nomination file 1358

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the World Heritage List – Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Thanh Hoa, Vietnam

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 CONTENTS 1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY 10 1.a. Country: 10 1.b. State, Province or Region 10 1.c. Name of property 10 1.d. Geographical coordinates 10 1.e. Maps and plans showing the boundaries of the Property and

buffer-zone 16

1.f. Area of Nominated Property and proposed Buffer zone 17 2. DESCRIPTION 20 2a. Description of the Property 20 2a.1. Natural setting 22 2a.2. The Ho Citadel (The Inner Citadel) 24 2a.3. La Thanh Outer Wall 49 2a.4. Nam Giao Altar 52 2b. History and development 62 3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INCRIPTION 74 3a. Criteria for nomination 74 Criteria (ii) 74 Criteria (iii) 84 Criteria (iv) 90 3b. Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 97 3c. Comparative analysis 99 3d. Integrity and/or Authenticity 118 4. STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING

THE PROPERTY 123

4a. Present state of conservation 123 4b. Factors affecting the Property 132 5. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PROPERTY 138 5a. Ownership 138 5b. Protective designation 141 5c. Means of implementing protective measures region in which

the proposed property is located 141

5d. Existing plans related to municipality and region in which the 148

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


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proposed property is located 5e. Property management plan or other management system 149 5f. Financial resources 154 5g. Human resources for technical work and training on

conservation and management 155

5h. Capacities to accommodate tourists and statistical data 156 5i. Policies and programs on the promotion of heritage 157 5j. Qualifications of the staff 158 6. MONITORING 159 6a. Key indicators for measuring the state of conservation 159 6b. Administrative arrangements for monitoring the property 161 6c. Results of previous reporting exercises 161 7. DOCUMENTATION 164 7a. Photographs, slides, image inventory and authorization table

and other audiovisual materials 164

7a.1. List of illustrations 164 7a.2. Drawings of the inner walls of the Ho citadel (Annex VI) 172 7a.3. Aerial photograph of citadel of the Ho dynasty (Annex VII) 172 7a.4. Digital Photos (Annex VIII) 174 7a.5. Slides (Annex IX) 174 7a.6. Film (Annex X) 178 7a.7. A0 size Maps (Annex XI) 178 7b. Texts relating to protective designation, copies of property

management plans or documented management systems and extracts of other plans relevant to the property

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7c. Forms and date of most recent records or inventory of property 180 7d. Address where inventory, records, and archives are held 180 7e. Bibliography 181 8. CONTACT INFORMATION OF RESPONSIBILITY

AUTHORITY 181

8a. Preparer 191 8b. Official Local Institution / Agency 191 8c. Other local Institutions 192 9. SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY 193

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY State Party The Socialist Republic of Vietnam State, Province or Region Thanh Hoa Province Name of Property Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Geographical Co-ordinates to nearest second

No.

Location Province/Distri

ct Latitute Longitude

Nominated Area in ha

Buffer zone (ha)

1 Inner Citadel Thanh Hoa/

Vinh Loc N 20004’43” E 105021’10” 142.2

2 La Thanh

Outer wall’section

Thanh Hoa/ Vinh Loc

N 20o06’ 01” E 105021’53”

9.0

3 Nam Giao

Altar Thanh Hoa/

Vinh Loc N 20o 02’48” E 105022’15” 4.3

5078.5

Total 155.5 5078.5

Textual description of the boundaries of the Nominated Property:

The Nominated Site’s boundaries have been drawn to include all those areas that are a direct and tangible expression of its Outstanding Universal Value: the Inner Citadel, the Nam Giao Altar and a section of the La Thanh Outer wall.

The Inner Citadel includes the land within the citadel, it’s four walls, the remains of the moat, as well as a portion of land beyond the moat that encompasses the area of 142.2ha from the road number 217 to north of the North Gate to Xuan Giai hamlet, adjacent to the South Gate in north-south direction, and from the Tay Giai hamlet to Dong Mon hamlet in east-west direction.

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The Nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall is 9.0ha, which extends from a location situated 400m far from the northeast of Beo village (Vinh Long commune) towards the Doi Mo village in the northeast. It encompasses an area of 9.0ha, which is 2051.9m in length, 37m in wide at the foot. Both sides of the Nominated area of Outer wall are composed by cultivated lands belonging to Vinh Long commune. 1km away from the east of the Outer wall is the Buoi river.

The boundary of the Nam Giao Altar encompasses an area of 4.3ha with all levels and archaeological remains of the altar. The north boundary corresponds to the road that leads to the site and is adjacent to the wall of the Vinh Long Hospital. The east boundary corresponds to the slope of the Don Son mountain. The west boundary is adjacent to the residential area and to the rice filed of Vinh Thanh commune. The south boundary is adjacent to the road that leads to the Vinh Hoa brick factory (1km away) and to some ponds. The elevation of the Nam Giao Altar was taken at four points. The north-west point is 28.30m above sea level; north-east point is 28.2m above sea level; the south-east point is at 13.7m; and elevation of the south-west point is at 14.5m above sea level.

Buffer zone

The Buffer zone takes in extensive land belongs administratively to different communes: Vinh Long; Vinh Tien; Vinh Quang; Vinh Khang; Vinh Ninh and Vinh Loc town.

The northern boundary is set by the Tho Tuong or Elephant mountain (Vinh Quang commune), by the Doi Thoi hill (Vinh Long commune) and is adjacent to Cam Thuy district. The west boundary corresponds to the Ma river, which runs through the communes of Vinh Quang, Vinh Yen and Vinh Tien. The southern boundary is also delimited by the Ma river, which runs through the communes of Vinh Thanh, Vinh Ninh and Vinh Khang. The east boundary starts from Doi Mo village through Trac village and then runs along the Buoi river through the villages of Xoai, Co Diep, and Bai Xuan (Vinh Phuc commune), continues then to

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Vinh Thanh commune and encompasses the Don Son mountain to finally arrives to the village of Ho Nam (Vinh Khang commune), where the Buoi and Ma rivers join.

Map of the Nominated Property, showing boundaries and Buffer zone:

Map 1. The boundaries of the Nominated area and Buffer zone

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Map 2. The Nominated area of the Inner Citadel

Map 3. The Nominated area of the Nam Giao Altar

Map 4. The Nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall

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Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

The nominated property comprises the Inner Citadel, part of the Outer Wall of the city and the Nam Giao altar which are the principal surviving parts of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, built in 1397 in Vinh Loc district, Thanh hoa province. This capital city was an attempt to re-establish the Viet Nam state in accordance with the principles of pragmatic Confucianism.

The nominated property has Outstanding Universal Value for the following reasons:

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a notable physical representation of the harmony of the cultures in the past; it reflects important exchanges of Oriental cultural values specially the practice of Confucianism. It demonstrates the employment of architecture to show royalty thinking in an East Asian style and the will to carry out reforms following general trends of the era; it exploits the elements of natural scenery together with talented creation, based on traditional knowledge of construction from East Asia, Southeast Asia and Vietnam, in terms of space management and architectural elements designs for a centralized monarchy imperial city in the late 14th and early 15th century..

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is the notable evidence of monarchical power in Vietnam. The citadel is a heritage that was built during a disorder period of reform and subsequent disorder in Vietnamese society which experienced Ho Dynasty’s reforms and ideas on initiative protection of the Nation’s independence. It is also a notable cultural hallmark of a civilization that had a short life due to invasion war. Although these reformed ideas did not succeed, Ho Dynasty’s policies and new reforms were followed and developed brilliantly in the later historical stages, after the country gained independence in 1428.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a construction that has globally notable values within the architectural style of Oriental imperial cities and which once served as the centre of power and military stronghold. Built on the standards of a Chinese royal citadel, the Ho Citadel perfectly represents the symbol of royal power together with theocracy; it shows the talented skillful combination of the architecture with the cultural and the natural

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scenery. The heritage citadel is a grandiose construction thank to its engineering and art in big stone construction and because of the combination of unique construction traditions in Vietnam and South East Asia in the late 14th and early 15th century.

The Ho Citadel has a high degree of integrity and authenticity. The nominated property contains all the elements necessary to express its Outstanding Universal Value. Thanks to the unique construction process that used durable and firm materials, especially huge stone blocks, the Ho Citadel is very well preserved, while its natural landscape has remained unchanged. The citadel falls among a few imperial city vestiges in East Asia and Southeast Asia that have not yet been influenced by the process of urbanization process; the scenery and architectural size have been preserved nearly intact both above and underground. Because of the lack of development and the good state of survival of the site above and below ground, the nominated property has a high level of authenticity in terms of its location and setting, form and design and material and substance.

The Ho Citadel has adequate protection and management. The Nominated areas are designated as national heritage and protected by national, provincial and local legislation and regulation. The Managing Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, formed in 2007, has been successful in protecting and preserving the relic to the best of its capacity. A Management Plan for the nominated property will be completed shortly.

Criteria under which Inscription is proposed and justification

Criterion (ii)

The Nominated site exhibits important interchanges of values in Chinese Confucianism influence for a symbol of regal centralized power in the late 14th century – early 15th century. It represents new developments in architectural style with respect to technology and urban planning in an East Asian and Southeast Asian context, makes full use of the natural surroundings and incorporated distinctly Vietnamese and East and Southeast Asian elements in its monuments and urban landscape.

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Criterion (iii)

The Nominated Site demonstrates and provides evidence of the determination to pursue the reformist programs to build an increasingly powerful state and create new cultural identities on the ground of traditional values in term of art, architecture and urban design. It therefore bears an exceptional testimony to a period of strengthening traditional values and promoting new ideological movements in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Criterion (iv)

The Nominated Site outstandingly represents architectural construction type of a new style of Southeast Asian imperial city with great achievements in engineering and in its use of stone material handcrafted with the science and the technological conditions of Vietnam, East Asia and Southeast Asia during the period of late 14th - early 15th century.

Contact information: Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee Address: 35 Le Loi street, Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province Tel: +84 37 385 0051 Fax: +84 37 385 1255 Email: Website: http://www.thanhhoa.gov.vn Department of Cultural, Sport and Tourism, Thanh Hoa Province Address: No 101 Nguyen Trai street, Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province Tel: +84 37 385 2059 Fax: +84 37 385 2441 Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Main Office’s address: Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province Tel: +84 37 892 9221 Fax: +84 37 892 9181 Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY


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1a. Country:

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

1b. State, Province or Region

Thanh Hoa Province

1c. Name of Property

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

1d. Geographical co-ordinates to the nearest second

No. Location Province/District Latitute Longitude Area

in ha

Buffer

zone

(ha)

1 Inner Citadel Thanh Hoa/Vinh Loc N 20004’43” E 105021’10” 142.2

2 La Thanh Outer

wall’section Thanh Hoa/Vinh Loc N 20o06’01”

E 105021’53”

9.0

3 Nam Giao Altar Thanh Hoa/Vinh Loc N 20o 02’48” E 105022’15” 4.3

5078.5

Total 155.5 5078.5



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Ill. 1: Vietnam’s location in the World Map



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Ill. 2: Vietnam’s location in the map of Asia and Southeast Asia

Ill. 3: Map of Vietnam



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Ill. 4: Thanh Hoa province’s location in the map of Northern Vietnam (upper)

Ill. 5: Map of Thanh Hoa province (below)



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Ill. 6: Location of Vinh Loc district in the map of Thanh Hoa province (upper) Ill. 7: Location of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty on the map of Vinh Loc district (below)



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Ill. 8: Location of the property (Google map)

1- The Inner Citadel; 2- the La Thanh Outer wall; 3- the Nam Giao Altar



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1e. Maps and plans, showing the boundaries of the Nominated Property and Buffer zone

Ill. 9: Map showing the of the Nominated Property and buffer zoneboundaries



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1f. Area of Nominated Property and proposed Buffer zone

Ill. 10: Map of the Nominated area of the Inner Citadel

Ill. 11: Map of Nominated area of the Nam Giao Altar

Ill. 12: Map of Nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall



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- Nominated area: 155.5ha + The Inner City: 142.2ha + La Thanh Outer wall: 9.0ha + Nam Giao Altar: 4.3ha

- Buffer zone: 5.078.5ha

Nominated area

- The Nominated area of the Inner Citadel includes the land within the citadel, its four walls, and the remains of the moat as well as a portion of land beyond the moat. The northwest part of the nominated area extends 120m from the citadel wall to the road number 217 that connects the communes of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long. The east part is adjacent to the Dong Mon and to its rice fields. The distance between the citadel walls to the limit of the nominated area at this location is of 164m. The west side of the core zone is adjacent to the Tay Giai hamlet and its rice fields. The distance between the citadel walls to the limit of the Nominated area at this location is of 152m. The south side of the Nominated area is adjacent to the Tay Giai hamlet and its rice fields. The distance between the citadel walls to the limit of the Nominated area at this location is of 156m.

- The Nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall extends from a location situated 400m far from the northeast of Beo village (Vinh Long commune) towards the Doi Mo village in the northeast. It encompasses an area of 9.0ha, which is 2051.9m in length, 37m in wide at the foot. Both sides of the Nominated area of Outer Wall are composed by cultivated lands belonging to Vinh Long commune. 1km away from the east of the Outer Wall is the Buoi river.

- The Nominated area of the Nam Giao Altar is encompassed by different boundaries. The north boundary corresponds to the road that leads to the site and is adjacent to the wall of the Vinh Long Hospital. The east boundary corresponds to the slope of the Don Son mountain. The west boundary is adjacent to the residential area and to the rice fileds of the Vinh



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Thanh commune. The south boundary is adjacent to the road that leads to the Vinh Hoa brick factory (1km away) and to some ponds. The elevation of the Nam Giao Altar was taken at four points. The north-west point is 28.30m above sea level; north east point is 28.20m above sea level; the south east point is at 13.70m; and the south west is at 14.50m above sea level.

Buffer zone

The Buffer zone takes in extensive land belongs administratively to different communes: Vinh Long; Vinh Tien; Vinh Quang; Vinh Khang; Vinh Ninh and Vinh Loc town.

The northern boundary is set by the Tho Tuong mountain (Vinh Quang commune), by the Doi Thoi hill (Vinh Long commune) and is adjacent to Cam Thuy district. The western boundary corresponds to the Ma river which runs through the communes of Vinh Quang, Vinh Yen and Vinh Tien. The southern boundary is also delimited by the Ma river, which runs through the communes of Vinh Thanh, Vinh Ninh and Vinh Khang. The eastern boundary starts from Doi Mo village through Trac village and then runs along the river Buoi through the villages of Xoai, Co Diep, and Bai Xuan (Vinh Phuc commune), continues then to Vinh Thanh commune and encompasses the Don Son mountain to finally arrives to the village of Ho Nam (Vinh Khang commune) where the Buoi and Ma rivers join.

2. DESCRIPTION


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2. DESCRIPTION

2a. Description of property

“Citadel of the Ho Dynasty” or “Ho Citadel” (in short writing) is a citadel built by stone that stands on a basin between the Ma and the Buoi rivers. The historical monument is belonged and under administrative care of the hamlets Tay Giai, Xuan Giai (Vinh Tien commune) and Dong Mon (Vinh Long commune), Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Throughout its history, the citadel was renamed several times. For example, it was called “An Ton Citadel” during the late Tran period; when it became the capital of the Dai Viet state (from 1397 to 1400); “Tay Do” or the Western Capital. And it was then renamed as Dai Ngu (from 1400 to 1407) during Ho dynasty. When the Ming China occupied Vietnam, it was named as “Thanh Hoa Thanh Phu”. Other names were also used, such as “Tay Kinh” or “the Western imperial citadel” was used to differentiate it from the Thang Long citadel (Dong Kinh or Eastern citadel), “Thach Thanh” or

Ill.13: Administrative map of Citadel of Ho Dynasty

2. DESCRIPTION


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‘Stone citadel”, because it was constructed by stone, “Tay Giai Citadel”, because it is located adjacent to the Tay Giai hamlet (1).

If going from Hanoi, first one goes to Thanh Hoa city on the national highway 1A (150km), then one takes the provincial highway No.45 from Thanh Hoa to get there (45km). One also can go there by boat from the South China Sea up to the Len or Ma rivers to the mountainous districts of of Quan Hoa and Ba Thuoc (Ill.13)

Historically, in 1397, Ho Quy Ly, the Prime-minister of Tran dynasty ordered to construct the Ho Citadel. In the same year, he moved the royal court from Thang Long (current day Ha Noi) to the Ho Citadel in Thanh Hoa(2).

In 1400, Ho Quy Ly dethroned the last King of the Tran dynasty, and established his own dynasty. He used the newly build capital as his official Imperial Citadel and named his kingdom “Dai Ngu”. In 1407, the Ming China attacked the Ho Citadel, arrested Ho Quy Ly and his son Ho Han Thuong. The Ho dynasty was short lived and the whole royal was collapsed. As a result, the Ho Citadel was no city capital any more.

The heritage site includes monuments that are well planned. It is exceptional because of the way in which the constructed components are harmoniously integrated into the natural environment and adapted to the topography, to serve as a new capital when it was moved from Thang Long (Hanoi). Today, the stone built citadel survives with its massive wall and four main gates. The remaining structure and several components of the citadel were unearthed by archaeological investigation. In addition to the surrounded stone walls, moats, vestigates of palaces and shrines of the royal, Outer wall and the Nam Giao Altar are parts of the heritage complex.

1 Phạm Xuân Huyên 1992, Những tên gọi của Thành nhà Hồ, Nghiên cứu Lịch sử, số 5 [The Different Names of the Imperial Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Historical Studies, No. 5]. 2 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê 1998, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

2. DESCRIPTION


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2a.1. Natural Setting

The site is a good combination of the natural setting and man made constructions. Originally, it was conceived as a geo-cultural landscape, which was believed to be harmoneous with the nature. At the same time, the nature setting was incorporated for functional purposes. The Ho Citadel is located at the co-ordinates of 20o04’43”N and 105o21’10”E. It was built in a midland region on a basin that is approximately 10.000 ha wide and is shared by the Ma (or Loi Giang) river in the southwest and by th`e Buoi river in the northeast. One historical document states that “In the late Tran Dynasty, Ho Quy Ly moved the royal capital to An Ton town, Vinh Phuc district, from then on it has been called Tay Do (West Capital). A lager citadel was built with massive walls, deep ditches and a solid foundation, was contructed. To the left are the rocky mountains; and to the right are the

Ill. 14: Natural setting of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

2. DESCRIPTION


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Ma and Luong rivers. The two rivers then come to a confluent and run onward”(3).

To day, the citadel locates on a flat area, at an average height of 12.5m above sea level, sloping down from south to north. The highest point is close to Don Son hill. The surrounding area is composed of rice fields and of secondary planned crops fields. Some hamlets are closely located to the ancient gates of the citadel. To its north are the fields of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long commune. To its south are Xuan Giai hamlet and Vinh Loc district capital. To the east is the Dong Mon hamlet (Vinh Long commune). To the west is the Tay Giai hamlet (Vinh Tien commune). All the names of these hamlets seem to relate to architectural components of the citadel. At the extreme borders of the fields stand separate rock mountains or a mountain range with many peaks, which were considered as important geomantic features for the citadel. The endless mountain range, with mount Tuong Son (Elephant Mount) as the highest peak, lies north of the citadel. In the south stands Don Son Mountain and in the east is the Cho Den mountain (or mount of Black Dog), standing on the bank of the Buoi river. The west side of the citadel is protected by An Ton Mountain range and by the Ma river. The Ma and Buoi rivers join in the south of Don Son mountain. At the outermost extent of the site there are many karst hills. These hills were created by the tectonics movements dating back to the age of the Himalaya creation (Ill. 14).

3 Phan Huy Chú. Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí, Nxb Giáo Dục, (bản in năm 2006), Hà Nội, tập I, Dư địa chí, q.II [Annals of Authoritative Orders through Successive Dynasties, Education Publishing house, 2006 printing, Hanoi, Vol. I, Geography, Book II.]

