LECTUREONNON‐LIVINGRESOURCES

NaturalSciences5(Parungao)

NON‐LIVINGRESOURCESRESOURCES

• Morethan6billionpeoplenowinhabittheEarth.

• MaterialsremovedfromtheEarthandusedbypeoplearecallednaturalresources.

•  Scien;stsdividetheEarth’snaturalresourcesintotwogroups,nonrenewableandrenewable.

NONRENEWABLEandRENEWABLERESOURCES

•  NonrenewableResourcescannotbereplacedbynature– Example:Fossilfuels,Minerals(copper,iron,etc)

•  Renewableresourcescanbereplacedbynature– Example:Wood,Water,Soil(forma;onisanextremelyslowprocess)

– Scenarioonhowslow:Naturecantakeanywherefrom500yearsto1000yearstoreplaceevery2.5cmoftopsoillost

WATERRESOURCES•  Eventhoughwaterisarenewableresource,thereisalimitedsupplyoffreshwater– Nolifecouldeverexistinitsabsence(e.g.65‐70%ofhumanbodyiscomposedofwater)

– Biologicalimportance:universalsolvent– Environmentalimportance:watercycle

•  MostoftheEarth’swater,97%,isintheoceans

•  PrimaryConcern:tomaximizeavailabilityandreduceloss

USESOFWATER•  Residen;alorDomes;c:Eachpersonusesmorethan260litersofwaterdaily

•  Agriculture:Irriga;on

•  Industry:Productprocessing

•  CLASS SA –  PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST OF SHELL FISH

(COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)

•  CLASS SB –  RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING, SWIMMING,

SKINDIVING) –  FISHERIES (BANGUS)

•  CLASS SC –  RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.) –  SUSTENANCE FISHING –  MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

•  CLASS SD –  INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)

•  CLASS AA –  PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY –  REQUIRES APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY

•  CLASS A –  COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED (COAGULATION,

SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION, DISINFECTION)

•  CLASS B –  PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING, SWIMMING)

•  CLASS C –  PROPAGATION OF FISH –  BOATING –  MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT

•  CLASS D –  IRRIGATION

WATERCYCLE•  TheEarth’supplyoffreshwaterisconstantlyrenewedbythewatercycle.

•  ThewatercycleisthemovementofwaterfromtheEarth’ssurfacetotheatmosphereandbacktothesurface.

•  DEVELOPMENT-RELATED CHANGES – URBANIZATION – OVERGRAZING – OVERCULTIVATION – DEFORESTATION

•  POLLUTING THE WATER CYCLE – EMMISIONS AND SOLID WASTES

•  OVERDRAWING WATER RESOURCES – DIMINISHING WATER SURFACE – SALT WATER INTRUSION

NEWSOURCESOFFRESHWATER•  MostoftheEarth’swaterresourcesareinoceans,lakes,riversandstreams

•  Desalina;on– processbywhichsaltisremovedfromoceanwater– maysupply20millionlitersoffreshwaterdaily.

•  Icebergs/Glaciers– couldpossiblebemovedtolargecoastalci;esandminedforfreshwater

– notsureoftheenvironmentaleffectsthemovementofglaciersmighthave

GROUNDWATER•  Morethan300billionlitersofgroundwateraretakenoutofthegrounddailyforuseonfarmsandinfactories.– EXAMPLE:Halfthedrinkingwatersupplycomesformgroundwater.

•  Ittakeshundredsofyearsforgroundwatertoaccumulate.–  Inmanyareasofthecountryitisbeingusedfasterthanitisbeingreplaced.

•  Thelevelsofgroundwateraredroppingandlakesandriversmaydryup.

WATERMONITORING•  Parameters:COD,BOD,ColiformsandHeavyMetalsforhouseholdandenvironmentalwaters

•  EMB‐DENR

• Water‐relatedTragedies:– Semirara(2005)– Guimaras(2006)– Others????

LANDUSE•  One‐thirdoftheEarth’s

surfaceiscoveredbyland.–  Onlyasmallamountofthis

landcanbeusedforfarmingorforlivingspace.

–  Alllandisnotsuitableforalluses.

•  Landisusedforci;es,highways,forests,farmsandpastures.

•  Eventhoughthepopula;oncon;nuestogrow,landisalimitedresource.

•  Landisneededforbuildingci;estohousetheincreasinghumanpopula;on.

•  Landisalsoneededforfarmingandindustry.–  Theseneedshavetobe

carefullyweighedandbalanced.

–  Iftoomuchisusedforcites,thennotenoughwillbele_forfarms.

–  Bothusesareimportant.

