evaporative cooling effect Greater heat transfer

Jonathan Spodek, Ball State University

𝑊𝑊𝑉𝑉 = 3.8%

𝑊𝑊𝑉𝑉 = 8.6%

𝑊𝑊𝑉𝑉= 16.2%

Infrared ThermographyBuilding envelope surveys

ASTM C 1060, Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings Heat loss Missing, deteriorated,

misapplied insulation Air leakage Moisture problems Window seal failures

In Situ TestsMasonry Engineering properties Existing stress: ASTM C1196 Compressive strength: ASTM C1197 Shear strength: ASTM C1531

Masonry Flatjacks

In Situ Stress TestASTM C1196, In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements

In Situ Stress TestDirect measure of compression stress at test location Measure dead load stresses Stress distribution in arch, vault Stress gradient across wall: bending moment Long term monitoring

Jean Lafitte National Park Headquarters New Orleans

High-Rise BuildingMovement Incompatibility Structure Structural deformation Thermal movement

Concrete Shrinkage Creep

Brickwork Moisture

expansion

Stress buildup in veneer• Low stress near top of building• Over 4.5 MPa near base• Structural veneer!

In Situ Stress Tests

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

37

3329

25

2117

13

95

Bui

ldin

g St

ory

Leve

l

Stress (MPa)

Stress development in high-rise masonry veneer

Chart1

37

33

29

25

21

17

13

9

5

Building Story Level

Stress (MPa)

In Situ Stress Tests

0.0344827586

1.5172413793

0.275862069

1.5517241379

1.5862068966

2.4137931034

2.7931034483

3.1379310345

4.5862068966

STRESS

9402 - WJE Brooks Towers Testing

Flatjack Test Results

In Situ Stress Values

Updated 6/23/95

Cancellation

Pressure

Test LocationDate(psi)Notes

BR6S395/22/950

BR6S373/2/940(WJE Gage)

BR6S355/22/9580

BR6S315/22/9530

BR6S293/15/9430

BR6S275/22/9540

BR6S266/21/9480

BR6S235/22/9580

BR6S213/15/94250

BR6S196/24/94100

BR6S173/16/94350

BR6S155/22/95330

BR6S132/20/94125

BR6S115/22/95300

BR6S92/20/94375

BR6S75/22/95210

BR6S52/20/94450

BR6S32/3/9480

BR5E188/23/940

BR5E168/23/940

BR5E128/23/940

BR1E412/15/9450

BR1E395/9/950

BR1E372/15/9455

BR1E355/9/95165

BR1E332/15/940

BR1E315/10/95250

BR1E292/15/94115

BR1E275/10/95165

BR1E252/16/9480

BR1E232/10/9480

BR1E222/10/94280

BR1E212/16/94290

BR1E195/10/95450

BR1E172/17/94250

BR1E155/10/95410

BR1E115/11/95415

BR1E75/11/95375

BR1E32/3/94400

BR6E32/17/94330

BR5E374/13/9480

BR5E334/13/94115

BR5E294/14/94141

BR5E254/14/94100

BR5E174/13/9490

BR5E114/14/94250

BR6N415/19/940

BR6N375/19/94115

BR6N335/19/94130

BR6N295/23/94190

BR6N255/23/94125

BR6N215/23/94160

BR6N175/29/94310

BR6N136/1/94340

BR6N95/29/94350

BR6N55/29/94215

BR1W415/17/9441RAINED OUT

BR1W375/17/94370.035

BR1W335/17/94331.52220

BR1W295/17/94290.2840

BR1W255/17/94251.55225

BR1W215/28/94211.59230

BR1W175/28/94172.41350

BR1W135/24/94132.79405

BR1W96/1/9493.14455

BR1W56/1/9454.59665(PANEL CRACKS ADJACENT TO FLATJACK)

&LWJE - Brooks Towers Testing&C&F&RFlatjack Stress Test ResultsUpdated 6/23/95

Page &P

STRESS

&F

Page &P

BR6S37

Location

Stress (psi)

Brooks Towers Stress Test Data

&F

Page &P

BR6S37

Location

Stress (psi)

Brooks Towers Stress Test Data

&F

Page &P

BR6S37

Location

Stress (psi)

Brooks Towers Stress Test Data

&F

Page &P

BR6S37

Location

Stress (psi)

Brooks Towers Stress Test Data

&F

Page &P

BR6S37

Location

Stress (psi)

Brooks Towers Stress Test Data

In Situ Deformability Test

Determine masonry compression response• ASTM C1197: In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability

Properties Using the Flatjack Method

In Situ Deformability Test

Flatjack Test #3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001Strain, in./in.