2. DESCRIPTION


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2a.2. The Ho Citadel (The Inner Citadel):

Ill. 15: Plan and main architecture units of the Inner Citadel

2. DESCRIPTION


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Although the whole historical site is named “the Citadel of the Ho dynasty”, the Ho Citadel or Thanh Nha Ho is how the people address the citadel constructed by stone. Therefore, it has been decided to refer to the citadel building, or the “Inner Citadel” as the “Ho Citadel” in contrast to the whole heritage site.

Being the Imperial Citadel of the kingdom, Ho Citadel was perfectly designed and firmly constructed on a square platform. It’s façade faces a southeast direction, slanting 45 degrees north. In perimeter, the wall of the Ho Citadel is of 3513.4 meters – (north side 877.1m north side, 877m south side, east side 879.3m and the west side 880m respectively). In dimension, its surface is of 769,086m2 (approximately equivalent to 77 ha)(4).

The citadel wall has four gates at the center of each side. Although the citadel did not strictly follow north-south direction, these gates are named North, South, East and West gates on each respective side, of which the South Gate is the most important one represented by its structure and decoration. The meeting point of the north-south and east-west axis is at the very center point of the citadel. Nowadays two roads (connecting the districts) run through the gates towards the four directions outside the citadel. However it is not yet clear as how the gates were connected in the past, except the South Gate with clear archaeological evidence. All these roads are running in a straight line from one gate to another, apart from the northern road that slightly slants northwest. Archaeological excavation has revealed that the existing southern road corresponds to the imperial road that was connecting the citadel to the Nam Giao Altar on Don Son mountain (Ill. 15).

Based on the almost integral remains of the citadel wall and on the study of the document from the recent excavations, archaologists identify that the architectural layout of the Inner Citadel include the citadel walls, the moat system, the four gates, the remains of the water ponds and of some architectural buildings.

4 Kikuchi Sheiichi (Ed.) 2005. Researching the Citadel of Ho Dynasty – Vietnam – Archeological research and restoration of the 15th cen. Citadel of Ho Dynasty (Vietnam), Vol. I, published by Showa University (Japan), Tokyo.

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2a.2.1 Citadel wall and moat system

From an outside view, it is possible to observe the huge rectangular stones forming the walls. The walls were built by the alignment of three vertical layers attached to each other by a special technique of construction:

- The outer layer “was made of huge cubes of karstic stones which were carefully shaped and skillfully linked to each other”(5)

All the stones were shaped meticulously into cubes of average dimensions of 2.2x1.5x1.2m. However, some of the stones are as

big as 4.2x1.7x1.5m or 5.1x1x1.2m. These extremely huge stones may

reach the weight of 26.7tons (6). The stones overlap one another vertically following a running bond method. Bigger stones were set at lower levels while smaller ones were used for higher levels. Such a technique gives the 5 Louis Bezacier 1954. L’ Art Vietnamien, Edition de L’union FranÇaise 3, Rue Blaise – Desgoffe, Paris – vi 6 Kikuchi Seiichi (Ed) 2005.

Ill. 16: Section of the Southern Wall

Ill. 17: Northwest corner of the citadel

Ill. 18: Section of the Eastern Wall and the detail

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walls their trapezoidal shape and their outer faces are slant. The biggest stones were found in the western, southern and eastern walls while in the northern wall, the stones are smaller. This is the reason why on the northern wall, the number of stone levels is higher (Ill. 16-19).

Observing the inner part of the wall, it is possible to see that most of the stones overlap one another alternately. They are firmly linked together by tenons that were fixed as deep as 4m towards the core of the walls (Ill. 20). All the spaces between the stones were stuffed with a mixture of smashed stone and soil. With those techniques, all the stones were set in a firm linkage vertically and horizontally. The core of the wall is linked to its

Ill. 19: Outer surface of the Northern Wall

Ill. 20: Detail of the big stone blocks construction technique

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surfaces by tenons and it is the weight of the stones that makes the wall steady, from its foundation to the top.

The foundation of the walls is made of very huge cube stones which are even larger than the thickness of the walls. The upper surface of those foundation stones was polished while other surfaces remained naturally rough. The flat surface is made as to support the upper levels of the wall stones. However, under the foundation, stones an another layer of foundation can be found, made of clay mixed with gravel and smashed stone, which is not thinner than 0.70m as observed in an excavation trech at the South Gate (Ill.22) (7). The Middle layer (the core of the walls) is made of free stones and ramped earth. They were used as chocks for the stones of the outer surfaces (Ill. 21).

7 Tống Trung Tín (ed.) 2008a. Báo cáo khai quật khu vực cửa Nam thành nhà Hồ năm 2008, xã Vĩnh Tiến, huyện Vĩnh Lộc, tỉnh Thanh Hóa, tư liệu Viện Khảo cổ học [Report on the Excavation of South Gate of Citadel of Ho Dynasty in 2008 (Vinh Tien Commune - Vinh Loc District - Thanh Hoa Province), document of the Institute of Archaeology] * Complete Annals of Dai Viet

Ill. 21: Core of the wall filled with soil and free stones

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Inner layer is an earthen rampart, of which the soil was mixed with gravels and was well rammed. The rampart slightly slopes down towards the inside of the citadel(8). Every 0.60-0.70m thick of the rampart, there is a layer of sand mixed with gravel.

The book Dai Viet su ky toan thu states that in 1401, “Han Thuong gave an order to the districts to produce bricks for the construction of the wall of the citadel. Before that, Tay Do Citadel had been constructed with a lot of stones brought from many different areas but after some time, it collapsed. Then, bricks were now used to build the upper parts of the wall and stones were used for the lower parts”(9). Although bricks remains were not found on the vestige site, many large rectangular bricks were collected from the houses of the villagers who re-used them. When observing these bricks, historians hold the hypothesis that there could be some remnants of the crenels on the top of the walls.

Even after six centuries of wearing off because of natural or human factors, the walls of the Ho Citadel are still in a good condition and many parts remain intact, reaching a height of approximately 5 to 6m, and even 10m at certain locations, such as at the South Gate.

The remaining battlement is 4 to 5m large in some parts and slopes gently down towards the inside of the citadel. At one position on the eastern

8 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009. Thành Tây Đô và vùng đất Vĩnh Lộc (Thanh Hoá) từ cuối thế kỷ XIV đến giữa thế kỷ XIX, [Tay Do citadel and the land of Vinh Loc (Thanh Hoa) from the end of the XIV to the middle of the XIX centuries], PhD thesis, National Library, Hanoi. 9 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê 1998, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p 202].

a b

Ill. 22: The walls’ foundations

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wall, the thickness of the wall is of 21.365m(10) at its foot. It is estimated that more than 100.000m3 of soil, more than 20.000 tons of stones have been exploited and moved to the site for its construction(11).

The walls are surrounded by a moat system, as seen in various other East Asian citadels. Luu Cong Dao in the 19th century described that “the moat is 36 “tam” large. There are four stone bridges at four gates of the citadel”(12). Today, many trenches of the moat are filled up, but vestiges of the ancient system are still clearly identifiable at the north, the east and partly at the south sides of the citadel (Ill. 23). Additionally, the remains of a small channel that linked the moat to the Buoi river at the southeast corner of the citadel can be seen.

The remains of the moat are, at some parts, almost intact and clearly visible. The southern part of the moat is about 65-70m away from the foot of the wall. It is partly filled up; therefore its shape can not be distinguished clearly any more. It’s vestige is observed from a rice field which is 0.8m lower than the surrounding area. Nowadays, near this southern section of the moat stands at the Xuan Giai hamlet.

The gap between the northern part of the moat and the northern wall is filled now by a field of 70m large, where scattered stones from the construction still lie. The eastern part of the moat is 100m away from the wall. There, Bamboos and various species of crops have been planted along the banks, and enclose the residential area of the Dong Mon hamlet. The western part of the moat is 120m away from the wall and remains today as an underground vestige (0.8m down), on which are located the residential area and the rice field of Tay Giai hamlet. The moat, as it can be seen today, is the largest at its western part with 19.09m wide, while the width of the

10Công ty tư vấn xây dựng công trình văn hoá và đô thị 2007, Hồ sơ đo vẽ hiện trạng công trình thành Nhà Hồ, [Consultative Companny for Investment and construction of Cultural and Urban buildings. Document of measuring and drawing actual state of Ho dynasty citadel -Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa province, No109, fig 45]. 11 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009. Thành Tây Đô và vùng đất Vĩnh Lộc (Thanh Hoá) từ cuối thế kỷ XIV đến giữa thế kỷ XIX, [Tay Do citadel and the land of Vinh Loc (Thanh Hoa) from the end of the XIV to the middle of the XIX centuries, PhD thesis. p.70]. 12 Lưu Công Đạo 1816. Thanh Hóa tỉnh Vĩnh Lộc huyện chí (bản chữ Hán), Tư liệu Thư viện Viện Hán Nôm ký hiệu VHv.1371. [ Geography of Vinh Loc district,Thanh Hoa province, document of the Institute of Sino-Nom, VHv.1371, p. 75]

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southern part is 19.18m, the northern part is 12.18m and the eastern part is 10.67m(13).

13 Công ty tư vấn xây dựng công trình văn hoá và đô thị 2007, Hồ sơ đo vẽ hiện trạng công trình thành Nhà Hồ, [Consultative Companny for Investment and construction of Cultural and Urban buildings. Document of measuring and drawing actual state of Ho dynasty citadel -Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa province, fig 216, 217].

Ill. 23: Present state of conservation of the moats

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2a.2.2. Citadel gates and path network

Citadel gates

Ill. 24: Overall view of the South Gate, looking from the north

Ill. 25: The South Gate: plan and elevation

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There are four gates opened through the walls of the Ho Citadel – the South, North, East and West gates. Their opening at the center of each side wall is vaulted shaped and has a fairly similar method of construction than that of the walls: firstly, large size stones were placed at the foot of the gate as a consolidating base, then, there are smaller rectangular stones placed on top, forming the main body of the gate. The upper vaul part is composed by the wedgelike (voussoir) stones which had been sophisticatedly designed by artisans. These gates seemed to have been perfectly and accuratedly constructed and are part of the feature characteristics of the citadel. The South Gate opening has three entrances and is the largest gate, whereas the other three gates have only one entrance.

South Gate (also called Tien Gate – means Front Gate) is the most important one in terms of its construction and significance as the main gate of the imperial citadel. It is 34.85m wide, 15m thick, 7.65m high from ground surface. It is formed of three entrances in vaultede shape. The center entrance is 8.5m high, 5.85m wide, while the two side vaults are 7.8m high, 5.455m and 5.470m wide (Ills. 24-25). L. Berzacier took note that: “The South Gate is a three-entrances gate amongst which the center entrance is more important than the others. This gate and other gates were made of stones that were skilfully gauged....”. and “... These gates are a little higher than the citadel wall, because of their semicircular vaulted gate with slanting bearing wall. The barrel vaults were built with the voussoir(or wedgelike) stones which are the key components for making the vaulted shape” (14).

The excavation of the South Gate reveals that large green stones were used as the base of the vault, and are protruding a bit beyond the gate’s base. One example can be seen from the excavation that is 0.98m wide, 0.74m thick and 2.3m long and is situated at the foundation of the gate. Remains of a rectangular door trim, of door traces on the ground and on the wall (where some door nails were collected) as well as two circular hingers suggest that the gate was equiped with a wooden door frame with two doors openning towards the inside (Ills. 22b, 26). 14 Louis Bezacier 1954. L’ Art Vietnamien, Edition de L’union FranÇaise 3, Rue Blaise – Desgoffe, Paris – vi, p 95.

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Ranges of stones were built above the upper vaulted part of the gate, forming a sort of platform of 14x33m in dimensions, which is in damaged state. Elements such as pits for fixing a balcony rail, five other larger pits for pillar bases that were deeply carved into the platform are observed. Many construction materials such as bricks, tiles, architectural decorations made of terracotta and stones have been found in the excavation trenchs during 2008 provide evidence for the existence of a wooden watch tower – enormous and magnificent – located above the gate (15) (Ill. 27).

A drainage system surrounding the pavilion with four corner outlets has been identified, carved in the stone foundation. It is possible that dragon shaped water gutter ends would have been joined to the foundation using a mortise and tenon technique (Ill. 28).

15 Đỗ Văn Ninh 1983, Thành cổ Việt Nam, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội, [Vietnam’s Old Citadels, Social Sciences Publishing House].

Ill. 26: Evidence for the door holder (South Gate)

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Ill. 27: Decorative architectural elements discovered in the South Gate

Ill. 28: Vestiges of the construction that used to stand above the South Gate

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The North Gate measures 21.342m long, is 13.55m deep and 7.65m in existing height. Its dome is 5.425m high and 5.80m wide (Ills. 29,30). A platform of 12.7 x 20m in dimension seemed to have been set on top of the gate. 22 pits for fixing pillar bases are still visible. In perimeter, each pit is of 0.45m and 0.45m deep, presumably being pillar bases for a building of 97m2 in dimension and formed by three halls and two wings with six lintels. Each lintel would have been normally held by four posts while the lintels of the center hall would have been held only by three. Traces of square pillar pits reveal that a corridor was set on the side of the building. Each pit measures 0.11m wide and 0.07m deep. A groove links these pits and extends to the outside of the swall. A drainage system with water gutters and pits for fixing balcony rails similar to those of the South Gate were also found.

Ill. 29: The North Gate

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Ill. 30: Structure of the North Gate

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The East Gate measures 23.3m, 5.8m and 13.4m in length, width and depth respectively. The existing vaulted section is 6.8m high (Ill. 31).

The West Gate measures 19.3m, 5.7m and 13.4m in length, width and depth respectively. The remaining portion of the existing vaulted is 6.16m high(16). (Ill. 32)

16 Hán Văn Khẩn, Đặng Hồng Sơn 2005, Báo cáo khai quật lần thứ nhất di tích Thành nhà Hồ (Vĩnh Lộc – Thanh Hóa), Tư liệu Bộ môn Khảo cổ học [Report on the first excavation of the Relic of Imperial Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, document of Depertment of History].

Ill. 31: The East Gate: plan and elevation

Ill. 32: The West Gate

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Road network

As reported in historical records, the road patterns within the citadel were well arranged for comfortable transportation. Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi (Encyclopedia of Vietnam from state creation to Le dynastic periods) states that: “all the roads are paved with stones(17)”. According to popular stories, in order to construct the citadel, King Ho Quy Ly gave an order to construct a road named Cong Da for transporting the construction materials from the Ma river directly to the citadel. During survey, this road could be followed thanks to the persisting large stone blocks that were used to pave the former road leading from Tay Giai to Tho Don hamlets, close to the west of the citadel.

A roadway in northwestern-southeastern direction of the citadel – runs from the South Gate towards the North Gate (Ill. 33). It continued to extend southwards, to the Nam Giao Altar, which was built in 1402 on Don Son mountain. The section of the road going through the southern part of

17 Phan Huy Chú , Lịch triều Hiến chương loại chí, tập 1, (bản in năm 2006), Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục, Hà Nội [Annals of Authoritative Orders through Successive Dynasties, Vol. 1, 2006 printing, Education Publishing House. Geography, Book II, p.43]

Ill. 33 : The Hoa Nhai road passing through the South Gate, looking northwards

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the citadel was named in literary sources as Cai Hoa (Magnificent Great road), Hoa Nhai (Magnificent road), or Hoe Nhai (Resplendent road).

Vestiges of this road are unearthed from the 2008 excavation in the area of the South Gate.

The discovered section was divided into two sub-sections – inside and outside the citadel wall. The inside section was paved with intact blocks of green stone while the outside section was paved with stones of various sizes and shapes and only bordered with regular green stones. The surface of

these green stones is neatly finished, smooth and having straight edges. Some of them are large in size 2.5 to 2.7m long and 0.50 to 0.60m wide. The inside sub-section of the road is 4.85m wide, while the outside sub-section is 4.35m wide. The surface of the road in the inside section is 0.10m higher than that of the outside section. The large rectangular stones of the road surface were quite degraded because of the superposition of the modern road (Ill. 34). Archaeological evidences support the historical documents stating that the road played a key role, as the main road running from the citadel to Don Son mountain. Construction along the present road has revealed a large number of stones originating from the ancient road(18).

18Trung Tín (chủ biên) 2008a. Báo cáo khai quật khu vực cửa Nam thành nhà Hồ năm 2008, xã Vĩnh Tiến, huyệnVĩnh Lộc, tỉnh Thanh Hóa, tư liệu Viện Khảo cổ học, [Report on

Ill. 34: Vestiges of the Hoa Nhai road inside and outside the South Gate

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Remains of a paved courtyard continuous to the South Gate and to the ancient road have been found inside and outside of the citadel wall (Ill. 37). For the most part, the level of the courtyard is about 0.15 m lower than the road surface. It is 15m in width (measured from the road edge) and is bordered with rectangular green stones. The stones that were used to pave the courtyard are of various sizes, seem to have been placed without order, and some may have even been re-used, creating only a flat surface. A foundation layer, composed of pounded earth and scattered pieces of stones, was found below the paved surface(19). Historical sources recorded that this courtyard was the location where popular residents could attend to the holding of festivals (19).

2a.2.3. Architectural monuments of the Citadel

Literary sources related to the Ho Citadel have recorded the names of some significant structures that were located within the imperial area, for instance: Hoang Nguyen Palace (palace for the King to hold the court), Nhan Tho Palace (residence of the King’s Highest Father), Dong Palace – Eastern Palace – (residence of the King), Phu Cuc Palace (residence of the

the Excavation of South Gate of Citadel of Ho Dynasty in 2008 (Vinh Tien commune - Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province), document of the Institute of Archaeology, pp.26] 19 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p.194- 195].

Ill. 35: Vestige of a stone paved yard located outside the South

Gate

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Queen), Dong Thai Mieu – East Royal Temple (temple for worshiping Ho’s ancestors), Tay Thai Mieu – West Royal Temple (temple for worshipping Tran’s ancestors – the King’s maternal side, such as Kings Tran Minh Tong and Tran Nghe Tong), and Xa Tac Altar – for honoring the Gods of Land

and Cereals. A network of stone-paved paths linked all these different palaces and temples together (20). Popular stories retain the names and the locations of these structures but also suggest different functions for different structures and locations, mentioning some that served for the daily lives of the residents living in the Citadel, such as Ao Vang, Doi Den, or Nha Nguc…, presumably meaning treasure, light tower, and prison… (21).

As the time went by, these ancient structures have no longer been used. At the beginning of 20th century, L. Bezacier noticed that “Ancient wooden monuments, palaces and other structures within the citadel site have completely disappeared of the ground surface. However, it is interesting to note that the small plots of the rice fields are superimposed over the ancient foundations of the walls and have now completely taken their place. As a result, even if the observer can not distinguish anything from the ground, from an airplane or from the top of the gate’s terraces, the

20 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p.197,200, 201, 205]. 21 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009. Thành Tây Đô và vùng đất Vĩnh Lộc (Thanh Hoá) từ cuối thế kỷ XIV đến giữa thế kỷ XIX, Thư viện Quốc gia, Hà Nội [Tay Do citadel and the land of Vinh Loc (Thanh Hoa) from the end of the XIV to the middle of the XIX centuries, PhD thesis, National Library, Hanoi, p 110]

Ill. 36: Two stone dragons located in side the Inner citadel

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general shape of the structures, of the embankments and of the alleys will appear to him as perfectly drawn”(22).

At the center of the citadel, a pair of stone dragons is still surviving. They were discovered when a road connecting the South Gate to the North Gate (road No.217) was constructed in 1938. This pair of dragons originally belonged to a set of staircases that had nine stone steps. Each step measures 0.15m hight and is 0.35 m wide. It seems that they were moved out of their original location and their heads were probably destroyed during the war. The remaining part of their body has a wavy shape, is covered with a crowned crust and by long hair and razor claws are still seen on their toes…. These dragons are symbol for royal power, essentially during the Tran and the Ho dynasties and generally in Vietnamese feudal dynastic periods (Ill. 36).

