non-dom low carbon heating & cooling agenda · non-dom low carbon heating & cooling ......

1 16/5/2014

Non-Dom Low Carbon Heating & Cooling

Agenda

Ant Wilson

Director/AECOM Fellow

Building Engineering

AECOM

16th May 2014

Non-Domestic Low Carbon

Heating & Cooling

3 16/5/2014


New Ways of Cooling – GIR 85

4 16/5/2014


Low Carbon Building Accelerator Projects

5 16/5/2014


HVAC Strategies – CIBSE TM29:2002

6 16/5/2014


All Five Reports can be Downloaded from www.targetzero.info

www.targetzero.info

http://www.targetzero.info/

7 16/5/2014


Sainsbury’s Greenwich Full BREEAM Credits

8 16/5/2014


Building Magazine 19th April 1974 - Interactive Graphics in Building

design

We hope you found this week’s BIM

issue of Building both interesting

and informative, but remember,

there’s nothing new under the sun,

as a glance into the archive looking

back 40 years shows …

The article describes “a unique

application of graphic input and

output to engineering computer

programs” provided by consulting

engineers Oscar Faber & Partners

It goes on to describe how the technology allows the design team (“architect, quantity surveyor,

environmental and structural engineer”– IT trends in construction have always been collaborative, it

seems …) to “quickly assess a preliminary room design in terms of daylight contours for rooms,

heat gains and cooling loads for the 24 hours of any given day”.

The software was run through the firm’s IBM 1130 computer, with input provided through a drawing

board and pen, and a display shown on a “television of the storage tube type with keyboard”

Who says the construction industry isn’t an early adopter of cutting-edge technology?

9 16/5/2014


Part FF Check was Included in the APACHE Heat Loss Module

10 16/5/2014


Energy Performance of Buildings - What Does It Mean For You?

The EPBD drives requirements for Building Regulations, Energy

Performance and Display Energy Certificates, Plant inspections. The recent

‘recast’ places additional requirements on both the public and private sector

to be implemented soon.

Recast is 31 Articles over 16 pages

And five annexes over 7 pages

11 16/5/2014


Consideration of High-efficiency Alterative Systems

CHP or CCHP

District Heating

Heat Pumps

Renewable Energy Sources

12 16/5/2014


Part 6 – Energy Efficiency Requirement

13 16/5/2014


Controls

14 16/5/2014


CO2 Emission Factors by Fuel Type in SAP 2012

15 16/5/2014


It is a WORKSHOP

February 2014

The Future of Heating:

Meeting the Challenge

Paul Rochester Policy - Low Carbon Heating in Buildings

Ambitious targets to reduce emissions

• Climate Change Act 2008 set ambitious targets:

o 80% reduction in UK’s GGE by 2050

o 34% reduction by 2020

o Our buildings will need to be virtually zero carbon by 2050

• Under EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009 we have a binding commitment to increase renewable energy use to 15% by 2020

o Renewable heat could contribute approx ⅓ of this target

o To make that contribution around 12% of our total heat demand in 2020 would have to come from renewables

HEAT AND ENERGY USE

Targets

18

Five big reasons why heat is important ...

More energy is used for heating than is consumed as electricity

...

....and causes around a third of UK greenhouse gas emissions

Most of our gas is used to provide heat

Heat is economically important and has a big impact on

consumer bills and industrial competitiveness

1.6 million

boilers are

replaced each

year

The move to condensing

boilers saved UK consumers

£800 million in fuel costs in

2009 alone

What industry uses energy for

0%

20%

40%

60%

heat electricity other

Gas use 2011

52%

34%

14%

Important features of Heat Demand:

• Heat demand varies significantly

over the course of the day, and,

with space heating, over the

course of the year

• Particularly pronounced during

winter months, when space

heating demand is greatest and

daily demand can reach 300 GW.

• New modelling takes account of

the way that heat demand is

much ‘peakier’ and unpredictable

than demand for electricity

• This peakiness has big impact on

cost-optimal technologies and

infrastructure

[

And heat demand is very different to electricity demand..

March 2012 March 2013

Last year we put our efforts into turning the Strategic Framework for Heat into a plan of action..

March 2012ch

2012

March 2013ch

2012 The Future of Heating: A strategic framework for low carbon heat in the UK

Contents

Ministerial Foreword

Introduction

Chapter 1: Efficient low carbon heat in industry

Chapter 2: Heat networks

Chapter 3: Heat and cooling for buildings

Chapter 4: Grids and infrastructure

Evidence Annex

“Meeting the Challenge” covers the

whole spectrum of heat questions in UK

New evidence

• External modelling on cost-optimal technologies out to 2050, which

better reflects heat networks, gas-based solutions and the importance

of storage

• Internal Heat Network and CHP modelling

• Qualitative research by BRE into barriers to heat networks

• Customer insight surveys on heating preferences and behaviours

• Quantitative and qualitative research into homeowners’ willingness to

replace their heating systems

• Evaluation of the renewable heat premium payments scheme

• Factsheets on heat-intensive industrial sub-sectors.