Stre

ss, p

si

In Situ Shear Test

Mortar Bed Joint Shear Resistance• International Existing Building Code, UBC 21-6, In Place Masonry Shear Tests• ASTM C1531, Standard Test Methods for Determination of Masonry Mortar Joint

Shear Strength Index

In Place Shear TestBed joint sliding resistance correlated to wall’s

shear strength

International Existing Building Code (IEBC) # of tests Results Engineering

Planning an InvestigationHow best to employ NDE and NDT

Evaluating Existing ConstructionWhat information do you need? As-built conditions

Geometry Connections

Current condition Deterioration, corrosion Distress, cracking,

delamination

Engineering properties Strength Stiffness

Assemble a priori information Original documents Photographs Prior reports

Planning an investigationConfidence limits, expected accuracyHow many tests? New construction: 3 specimens = 1 test How variable is the construction/condition? Different construction eras Different materials Deterioration/damage

International Existing Building Code (IEBC)Appendix Chapter A

Guidelines for the Seismic Retrofit of Existing Buildings

Testing Masonry shear strength: locations, number of tests Anchors: test new and existing anchors

Condition Report percent mortar fill in collar joint Evaluate wood diaphragms, wood shear walls

Industry Best PracticesASCE 41: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings

“Usual” TestingNumber of tests required: If specified f’m is known: 3 min. per building Otherwise: 6 min. per building

Industry Best PracticesASCE 41: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings

Masonry in fair or good conditionNumber of tests required: 3 tests for each masonry type For each 3 floors or 3000 ft2 wall area:

With original const. records: 3 tests Without records: 6 tests

2 tests per each line of shear wall elements

Minimum 8 tests per building

Masonry in poor conditionNumber of tests required: Conduct additional tests to estimate

strength at areas with varying condition

OR Use nondestructive tests to quantify

variations in material strength

“Comprehensive” Testing

Planning an investigationTrust NDE, but verify

Understand known conditions first Laboratory mockups, computer modelingUse complementary techniques Expensive repairs? Verify visually

Probe opening Radar: computer simulation Borescope image: anchor corrosion

Some final thoughts…Interpretation is the hard part!

INTERPRETATION is KEY!• Experience• Software• Complementary methods• Calibration• Probe

More Information APT: Association for Preservation Technology

Preservation Engineering Technical Committee Documentation Technical Committee

TMS: The Masonry Society Existing Masonry Committee www.apti.org

www.masonrysociety.org

The Masonry Society

This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course

Michael Schuller, P.E. mschuller@ana-usa.com (303) 444-3620 www.ana–usa.com

Nondestructive Evaluation and Testing of Masonry Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Nondestructive Evaluation�In Situ TestsNondestructive Evaluation (NDE)Visual Evaluation: Condition SurveyRebound hardnessRebound HardnessSlide Number 10PachometerPachometer ApplicationsMetal detectionPulse Velocity Pulse VelocityPulse Velocity TestingPulse Velocity TestingPulse Velocity TestingHeader CoursesPulse Velocity TestingImpact-Echo TestingMicrowave radarRadar data acquisitionFrom Line Scans to 2d ImagesMicrowave radar: �3D volume scanSurface Penetrating RadarSPR: as-built informationSurface Penetrating RadarSurface Penetrating RadarSPR: quality assuranceSPR EvaluationInfrared ThermographyInfrared ThermographyInfrared ThermographyInfrared ThermographyIn Situ TestsMasonry FlatjacksIn Situ Stress Test�ASTM C1196, In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack MeasurementsIn Situ Stress TestJean Lafitte National Park Headquarters �New OrleansSlide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43High-Rise Building�Movement IncompatibilitySlide Number 45Slide Number 46In Situ Deformability TestIn Situ Deformability TestIn Situ Shear TestIn Place Shear TestPlanning an InvestigationEvaluating Existing Construction�What information do you need?Planning an investigationInternational Existing Building Code (IEBC)�Industry Best Practices�ASCE 41: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings ��Industry Best Practices�ASCE 41: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings �Planning an investigation�Trust NDE, but verifySome final thoughts…�Interpretation is the hard part!More InformationSlide Number 60