22 Louis Bezacier 1954. L’ Art Vietnamien, Edition de L’union FranÇaise 3, Rue Blaise – Desgoffe, Paris – vi , p84.

Ill. 37: Excavation trenches at Nen Vua site (2004)

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So far, not many test excavations have been conducted within the citadel. In 2004, the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences in cooperation with the Japanese Showa University conducted a test excavation on a high ground named Nen Vua (meaning Foundation of the King) near the central area of the citadel. This excavation revealed a large number of architectural vestiges, including the brick-tiled floor at the depth of 1.4m and 1.2m ramped with brickbat and clay, pillar foundation, drainage, and stone pillar base sculptured with lotus. In addition, 19.000 objects of construction material (98.16% of unearthed objects), earthenware, terracotta, porcelain objects and metal items have been discovered (Ill. 37 - 39).

Based on archaeological evidences, it is possible to suggest that most of the structures can datable to end of 14th century – the time of construction of the citadel. Constructed materials and technique are relatively similar to those of other palace complexes of the Tran dynasty such as Thang Long (Hanoi), Tuc Mac (Nam Dinh) and Tam Duong (Thai Binh). This excavation covered only a small area, the extent and characteristics of the foundations structures can not be completely accounted for. In addition, architectural material (decorated bricks, eave tiles of the Le period found from the site proved that it was reused and reconstructed in later period. Glazed pottery and stone ware datable to 15th and 16th – 17th century, mainly from the depth of 0.2-0.4m in the excavated trench indicates that the site was occupied in succeeding centuries(23). Therefore, it is essential to study in depth the remains of this particular citadel in order to identify various structures of the site and to have better understanding of its history of construction and characteristics.

23 Hán Văn Khẩn, Đặng Hồng Sơn 2005, Báo cáo khai quật lần thứ nhất di tích Thành nhà Hồ (Vĩnh Lộc – Thanh Hóa), Tư liệu Bộ môn Khảo cổ học [Report on the first excavation of the Relic of Imperial Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, document of the department of History, p.22].

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Ill. 38: Architectural vestiges at Nen Vua site

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Evidences from archaeological excavation confirm that the main architectural components were built during the establishment of the Imperial Citadel. In later period, during the 15th – 17th centuries, it continued to be occupied and reconstructed. Even in the18th-19thcentury reconstructed activities might still be conducted as indicated by the stone material in the South Gate.

Ill. 39: Decorative and architectural elements 15th – 17th century discovered at Nen Vua site

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2a.2.4 Lakes

Historical document dating back to the 19th century refered to the vestiges of mount Tho Ky and Duc Thuy lake(24). Folk stories also explain the remains of these lakes. The vestiges of four large lakes at the four corners of the citadel are visible today.

At the northwest corner of the citadel is Duc Thuy lake which was supposed to be close to Dong Cung (East Palace). At the southwest corner is Boi Chai lake (boat racing lake); at the northeast corner is Ban Nguyet lake (Half Moon lake with a shape of a semicircle); and Duc Tuong lake (Elephant bathing lake) located at the southeast corner of the citadel(25).

Duc Tuong is a big lake, which is full of water during the four seasons. It is close to the road leading towards the East Gate. Local people say that the lake was used for washing buffalos, cows, warhorses and the elephants of the royal court.

Boi Chai is the longest lake. It is as long as a half of the width of the citadel, and encompasses an area of 15.000 m2. People say that festivals of rowing boat races were organized by the court during the spring.

Ban Nguyet Lake (Half Moon Lake) was next to Hoang Nguyen Palace, where Emperor and the Mandarins held their meetings of national importance. This lake is deep and as large as Duc Thuy Lake (over 2m deep, about 3000 m2). The lake is no longer in the shape of a semicircle, but what remains of its initial shape can help to locate the position of Hoang Nguyen Palace and to reflect the landscape of the citadel, at a time that has already gone by (Ill. 40).

25 Lưu Công Đạo 1816. Thanh Hóa tỉnh Vĩnh Lộc huyện chí (bản chữ Hán), Tư liệu Thư viện Viện Hán Nôm ký hiệu VHv.1371. [Geography of Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, Document of the Institute of Sino-Nom, VHv.1371, pp.75]. 25 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009. Thành Tây Đô và vùng đất Vĩnh Lộc (Thanh Hoá) từ cuối thế kỷ XIV đến giữa thế kỷ XIX, Thư viện Quốc gia, Hà Nội [Tay Do citadel and the land of Vinh Loc (Thanh Hoa) from the end of the XIV to the middle of the XIX centuries, PhD thesis, National Library, Hanoi, p.111].

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Ill. 40: Current condition of the lakes within the citadel

Relic of Duc Thuy lake

Relic of Duc Tuong lake

Relic of Boi Chai lake

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2a.3. La Thanh Outer Wall

Ill. 41: Map showing the vestiger of La Thanh Outer Wall

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La Thanh Outer Wall

La Thanh Outer Wall is the outer fence that served for the protection of the buildings and the residences within the capital It was erected in September 1399. La Thanh outer wall is about 10km long, located between one and three km away from the citadel wall. The Outer wall encircled the capital, which was bounded by the mounts Don Son (Vinh Thanh commune), Hac Khuyen – Black Dog (Vinh Long commune), Kim Nguu and Tuong Son – Golden Buffalo and Elephant mount (Vinh Quang commune) and by the Buoi and Ma rivers (Ill. 41). The Outer wall integrates in harmony within the natural setting of the citadel and is very well adapted to the surrounding topography. The protection system made use, for the most part, of the natural setting. Only some parts were man-made for connecting them together or were reinforced with rampard-earth and bamboo brushwood fences. The book Dai Viet su ky toan thu (Dai Viet Chronicles) quoted that King Ho Quy Ly “appointed to Tran Ninh to responsibility to urge Thanh Hoa’s residents to plant bamboo brushes in the western citadel, in the south from Mount Don Son, in the north from An Ton until Bao Dam river mouth, in the west from Kha Lang market at Vuc Son until Loi Giang river (Ma river), in order to build an outer fence that would encircle the capital. Men who would steal bamboo sprout would be sentenced to death.” (26).

Due to the change of the river flow and to natural impacts and human activities, many parts of La Thanh Outer wall are no longer visible. However, well preserved remains of the rampart can be seen in the fields of Vinh Phuc (to the southeast) and of Vinh Long (to the northeast), and are over 3km long. The most integral remaining part of the Outer wall in Vinh Long field has been protected as part of the Nominated area. This section of the Outer wall is about 5m high, 37m wide at its foot and 9.2m at its higher end, and is in a trapezeoid shape. The outer side is an abrupt slope while its inner side is only slightly slanted, with steps that are 1.5m each in height.

26 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p.198].

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The wall was built with earth taken from two sides or with laterite soil from the adjacent mounts (27) (Ill. 42, 43).

27 Phạm Văn Chấy 2005. Thành Đại La ngoài Thành nhà Hồ (Thanh Hoá). Trong Những phát hiện mới về khảo cổ học năm 2004, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội, tr. 770-771 [The Dai La outer wall of the Ho Citadel (Thanh Hoa province), New discoveries in archaeology of 2004, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 770-771].

Ill. 42: Present state of conservation of the La Thanh Outer Wall (Eastern section)

Ill. 43: Eastern section of the La Thanh Outer Wall

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2a.4. Nam Giao Altar (for worshipping the Heaven)

King Ho Han Thuong ordered to build the Nam Giao Altar in August 1402 on mount Don Son. It was during this year that the first Heaven-worshiping Ceremony of the Ho Dynasty took place on the new altar(28)

28 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p 203].

Ill. 44: Mount Don Son amongst the natural landscape surrounding the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

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Mount Don Son is a relatively small and long spreading mountain with two peaks. The mount is located within La Thanh outer wall, about

Ill. 45: Construction vestige of the Nam Giao Altar, looking from the Southeast

Ill. 46: Plan of the Nam Giao Altar, excavation results 2004-2008

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2.5kms southeast from the citadel. The mount coordinates of the site are 20o02’48”N and 105o22’15”E. The Nam Giao Altar was constructed on the slope between the two mountain peaks, which were considered as symbolizing two arms of a throne an element of feng shui principles. Today, the vestige belongs to an administrative area shared Vinh Thanh commune and by Vinh Loc town (Ill. 44).

Located on a high terrace, sloping down south, the Nam Giao Altar site remains dry all times of the year and is never subject to floods. The site is nearly square, with the east-west side of 120m long and the north–south one being of about 130m. This altar is covering a surface of about 1.5 ha, including some terraced floors. The highest terrace or upper floor is at a height of 21.70m, the middle floor is at 20.10m, the lower floor is at

Ill. 47: Locations of the consecutive excavation trenchs ( 2004 – 2008)

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17.30m, and the ground floor is at 15.40m above the sea level respectively. The Nam Giao field is visible from the altar looking southwards and is of an

average height of 10.05m above the sea level (Ills. 45-49).

Although the excavation of this site that took place between 2004 and 2008, is far from complete, it can be stated that the area of 5.988m2 has revealed a Heaven-worshiping altar foundation that is one of the most

intact Altar that has been known in Vietnam (Ill. 50). The structure of the altar can be described as follows:

- The altar had at least four sets of surrounding walls, of which three wall foundations made of stones have been unearthed. All the sets of walls are centered on the same point but have different shapes.

The stone foundation of the most Inner wall is of polygon-shaped with two beveled edges at the northwest and southeast corners (Ill.50). The northwest edge is 40.3m long. The wall was surrounding the centre of the upper and middle floors. The flat ceremonial site is in the northeastern end of the upper floor. It’s foundation was made of smashed stone and rammed soil. Its surface was paved with square and rectangular bricks. The vestige of a holy path leading towards the centre of the altar was found at the centre of the site.

Ill. 48: Overall view of the Nam

Giao Altar during the excavation (2008)

Ill.49: Terraced levels of the

Nam Giao Altar

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The second set of walls was also made of stones and was of a rectangular shape that was surrounding the polygon wall. The northwest and southeast sides of the wall are 61.3m long while the northeast and southwest sides are 70.8m long.

The third wall or the outer wall has only been partly excavated. It seems to encircle all the terraced levels of the altar by straight edges and by two

symmetric curved sections at the northwest and southeast corner (Ills. 51-52)

Vestiges of foundations of other walls are dicovered by archaeologists, which indicates the existence of other walls circling the center area. Future excavations will hopefully clarify that fact.

In order to keep the altar dry, a drainage system was built under the

foundations of the walls and under the paths. Four sluices are discovered at the southeast side of the foundation. The drains are mainly built with stone including the paving and covering components. Two sides of some drains built with rectangular bricks which acrossed beneath the paths. A canalisation tube is discovered, acrossing, beneath a path. It demonstrates that sewage waters would have flowed in square tubes that were made of

Ill. 50: Plan of the three sets of

surrounded walls of the Nam Giao Altar

Ill. 51 : Slanting section of the first

Ill. 52: wallVestige of the curving third wall;:

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stones and bricks. Evidences of the central way (Holy way) leading to the centre of the Altar mount have been found. The path was 3.6m wide, and devided into three lanes, of which the middle lane is higher than the two sides. In two sides of this path at the level of the third floor, yard paving with square bricks is unearthed (Ill. 53).

In between the encircling walls, vestiges of paths were also found. Laying between the inner and middle walls, to the northwest and northeast are the paths of 3.1m wide while to the southwest, a path of 5.37m can be observed (Ill. 54). The paths are paved with stone blocks and underneath them is a rammed mixture of macadam and soil. The paths were covered by a 0.6m thick layer of broken stones, bricks an tiles which must have been used in the construction. All of these rubbles could be remains of a wooden construction with tiled roof that might have existed in the same location.

Vestige of another path is found running along the southwest sides of the second floor. The path is 1.5m wide, paved with schist and lime stone blocks, some of them have rather large sizes. Beneath the path, is a 0.23m

Ill. 53: Vestiges of the central axis or “Holy way”

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thick foundation layer made of gray soil and smashed stone which lied directly on natural dark yellow stone bed.

There are doorways opening through the walls linking the paths with one another. At least two pairs of symmetric doorways opened through the second wall have been found (Ill. 55). Studying the structure of one doorway at the southwest corner of the second wall, we know that it is facing the northwest and were 1.24m wide. It has two doors opening towards the inside. Archaeological evidences show that the doorway has a floor which was paved by square bricks and stone blocks and that the roof was also tiled.

To the southeast corner, on the ground floor of the altar, there is a square well featured with steps. The well has never dried up for many centuries. Untill now, it is still full of water, collected from two underground courses. It has been identified as the “Jade Well” but to the local folk, it has been long named “Well of King” (Ill. 56).

Ill. 54: Vestiges of the path encompassed between the second and the third walls

Ill. 55: Vestige of a doorway positioned in

the second wall

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From archaeological evidences, the most obvious feature of the Nam Giao Altar is its construction technique using rocky materials, including schist and lime stones. They are utilized for various purposes, such as the embanking foundation, the walls, the tiled floor, the drainage ditch and so on. The stone walls are the most noticeable for their particular construction technique. The walls have large foundations embarked with two lines of thin stone blocks to avoid them from sliding. The walls are then consolidated by slanted stone blocks along the outside surface; hence, they have trapezoid shape. Bigger stone blocks were used to construct the foot of the wall with their flat sufaces facing towards the outside. Clay was stuffed into any empty space left between the blocks inside the wall. The wall’s thickness is gradually narrowing towards its top and there is no space left in between among the blocks. On top of the walls, there are four levels of rectangular bricks and a roof of yin – yang tiles. The thickness at the base may reach 2 to 2.5m in some parts, the foundation is 1.5m thick and the walls are a litte bit more than 2m high (Ills. 57-58).

Ill. 56: Vestige of Jade Well or Well of King

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Ill. 58: Detail of the wall construction Ill. 59: Decorative paving brick

A large number of terracotta objects have been found in many locations, especially between the first and the second sets of walls. These objects are very rich in types, including lotus-petal tiles, yin – yang tiles, paving bricks, rectagular bricks, decorative components and so on. These objects bring about the supposition that the altar’s walls had tiled roofs.

Ill. 57: Wall foundations and embankment

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Various decorative motifs were also found, of which the most remarkable are dragon images on Bodhi leaf tiles or on the tile - ends and bricks. It is no doubt that the Nam Giao Altar had been subject to a great work of meticulous decoration (Ill. 59).

Additionally, metal objects (nails, arrow-heads) and ceramics (bowls, plates, and lime pots) have been also found. These objects provide more information about the worshiping practices that took place at the Nam Giao Altar (Ills. 60-62).

In addtion to the historical records and monumental appearance, archaeology thus provides profound evidences for the understanding of the structure and art of the nominated property.

Ill. 60: Ceramics dating to the XIVth century, discovered at the Nam Giao Altar site

Ill. 61: Stone and metal artefacts found near the South Gate

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2.b. History and development

In late period of the Tran dynasty (14th century), because of the impasse of mornachy of Buddhist noble, the Dai Viet state fell into a profound and widespread crisis. Production was stagnant, peasants driven to poverty, the power of the goverment was weakening and as a result, farmers everywhere rised up in arms against the ruling government. Additionally, foreign aggressors from the south harrassed the Dai Viet more than once and even attacked and burnt the Thang Long capital three times, while huge forces from the north were attempting to penetrate the country.

It is in such a critical situation, that a historical man of great importance in the court appreared – Ho Quy Ly, who was one of the relatives on the mother side of the father’s king Tran Nghe Tong. Step by step, he managed to take control and in 1395, he was appointed to position of Prime Minister (29), becoming the highest manager of the country.

29 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p.188].

Ill. 62: Ceramic (15th-16th century) uncovered at the Nen vua site (2004 Excavation)

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To prevent the situation from getting worse, Ho Quy Ly applied a series of reforms in terms of policy, ideology, economy and culture, such as limiting Buddhisim and Taoism’s influences, expanding the Confucian vision, setting a system of competitive-examinations, limiting the amount of land of individuals, issuing paper currency, and reinforcing the military forces.

Additionally, he took the promt decision to shift the location of the capital city from Thang Long to Tay Do in Thanh Hoa district.

The area chosen for the new capital was An Ton in Thanh Hoa, which now covers the area of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long communes, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province.

Ill. 63: Architectural components (15th-17th century) uncovered at the Nen vua site (2004 Excavation)

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The decision of shifting the capital to a new location was the result of many reasons. Firstly, it was to form and consolidate the power of a centralized bureaucratic monarchy that was monopolized by a group of Confucian scholars, in the hope to continue their reform agenda. Secondly, the transfer of location was to deal with the immediate danger of being attacked by huge ennemies forces from the north. Thirdly, the area of Thanh Hoa was the motherland of King Ho Quy Ly. Finally, it was considered that the new location was favorable for transportation both on land and by water, and that the diversified terrain with mountains and rivers, provided advantageous conditions for keeping control throughout the state from north to south.

Dang Xuan Bang (a historian of 19th century) made a comparison between Thang Long and Thanh Hoa as below:

“...Thang Long is a favorable place for a capital city in peacetime, but in wartime, Thanh Hoa is a better choice, which is why Yen Truong district hence played a significant role during over 300 years. Thanh Hoa is protectively bordered by mountains and seas, extending on continuous high level plains, among which Thuy Nguyen district is the key part. It consists both of mountains and seas. Moreover, it is a stable land base, prosperous and densely populated. Blocking the Tam Diep road and mount Thiet Giap one can totally prevents rival attacks from outside, and by collecting the rice from Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh and Quang Do, enough food is supplied for several years. In Former Le period, the Le Kings took advantage of this place and led successfully a war against the Chinese Ming aggressor, and crushed the plot set up by the Mac family. These successes were not only due to the talent of the Le Kings, but were also due to the key-position of the place. Therefore, Thanh Hoa is not a large commerce center to compare with, Thang Long but the location of Thang Long is not as important as Thanh Hoa. In conclusion, except for Thang Long, no other place is more favorable for setting a capital than Thanh Hoa”(30).

30 Đặng Xuân Bảng 1997, Sử học bị khảo, NXB Văn hóa Thông tin, Hà Nội [History in Review, Culture and Information Publishing House, Hanoi, p.286-287]

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King Ho Quy Ly’s sentence “I had planned for this task already”(31) proved that his intention to transfer the new capital to Thanh Hoa had already been carefully considered a long time before.

At the very beginning, he had chosen the location of the Dai Lai village (near Do Len, Ha Trung district, Thanh Hoa province), but then decided to move to another location which is now in Vinh Loc district. Ho Quy Ly probably seriously thought and experienced the new capital during the time.(32)

The Dai Viet Chronicles recorded the event of the establishment of the new capital:

“In 1397 – the 10th year under Quang Thai reign, in the season of Spring, January, the King appointed his minister of internal affairs, the royal historian Do Tinh (some other books call him ‘Man’) to be in charge of conducting a survey in An Ton area in Thanh Hoa province, of then building a walled enclosure, of digging a protective trench, of setting up royal temple of erecting the Xa Tac Altar (Altar for worshipping the God of Soil and Grains), for designing a path network, with the intention of moving the current Imperial to this place. All the tasks were finished by the month of March”(33)

According to this, it seems that only three months were taken to build the new capital. However, observing the massive apprearance of the walled citadel, with its large amount of structures, palaces and road network inside, historians all share the opinion that the construction process must have lasted for at least a year.

Historical records also recall various events that happened in the Ho Citadel during the years that followed (1397).

31 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, p.191]. 32 Tống Trung Tín 2008b. Đóng góp một số tư liệu mới phát hiện về Hồ Quý Ly, Họ Hồ và Hồ Quý Ly trong lịch sử, Nxb Văn hoá Sài Gòn, Tr 59-72. [Newly discovered document on Ho Quy Ly, The Ho family and Ho Quy Ly in the history, Cultural Publshing House, Sai Gon, pp. 59-72]. 33 Ngô Sĩ Liên...,, ibid, p.190

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On March 15th, 1398, crown prince An came to throne at Bao Thanh palace (Ha Trung district) and on the same day, he held the court and gave party reception to the mandarins of fifth rank and higher in the new capital(34).