Chapter 1 deals with heat for industrial processes….

• 70% reduction in emissions from industry by 2050

• 73% of industrial energy demand is heat

• Industrial energy use has gone down substantially over the past 40 years

• Industry uses natural gas, coal/coke, electricity, biomass and other (refinery gas, coke oven gas, etc)

• Some industrial sectors emit carbon from their manufacturing process itself

Top 6 industrial sectors by heat use

Chapter 1: Efficient low carbon heat in

industry

Steps following publication:

• Sector-specific ‘low carbon roadmaps’ for each key industrial sector, with BIS and industry

• A techno-economic study on industrial CCS to help better understand the necessary technologies and costs

• A techno-economic study on the amount of recoverable heat available from UK heat-intensive industry to inform the 2014 RHI policy review

• Development of bespoke support for new natural gas CHP

Chapter 1: Efficient low carbon heat in

industry

Chapter 2: Heat Networks – the current position…

• ~2000 networks serve ~210,000 dwellings and 1700 commercial and public buildings

• Could allow us to benefit from many sources of heat such as: • CHP • Deep geothermal • Large heat pumps • Waste industrial and commercial heat • Energy from waste

• Thermal storage can be utilised to

optimise operation

Heat Network Delivery Unit

•The Heat Networks Delivery Unit has been set up to run initially until March 2015. It

comprises technical and commercial experts with some administrative support.

•Funding is distributed through funding rounds – open to all LAs in England and Wales

• There is £7m of DECC funding available to March 2015.

• At 1 April 2014 over £4m had been allocated across 50 LAs through two funding

rounds. A third round will be held over the summer, opens 12 May closes 27 June.

Round 4 dates tbc.

• Funding is for early design work including mapping heat sources in the area and

identifying where the heat might be used; and undertaking feasibility studies of potential

networks

•The HNDU experts spend time with the LAs face to face as well as by phone and email.

This support and guidance helps LAs to become more intelligent clients in working with

third parties on their heat network projects

Chapter 2: Heat Networks

• Flexibility of heat source

• Heat storage capacity

• Solution for dense urban areas

• May be cheaper than electrically driven options

The case for Heat Networks

Grids and Infrastructure: Following a pathway to low carbon

heat will, over time, mean significant change for the UK’s

energy infrastructure.

Low carbon heat will have impacts on the existing gas and

electricity networks; there will be new infrastructure like heat

networks and heat storage, and potentially also new

infrastructure to support the use of hydrogen and to take carbon

dioxide away. Decisions on all the different elements of the

UK’s energy infrastructure cannot be taken in isolation.

Proposed new actions therefore include:

Taking forward work to examine the strategic interaction

between lower carbon electricity generation and heat

production

Announcing the successful Phase 2 demonstration projects

for its Advanced Heat Storage competition

Commissioning further research to investigate the role

hydrogen might play across the UK’s energy system

Exploring with the industry how best to address the strategic

questions facing the gas network.


• Emissions from buildings will need to be near zero by 2050

• ~27 million households in the UK; 1.8 million non-domestic buildings

• Domestic heating accounts for 23% of UK energy demand

• Internal temperatures have risen; 1970 <25% of homes had central heating – 2010 ~90% of homes have central heating

Further modelling confirms the importance of low carbon heat networks in areas of dense heat demand, and on-site renewable heating in rural off grid areas. Some forms of gas heating may still be helpful out to 2050. The role of biomass and biogas remains questionable

The trajectory for low carbon heat for buildings

has been refined since last year….


• DECC intend to use the RHI review in 2014 to examine the case for

other renewable fuels such as sustainable heating-only bioliquids and

active air solar heating.

• DECC has introduced a range of measures to improve capability and

competency within the low carbon heat sector, including:

• introducing a voucher scheme for installer training to build up the

installer base to support RHI;

• piloting a green Apprenticeship scheme over the coming year, with

the aim of offering 100 places;

• DECC supported development of a new consumer guides produced by

industry and consumer organisations to improve the way low carbon

heating systems are communicated to consumers and to provide advice

for installers and intermediaries.