•  LAND: AN ECOSYSTEM – FOOD BASE – CRUCIAL LIFE-SUPPORT

SYSTEM

•  LAND CULTIVATION: DEVELOPED TO MEET FOOD NEEDS

•  PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS

•  14.2 M HECTARES SUITABLE FOR CROP CULTIVATION

•  4% OF TOTAL RP LAND AREA

•  5.2M HECTARES SEVERELY ERODED

•  GRASSLANDS –  HIGHEST RATE OF SOIL LOSS (268

TONS/HEC/YEAR)

•  RP GROSS EROSION RATE –  2, 046 M METRIC TONS/YEAR –  GRASSLANDS (76.34%) –  AGRICULTURE (22.34%) –  WOODLANDS (1.32%)

•  TOP SOIL LOSS –  LOSS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

AND MOISTURE- HOLDING CAPACITY •  CAUSES INCREASED RUN-OFF •  REDUCED INFILTRATION •  POORER SEEDBED QUALITIES

EROSIONANDLANDCONVERSION•  ECOLOGICAL/ECONOMIC

– SOIL EROSION ON SITE – SEDIMENTATION: OFF SITE

•  DEFORESTATION – MAJOR CAUSE OF SOIL

EROSION AND LAND DEGRADATION IN UPLAND AREAS

•  IMPROPER LAND USE – DESTRUCTIVE PRACTICES – LAND CONVERSION – LAND MANAGEMENT

FOODPRODUCTION•  Anincreasingpopula;onrequiresanincreaseinfoodproduc;on.– Newandimprovedcropvarie;esmustbedeveloped.– Farmsmustbemademoreproduc;vewithbeaergrowingmethods.

•  Landthatisunusableforfarmingmustbemadefer;le.– Irriga;onisonewaytodothis.

•  Landisalsoneededforraisinganimalsandtoproducefoodfortheanimals.

FARMMANAGEMENT•  Cropsuseupnutrientsinthesoil.

– Whenonetypeofcropisgrownonthesamelandfortoolong,deple;onmayresult.

•  Farmersneedtoalternatecropsthatextractdifferentnutrients.–  Thisisknownascroprota;on.

•  Contourplowinginvolvesplan;ngcropsacrossthefaceofaslopeofland.

•  Instripcropping,farmersplantstripsoflowcovercropsbetweenstripsofothercrops.–  Thisholdsdownthesoil.

CHALLENGE:DESERTIFICATION•  Regionstoodrytosupportcropgrowthcansupportgrasslands.– Thesegrasslandshavetradi;onallybeenusedforgrazing.

– Toomanyanimalsonthelandresultsinovergrazing.

•  Overgrazingleavesthetopsoilexposedtowinderosion.

•  Drygrasslandsthenbecomedeserts.

•  Deser;fica;onistakingplaceallovertheworld.

LANDANDSOILRECLAMATION•  Some;meslandisdisturbedtoreachvaluableminerals.– Itmaybepossibleforthelandtobereclaimed,orrestoredtoitsoriginalcondi;on.

•  Landreclama;oninvolvesseveralsteps.– First,thevaluabletopsoiliscarefullyremovedandstored.

– Thenthelessvaluablelayersbelowarestrippedaway.•  Theneededmineralsareremovedandshipped.•  Thedisturbedsoilmustbeprotectedfromerosionandpollu;on.

•  Thenthelayersareputback.– Thefinalstepisseedingandplan;ngtheland.

MINERALRESOURCES•  Amineralisdefinedasanaturallyoccurringchemicalsubstancefoundinsoil.– Mineralsareusedtomakeavarietyofproducts,fromsilverjewelrytoaluminumcans.

– Mineralsarenonrenewableresources.– Mineralsareeithermetallicornonmetallic.

•  Metallicmineralsincludecopper,ironandaluminum.

•  Nonmetallicmineralsincludequartz,limestoneandsulfur.

ORES•  Toobtainausefulmineral,themineralsmustbeminedorremovedfromtheEarth.

•  Depositsofmineralsthatcanbeminedataprofitarecalledores.– Ifthepercentageofamineralinanoreishigh,theoreiscalledahigh‐gradeore.

– OrearefoundallovertheEarth.

•  TheEarth’scrustisastorehouseofminerals.

IRON•  Ironisthemostwidelyusedmetalextractedfrommetallicores.

•  Othersubstancescanbeaddedtoirontomakesteel.– Steelisanalloy,orasubstancemadeoftwoormoremetals.

•  Chromiumisaddedinthesteelmakingprocesstoprovideresistancetorus;ng.

OTHERMINERALS

•  Othermetalsremovedfrommetallicoresincludecopper,whichisusedinelectricwiresandaluminum,whichisusedincans.

•  Goldandsilver,usedinjewelry,arealsofoundinmetallicores.

MININGANDPROCESSINGOFORES

•  Oncemineraldepositshavebeenlocated,theymustbemined.

•  Open‐pitminingcanhavedisastrouseffectonlandandgroundwaterresources.

•  Miningtheoreisthefirststep.– Toextractthemineralfromtheore,impuri;esintheoreareremoved.