In 1399, “appointed Tran Ninh to be responsible for urging Thanh Hoa’s residents to plant bamboo brushes in the western citadel, in the south from mount Don Son, in the north from An Ton until Bao Dam [river] mouth, in the west from Kha Lang market at Vuc Son until Loi Giang river (Ma river) for erecting an outer fence that would encircle the capital. Men who would steal bamboo sprout would be sentenced to death.” (35)

In 1401, “Han Thuong gave an order to the districts to produce bricks for the construction of the wall of the citadel. Before that, Tay Do Citadel had been constructed with a lot of stones brought from many different areas but after some time, it collapsed. Then, bricks were now used to build the upper parts of the wall and stones were used for the lower parts”(36).

In 1402, “Han Thuong rebuilt the road from Tay Do to Hoa Chau. Along the road etablishing small towns and main transition posts. The road named Thien Ly (means ‘thousands miles’) ”(37).

34 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, ibid, p.193 35 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, ibid, p.198 36 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê , ibid, p.202 37 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, op cit, p.202

Ill. 64: Stone artefact (18th-19th century) discovered at the Southern Gate (2008 Excavation)

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In 1402, “King Han Thuong ordered to build Nam Giao Altar for Heaven worshipping on mount Don Son”(38).

It is no doubt that to finish construction of the Ho Citadel, it took not only a long time but also efforts of many people. It requires effective planning, logical and careful construction, as well as contribution of a large number of labours and workers.

Minister of internal affairs, royal historian Do Tinh was appointed to make inspection on all tasks in construction process: making plan, building citadel wall, digging moat and erecting structures within walled closure were included in.

Notable feature of the citadel, according to most recent studies, is its two closures, comprising the La Thanh Outer Wall and the stone citadel. In some historical sources written in later period, stone citadel sometimes quoted as Inner Citadel(39).

La Thanh Outer Wall was built with rammed earth and bamboo brush at defferent parts, serving as protective rampart for the Inner Citadel.

The Inner Citadel, or Ho Citadel as its popular name in historical documents, was built with approximately 20,000m3 stones, which had been carefully shaped before connecting together with more than 100,000m3 earth and other construction materials. It was also surrounded by a large moat.

Inside the stone walls, there were structures and palaces of royal family, such as Nhan Tho Palace (residence of King’s Highest Father Ho Quy Ly), Hoang Nguyen Palace (residence of King Ho Han Thuong), Phu Cuc Palace (residence of the Queen - Han Thuong’s wife), Dong Thai mieu – Eastern royal temple (temple for worshiping Ho’s ancestors), Tay Thai mieu – Western royal temple (temple for worshipping Tran’s ancestors – motherly side of the king, as King Tran Minh Tong and King Tran Nghe Tong), Xa Tac Altar – place for honoring the Gods of Soil and Grains, etc. To the south of the Citadel, Nam Giao Altar was erected for Heaven worshipping. All paths in the Citadel were paved.

38 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., ibid, p.203 39 Phan Huy Chú 2006, op cit.

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Lakes were also considered as important components to form a capital that harmonized with natural landscape, among them Duc Thuy, Boi Chai, Ban Nguyet and Duc Tuong lakes are most special to be counted.

South Gate of the Citadel constituted three-dom entrances, which faced a square for holding ceremony to public. A paved road ran directly from this gate to Nam Giao Altar. On March 15th, 1398, to officially annouce the establishment of new capital, the King “gave party reception to mandarins of fifth rank upward and allowed popular residents (girls and boys) to stroll there both day and night”(40).

Owning new capital, from 1397, Thanh Hoa district was renamed as Thanh Do district (Thanh Capital district) while Thang Long recalled Dong Do (East Capital).

The Ho Citadel officially became capital of Tran dynasty between 1398 and 1399, of Ho dynasty from 1400 to 1407. King’s important decisions relating to country management and protection were possibly made and given out right on this place of which the most notable ones include. The following policies:

- Restrictions on agriculture, adopted in 1397.

- Restrictions on the ownership of servants, in order to enhance the economic potential of the state in 1401.

- Tax reforms in 1402 by Ho Han Thuong, expected to bring increased benefits for the state and the poor.

- Examination reforms in 1404, organizing examinations in mathematics and calligraphy.

The Ho Dynasty also accelerated economic reforms by building streets, opening the One Thousand Miles route connecting the citadel with Hoa Chau Citadel, and building canals that reached as far as the seaport of

40 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., , op cit, p.194

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Ha Hoa, which led to more convenient traffic for boats and ships ( 41 ), thereby giving the citadel the status of a central capital

The development of street, market, networks, of local handicraftsas suggested by archaeological evidences, the place names, legends, inscriptions on brick and historical records, helped to make a suburban district change into a centre of political power and incubator of distinctive political and cultural forms of the country in succeeding period.

November of 1407 marked the failure of the national army of hundred thousands solders led by king’s father Ho Quy Ly against aggressors from the North. Tay Do (West Capital) then was occupied by Chinese Ming army.

In 1418, farmer troop raised up in arms in Lam Son. Lam Son insurgent troop fail in attacking Tay Do citadel several times due to solidity of the citadel. As Ming army stood their ground, Lam Son troop laid a siege to the citadel to prevent their access from and to outside. This strategy advantaged the Lam Son troop to free a large area from Thanh Hoa to Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa under the Ming’s control and reoccupy the Ho Citadel step by step. Ho Citadel was commonly named Tay Kinh at this time.

In 1427, Lam Son troop reoccupied successfully the Tay Do citadel (West Citadel), as “In the midst of victory, we retakes the Tay Kinh citadel in our stride”(42).

In 1427, after regaining independence, Le dynasty set capital in Thang Long and renamed it as Dong Kinh (East Capital) for differentiating with Tay Do or Tay Kinh (West Capital). The Ho Citadel no longer played important role for the country since then.

In 1480, Duong Xa was chosen as provincial center of Thanh Hoa province in place of Tay Do. It turned to become district level center of Vinh Loc district.

41 Ngô Sĩ Liên, ibid., p.236; Lê Quý Đôn 1977. Kiến văn tiểu lục [Short Collection of Things Seen and Heard], Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, Vol. II, tr. 198. 42 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., , ibid, p.285

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During the most part of 15th century, Ho Citadel migh have played the role of political center of Thanh Hoa. By the beginning of 16th century, the Le government lost its power step by step when constant power struggles among royal family members within the Imperial Citadel in Thang Long took place; Ho Citadel was a solid fortification of crown prince Gian Tu cong Dinh. He eventually regained the throne in 1509.

In 1516, supported by Trinh Duy San, Le Chieu Tong, a member of Le Royal family used the Ho Citadel as military fortification for attacking Thang Long citadel.

In 1527, due to overall weakness of Le government power, Mac Dang Dung took the throne himself and founded the Mac dynasty. Mac ruler occupied both Thang Long and Ho citadel for a better control on the country. In 1530, Le Y, a member of the Le royal family raised army to recapture the Ho Citadel from Mac’s hands. In 1533, Le Trang Tong who was supported by Nguyen Kim, started Le Trung Hung period (Restored Le period) as commonly referred in historical documents. In 1543, army of Le Trung Hung drove Mac’s out of the Ho citadel. The citadel was reused again as capital of Le Trung Hung dynasty to counteract with Mac ruler. The Ho Citadel became an important seat of military of Le Trung Hung dynasty from that point to 1593, lasting for 50 years of 16th century.

With the assistance of Nguyen Kim and then Trinh Kiem, Le Trung Hung rulers developed the Ho Citadel into a political and cultural centre of South dynasty, in opposition to North dynasty of the Mac in Thang Long. In 1562, restore Le king “erected a school for first-level (provincial level) examination at South Gate of Tay Do citadel”(43).

Standing firmly in the Ho Citadel, in 1591, military of Le and Trinh families defeated Mac dynasty and took control on Thang Long citadel. In a word, during 16th century, Thanh Hoa continuously played as a solid fortification of Le Trung Hung dynasty.

43 Ngô Sĩ Liên..., Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 3, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 3, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, p.135].

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After capital was moved to Thang Long again, the Ho Citadel was once again laid to ruin. To our surprise, in 1800, Ngo Thi Si – a poet, and historian living in Tay Son period, made a fairly detailed description of Ho Citadel contemporary state:

“Former capital citadel of King Quy Ly which named Tay Do citadel is still in existence. The recent Tay Nhai, Hoe Nhai, Phuong Nhai hamlets all locate in extent of the ancient citadel. Its gates serves for access to the citadel, presumably was named after the roads running through gates in the past. The stone-paved roads in various sizes still survives to the present. From mount Don Son along Hoe Nhai to South Gate is a straight road that was constructed with natural vein stone. For this reason, the road was called as ‘Nhai’. The South Gate has three entrances, equivalent to Chu Tuoc gate of Thang Long citadel, while other gates – the East, West and North gates – have only one entrance. Green stone was used for gate foundation, solid terracotta brick for citadel wall. A moat surrounds walled closure. The citadel covers an area of over 300 hectares, but remains a lot of unoccupied spaces, particularly in some parts earth mixes with mud, ancient people dug pounds there. It lies closely to mountains to the left and the right, being adjacent to Ma river which sourced from Ai Lao (Laos) and Luong river (Chu river) sourced from Quang Binh province. The two rivers join at the point in front of the citadel”(44).

This description shows that till the end of 18th century, the Ho Citadel still remained in good condition, especially its ground plan (Ill. 65)

By the beginning of 20th century, the Ho Citadel was a subject of great interest for historian in Nguyen dynastic period. It was recorded in Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi (Annals of Authoritative Orders through Successive Dynasties) dated between 1809 and 1819, Dai Nam nhat thong chi (History of unification of Dai Nam state) in Tu Duc reign (1848-1883), Thanh Hoa, Vinh Loc huyen chi (local history of Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province) in 1816, Ho Thanh chau ban (wood block of Ho Citadel) in

44Ngô Thì Sĩ, Đại Việt Sử ký Tiền biên, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Ngo Thi Si, Dai Viet early compiled chronicles, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi 1997, p.502- 503].

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the 21st year of Tu Duc reign (1868) and other documents on land register in Nguyen period.

For the time went by, road network within and outside the citadel has been gradually covered under earth. In 2004, an excavation was conducted on Nen Vua location. In 2008, the test excavation was conducted in South Gate of the citadel. From these locations, traces of foundation of ancient buildings in Tran and Ho periods, and a road running southward and northward, have been discovered. Besides, a large number of construction materials and ceramic, stoneware, sculptures of Le period unearthed so far prove that some structures had been repaired or rebuilt in later periods and the Citadel was rather densly occupied (Ills. 62-64). Further large-scale excavations are necessary to define not the construction history of the Citadel during the Ho period, and also of succeeding centuries. To the present, stone walled closure with four gates are still visibly remained.

Ill. 65: Location of the Ho Citadel in a map of Quang Hoa district

( The Geography of Dong Khanh)

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Recognizing its outstanding values in history and culture, on April 28th of 1962, Ministry of Culture of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (current Socialist Republic of Vietnam) gave a decision to classify the site as National Monument Site. After decision announcement, all organizations and agencies in charge of culture of central government and Thanh Hoa province have paid attention on researching and protecting the site.

In 2007, People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province made a decision on setting up the Ho Citadel Management Board in order to strengthen management, protection, and reconstruction and promotion values of Ho Citadel.

Ill. 66: Decorative motifs on architectural elements (late 15th century) uncovered at the Southern gate (2008 Excavation)

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3a. Criteria for nomination

The relic site of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty meets criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv) defined in Paragraph 77 of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention due to the various cultural values that it exhibits.

Criterion (ii)

Exhibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;

As a symbol of centralized royal power in the late 14th century – early 15th centuries, the Nominated property exhibits important interchanges of values in Sino-Vietnamese Confucianism. It also represents new

Ill. 67: Google map showing Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and historically related adjacent place-names

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developments in architectural style with respect to technology and urban planning in an East Asian and Southeast Asian context, making full use of the natural surroundings and incorporating distinctly Vietnamese and East and Southeast Asian elements in its monuments and urban landscape.

The Ho Citadel was erected during a watershed period in Vietnamese history, when the imperial system created during the Ly and Tran dynasties (11th through 14th centuries) came very near to the point of collapse. The long period of crisis began during the reign of Tran Nghe Tong (1370-1372) when the Tran dynasty, which had relied on Buddhism as the source of its religious and philosophical authority, no longer seemed able to cope with internal and external threats.

In the ensuing 25 years, an ambitious minister at the Tran court, Ho Quy Ly, gradually took control of the Tran administrative system. By the 1390s, this minister had become the de facto ruler of the Dai Viet kingdom. In 1397, Ho Quy Ly ordered the construction of a vast citadel with the intention of making it the capital for his new dynasty. Ho Quy Ly took up residence in this “Western Capital” (Tay Do) in the following year, even though he would not officially place his son on the throne until 1400. Thus, the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty served as the capital for Vietnam for 10 years, until the Ho family was removed from power by the Ming invasion of 1407.

The Ly and Tran dynasties were rooted in the northern delta of Vietnam. Despite the concerns voiced by some of his mandarins, Ho Quy Ly decided to build his new capital about 125 km to the south of Thang Long, in present-day Thanh Hoa province (Ill. 67). The relocation of the royal city reflected not only the growing power of the families of Thanh Hoa, but was a dramatic symbol of the changes that Ho Quy Ly was making to every facet of the imperial system.

Ho Quy Ly had risen to power as a defender of the Tran ruling house, but he was also a bold thinker who was not afraid of making dramatic reforms. In contrast to the Tran rulers who preceded him, Ho Quy Ly was a strong believer in neo-Confucianist principles (Pragmatic

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Confucianism). He appears to have been somewhat tolerant of Taoism; however, he wanted to scale back the state’s support for Buddhist practice, even going so far as to issue an edict in 1396 to “dismiss Buddhist monks under 50 years of age and force them to return to secular life”(47).

It was in this context of radical change that Ho Quy Ly took the controversial step of moving the capital from Thang Long (Hanoi) to the new citadel constructed in his homeland of Thanh Hoa province. As with his educational, bureaucratic, and social reforms, the construction of the new capital reveals important interchanges between the old and the new, and between internal and external factors.

Historical records affirm Ho Quy Ly’s claim that he had carefully evaluated this location even before he sent his prime minister Do Tinh to survey the site. Indeed, the positioning of the new capital city shows a profound understanding of the selected region and a sensible use of the

47 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, op. cit, p. 188

Ill. 68: Location of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as Tay Kinh (西京)in Dong Khanh Dia du chi (1886-1888)

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natural surrounding according to the principles of feng shui and geomancy, which make the Citadel of the Ho dynasty a typical example of an East Asian-style capital city (Ill. 68).

As envisioned by the site planners, the natural elements of mountains, wind, and water would “blend together harmoniously in one single place to allow for a convenient residence of the human beings”(48). Applying the principles of traditional Vietnamese geomancy, the citadel was built in a flat area surrounded by many mountains and embraced by two rivers – the Ma and the Buoi, which converge just below the citadel. These elements were a geomantic symbol of the King’s unique position in the realm, reinforcing his role as intermediary between Heaven and earth.

The design of the citadel was consistent with the strong Chinese Confucianism influence in Ho Quy Ly’s thinking. The capital was viewed as a symbol of regal power and the king was seen as the “Son of Heaven” who observed celestial will (Thiên mệnh in Vietnamese). These elements are consistent with the royal centralization of power in the late 14th century – early 15th century Vietnam.

The construction of the Ho Citadel was planned in accordance with the same classic conventions that guided the construction of Chinese citadels. The earliest known Chinese guidelines are found in the Kaogongji (Records on the Examination of Craftsman), believed to have been written under the Zhou dynasty(49). The Kaogongji describes the fundamental elements of a citadel, such as the four walls that form a square, and gates that open towards the four directions. The main gate faced south, which was also the direction that the king turned to when he presided in the main palace. The Nam Giao Altar, where the king conducted rituals to worship Heaven and Earth, was built outside and to the south of the citadel. These principles were observed in most of the citadels in China, Japan and Korea, as well as in Vietnam before and after the Ho dynasty.

48 Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt 1990. Chinese Imperial city planning, University of Hawwai’i Press, Honolulu, p. 11 49 Ibid, p. 33

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The planning and building of the Ho Citadel combined these traditional principles of citadel design with practical considerations. For instance, planners also had to consider the site’s suitability as a defensive position in the event of rebellion or invasion. Other considerations related to the natural conditions in the Vinh Loc area of Thanh Hoa province. While Vinh Loc was relatively inaccessible to compare with Thang Long imperial citadel (in Hanoi), it was close to ample supplies of stone material. This made it possible to construct an imposing inner wall that encompassed both the king’s palace and the Imperial City. The solidity of this massive stone wall may help explain why we have not been able to find a separate interior enclosure for a Forbidden City, as is typically found in other Sino-Vietnamese royal cities. The citadel planners may have deemed another system of walls to be unnecessary.

Apart from the square stone wall in the center of the complex, there was also a larger outer wall called La Thanh, as evidenced by the presence of the earthen ramparts connecting mountains or artificial canals connecting rivers. This outer wall encompasses the whole area between the Ma and the

Ill. 69: Map of the Thang Long citadel at the time of the Le dynasty Hong

Duc Map (1470-1497)

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Buoi rivers, covering an area of 5,234 hectares. Therefore, the Citadel was quite spacious when compared to its Asian counterparts (50).

The design principles of the Kaogongji were only partly observed, and were applied mainly to the imperial citadel itself. The La Thanh outer wall was built in the traditional Vietnamese style as found in the Co Loa Citadel (3rd to 1st century, B.C), the Hoa Lu Citadel (10th century) and the Thang Long Citadel (11th to 14th century) (Ill. 69).

The structure and arrangement of the traditional Chinese architectural elements were simplified. The fundamental elements of the Ho Citadel have been found to match those given in Chinese sources, including:

construction along a north-south central axis;

four walls encompassing the citadel, with the gates of opposing walls facing each other;

the southern gate being the largest and most important;

50 The citadel wall of Thang Long, which was built by the Ly king in 1010 is about 6 kms in perimeter (Le Van Lan 2004. Vị trí và quy mô hoàng thành Thăng Long thời Lý theo tư liệu văn bản [Location and scale of Thang Long Imperial Citadel during the Ly Dynasty according to historical text], document of the Institute of Archaeology). The outer wall of Bianjing is about 11.4km in length (Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt 1990. Chinese Imperial city planning, University of Hawwai’i Press, Honolulu, p 137).

Ill. 70: Overall plan of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

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an outer wall built for protection purposes;

location near water sources(51).

The well-proportioned architectural components were created from standardized procedures, which were followed the model of Thang Long: the buildings were named by their relation to the cardinal directions, for example, the Eastern Palace, Eastern Imperial Temple, Western Imperial Temple, etc. The Nam Giao Altar to the south of the Inner Citadel, with Don Son Mountain as a backdrop, contributed another traditional element that is found in imperial cities that followed the Sinic model of the “Altar of Heaven.”

The difference between the Citadel and its several counterparts can be seen from the plan of Da Du (Yuan 1260-1368), the Inner wall of the Kai Feng (Northern Song 960-1127), and Beijing (Ming-Qing period 1403-1911)(52). It was the change in the direction of the main gate from north-south to northwest-southeast (Ill. 70). The construction of Nam Giao Altar also switched to a northeast-southwest direction instead of the north-south direction.

No clear explanation has been found for these changes in orientation. However, it is possible that Ho Quy Ly’s designers were adapting to natural conditions, following the long-established tradition of the Vietnamese people, who try to avoid the unpleasant heat of the local westerly wind (53).

The Citadel combined various construction techniques from East Asia, Southeast Asia and Vietnam, and was a manifestation of the local people’s creativity. Other Southeast Asian civilizations had pioneered the use of large stone blocks in their edifices; many of the resulting works have been inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites, such as Vat Phu in Laos, Angkor in Cambodia and Borobudur in Indonesia. However, the use of

51 Ibid, pp. 5-10 52 Seno Tatsuhiko 2007. Ten to chi- Zenkindai no Chugoku ni o ke rư toshi to ouken, Osaka [Worshiping Heaven Ceremonies], Fig. 1. 53 The dry and hot wind that similar with foehn. This wind flows across the Truong Son mountain range from the west, therefore Vietnamese call it Lao’s wind

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stone blocks on this scale represented a major breakthrough in construction technology in this region of Dai Viet. This was the first time that such huge stone blocks were used in Vietnam to construct the walls surrounding a royal citadel.