Next steps

Chapter 3: Heat and cooling for buildings Renewable Heat Incentive

RHI is world’s first long-term financial support programme for renewable heat

• RHI for non-domestic properties provides financial incentives to

install renewable heating in place of fossil fuels (launched Nov

2011)

• RHPP scheme provides grants to help install renewable heat

technologies in domestic properties (launched August 2011)

• Domestic RHI scheme opened in April 2014

• Schemes can be used in conjunction with Green Deal energy

efficiency scheme (launched January 2013)

Energy Performance

of Buildings Directive

Article 9 requires that “Member States shall ensure

that by 31 December 2020 all new buildings are

nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December

2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public

authorities are nearly zero-energy buildings”.

A nearly zero-energy building is defined as “a

building that has a very high energy performance.

The nearly zero or very low amount of energy

required should be covered to a very significant

extent by energy from renewable sources, including

energy from renewable sources produced on-site or

nearby”.

• Heat is a rising priority in DECC

• Number of research activities and

workstreams in place now to address

issues raised in strategy documents

• Increasing number of new technologies

and new approaches stimulated by Green

Deal and RHI in built environment

Conclusions

• Journey: early stage in the adoption of low

carbon heating and cooling

• Wide area, presentations & workshop today to

check on the BSRIA work:

– Findings on uptake and barriers to low carbon

heating & cooling

– Recommendations

– DECC wants your views on next steps &

priority areas

DECC’s objectives today

Practical Experiences of

Renewable Heating &

Cooling

16 May 2014

Peter Tse

BSRIA Principal Design Consultant

Technology Strategy Board BPE

Assessor

38 The built environment experts 38

Projects

52 Domestic projects

• Single builds to 787 home

development

• Flats to detached home

48 Non-domestic projects

• New builds

• Major refurbishments – 3 projects

matched criteria

• 6 project had multiple buildings –

total of 55 study buildings


Non-domestic Sectors


Exemplary Portfolio

BREEAM design stage certificates

Issued in 2010

BPE Portfolio


Renewable Heating & Cooling

Technologies in Programme

42 Making buildings better

Solar Thermal

• Driver – 10% renewable energy

requirement

• Mounting/orientation changed in

construction


Solar Thermal • Complex system - 3 Inputs for hot water:

• Solar thermal

• Dedicated heat pump

• Immersion heaters in 2 hot water cylinders

• Initial status:

• Commissioning report – location of immersion

element & temp sensor, no call for heat

• Solar thermal not operational


Solar Thermal

• Little monitoring capability:

• No BMS link for solar thermal, or heat meter

• No BMS link for heat pump, little useful

information

Analogue gauges &

solar thermal pump

Solar controller, only

has temperature

Heat pump

controller


Operational Uncertainty

• Suspicion immersion heater providing majority if not all of the

heat load

• Various changes in operation to see what is happening:

• Turned off immersion heaters, ensure solar thermal leading

• Found heat pump contribution was nominal

• Needed contribution from immersion heaters


Common Challenges for Solar Thermal

• Matching demand with supply

– Dumping heat as it was oversized, especially in summer

• Energy for circulation of hot water can be excessive, especially if

demand is low

• Poor commissioning – many found not working

• Poor control and monitoring – difficult to gauge contribution, and

how to optimise system


Heat Pumps • Winter 2011- constant failure to start,

as units became iced

Knock on effects:

– UF system on 22hrs per day next

winter

– FM manually controls system,

weather optimisation not allowed ‘to

learn’, thus no optimised start/stop

Technical issues:

– Optimiser set for cooling mode

– Control strategy not visible on BMS

system

– Optimisation overriding weekend

timeclock

4 heat pumps - to underfloor heating/cooling

Indoor units and distribution pumps


Common Challenges for Heat Pumps

• Poor understanding of strategy, especially interfacing with other

sources of heat

• Poor commissioning – little evidence heating/cooling system

commissioned as a whole

• Poor metering / monitoring

• Due to reliability issues, equipment run for extended periods of

time


Biomass Boilers

• Oil fired boiler allows biomass to

be turned off in summer months

Biomass boiler

Oil boiler


Performance


Common Challenges for Biomass

Boilers • Lack of understanding of maintenance requirements

– Projects with no service agreements

– Cost of fuel and maintenance high

• Fuel issues

– Specified pellets too big, poor quality

– Fuel delivery system breakdowns

– Ingress of water into wood store

• Matching loads with requirements

• H&S issues

– Flue gases recirculating into spaces

– Cables placed over access point


Why did this work?