– Apurifiedmineralremains.– Themineralisthenprocessedandsenttotheplanttomakethefinalproduct.

MININGTHEOCEANS•  ThemineralsintheEarth’scrusthavebeenformedovermillionsor

billionsofyears.–  TheEarthcontainsalimitedamountofmineral.–  Thepresentrateofminingcannotcon;nueorthesupplywillbe

exhausted.

•  Oneansweristoreuseorrecycleminerals.–  Anotheristofindnewmaterialstotaketheirplace.–  Anotherpossibilityistheoceanfloor.

•  Manymineralssuchasmanganese,nickel,cobalt,andcopperhavebeenfoundontheoceanfloor.

•  Ifthesedepositscanbeminedeconomically,theymayprovideavaluablenewsourceofmineral.

RP REMAINS IN THE WORLD’S UPPER BRACKET IN TERMS OF MINERAL RESOURCES

MINERAL SECTOR : TOP EARNER DUE TO NUMEROUS PROPOSALS FROM FOREIGN COMPANIES

MINING INDUSTRY : ALSO ONE OF THE MOST PROBLEMATIC AS FAR AS THE ENVIRONMENT IS CONCERNED

•  INVOLVES EXTENSIVE VEGETATION CLEARING

•  EARTH MOVING

•  REPUTATION : MAJOR POLLUTER OF THE ENVIRONMENT –  Effluent generation

•  MAJOR DILEMMA: –  BALANCE BETWEEN

UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION

–  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

•  6.833B MT OF METALLIC RESERVES –  COPPER 66.79% –  NICKEL 15.87% –  BAUXITE, CHROMITE, COPPER, GOLD, IRON, LEAD,

MANGANESE, MERCURY, MOLYBDENUM, NICKEL)

•  51.678B MT OF NON-METALLIC RESERVES –  LIMESTONE 46% –  MARBLE 40% –  SILICA, CLAY, SHALE, ROCK AGGREGATES, DOLOMITE,

LIMESTONE, MARBLE)

•  AREAS –  BAGUIO, ZAMBALES, BENGUET, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO,

MASBATE, SAMAR-LEYTE, CEBU-NEGROS, SURIGAO, DAVAO, ZAMBOANGA, PALAWAN

Doublelinedlandfillforhazardouswastes,thefirstofitskindinthecountry

•  CORROSIVE –  E.G. ACIDS –  CAN EAT THROUGH METAL –  BURN SKIN ON CONTACT –  GIVES OFF VAPORS THAT

BURN THE EYES

•  IGNITABLE –  E.G. GASOLINE,

FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT –  CAN BURST INTO FLAMES

EASILY –  CAN IRRITATE EYES, SKIN

AND LUNGS –  GIVE OFF HARMFUL

VAPORS

•  REACTIVE –  E.G. CHLORINE BLEACH AND

AMMONIA –  CAN EXPLODE OR CREATE

POISONOUS GAS WHEN COMBINED WITH OTHER CHEMICALS

•  TOXIC –  E.G. PESTICIDES, WEED

KILLERS, HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS

–  CAN POISON PEOPLE, AND OTHER LIFE FORMS

–  CAN CAUSE ILLNESS OR DEATH IF SWALLOWED OR ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN

•  RE-USE AND RECYCLE

•  SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS (STORING IN LINE PONDS)

•  INCINERATION (CONTROLLED BURNING)

•  DEEP WELL INJECTION (PUMPING INTO UNDERGROUND WELLS)

•  INNOVATIVE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

•  INHALATION –  VAPORS

•  INGESTION –  THROUGH CONTAMINATED WATER OR FOOD

•  DERMAL EXPOSURE –  SKIN ABSORPTION

•  ACUTE EXPOSURE –  SINGLE EXPOSURE FOR A SHORT TIME –  SYMPTOMS APPEAR IMMIDEATELY

•  CHRONIC EXPOSURE –  OCCURS OVER A MUCH LONGER PERIOD OF TIME –  CANCER, LIVER FAILURE, SLOWED GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT

 PRESSINGCONCERNABOUTTHERESOURCE:

 GLOBALCLIMATECHANGE

 DIMINISHINGOZONELAYER

PARUNGAONS52008 43

•  MOBILE

•  STATIONARY

•  AREA

44PARUNGAONS52008

GLOBALWARMING?

OZONEFORMSSOSLOWBUTCANBEDESTROYEDOHSOEASY

 CARPOOLORRIDEABIKEORWALK USEOFFUEL‐EFFICIENT

TRIPS

 AVOIDUSINGEXCESSIVEPOWER ENERGYEFFICIENT

METHODS

 CFCFREEAPPLIANCES PREVENTSRELEASEOF

CHLORINE

•  HOWTOMITIGATEIFNOTERADICATETHEPROBLEM…

•  YOUCANHELP!

PARUNGAONS52008 50

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