In addition, classical techniques for clay walls in the Chinese style were used. These techniques were adapted and combined with traditional foundation techniques of Southeast Asian people. The foundation was reinforced with rammed earth, but we also see the use of sand, gravel, and brickbat layers. These are techniques that had been used in the past to strengthen Cham walls (Loi Citadel in Hue) and the foundations of religious structures of the Oc Eo period in southern Vietnam (Cat Tien, Lam Dong province; Go Thap, Dong Thap province)(54). The use of stones to set up

54 Nguyễn Tiến Đông 2002. Khu di tích Cát Tiên ở Lâm Đồng, Luận án Tiến sỹ Lịch sử, Hà Nội. [The Cat Tien Relic Site in Lam Dong, Doctoral dissertation in historiography, Hanoi]; Lê Thị Liên 2005. Di tích Gò Tháp và những vấn đề của văn hoá Óc Eo, Một thế kỷ Khảo cổ học Việt Nam, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội, Tập II, Tr: 845-869 [Go Thap site and the isues of Oc Eo culture, One century of Vietnamese Archaeology, Social Sciences Publishing House, Volume II, pp. 845-869.


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walls of various functions was shared in many other regions in the world (Ills 71-73).

Based on these observations, we can see that the Citadel of Ho Dynasty exhibits a varied and thoroughgoing interchange of human values in a time of renewal and reinvention within the Dai Viet polity.

The nominated property demonstrates its values particularly well because its plan and components are well preserved in its geo-cultural setting; the style of construction survives very well; and the site of the citadel and its city have not been covered by modern development.

Ill. 72: Detail of heavy stone blocks construction technique (wall of the Inner Citadel)

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Ill. 73: Embankment technique of foundation of the surrounding walls (Nam Giao Altar)

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Criterion (iii)

Bears a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization, which is living, or which has disappeared;

The nominated property is unique in that it is the best-preserved vestige of Vietnam’s imperial tradition (11th-19th centuries). At the same time, it is a symbol of Ho Quy Ly’s dramatic effort to build a more centralized form of government and update Vietnam’s Confucian heritage. It therefore bears exceptional testimony to a period when Vietnamese traditions were being modified to fit the needs of a more modern nation-state.

Through the marriage of his son to a Tran princess, Ho Quy Ly had grafted his family line with that of the declining Tran Dynasty in much the same way that the Tran Dynasty had been created through intermarriage with the Ly imperial family. Because it was his son who could claim the throne, Ho Quy Ly chose to borrow the Tran-era title of “King-Father.” But unlike the practice of the elder Tran rulers, Ho Quy Ly did not seek out a Buddhist retreat for his later years. As a neo-Confucian, his first concern was always the proper administration of the realm, and he remained directly involved in all matters of the State (55).

Ho Quy Ly’s interest in building a new imperial system was not driven by abstract theory. During his long rise to power, he had seen the weakness of the later Tran rulers, who seemed increasingly absorbed in religious matters, and were no longer able to defend its territories against raids by the Cham king Che Bong Nga. In retrospect, Ho Quy Ly’s fortunes and those of the Dai Viet benefited not so much because of his military skill as for the fortuitous development of gunpowder technology. Che Bong Nga was killed in 1390 in the first recorded use of cannon in Vietnam, and from

55 John K. Whitmore 1985. Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, and the Ming , New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, Lac-Viet Series.

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that point on the Dai Viet held the upper hand in its centuries-old rivalry with its southern neighbors (56).

Based on his results, it seems that Ho Quy Ly’s true genius lay in logistics and administration. His far-sighted support for gunpowder technology, something the Cham never developed, was in some ways a forerunner of his ambitious plans for an entirely new royal city to be constructed of heavy stone. To produce cannon, or to build a great city in

a matter of a few years, required a more centralized administrative system capable of marshalling vast resources and carrying out long-term plans.

These changes at the center were mirrored in the cities and countryside, as the feudal and farmstead economy gave way to a more market-based commodity economy. This period therefore marked an important interchange between the old and the new, between internal and external factors.

Given these contextual elements, the Ho Citadel, with its well-preserved standing structures and artifacts above and under the ground, provides impressive evidence of Ho Quy Ly’s success in building an increasingly powerful state with a more secularized imperial system. It was in this very citadel that Ho Quy Ly and his sons, in a short span of 10 years, managed to accelerate the implementation of new policies that had already been initiated in Thang Long. During this period, they tried to implement other reforms that affected agriculture, workforce, taxation, education,

56 Sun Laichen 2006. Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390-1497, Việt Nam, Borderless Histories, edited by Nhung Tuyet Tran & Anthony Reid, University of Wisconsin Press.

Ill. 74: Decorated paving brick from Nam Giao Altar

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commerce, infrastructure etc. Their policies limited the power of the gentry, allowed restricted development of privatization, and gathered more power into the hands of the central government (57).

The continuation of traditions is evidenced in many aspects, one of which is the reuse of construction materials of the Tran Dynasty from Thang Long Citadel and the reliance upon earlier artistic traditions and building techniques(58). In terms of planning, many of the conventions of Thang Long citadel was respected. For example, the Tran tradition of Emperor and “King-Father” was reflected in symmetrical positioning of the Hoang

57 Phan Huy Lê 1992. Cải cách của Hồ Quý Ly và sự thất bại của triều Hồ, [Ho Quy Ly’s Reforms and Failures of Ho Dynasty], Historical Studies, No.5, pp 2-8. 58 Tống Trung Tín 2008b. Đóng góp một số tư liệu mới phát hiện về Hồ Quý Ly, Họ Hồ và Hồ Quý Ly trong lịch sử, Nxb Văn hoá Sài Gòn, Tr 59-72. [Newly discovered document on Ho Quy Ly, The Ho family and Ho Quy Ly in the history, Cultural Publishing House, Sai Gon, pp. 59-72].

Ill. 75: Place names on the bricks collected in the Ho Citadel area

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Nguyen Palace in the east for the King (Ho Han Thuong) and Nhan Tho Palace in the west for the King’s Highest Father (Ho Quy Ly himself).

The traditional rites of kingship, such as the communications with the Heavens (Giao), the Earth (Xa), and the Ancestors (Tong Mieu), were also performed in the area of the Citadel in order to reinforce the legitimacy of the Ho rulers.

The construction of roads, digging of canals in and around the Ho Citadel also contributed to its status as the new royal city. Researchers have also been interested in some of the newly discovered artistic features of the citadel. The bricks produced under the order of Ho Quy Ly were all twice as thick as those made under the Tran Dynasty. During the reigns of the Tran, only a few production centers had their names inscribed on the bricks, such as Vinh Ninh Truong (Vinh Ninh factory), Thu Vat Huong (Thu Vat village), Dai Thong Do (Dai Thong landing stage). The diversity of inscribed names on bricks only began under the Ho Dynasty, of which at least 54 different place names had been found (Ill. 75). This is further evidence of Ho Quy Ly’s ability to mobilize resources throughout the realm to produce diverse materials for the construction of the new citadel.

On the traditional base of Dai Viet art, many decorative figures also began to take on a new style and the new trend in art, as seen in decorated motifs of dragon, human face, floral designs … on terracotta and stone material (59). All of these examples signal the advent of a new art style, with

59 Tống Trung Tín (ed.) 2008a. Báo cáo khai quật khu vực cửa Nam thành nhà Hồ năm 2008 [Report on the Excavation of South Gate of Citadel of Ho Dynasty in 2008 (Vĩnh Tiến Commune - Vĩnh Lộc District - Thanh Hoá Provincei, document of the Institute of Archaeology].

Ill. 76: Decorated brick with dragon image found from the inner citadel

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a strong drive for innovation and cultural exchanges among the people in the East and Southeast Asia. That new style was interrupted by the fall of the Ho Dynasty, and only re-emerged from 1427 onwards (ILLs. 74, 76, 78)

Historical records show that the Ho Dynasty also built other noteworthy defensive structures to protect against invasion from the north and from the south (for instance, in Nghe An province, where the Cham remained a threat). However, the Ho citadel is the most surviving evidence of Ho Quy Ly’s efforts and failures, and offers valuable lessons from the period 1397-1407.

Although Ho Quy Ly’s ambitious program was dismantled when the Chinese Ming Dynasty invaded the country, the underlying conditions that inspired his reforms could not be ignored forever. Looking backwards, we can see that Ho Quy Ly laid the groundwork for the next great Vietnamese dynasty, which was founded by the resistance leader Le Loi in 1428.

The Le Dynasty reached its apex under the reign of its fifth emperor, Le Thanh Tong (1460-1497). During his long reign, Le Thanh Tong created a strongly Confucian administrative structure that Ho Quy Ly would certainly have admired. In addition to instituting a regular examination system and erecting stelae listing those who had attained the highest honors, Le Thanh Tong presided over the “Tao Dan,” a literary circle of the most talented poets of his day. One need only compare these scholarly Confucian endeavors to the Tran preference for the monasteries of Yen Tu Mountain to see how much the Vietnamese concept of kingship had changed in less than a century-changes begun by Ho Quy Ly.

Ill 77: Ink print of “pipa

leaf”shaped architectural material (Nam Giao Altar)

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The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty therefore bears an exceptional testimony to a critical period in Vietnamese and Southeast Asian history – a period when traditional concepts of kingship and Buddhist values were giving way to new trends in technology, commerce, and centralized administration.

The nominated property demonstrates its values particularly well because of very good preserved condition of its standing monumental elements and archaeological vestiges underground. The site of the citadel and its city has not been covered by modern development.

Ill. 78: Tile end decorated with a human face (South Gate of the citadel)

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Criterion iv

Be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty outstandingly represents a new style of Southeast Asian imperial city with miraculous achievements in engineering and in the use of stone material handcrafted with the science and the technological conditions of Vietnam, East Asia and South East Asia during the period of late 14th - Early 15th Centuries.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is considered both as an architectural type of imperial city and a typical kind of fortress dedicated to military defense. Following the imperial city architecture, the Ho Citadel has an imperial wall surrounding the imperial palace of the king, and another surrounding wall that protects all the inhabitants of the whole imperial city. As a military construction, the Ho Citadel stands out with an encircling wall built from heavy stones. This can be considered as a manifestation of reflects the high technological level of construction engineering in the history of imperial city architecture of Vietnam and in the region.

Before the appearance of the Ho Citadel, the history of Vietnamese capital cities can be seen in Co Loa Citadel (3rd century BC), Hoa Lu Citadel (10th century), and Thang Long Citadel (11th -14th century). Later in the history, the Ho Citadel was followed by the renovated Thang Long Citadel (15th – 18th century), Hoang De Citadel (15th – 18th century, in Binh Dinh province), and Hue Imperial Citadel (19th – 20th century). Stone was not used for the construction of the citadel walls in these imperial cities. Co Loa Citadel consisted of three circling walls totally made out of earth. Hoa Lu Citadel has its circling wall formed by ramparts made from brick and earth, which linked them to some mountains in the region. Thang Long Citadel in the 11th - 14th century period was constructed mainly with earth and some additional bricks and stones.

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Thang Long Citadel in the 15th-18th Century period had its outer ramparts made of earth, while bricks were used for the inner walls and stone for the gates. Hoang De Citadel (Emperor Citadel) was built from earth and laterite. Hue Imperial Citadel was mainly constructed by bricks and earth and stones for the architectural foundations and gates.

Hence, only the Ho Citadel had its most important inner wall made of heavy stone on the outside, with the support of clay ramparts mixed with gravel, stone and sand on the inside as well as with a part of brick wall on top. According to available documents, the history of imperial cities in East Asia and South East Asia, there is no example of using heavy stone blocks to build such a huge city wall. Some imperial cities in Japan and Korea used stone to build defense walls or architectural foundations. However, the construction engineering and stone manipulation method were really different. Although similar construction methods could be applied, the use of stone at Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom was different in function and decoration. They were served for elaborated decoration, which mainly reflect religious content. The same phenomenon is observed in other Southeast Asian examples.

Ill. 79: Portion of the eastern wall of the citadel, looking from the south


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The Ho Citadel is remarkably characterized by four gates and four walls built solidly from stone. Stone was used abundantly and skillfully. Stone is found in the wall bases, in the walls, arches, pathways, grounds etc. Stone was also used as the main material in Nam Giao Altar, the most important component of the Ho Citadel complex. The excavation of this site has demonstrated that all walls, wall bases, pathways, royal wells etc. were construct mainly by stone.

It is obvious that the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was an unprecedented breakthrough in the history of city construction in Vietnam. This is shown not only in the full exploitation of the solidity of stone but also in the techniques of extraction, manipulation, transportation, and layering as well as in the arrangement of the huge stone blocks (Ills. 79 - 82). This also reflects the art of organization that harnessed the collective

Ill. 81: Construction technique to create the trapezoidal shape of the walls (East Gate)

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power to create the gigantic stone citadel as intended by Ho Quy Ly, the general project manager who was also the leader of the nation at the time.

Different types of stone were used for varied purposes. The most notable type among them was the hard and solid blocks of green-stone which were used to build the walls and the gates. They has average dimension of 2.20m x 1.50m x 1.20m and weighed about 10 tons; some of them were 7m long and weighed 16 tons; the biggest one weighed up to 26.70 tons. This was an achievement in construction engineering; using such big stone blocks has not yet been found in other Asian imperial cities.

Having different sizes, these blocks of stone were piled up in such a way that those at the base were big and that they gradually became smaller in the upper part, forming a trapezoidal shape (Ill. 80). In the meantime, stone used to build the Nam Giao Altar consisted of only small blocks with the dimensions of 40cm-50cm x 30cm or 40cm x 20cm-30cm. Each type of stone was considered and chosen to appropriately fit the different parts of the construction: hard and solid green-stone was used for wall bases, vaulted gates and walls; schist for grounds and pathways; while macadam or smashed stone and small gravel were used for reinforcing the wall bases and the core layer of the wall. Questions have been raised concerning the original location from where and how they were exploited. Although the result of material analysis has not yet identified the exact position of quarries, extensive limestone quarries located in surrounding mountains, such as Don Son (Vinh Thanh), Hac Khuyen (Vinh Long), and Song Tuong (Vinh Yen) are only one or two kilometers away. The vestiges of the ancient Cong Da road suggest that the materials used for the construction were taken from these regions.

The processing of stone had also been carefully planned for economy and effectiveness. The stones used for vaulted gates had their facets polished, while those used to build the walls were mainly smoothed on their sides so that they would stick to each other. The stone facets that met the ground or other types of material did not need to be polished. By considering such details, labour force was saved.

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The transportation and especially the techniques of arrangement and piling up those huge blocks of stone can be seen as a multifold masterstroke. Folk document sources and field investigation suggest that the transportation of these huge blocks of stone to the construction sites must have been organized creatively: rolling bars and stone balls was used to make the “conveyor bell”, buffalo and elephant power was mobilized, stepped earthen wall was formed to carry up the blocks and put them above one another, up to the height of over 10 meters. Courses of stone blocks were arranged alternately to form the “I” system. They were locked with inner stone layers by a clamp, which increased the unity and weight-resistant capacity among the stone blocks and helped the wall to stand firmly. These techniques and skills should be sum up from various cultural traditions and experiences.

Ill. 82: Detail of construction to embank stone blocks to the core soil layer

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Vaulted building techniques as seen in the triple-entrance South Gate, is also a characteristic worth noticing in the construction engineering of the Ho Citadel. This required a high degree of accuracy in cutting and whittling technique and a technological level that enabled to turn huge and heavy stone blocks into art works with statuary properties (Ills. 83-84).

The whole created a firm and solid structure that was difficult to attack by manpower. Therefore, even after 600 years, the arches remain unchanged in spite of wearing off due to natural conditions and to the fierce wars.

Obviously, the construction engineering used in the Ho Citadel was based on earlier construction traditions, but was further developed to reach a peak in the history of city construction in Vietnam and in East Asia.

I.ll 83: Vertical Plan of the South Gate, looking from the south

Ill. 84: East Gate and vault structure

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Finally, we believe that the gigantic Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was conceived by the most creative designers’ and constructed by the most talented workers of the time. Besides the fact that Ho Quy Ly had ordered Minister Do Tinh to examined, measure and supervise the construction of the citadel, historical documents also reveal that many talented Vietnamese workers had been seized and brought to China by the Ming Dynasty troops. Among them, Nguyen An, a Vietnamese worker ended participating in the construction of Beijing, another World Heritage Site (60). Although we cannot confirm that Nguyen An had participated previously in the construction of the Ho Citadel, it is reasonable to suggest that Ho Quy Ly and the direct manager, Minister Do Tinh, could have benefited from the most talented workers at that time, and that many of them later joined in the construction of some citadels in China (61).

The marvelous achievements that enabled the construction of the Ho Citadel in such a short time have been highly appreciated by both national and international researchers. Half a century ago, L. Bezacier, a French architect wrote: “This citadel sets an unique example of using huge blocks of limestone that were whittled and assembled in a perfect manner” and “…the use of stone in forming a grandiose construction like the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is an ‘unprecedented’ breakthrough in Vietnamese architecture history” (62). Experts from Showa University of Japan also considered the Ho Citadel as the most impressive imperial city vestige built from stone (63).

The nominated property demonstrates its values particularly well because the style of construction survives in good condition, which fully reflects the

60 Complete Annals of the Great Viet 1998, p.236; Complete Works of Le Quy Don 1977. Short Collection of Things Seen and Heard, Volume II, Publishing House of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, pp.255-257 61 Kikuchi Seiichi 2004. Following historical documents of Ming Dynasty like Thuy Dong Nhat Ky of Diep Thinh, Quoc Trieu Hien Trung Luc of Tieu Hoang; Minh Su Thiet of Doan Thu Hanh; Minh Thu of Pho Duy Lan; Ngu Son Tap of Thi Nhuan Chuong. 62 Louis Bezacier. 63 Takase Toichi 2004: Investigating and repairing Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in Thanh Hoa Province. Available at Department of Cultural Heritage – Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

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typical techniques of construction and art style. The site of the citadel and its city has not been covered by modern development.

3b. Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

The nominated property comprises the Inner Citadel, part of the Outer Wall of the city and the Nam Giao Altar, which are the principal surviving parts of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, built in 1397 in Vinh Loc district, Thanh hoa provice. This capital city was an attempt to re-establish the Viet Nam state in accordance with the principles of pragmatic Confucianism.

The nominated property has Outstanding Universal Value for the following reasons:

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a notable physical representation of the harmony of the cultures in the past; it reflects important exchanges of Oriental cultural values specially the practice of Confucianism. It demonstrates the employment of architecture to show royalty thinking in an East Asian style and the will to carry out reforms following general trends of the era; it exploits the elements of natural scenery together with talented creation, based on traditional knowledge of construction from East Asia, South East Asia and Vietnam, in terms of space management and architectural elements designs for a centralized monarchy imperial city in the late 14th and early 15th century.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is the notable evidence of monarchical power in Vietnam. The citadel is a heritage that was built during a disorder period of reform and subsequent disorder in Vietnamese society which experienced Ho Dynasty’s reforms and ideas on initiative protection of the Nation’s independence. It is also a notable cultural hallmark of a civilization that had a short life due to invasion war. Although these reformed ideas did not succeed, Ho Dynasty’s policies and new reforms were followed and developed brilliantly in the later historical stages, after the country gained independence in 1428.

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The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a construction that has globally notable values within the architectural style of Oriental imperial cities and which once served as the centre of power and military stronghold. Built on the standards of a Chinese royal citadel, the Ho Citadel perfectly represents the symbol of royal power together with theocracy; it shows the talented skillful combination of the architecture with the cultural and the natural scenery. The heritage citadel is a grandiose construction thank to its engineering and art in big stone construction and because of the combination of unique construction traditions in Vietnam and Southeast Asia in the late 14th and early 15th century.