• Client has vested interest

• A solution that the client is familiar with

• Robust renewable solution



Heating & Cooling –

Evidence Review

Workshop

15 May 2014


Background

Many initiatives / players /

programmes:

• DECC (Department for

Energy and Climate Change)

• TSB (Technology Strategy

Board)

• Research Councils

• Energy Technology Institute

• European and other

overseas programmes

• Etc


What constitutes Low Carbon Heating &

Cooling

Definitions: Technology or

outcome

Includes:

• Heat pump part of using ground

as a thermal store: heating (in

winter) & cooling (in summer)?

• Conventional chiller with heat

recovery?

• Passive solar design, building

waste heat recovery?


Why?

Business Case?

Rep

uta

tion

Cost

Reg

ula

tio

n

Stakeholder, regulatory and cost pressures - risks and opportunities

Brand value:

Investor,

customer, &

employee

pressure /

awareness.

BREEAM, CSR etc

Increasing

environmental & social

legislation &

regulations & planning

eg Energy price variability

Opportunity for cost savings and

competitive advantage

Opportunity

New products, services


Simple Payback Periods (refurb)

• Typical commercial

typically 1-3 years

(uncertainty, landlord –

tenant)

• Long term client – up to

10+ years

– eg Some universities


BPE Renewable Heating and Cooling

Drivers


Green Deal Help to Redress Commercial

Risks?


Low Carbon Heating Performance Gap?

Many instances gap between

potential and realised

performance. Causes include:

• Integrated design failure

• Lack of skills in property or

supply chain

• Insufficient operational resources

• “Best practice”?


Smart clients = better buildings

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_A_6D6L9-mxk/TSUlY2FpoHI/AAAAAAAAAws/pZoZoTLK6aQ/s1600/Rethinking.JPG


Specific Suggestions

• “Best Practice”

programme

• Cooling map


Specific Technology Issues

• Most technology areas (heat pumps, community

heating) – significant programmes in place

• Specific areas identified with limited resources (views

please):

– For individual and groups of buildings on a site,

those circumstances where biomass can be a

viable source of renewable heating and cooling.

– Renewable cooling generally, including

evaporative cooling



Heating & Cooling

Workshop

15 May 2014


Workshop Questions

Part 1. Check Study Findings: • The major drivers of low carbon heating and cooling are: Planning; BREEAM;

Client (often public sector) specification.

• When retrofitting, short payback periods (1-3 years) required by many private

companies limits uptake. Some private and public sector clients (eg

Universities) have a longer term perspective, which makes them more likely

early adopters.

• Low carbon heating and cooling exemplars are usually associated with informed

clients.

• The absence of exemplars is likely to act as a drag on the adoption of renewable

heating and cooling technologies because of perceived risk.


Workshop Questions

Part 1. Check Study Findings (continued): • In practice there is a significant gap between potential and realised

performance. There are many reasons for this including:

– Failure to adopt an integrated design – bolt on approach perhaps

encouraged by BREEAM / Planning

– Lack of past experience / relevant skills (across property and supply chain)

– Limited resources available to maintain / operate systems

• There are a plethora of initiatives / guidance but few recognised sources of “best

practice”.

• Skills (& knowledge) shortages across property and supply chain: construction

companies - awareness of legislation requirements & practical implementation;

Design: building physics & integrated design; BIM; post occupancy evaluation /

performance assessment; informed clients / FM.


Workshop Questions

Part 2. Check Study Recommendations: • A clearer understanding of the business case for the use of low carbon heating

and cooling, and hence associated opportunities and barriers, across sectors /

clients could be developed.

• The way in which the Green Deal might be used to support the business case,

particularly for certain groups of non-domestic buildings (eg owner-occupier

SMEs) should be further explored

• Given typical payback periods for low carbon heating and cooling technologies a

reasonable inference might be that informed clients with long term property

strategies may be well suited to developing exemplars.

• It is suggested that for individual and groups of buildings on a site, that those

circumstances where biomass can be a viable source of low carbon heating and

cooling should be further detailed.


Workshop Questions

Part 2. Check Study Recommendations (Continued): • Across the research councils, DECC, ETI, Technology Strategy Board, and

others, there is a substantial body of work underway. Gaps: evaporative cooling

– where recent innovations should result in wider benefits; others?

• Greater emphasis on the identification and promotion of “Best Practice” –

minimise risk, accelerate learning.

• Whereas there is a Heat Map of the UK, there is no currently available

comparable “cooling” equivalent on which to base an assessment of low carbon

cooling capacity, or which can be combined with the Heat Map for tri-generation

assessment.


Workshop Questions

Part 3. Other workshop views on low carbon heating

and cooling: • Skills & training gaps?

• Best means of DECC developing and implementing its low carbon heating &

cooling strategy?

• Other views?

non-dom low carbon heating & cooling agenda · non-dom low carbon heating & cooling ......

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