The Ho Citadel has a high degree of integrity and authenticity. The nominated property contains all the elements necessary to express its Outstanding Universal Value. Thanks to the unique construction process that used durable and firm materials, especially huge stone blocks, the Ho Citadel is very well preserved, while its natural landscape has remained unchanged. The citadel falls among a few imperial city vestiges in East Asia and South East Asia that have not yet been influenced by the process of urbanization process; the scenery and architectural size have been preserved nearly intact both above and underground. Because of the lack of development and the good state of survival of the site above and below ground, the nominated property has a high level of authenticity in terms of its location and setting, form and design and material and substance.

The Ho Citadel has adequate protection and management. The nominated areas are designated as national heritage and protected by national, provincial and local legislation and regulation. The Managing Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, formed in 2007, has been successful in protecting and preserving the relic to the best of its capacity. A Management Plan for the nominated property will be completed shortly.

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3c. Comparative analysis

To understand the significance of the Ho Citadel, we must compare it to other royal citadels that appear earlier and later in Viet Nam and China and East Asia. Palaces and citadels everywhere in the world tend to reflect particular conceptual views of power and how it should be exercised and demonstrated. They can also reflect particular concepts of the relation of the ruler to the divine as well as to his people. In this part of Asia, the conception of royal power was based for many centuries on the adoption of Confucian philosophy within a predominantly Buddhist culture. While the same basic principles underlie the development of royal citadels in China, East Asia and Viet Nam, in each country they were adopted to local beliefs and structures. Thus, the Ho Citadel shows clearly how these principles developed in Viet Nam.

Generally, an imperial citadel served as symbol of royal power, combining cultural motifs with the natural landscape (Ill. 85). In addition to symbolic and geomantic considerations, and the particular conception of power of the ruling regime, the design of these citadels was influenced by

Ill. 85: Location of Ho Citadel – Ho thanh (胡城) in the map of Quang Hoa district (Dong Khanh Dia du chi 1885-1889)

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the prevailing construction technologies in that time and region, military/defensive considerations, and the logistical needs of the population within the citadel and around it. Thus the key features on which comparison is based for the Ho Citadel will be:

The plan of the Citadel and its relationship to the wider landscape

The use of feng shui and geomancy in setting out the plan

The use of the capital (citadel, wider city area and Nam Giao Altar) to demonstrate an enhanced concept of royal power based on the adoption of Confucianism within the predominantly Buddhist culture

The use of massive, well-executed masonry for the defenses of the Citadel

The extent to which the evidence survives

1. Other Vietnamese royal citadels

a. Thang Long imperial citadel (1010-1802; now within the city of Hanoi)

The most immediate model for the Ho Citadel was the city known as Thang Long (“Rising Dragon”), today’s Hanoi, which was the administrative and ceremonial center of imperial power in Vietnam during the four centuries prior to Ho Quy Ly’s reign.

The plan of Thang Long included 3 rounds of walls (Ill. 86). The outer wall was similar to that of the Ho Citadel in that natural construction techniques were applied to local topography to build an irregular rampart. The second wall was very close to the plan of the stone Ho Citadel, having four gates opening to four directions.

However, the main axis of Thang Long follows the rule of an ideal imperial city of Chinese tradition (Ill. 85), as in many other East Asian imperial cities and is not so influenced in its alignment by local topography as the Ho citadel. The archaeological evidence of the imperial city manifests, in exemplary detail and over a long span of time, the interchange

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of human values in the development of Asian architecture. However, the integral plan of Thang Long imperial citadel cannot be seen, due to the development of modern Hanoi capital.

The designers of the Ho Citadel borrowed some of the construction technology of Thang Long, mainly in wood and brick, and principles of town planning (in particular, for the royal palaces). The plastic arts and landscape design were also continued and further developed as can be witnessed from the archaeological evidence within and around the Ho Citadel. However, the use of large stone blocks for the inner wall of the Ho Citadel was an innovation in Vietnamese construction techniques. Also significantly different is the planning of the Ho Citadel in accordance with the local mountains so that its main axis is north-west to south-east.

Nam Giao Altar was another component of Thang Long Imperial Citadel that noteworthy to compare with the Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Citadel. The Nam Giao Altar had been set up in Thang Long during the Ly dynasty. Under the Le dynasty, according to a description by Le Quy Don, the worshipping ceremony was conducted based on the Book of Court

Ill. 86: Plan of the Kaifeng Citadel, Northern Song dynasty Ill. 87: Map of Thanh Long at the time of the Le dynasty

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Rituals of the Chinese Ming dynasty. Recent archaeological findings show that this altar had been located outside the citadel, about two kilometers to the southeast of Thang Long Imperial Citadel, but still within the La Thanh wall. The ground of the altar was heightened mainly by adding clay to it, while the main construction material was brick. According to historical records, the altar in Thang Long had a round structure. However, it is impossible to verify by archaeological findings as it was either destroyed or topped by later monuments. Meanwhile, the plan of Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Citadel is fully preserved. Stone was used as its main constructed material.

During the Ming occupation (1408-1428), Thang Long was used as a provincial fortress. After Le Loi expelled the Ming, he made Thang Long the royal city of his new dynasty, restoring it to the status it held during the Ly and Tran dynasties (11th-14th centuries). For three centuries it was the capital of Vietnam under the Le, Mac, and Restored Le dynasties. In this period, it was often referred to as “Dong Kinh” (Eastern Capital), in contrast to the “Tay Do” (“Western Capital,” which was the site of the Ho Citadel). Western visitors heard “Dong Kinh” as “Tonkin,” and this name became synonymous with the northern region of Vietnam.

When Gia Long founded the Nguyen Dynasty in 1802, he established a new national capital at Hue (see 1b), and Thang Long became a regional administrative center. In 1831, the city was given the name Hanoi, which it has retained to this day. After colonization, the area became the headquarters of French military power in all of Indochina. Following the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1954, the city of Hanoi was restored to its position as the capital of Vietnam.

b. Hue Citadel (1802-1945)

Hue was the capital city of the Nguyen dynasty, and the “Complex of Hue Monuments” was inscribed on the World Heritage list in 1993. The imperial citadel of Hue shares many features with the Ho Citadel, including its use of feng shui or geomantic factors. Like the Ho Citadel, the main axis

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of the Hue citadel was oriented to the northwest-southeast, instead of the north and south. In this, the builders of the Hue Citadel were following the principle established 400 years earlier at the Ho Citadel.

On the other hand, the Hue citadel comprised three rounds of walls, including the traditional separate enclosure for the royal palaces (Ill. 88). The outer wall was a departure from the Asian style, adopting many elements that had been perfected by the French military architect, Marquis Vauban (1633-1707). Thus, in comparison to the Ho Citadel, the Hue citadel can be said to be more faithful to Asian tradition in its interior plan, at the same time that it made dramatic changes to the design of the outer defensive wall.

Ill. 88: Plan of Hue (After UNESCO/Laurel Rampon 2003)

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The Nguyen dynasty successively ordered the establishment of the Nam Giao Altar in four different places, the most intact of which is the Nam Giao Altar in Duong Xuan Village (Hue), built in 1806. The altar has a three-layered floor, encircled by a rectangular boundary: the top layer had a round shape, representing the heaven. The second layer was square-shaped, symbolizing the earth. The third layer was also square-shaped representing human kind (Ill. 89). The structure of Nam Giao Altar in Hue therefore resembles the Circular Mound Altar of the Temple of Heaven in Beijing and very different with its counterpart in the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

2. Chinese royal citadels

a. Earlier Chinese capitals (Chang An, Shanxi and Bianliang, Kaifeng)

The land of Chang An (modern Xian, the provincial capital of the Shanxi province, China) was the capital of several dynasties in China. During the Tang dynasty (618-907), it was renowned as the starting point of the “Silk Road.” At its zenith, it was extraordinarily well planned and with a symmetrical system of streets and residential wards. This pattern became a model for other Eastern imperial cities in succeeding periods.

Ill. 89: Aerial photo of the Nam Giao Altar of Hue (After Phan Thanh Hải 2009)

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Although several features of the internal city wall that surrounded the Taiji gong are similar, the plan of the Ho Citadel is much simpler and did not follow the same direction. Archaeological vestiges represent similar features in technique of embanking the earth work, but mainly for the foundation. Stone was mainly used for the column base and architectural decoration.

Bianliang (or Bianjing) became the capital of the Northern Song dynasty in 960 CE. Since Vietnamese envoys from the Ly court traveled regularly to Bianlang in the 11th century, it is reasonable to surmise that the planners of the first imperial palaces at Thang Long were most familiar with Bianlang as the model for a Chinese imperial city. Thus, through transference, it may also be considered as an earlier model for the Ho Citadel.

Bianlang provides some precedents for the construction of the Ho Citadel: it was built from the inside outward based on a square plan in which the interior wall had four gates open to four directions (64). On the other hand, Bianliang had three surrounding walls in more or less symmetrical form, a feature not found in the Ho Citadel.

b- Nanjing (China)

Aside from the Vietnamese royal city of Thang Long, the most immediate model for the Ho citadel was the Chinese city of Nanjing. This city became the first capital of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and the first Ming emperor embarked on a 21-year building project that included the construction of an extensive system of stone and brick walls as an outer defensive perimeter.

The details of this vast construction project were undoubtedly reported to Ho Quy Ly by the Vietnamese envoys whose paid frequent visits to the Ming court at Nanjing. The scope of the Hongwu emperor’s projected imperial city may have inspired Ho Quy Ly to emark on a similar

64 Nancy Shatzman 1990, fig. 123

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undertaking, and it is possible that some of the construction techniques observed at Nanjing were adapted for use in the construction of the Ho Citadel.

We can also observe certain similarities in the use of feng shui principles to position the capital in the center of a mountainous area, near to waterways. Nanjing had previously served as the imperial city of Southern Tang dynasty in the 10th century, and its natural setting can be observed from an ancient map of that period (65).

One of the most interesting features of the Ming-era citadel that can be compared to the Ho Citadel is the Taji Tan (Great Worshiping Altar). It was located outside the city wall, to the southwest of the main axis. Several features of the surrounding walls, and the water well of this altar that was noted as “Hai” (the sea), are similar with that of the Ho dynasty. However, the Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Citadel is oriented on a different axis and the worshiping pantheon is arranged differently (66) (Ill. 90).

65 (Nancy Shatzman, 1990, fig. 140).

Ill. 90: Plans of the Nanking altar- Ming Dynasty (left) (Seno Tatsuhiko 2007)

Nam Giao Altar - Ho Citadel and the position of the Jade Well (right)

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c. The Forbidden City (Beijing, China )

The Forbidden City was constructed over a twenty-year period (1406-1420) by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Since this period largely overlaps with the Ming occupation of Vietnam, it is not surprising that many Vietnamese artisans and engineers were involved in this project. Given that many of the Vietnamese had acquired their skills during the Ho dynasty period, it is also quite possible that they contributed some of the designs and techniques used for the Ho Citadel to the construction of the Ming capital.

In this respect, it is interesting to note similarities, such as the tapering of the city wall that surrounds the Forbidden City (7.9 meters high 26 ft, 8.62 meters wide at the base, and 6.66 meters at the top). On the other hand, the construction was quite different in that the core of this wall was rammed earth, surfaced with three layers of mortared bricks (67).

The Tiantan complex, with its platform for the Heaven worshiping ceremony, also furnishes a useful comparison with its Vietnamese counterparts. While representing similar features with the Nam Giao Altar of Hue, it shows different plan in comparison with the Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Dynasty (Ill. 91).

66 Aramya Manabu 2007 67 Wikipedia. “Forbidden City,” Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 20 January 2010 <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City, Citations include Yang, Xiagui, The Invisible Palace. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2003 and Yu, Zhuoyun, Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking, 1984.

Ill. 91: Plans of the Nam Giao Altar in Hue (left) and the Tiantan in Beijing (right) (After Phan Thanh Hải 2009; Seno Tatsuhiko 2007)

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The Forbidden City in Beijing continued to be the imperial capital of China for the remainder of the Ming dynasty and throughout the Qing dynasty. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987.

2. Korean royal citadels

a. Shilla Wangeong (Geoungju, Korea)

Ill. 92: Vestiges of stone foundation from Shilla Wangeung (Geoungju

National Bureau for Cultural Heritage Studies 2002)

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The imperial citadel of the Shilla Dynasty in Korea was coeval with the Tang Dynasty in China (7th-10th centuries CE), and it borrows many elements from the Tang capital of Chang An (discussed earlier)(Ill. 92). Archaeological evidence shows that the planners, although employing natural topography to develop the city on two sides of a large area, further divided it into streets and wards. Typical construction techniques included the use of free stone for architectural foundations, walls, roads, drainage system68.

This kind of building material and some of the same general construction features are observed in the archaeological site of the Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Dynasty. However, the detailed techniques of construction are different. Being comparatively later in time period, the bricks and decorated terracotta of the Ho Citadel are quite different from those found at the Shilla Wangeung.

b. Changdeokgung Palace Complex, Korea

In 1405, the first emperor of the Joseon dynasty, T'aejong, ordered the construction of a secondary, “eastern” palace at an auspicious site. A Bureau of Palace Construction was set up to create the complex, consisting of a number of official and residential buildings set in a garden that was cleverly adapted to the uneven topography of the 58 ha site. The result is an exceptional example of Far Eastern palace architecture and design, blending harmoniously with the surrounding landscape.

The current palace grounds are somewhat larger than the original grounds, since succeeding kings often made additions during the palace's long history. Changdeokgung palace was a favorite place of the kings during the dynasty although the central palace of Gyeongbokgung was in fact larger, Changdeokgung was considered the most purely Korean of all the palaces (Ill. 93).

68 Gyeoungju National Bureau for Cultural Heritage Studies 2002, Shilla Imperial Palace, Vol.2 (in Korean).

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The main courtyard of the Changdeokgung palace was paved with stone blocks in various sizes. The technique of stone paving and fixing are similar with that of the Nam Giao altar of the Ho Dynasty. Surrounding walls were also built with stone blocks, but in smaller size in comparison with those of the Ho Citadel.

c- Kaesong City (North Hwanghae Province, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)

Kaesong was the capital city of the Koryo dynasty (9th to 14th centuries AD), which established the first unified state in the Korean peninsula. The nominated property includes an ensemble of ten monuments and sites which comprise the remains of old Kaesong and related sites in the surrounding region. Most of the properties are located in the present city of Kaesong; including the remains of the walls, the only remaining gate (Namdae Gate) (Ill. 94), the site of Manwoldae (the royal palace) and the Sungyang Confucian Shrine and Academy. In addition, there are other monuments and sites in the surrounding region which bear testimony to the culture, architecture, and construction techniques of the Koryo period.

The Palace Fort and the Imperial Fort (both constructed in 919) were built in earth and clay. The Outer Fort (constructed between 1009 and 1029) enclosed the whole city; it is a very large fortified enclosure adapted to the topography of the valley and surrounding ridges. It is bounded on four sides by mountains; part of it was built in stone and the remainder in earth and

Ill. 93: Ch'angdokkung Palace (UNESCO Ref: 816)

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clay. The section of stone wall runs from the Pukso Gate (North Small Gate) in the north to the vicinity of the Nulli Gate in the west.

The Palace Fort and the Imperial Fort (both constructed in 919) were built in earth and clay. The Outer Fort (constructed between 1009 and 1029) enclosed the whole city; it is a very large fortified enclosure adapted to the topography of the valley and surrounding ridges. It is bounded on four sides by mountains; part of it was built in stone and the remainder in earth and clay. The section of stone wall runs from the Pukso Gate (North Small Gate) in the north to the vicinity of the Nulli Gate in the west.

The Inner Fort (constructed in 1391-1393) was called the “Half-Moon Fort” after the form of its plan. It was built in stone except for a part constructed in earth and clay.

Ill.94: Nam Dae gate, Kaesong City

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Kaesong Castle reflects the features and fortification techniques of the Koryo Dynasty. The stone wall was constructed in granite trimmed in the shape of a square or quadrangular pyramid and the clay wall was solidly rammed with a mixture of weathered gneiss, clay and stone. The average height of the stone wall is 4-5 metres and the clay wall is about 3 metres high (Ill. 95).

Thus the Outer Fort of Kaesong represents similar characteristic with the La Thanh Outer Wall of the Ho Citadel in the adaptation of the topography and the use of earth and clay for the construction of the wall.

Ill. 95: Tehungsan Fortress Gate of Kaesong City

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However, its gates and sections of stone wall are absent in the case of the Ho Citadel.

Several features in construction technique are similar, including the structure and vaulted form of Namdae Gate. However, the Inner Fort of Kaeson is quite diferent with the Inner Citadel of Ho Dynasty in plan.

4- Khmer royal citadels (Cambodia and Laos)

Although the Khmer royal cities (9th-15th century, CE) drew their inspiration from India, rather than China, they make an interesting comparison with the Ho Citadel because of the interaction between the Khmer and Viet polities before and after the period of the Ho dynasty. Given the long history of contact and exchange between these cultures, it would not be surprising to discover some similarities in construction techniques that were adapted to the environment and resources of the Southeast Asian mainland.

The Angkor Archaeological Park preserves numerous ancient temples of the Khmer, and is one of the most important archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. For purposes of comparison with the Ho Citadel, we will look most closely at the walled city of Angkor Thom and the temple of Angkor Wat. We will also make reference to the Khmer vestige of Vat Phou, a World Heritage Site in modern day Laos.

Ill 96. Scenic view of Angkor (After UNESCO’s Website, Ref: 668)

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a. Angkor Thom (Cambodia)

The royal city of Angkor Thom was established by the Buddhist ruler Jayavarman VII as part of the vast building program undertaken during his reign (circa 1181-1215). It is perhaps the easiest Khmer temple-city to compare with the Ho Citadel because of its square surrounding wall, with gates composed of huge stone blocks.

Each of the four walls of Angkor Thom is approximately 3.3 km long and approximately 8 meters high. Numerous temple complexes were erected within this enclosure, along with many secular buildings and a system of internal canals that supported a large city population. Thus, while the walls of Angkor Thom may be compared structurally to the inner walls of the Ho Citadel, which are each approximately .85 km long, the walls of Angkor Thom served a purpose more equivalent to the outer walls of the Ho Citadel. As with many of the works at Angkor, this outer wall is surrounded by a broad moat.

The gates of Angkor Thom are marked by distinctive towers that are much higher (23 meters) than the adjacent walls. The stone blocks that make up these towers are carved into multiple but almost identical faces that may be representations of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, or of the king himself.

The gates are aligned at the cardinal points of the compass, and give way to north-south and east-west roads that lead directly to the great Bayon temple at the center of the city. Thus, the home of the divinity is placed directly in the center of the royal city, patterning the temporal world on the cosmos itself. This is an arrangement quite different than what we have seen in Vietnam and China, where the communication with the heavens was performed outside the royal city at the Nam Giao or “Heaven-worshipping” altar.

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b. Angkor Wat (Cambodia)

Constructed during the reign of Suryavarman II (died circa 1150), Angkor Wat is a Hindu temple complex and one of the largest religious monuments in the world. Stories of the creation of the universe adorn the long corridor walls, along with bas-reliefs of magnificent Goddesses, modeled on the king’s dancers and court ladies.

The prevalence of religious symbolism suggests that Angkor Wat had quite a different function than that of a Sino-Vietnamese royal city. Because of its unusual orientation for a Hindu-Khmer temple its main gate faces to the west rather than the east some scholars theorize that it was meant to serve as a funerary monument to the king.

Although the its overtly religious function distinguishes Angkor Wat from the Ho Citadel, both are impressive examples of stone construction techniques in a Southeast Asian setting.

In Angkor Wat, the stones were shaped to the point where they were as smooth as jade and were placed firmly together without recourse of mortar. They were placed together so firmly and so carefully that some of the dividing lines between them are sometimes hardly visible. In some cases, the blocks of stones were joined together by tenons and bolts or by dovetails and were held in place by the weight of the block itself on top of another. It has been suggested that the blocks could also have been maintained in place with the help of either metal rods inserted within holes carved in the blocks, or with bolts(69). It is hard to decide which hypothesis is more accurate, but the above information helps to understand the stone block vestiges of the Ho Citadel and the technology that could have been used to place them together. This should be hypothesis for further study of the Ho Citadel.

69 WIKI electronic dictionary

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c. Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape

The temples of Vat Phou were erected during the apex of the Khmer empire (11th to 13th centuries, CE), near the site of the earlier royal city (Shrestapura) that has been dated to the 5th century. As with other Khmer temple-cities, religious symbolism was central to the overall design, and the entrance to the temples face to the east. The design was shaped to express the Hindu vision of the relationship between nature and humanity, using an axis from mountain top to river bank to lay out a geometric pattern of temples, shrines and waterworks extending over some 10 km. Two planned cities on the banks of the Mekong River are also part of the site, as well as Phou Kao mountain.

The relationship of mountains and rivers is just as important within this cultural landscape as it is in Chinese geomnancy. The ICOMOS summary of 2001 notes that:

It is focused on, to the west, the natural features of Phou Kao Mountain and, on the east, the Mekong River, used to represent respectively the sacred mountain dwelling of the god Shiva and the Ganges River or the

Ill. 97 - Overview of Vat Phou within the Champasak Cultural Landscape

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Universal Ocean. he plain between, containing the main extent of temples and associated works, formed Kurukshestra, the Holy Land.

Intriguingly, the Hindu practice of kingship in several Southeast Asian countries often included a Devaraja ceremony on the sacred mounta As with Angkor Wat, the layout of Vat Phou reflects Hindu beliefs rather than the Confucian principles underlying the royal citadels of China, Korea and Viet Nam. The most relevant point of comparison between the Vat Phou complex and the Ho Citadel is the use of heavy stone for construction.

From the comparative examples, it is clear that the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty represents many common features with other imperial cities of Viet Nam and East Asia in the selection of location and the use of natural landscape to represent the feng shui principles and geomancy in setting out the plan. This is for the demonstration of an enhanced concept of royal power based on the adoption of practical Confucianism. As such, it reflects a common philosophical approach to power and rule based on Confucianism and first developed in China, and very different to the .Hindu based philosophy of rule adopted by the Khmer elsewhere in South-East Asia.

The Ho Citadel however has distinctive features reflecting other influences and a specifically Vietnamese development of the basic plan-form of a royal citadel. As noted above the axis of the citadel is distinctive (from north-west to south-east) reflecting a high awareness of the surrounding landscape and the need to conform to it according to the principles of feng shui and geomancy. The use of massive, well-executed masonry for the defenses of the Citadel and the combination of local knowledge and technology in the construction of its architectures proves that its owner shared also common technical experiences with Southeast Asian neighbors, but was prepared to adapt and develop them in these ways.

These different features and typical characteristics in monumental art and the use of technology make the Citadel an outcome of the extraction and adaptation of knowledge, experiences, thinking, belief and talent of the Dai Viet and the Asian people. The Ho Citadel represents the adaptation of originally Chinese concepts of power and rule, which spread throughout East Asia to the specific conditions and needs of Viet Nam. The Citadel

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demonstrates a specifically Vietnamese approach to the manifestation of royal power in relation both to the people and to the divine, which was later copied at Hue.

The Ho Citadel is also very important because, unlike many other royal citadel sites in China, East Asia and Viet Nam, it has not been overlain by later developments either as a royal palace, or by a modern city. The use of masonry for some key features such as the citadel defenses and the Nam Giao Altar has also led to higher rates of survival than is the case with structures built of weaker materials. Because of these factors, the Ho Citadel has an exceptional level of preservation, which is not well matched elsewhere.

3d. Statement of Authenticity and Integrity:

The nominated property of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty meets the criteria for integrity and authenticity as defined in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention and the Nara document on Authenticity.

(i). Statement of Integrity

The integrity of the nominared property is guaranted by the nominated areas of three main components which represent the characteristic of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The Inner Citadel, the Nam Giao Altar and a part of the LaThanh Outer Wall. The Buffer zone covers the whole natural setting that presents elements of feng shui principles and natural advantage for the development of the Imperial Citadel including the environmental, geology, hydrogeology, land and the resources. The Buffer zone also includes all cultural elements that were composed a large Imperial city during the late 14th – early 15th century, and it’s exited history untill present day. These are religious monuments, traditional villages, common house, ancient roads, markets, landing places, and so on.

Thus the Nominated Property owns all the needed features to demonstrate its own outstanding universal values. The integrity of the Property is reflected through the presence of a citadel that remained almost

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intact, having colossal stone walls in between a geo-cultural landscape which is clearly recognizable. The Property bears the testimony of an interchange of human values in the planning of the citadel, in its architectural symbols, construction techniques and in the expression of its artistic values.

The integrity of an imperial city is also demonstrated by the rich source of archaeological vestiges that is very well preserved underground. The Inner Wall and it’s vestiges of the buildings, the vestiges of the La Thanh Outer wall and the foundation of the Nam Giao Altar are well-preserved and remained almost unchanged to compare with their original form. The structure, the materials and the overall appearance of the wall and of the gates, as well as the vestiges of the Inner palaces are well preserved as monumental and archaeological heritages. The La Thanh Outer Wall section can be clearly seen on the spot due to the man-made earthwork that is left almost undamaged. The foundations of the architectural components of the Nam Giao Altar have also remained preserved in their integrity.

During over 600 years of its history, the Ho Citadel underwent a wide range of events, witnessing many important reforms by the Ho dynasty and various armed conflicts. However, the quality of its state of conservation means that it is capable of exemplifying a capital city of East Asia in its most complete form. The property was built from a culmination point of various cultures and traditions in an area located between East and Southeast Asia.

The components that constitute the outstanding universal values of the nominated property have been identified and placed under legal protection. So far, there is almost no adverse effects of development on the Nominated area. The land inside the citadel is now used for the cultivation of rice and short-day crops that are controled to ensure the ploughing not effect to the cultural layer. Except wild grass, trees are considered to grow in the safe zone of the Outer Wall and the Nam Giao Altar. In the Buffer zone, the historical monuments are well inventored and preserved according to Cultural Law of Vietnam. The development of old villages and Vinh Loc

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Town is under control to ensure the preservation of their traditional characteristic. The mountains, rivers and the lakes are preserved and under control of the Resources and Environment Law of Vietnam. They are also inventored as beauty spots and preserved by cultural agencies. Management plan for each site has been developed and implemented step-by-step, whereas an overall management plan is being developed. The harmful effects on the property have been brought under control. So far, the development pressure on the Nominated Property and the Buffer zone is not yet recognizable. The appropriate measures have been taken into consideration to cope with the probable pressure in future.

(ii). Statement of Authenticity

The Outstanding Universal Values of the Property are justified through the following features:

Geo-cultural landscape and location:

The nominated site, which comprises the inner citadel, the La Thanh outer wall and the Nam Giao Altar located in An Ton grotto, west of Vinh Loc District, is surrounded by various limestone mountain ranges and by the two rivers of Ma and Buoi. The location and its harmonized landscape were selected in such a way that it highlighted the role of a capital city, symbolizing the position of the Heaven’s Son at the heart of an epitomized universe. To date, the landscape and location as well as the meaning of the architectural components have been kept almost unchanged.

Layout and architectural design

Well-preserved formative components such as the La Thanh Outer wall, the Inner walls, the gates, the moats, the roads and the underground vestiges of the citadel not only constitute clear evidence of aptitude and talent in the planning and design of a capital city in East Asian style, but also demonstrate adaptation to the local topography and local concepts and the use of various techniques experienced from different cultures and traditions. The layout and the design of the Nam Giao Altar offers an

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outstanding example of the creativity and originality in the exchange of religious activities between East Asia and Southeast Asia. Physical presence of all the components and natural setting of the Imperial city are well preserved and fully visible. These features bring about the Universal Outstanding values for the Ho Citadel, in comparison with its existing counterparts in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Functions and purposes

The Property preserves in their entirety and integrity all the elements designed specifically both for a capital city under a Confucian centralized power mechanism and for a defensive fortress. The mountains were carefully chosen to conform to feng shui principles. The social and functional implications of the sections within a citadel can be interpreted through the layout, the architectural components and the decorative pattern of the excavated relics and artifacts. As a defensive system, the presence of the imposing walls, trenches and verifiable vestiges of weapons, in addition to the historical documents, reveals the intentions of the builders of the citadel as well as its various roles in the course of history.

The entity and the material

Architectural vestiges and artifacts discovered from the excavations, images and legends that remain in the memory of the local people, and especially huge standing monuments that have been preserved in situ offer the most transparent and reliable evidences for the Outstanding Universal Values of the property. The construction technique, using huge stones specifically for the inner wall, is considered to be unique and original and cannot be found in other citadels in East and Southeast Asia. The artifacts preserved in archaeological sites, offer the most authentic evidence for understanding the history of Vietnamese arts, from Thang Long to Tay Do (Western Capital) and Dong Do (Eastern Capital). Through this we can understand the interchange of ideology, religious faiths and aesthetic tastes between different regions in East Asia and Southeast Asia in the late 14th and early 15th century.

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Historical records and other sources of information

The integrity of the plan of the citadel and other components of the Property that are well preserved intact on and under the ground testifies to the historical documents and records made by people of previous generations. The research based of various sciences, especially socio-anthropology and archaeology, have elaborated on the location and landscape of the citadel, drawing on old maps, on the measurements, the descriptions of the relic components, on the history of its construction and existence, etc. The historical events in the region have not distorted the overall structure of the relic site. Therefore the authenticity of the nominated property has been guaranteed by various sources of information, the most important of which come from archaeological and historical findings.

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4a. Present state of conservation

The current Ho dynasty heritage complex includes three components: 1 – The Citadel (or inner citadel); 2- the Nam Giao Altar; and 3- the La Thanh outer wall section (Ill. 98). The site has been existing since over 600 years and has survived many wars as well as many natural and human threats. Therefore, it has been partly affected, damaged and deformed. Due to the differences in the building techniques and in the various material used for its construction, the rate and state of conservation of these various components are different. Additionally, these various elements have also been influenced by different social and natural threats. The current state of the components can be described as follows:

Ill. 98: The citadel wall invaded by natural overgrowth



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The Ho Citadel (the Inner wall of the citadel)

The remains of the Ho Citadel currently consists of the constituting elements that are still standing on the ground such as its walls, its gates, the moat trenches, paths, and lake and also includes the natural environment within the citadel. It all forms an archaeological site since it also holds the architectural vestiges of the imperial city’s foundations.

Nearly all the city walls and the four stone gates are preserved in fairly good conditions, essentially because they were built of very large stone blocks. The construction technique of their outer surfaces and the foundations provided them a perfect solidity and the inside embankments are solidly compacted. However, some segments of the city walls and some parts of the gates have yet been damaged. Described below is their current state of conservation:

- The architectural structures and their foundations on the North Gate and South Gate have vanished. Of these structures, a few elements are still visible, including the vestiges of column holes deeply carved in ashlars blocks and traces of handrail pillars. On the South Gate, it is possible to observe the column holes that are filled with cement that was used to waterproof the arches (Ill.99). Many stone blocks of the winged walls of the gates have disappeared and only traces of stairways are left. In the East and West Gates, only portions of the vaults remain. The tormentor of the East Gate is relatively intact.

Ill. 99: Vestige of the pillar inserted holes on top of the South Gate



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- The South, West and East walls of the citadel are built of similar stone blocks and they are the largest in dimensions. Four to five stone layers are still visible at the most undamaged segments. For the rest, some sections have disappeared or may be buried under ground, but sometimes, one to two stone layers still remain. Almost all the Southeast and Northwest wall corners are lost, however, the Southwest wall corner is still rather intact. Many stone blocks are scattered on the grounds outside the outer wall (Ills. 100-101).

- The inside earth filling layer in association with outside stone wall course forms a surface at the most intact section at the North wall which is 9.6m wide. Other remaining sections are between 7 and 8.5m wide. The average width of foot of the remaining walls is between 11.5m and 15m. Because of underground water currents, some segments of the citadel wall have been subject to landslides and have collapsed. No traces of brick are found at the upper parts. At many locations, the filling mixture of soil and smashed stone has disintegrated and gave way. Taking advantage of some

Ill. 100: Eroded section of the citadel wall



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collapsed sections, local people have opened ways through the citadel walls to facilitate agricultural production.

Ill. 101: Sections in ruins of the inner citadel wall



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- The citadel moat system and its trenches have not survived very well the passing of time. Nearly all the trenches were filled up and leveled for rice cultivation. The most obvious traces of these trenches have been uncovered at the East Gate in Dong Mon hamlet. However, other portions of the trenches can clearly be traced on sunken rice fields and most particularly in the rainy season (Ill. 102).

- Within the inner wall, remaining lakes in the form of water expanses and ponds are scattered everywhere. The whole standing architectural structures have disappeared, however, their foundations can easily be found when observing the emergence of higher mounds among the rice fields on both sides of the south-north central axis, and most particularly in the north. Nonetheless, the vestiges of the original architectural foundations are deformed by the construction of irrigational systems, by the division of land for fields and gardens, by the filling up and by the leveling of the land for cultivation. Almost all the ancient roads

Ill. 102: Visible remains of the south section of the moat system



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within the inner citadel wall have also faded away, apart from one that runs from the North Gate to the South Gate and that continues to the Don Son mountain and apart from another one that used to link the East Gate to the West Gate. It is known that the roads were paved and that many construction materials such as brick and stone blocks have been collected by local people to re-use for their buildings.

To conserve the current state of the heritage site, many study methods and actions were undertaken by the Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (MB) and professional institutions at local and central levels. Additionally, a close co-ordination and co-operation between national and foreign agencies has been set up. These initiatives are summarized as follows:

- Build a bypass road for the inter-district road No. 217, which was previously passing through the site, and install warning signs to prohibit any power-driven vehicle from running through the citadel area;

- Establish the Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (MB). The MB is assigned to coordinate with the local government in order to campaign towards the local people to preserve the property area l and in order to gradually study the conservation and promotion of the universal cultural values of this site;

- Conduct surveys and inventory to clear away infringement areas and to collect artifacts related to the citadel that are kept in local households;

- Chop down and get rid of the trees that are growing on and damaging the citadel walls;

- Conduct survey and search for traces of relevant artifacts. Organize a cooperative study program between the Showa University (Japan), the National Culture Heritage Conservation Research Institute of Japan and the Vietnam Cultural Exchange and Research Centre (currently the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences - IVSDS);



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- Conduct study and analysis of the compositions of some stone samples for understanding the construction materials of the citadel;

- Carry out archaeological excavations, which aimed at further studying the value of the site: The 2004 Vietnam-Japan cooperation excavation the central area of the Inner Citadel, in the area named as “Nen Vua” (Foundation of the King) and the 2008 excavation by the Vietnam Institute of Archaeology (IA) at the South Gate site.

The La Thanh Outer Wall

The La Thanh outer wall is formed by embanking high mounds that are connecting the natural mounds and surrounding hills (Ill. 103). Species of thorny bamboo were planted on its outer side. According to historical records, the La Thanh outer wall was running from the Don Son Mountain (Vinh Thanh commune) along the Tuong Son mountain (Vinh Long

Ill. 103: Vestige of a northeast section of the La Thanh Outer Wall



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commune) in the south and southeast and in the North. It was connecting the north of An Ton to the Bao Dam gate (from the North Gate of the citadel to the Tuong Son mountain). In the west, the wall was erected from Kha Lang market (now the West market) at Vuc Son (now Vinh Yen commune) to the area of Ben Da at Loi Giang river or Ma river (Vinh Tien commune). Currently, many of these sections described in the historical records are not visible anymore and many segments of the earth mounds have disintegrated due to a possible change of river current. However, in some places, traces of the La Thanh wall are still rather clear. The most intact segment of the wall is located in the northeast, in Vinh Long commune. Since the earth base at this segment is rather stable and carefully compacted and that its surface is covered by a thick layer of wild grass, the rate of erosion is quite low. This segment is far away from residential zones so the encroachment rate is insignificant.

Relating to the La Thanh Outer wall is the range of mountains, hills and mounds that were exploited to form the protective rampart. Generally, these elements have kept their natural aspects and remained unchanged.

Nevertheless, the La Thanh Outer wall is still subject to deterioration. Erosion caused by torrential rain can still cause damage and the development of transportation and of a dyke system in the area can still modify the aspects of the La Thanh wall. Additionally, the exploitation of land and the needs of stones of the local people still risk ruining important remaining sections of the artificial mounds. It is why the MB is currently developing management plans and taking specific measures to prevent the local people from pursuing exploitation activities in the area.



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The Nam Giao Altar site

The Nam Giao Altar site, located on the southwestern side of the Don Son mountain, which was seattered with modern tombs that were dug within the mount foundation at the foot of the mountain. The lower ground of the mount is adjacent to an inhabited zone where big trees are being grown. Some households were settled in the southern part of the site.

A large portion of the site has been excavated in since 2004. As a result, the main architectural foundation system, which was built of stone, mountain soil mixed with gravel or macadam and brick, has been uncovered. Many elements and artefacts related to the architectural structures, mainly tiles, terra-cotta decorations and some iron artifacts have also been found.

The main threats to the site are the danger of landslide caused by rain and flood as well as other natural factors such as sunlight, temperature

Ill. 104: Unexcavated portion of the Nam Giao Altar on Don Son mountain



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and high moisture in summer that have most specifically a negative effects on the quality of the artifacts that found from the excavation (Ill. 104).

Temporary protection measures have been taken for protecting the Nam Giao Altar site:

- Chop down all trees adjacent to the altar base to avoid the possibility of tree roots infiltrations;

- Create drainage to avoid erosion of the areas excavated and being excavated;

- Install fences surrounding the site to prevent cattle and people from going into the area;

- Backfill the excavation pits with the excavated soil to preserve the current state of the pits before official conservation and restoration treatments are undertaken. A part of remaining area is being excavated and studied;

- Collect movable artifacts and preserve them in storehouses for study.

4b. Factors affecting the property

(i) Development pressures

Because of the inherent values that have remained within some of well preserved components of the citadel, right from 1962, the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was recognized as a national cultural heritage. This decision is important tool for the preservation of the cultural heritage site from the impact of social and economic development plans within the Inner Citadel. Up to now, it can be stated that the economic and production growth of the area has not yet directly affected the components of the citadel complex. However, the natural growth of population and the increasing household settlement in the proximity of the citadel are indirect threats to the preservation of the site. It is a fact that small shops and restaurants have already opened just beside the Inner Citadel. The construction of private houses have narrowed the moat. The agricultural activities have caused damages to the foundations of the property. More than six centuries have



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passed by, throughout which many artifacts were collected by the local people. It is apprehended that the recent urbanization of Vinh Loc Town, if not well-planned and well-managed, will affect the integrity of the property. It is therefore essential to have a future development plan for the property area in order to deal with some of the following matters:

- Resettlement of private households outside of the protected area;

- Readjustment of the civil planning in a way that will avoid negative effects on the property.

- Relocation of productive activities In order to avoid damage and further transformation of the environment and the landscape.

- Formulate the statute that will regulate civil construction and the local people’s livelihoods as to limit the impacts of development on the preservation of the property.

The most challenging matter is to address the relocation of local people and of their households. Therefore, regulations on civil constructions are necessary to at least limit further threatening construction sites and process near the heritage site.

- Highway No. 217 passes through the Citadel. Although a bypass road has been built and that warning signs prohibiting power-driven vehicles to drive through have been installed, the traffic regulations have not yet been strictly implemented.

- The ancient stone-paved path that still goes from the South Gate to Don Son mountain passes nowadays through the town of Vinh Loc. Therefore, without a long term preservation plan, the restoration of the whole road is impossible and only small sections can be restored.

- The limestone mountains are an integral part of the heritage landscape. However due to their proximity to local inhabited areas, limestone exploitation is underway by the service of civil construction.



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Thus, it is necessary to control and prohibit the quarry mining to protect the natural and cultural landscape of the property.

(ii) Environmental Pressures

The site is located in an area of various and complicated natural features and environmental conditions within the Vinh Loc district, where natural elements played a major role in the formation and the existence of the site. Due to the geological age and disintegration process of the limestone mountain system, the surface of the rocky mountain range have worn out and have separated into very sloping cliffs. In addition to the Ma and Buoi rivers, there are other streams and waterways in Vinh Loc area. However, there are no steep slopes and waterfalls, except the narrow and deep flow of Buoi river caused often floods. This is an element that can certainly affect the preservation of the La Thanh wall segments.

Especially, Vinh Loc district is located in a tropical and monsoonal zone where the temperature is about 0.50C higher than in the whole country. In the summer, the highest temperature can reach 41.50C. In the winter, the lowest temperature can be as cold as 20C. Rainy season often lasts six months, with a major concentration during the month of September. Average rainfall is between 1.500 and 1.700mm. Additionally, apart from the southeast and northeast monsoon, this area is also influenced by the southwest hot and dry wind and long periods of drought (73). These environmental factors may have negative effects on the life-span of the site and on the composition of the material exposed on the ground.

So far, regional construction works and production have not been developed much, so no serious environmental problem has emerged yet. The important task is to prevent the unexpected floods in an area that is sandwiched between the Ma and Buoi rivers. It is also critical to prevent the people who are living near the heritage site from pouring sewage into the moat of the citadel and in the adjacent areas as well as to instruct them on how to deal with garbage hygienically.

73 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009, pages 16-24



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(iii) Natural disaster and risk preparedness (earthquake, flood, fire, etc.)

Over the last 600 years, no earthquake that could affect the citadel has been recorded. However, it has been noted in the history that lightening has hit the palaces inside the citadel several times. It is therefore necessary to conduct research to establish an effective anti-lightening system for construction works that are conducted there. Natural calamity, especially storm, flood and hail are also very threatening. Since there are no construction works and population living in the citadel, fire risks are most unlikely to happen for the moment. However, together with a prospective plan of development of future cultural works in the Inner Citadel, a fire prevention and fighting procedure should be planned accordingly.

The potential impacts of climate change have also been considered. The most likely consequences of climate change for the northern part of Vietnam are the increase in temperature and the number of tropical low pressure bring more wind and rain, and the possibility of more frequent flooding caused by storms. The hydro-meteorological document recorded by the Center for Hydrometeorology of Thanh Hoa province during 1995 -2009 in the Vinh Loc area shows that the monthly average temperature was fluctuated between 23.8 to 25.3ºC degree. The monthly highest and lowest temperatures in each year have not been a big change. The situation of humidity was similar. However, the monthly average of rainfall throughout the year and in the specific months, as well as number of tropical low pressure reflects an unstable of natural law, which could cause sudden flood and storm in the heritage area74. Therefore, to take precautions for the erosion and collapse for the Nominated heritage is necessary by the development of natural risk management plan.

Concerning the city walls and the gate system, it has been noted that they have been relatively well conserved since they were built by special techniques and by strong stone blocks. However, it is important to remark

74 Refer to Annex V for the hydrometeorological document recorded by the Center for Hydrometeorology of Thanh Hoa province



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that collapse, break, or movement of positions may form a danger leading to the deformation and the further damage of the citadel and most specifically when these threats are accumulated by natural factors such as rain and storms. For the area inside the citadel, because of its wide size, drainages could be considered to avoid negative impacts on the walls. The Southwest wall corner was previously opened for drainage purposes. However, it has effected to the stable of the wall corner. Consequently, an overall drainage system should be installed to protect the walls in rainstorm season and the Southwest wall corner should be restored.

For the Nam Giao Altar site, its main threat is landslide and collapse, caused by rain and flood and impacted by temperature, light, and moisture on the material composition of the structures. Special attention should be paid to the above elements when conservation and restoration plans are worked out.

(iv) Visitor / Tourism pressures

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is well recognized amongs academia. Most of national and international scientific study missions coming to Vietnam have acknowledged the significance of the site. However, the number of visitors to the site so far is not very high. The tourism infrastructure for this area is still limited. The reason is this area is very near Thanh Hoa city, where most of the visitors choose to stay overnight. It is anticipated that together with the general development of the Vietnamese tourism industry, the number of visitor coming to the site is likely to increase in the next years.

Table 4.1: Number of visitors to the Ho Citadel between 2006 and 2009

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009

(6 early months)

Number of visitors 15.000 16.500 19.000 17.300

(Source: Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty)

For the present time, it has not seen much pressure of visitors against the heritage area. However, with the conservation and restoration plan for



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the site of Thanh Hoa province, the Ho Citadel will be a significant place in the network of national and provincial historical, cultural and natural sites for study and tourism purposes. The provincial cultural network consist of Sam Son beach, Ho Citadel, Lam Kinh mausoleum and Cam Luong fish tream. Furthermore, the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty can be a great complex on its own. When overall restoration planning of its components and Nam Giao Altar is completed, plus the possibility of being inscribed in the world cultural heritage site of UNESCO, it will attract of tourism and conservation of the site, Vinh Loc district is developng a comprehensive development plan for the site in which includes a component of tourism development plan.

v) Number of inhabitants within the property and the buffer-zone

The data collected in July 2009 shows that the total of people living in property area and within the Buffer zone reaches 54.405 while the total people living in the whole central area is 1.200. They belong to the following administrative communes:

Table 4.2 - Number of inhabitant in Vinh Loc district

Name of the commune No. of Inhabitant Vinh Loc town 2478 Vinh Quang 4684 Vinh Yen 6492 Vinh Ten 4815 Vinh Long 8497 Vinh Phuc 5286 Vinh Thanh 6392 Vinh Ninh 6435 Vinh Khang 3296 Vinh Hoa 7030 Total 54.405

The rate of population growth average 2,27%. The pressure of the population does not realy cause a threat to heritage nominations.

5. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PROPERTY


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To safeguard the integrity and authenticity of the heritage sites is a concern of the relevant governmental agencies, which have subsequently sought different approaches to effectively preserving the site. The policy framework has gradually improved, regulations on the safeguarding and promotion of heritage have been introduced. Awareness on cultural values and heritage protection is intensified among authorities of all levels and relevant communities.

5a. Ownerships:

The heritage belongs to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee (Thanh Hoa PPC) is reponsible for its overall management. The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is directly managed by the MB, supervised by Thanh Hoa’s Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (DOCST) (provincial branch of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism - MOCST).

The Inner Citadel:

According to the Decision 313 (28 April 1962) by the Ministry of Culture and Information (currently MOCST), the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, including the Inner Citadel and its moat is managed by Thanh Hoa Department of Culture and Information. Since August 2007, according to the Decision 2264/QĐ-UBND (30/7/2007) of Thanh Hoa People's Committee, the direct management falls under the newly established Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The Nominated area is 142.2 ha.

Currently, the area within the citadel is yet managed by the People’s Committee of two communes, Vinh Long and Vinh Tien. The land is assigned to farmers for agricultural production.

Thanh Hoa Province People’s Committee has assigned the Management Board to manage and preserve the technical aspects of the



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Citadel. According to the Regulation, “Strictly prohibit any individual or agency from infringing the structure and the landscape of the area within the citadel, such as grounding, constructing ponds or mining”. The area inside the Inner Citadel is “…only used for short-term agricultural production. Ploughing should not be more than 0.3m deep to protect the ground” (Citation of Regulation promulgated by the Decision 2298/QĐ-UBND on 2/8/2007 of the Chairperson of Thanh Hoa Province People’s Committee, article 4, Para. 1 and 2).

Nam Giao Altar:

The Nam Giao Altar is administratively managed by Vinh Thanh Commune and Vinh Loc District People’s Committees. The area was protected and categorized as national heritage in 2007 (Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL on 18/10/2007) (Annex I). According to the rule of Vietnamese Government the Protected Area I (equivalent to the Core zone) covers an area of 30.069m2. Protection area II (equivalent to the Buffer zone) bordering the Protection area I, covers the area of 13.195m2. Recently it has been redefined to cover all the archaeological features of the site in the Nominated area of 4.3ha, which includes both Protected Area I and II. The land was previuosly used for farming and occupied by some private houses; These houses are now resettled to the outside of the protected area. The whole area is under the Management Board's responsibility for its management, preservation and study.

The heritage is regulated according to the “Regulation on Managing and Preserving the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its surrounding areas” as follows: “Prohibition of burying, dumping industrial and agricultural wastes, constructing farming structures, digging ponds, wells, making roads, herding, or planting unregulated long-term trees that are harmful to the ground, the sanity and the landscape of the heritage site. Strictly prohibiting individuals and agencies to excavate for artifacts or mineral resources without permission” (Regulation, Article 6, para 2).



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La Thanh Outer Wall

The best preserved segment of the La Thanh Outer Wall is administratively managed by the Vinh Long Commune People’s Committee. Its Nominated area is 9.0ha. Except the wild grass, few eucalyptus were planted some years ago.

La Thanh Outer Wall is regulated according to the Regulation as follows: “Prohibition of leveling up the ground which may infringe the structure and authentic elements. Prohibition of grounding to build houses, cemeteries, digging ponds, wells. Prohibition of using the La Thanh's area for agricultural production, for dumping wastes, storing agricultural preservatives or industrial materials” (Regulation, Article 6, para 1).

Ill.105: Map showing the boundaries of the Nominated Property and buffer zone



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5b. Protective designation

- The Ho Citadel (Inner citadel) is recognized since 28 April 1962, as national heritage, according to the Decision 313-VH/VP by the Minister of Culture of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (current MOCST- of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam).

- The Nam Giao Altar is a protected area that is recognized as a national archaeological heritage since the 18/10/2007, according to the Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL by MOCST.

- The La Thanh Outer wall: the assessment of the case of the La Thanh Outer Wall has been completed. The Management Board is currently finalizing the nomination file for national heritage in order to add it into the complex of the Ho Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

5c. Means of implementing protective measures

The complex of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is protected by a number of regulations, as following:

- Law on Cultural Heritage (29/06/2001), approved by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The President signed the Order 09/2001/L-CTN on 12-7-2001, and the law went into effect on 01/01/2002.

- Decision 92/2002/NĐ-CP (11-11-2002) by the Prime Minister on the detail operation of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

- Decision 1706/2001/QĐ-BVHTT (24/7/2001) by the Minister of Culture and Information (current MOCST) on the Master Plan to preserve and promote cultural and natural heritage until 2020.

- Decision 05/2003/QĐ-BVHTT (06/02/2003) by the Minister of Culture and Information (current MOCST) to regulate conservation and revitalization of cultural and natural heritage.



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- Decision 313-VH/VP (28/4/1962) by the Minister of Culture and Information (current MOCST) on the recognition of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as a national heritage.

- Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL (18/10/2007) by the MOCST with regards to the zone and the recognition of the Nam Giao Altar as an archaeological site.

- Regulation on the preservation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty by Thanh Hoa PPC in 2007.

- Decision 2264/ QĐ-UBND (30/7/2007) by Thanh Hoa PPC with regards to the establishment of the Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

The principles of these policy tools are:

1. Preservation approaches set forth in the law:

- All cultural heritages in the territory of Vietnam, whether of domestic or foreign origin or under whichever form of ownership, shall be protected and promoted (Article 8, Law on Cultural Heritage).

- The following actions are prohibited: the appropriation of cultural heritage for erroneous purposes; destruction or threatening to destroy cultural heritage; illegal archaeological excavations; illegal construction or expropriation of land at historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; illegal trading, exchange or transport of relics, antiquities or national treasures from historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; illegal shipment of relics, antiquities or national treasures abroad (Article13, Law on Cultural Heritage).

- When the Ministry of Culture and Information receives reports of damage or threats of damage to a cultural site, it must supply timely guidance and direction to responsible state authorities on the local level and to the owners of the cultural heritage site to apply immediate preventative and protective measures. Regarding special national-level sites, the Ministry



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must report to the Prime Minister (Article13, Item 3, Law on Cultural Heritage).

- Preservation, restoration and reconstruction of cultural sites must be submitted as projects for approval of the responsible state authorities and must guarantee the optimal preservation of the principal original elements of the site.

- The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations for the preservation, restoration and reconstruction of cultural sites (Article 13, Law on Cultural Heritage).

- According to Article 13 of Law on Cultural Heritage, the Government has defined as follows the level of management of cultural relics:

+ The Ministry of Culture and Information is responsible to the government for the management of cultural relics.

+ Other ministries or organizations of ministerial status, or affiliate organizations to the government are to hold accountability for state-level management of the relics as assigned by the government.

+ The provincial People’s Committees, with defined rights and obligations, are to conduct state-level management of local cultural relics as entrusted by the government.

2. Classification of heritage is a means of preservation: Vietnam classifies heritage in terms of importance. The Citadel of the

Ho Dynasty is recognized by MOCST as national heritage, which means that the heritage is highly protected by law.

3. Preservation needs to follow certain procedures as set forth in the law:

- The Minister of Culture and Information approves the preservation and revitalization project of national heritage and of special national heritage (Group B and C) as set forth in the law on construction (Article 17 of Decision 92/2002/NĐ-CP).

- The purpose of preservation, renovation and revitalization of natural and cultural heritage is to minimize adverse social and environmental impacts.



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- To preserve the integrity and authenticity of the heritage: location, structure, material, techniques, functions, interior, outdoors, landscape and other elements to safeguard and promote the values of the heritage.

- To ensure the harmony of heritage and of its surrounding environment.

(Decision 05/2003/QĐ-BVHTT (06/02/2003) by the Minister of Culture and Information to regulate conservation and revitalization of cultural and natural heritage).

4. Protective measures are specifically represented in the “Regulation on the Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics” as below:

- With regard to the Inner Citadel 1. It is prohibited: - To graze cattle and poultry, dump industrial, agricultural, and

daily life waste that may damage the landscapes and environment of the heritage.

- To use the space of the heritage to dry and preserve agricultural products, construction materials and others to serve daily life demands.

- To circulate motor-driven vehicles, simple carriages and cattle-driven carriages in Area I (except under special circumstances with permission by the Management Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage or by the People’s Committee of the Vinh Loc district).

- To illegally explore and excavate artifacts and antiques in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics.

- To purchase, exchange and transport illegally artifacts and antiques of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics.

(Regulation, Article 4, Para. 1) 2. Organizations, agencies, and individuals have to abide by

specific stipulations as follows: a. In the area of the Inner City: - It is prohibited for organizations, agencies, and individuals to

intervene in any form without permission to affect the architecture and landscape of the Inner City, such as leveling the ground, building up works, digging ponds or lakes, and exploiting soil and stone.



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- On the whole area of the Inner City (administratively located in Vinh Long and Vinh Tien communes), it is only permitted to cultivate rice and other short-term crops. Ploughing should not be over 0.3 meters deep from the surface in order to avoid damaging the foundations of the architectural works.

b. In the area between the Inner City and the moat: - It is prohibited to build up construction works, houses, and huts

used to watch crops as well as farms to raise poultry and cattle, which could damage the heritage’s architecture, environment and landscape.

- It is prohibited to dig up lakes and ponds, and plant perennials without planning approved by the competent authorities.

c. The area of the moat: - It is prohibited to level up the surface of the moat to build up

houses and farms, cultivate, plant perennials, and construct irrigation systems. The present state of the area leveled up in the past (where is used to cultivate now) must be maintained.

- It is strictly prohibited to use water bodies of the moat to produce aquatic products and raise poultry.

(Regulation, Article 4, Para. 2) - With regard to the La Thanh Outer wall La Thanh must be managed and protected in its present state as

stipulated in the Law on Cultural Heritage. Presently, several sections of La Thanh remained in good status in the administrative boundaries of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc communes.

The Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism is in co-ordination with the Vinh Loc District People's Committee and competent agencies, the People’s Committees of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc communes to set up scientific profile to make management, protection, and coordination in line with the Law on Cultural Heritage.

(Regulation, Article 6, Para 1) - With regard to the Nam Giao Altar The Nam Giao Altar is an extremely important monument associated

with the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The protected area of 4.3 hectares of the Nam Giao Altar is located in the administrative region of Vinh Loc Town



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and Vinh Thanh Commune. There are specific regulations on management and protection of this area:

a. It is prohibited to bury dead people and build graves; dump industrial, agricultural, and daily-life wastes; put up architectural works, farms, transportation and irrigation systems; dig lakes, ponds, and wells; graze cattle and plant perennials against approved plans (within the protection areas of the Nam Giao Altar and Don Son Mountain), which damage the foundation, environment and landscape of these areas.

b. Organizations and individuals are prohibited to explore and to excavate illegally in any form to search for artifacts, natural resources and architectural materials in the protection areas.

c. Other adjoining relics not governed by this Regulation must be managed and protected by law on the basis of the map of protection area of each relic which was approved by competent authorities.

(Regulation, Article 6, Para 2) - With regard to the Buffer zone

The surrounding areas that directly relate to the Inner Citadel (Zone II as described in the Management Plan) are protected by following regulations:

1. Households, organizations, agencies located in this area, when building up new works or repairing or upgrading their houses or offices, must abide by the stipulations of the Law on Cultural Heritage and Construction Law.

2. The planning and project of construction of transportation, drainage and irrigation systems in this area are subject to the approval by the authorities.

3. Organizations and individuals are forbidden to explore and exploit natural resources and construction materials in this area.

4. It is forbidden to install facilities and machines causing vibration and noise, flammable materials, and toxic waste that could damage the environment and deteriorate the landscape of the heritage region.

(Regulation, Article 5) Other remained adjoining cultural sites that are listed in the Article 2,

Para 2 of the Regulation must be managed and protected by law on the basis of the map of protection area of each relic which was approved by competent authorities.

(Regulation, Article 6, Para 3)



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Regulations on planting and trimming trees in the protected areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and the Buffer zone, regulations on discovery and handling of the items of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer zone, regulations on scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer zone, the fund for conservation, improvement, restoration and promotion of the values of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer zone are also set up (Regulation, Article 7, 8, 9, 10 respectively).

It is notice that the Regulation on the Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty and the Buffer zone is subject to be amended to meet with requirement of the protection, conservation and study of the newly Nominated area and Buffer zone. The Management Plan for the heritage complex of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty is being developed, in which 9 zonings areas with their specific plans of management and protection are being developed (Annex V).

Based on these principles and regulations, the MB is responsible for:

- Assisting the Director of the DOCST with the management and the promotion of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty;

- Managing, protecting, and preserving the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its related heritage;

- Preserving through conservation and revitalization of the assigned areas;

- Organizing festivity events and tours;

- Researching and promoting the cultural values of the heritage;

- Developing a nomination file for UNESCO World Heritage Site;

5d. Existing plans related to municipality and region in which the proposed property is located



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Thanh Hoa Province is well aware of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as a national heritage of great importance. Since, the province has always paid much attention the preservation and to the promotion of this heritage site. The development of the province and of Vinh Loc district takes the site into consideration. There have been a number of projects that directly benefit the site:

- In 2003, the project of constructing roads in the neighborhood of the Citadel (two routes: Highway 45 to the South Gate; Highway 217 to Tam Tong Temple) was implemented under the Decision 2842/QĐ-CT (08/9/2009) by Thanh Hoa PPC. The roads have rendered the site more accessible for local people and tourists.

- The excavation project of the Nen Vua site, which is located inside the Citadel was conducted in 2004. The project was conducted in cooperation with the research and archaeological program of Showa University (Japan) and the Hanoi University of Social Sciences and Humanities. It enriched the references on the heritage site and reaffirmed the values and the importance of preservation of the citadel and its inner structures.

- The project on excavation of the Nam Giao Altar mount (Phase 1, 2 and 3) was implemented for the excavation in the area of 3,000m2 (from 2004 to 2008), and 24.000m2 (from 2009 to 2011). Thanks to these excavations, the foundations and construction technique of the Nam Giao Altar have been discovered and studied. This is valuable knowledge for understanding the history of the site and for its future preservation.

- The project on building of a protective fence around the Nam Giao Altar was implemented in 2008.

- The social and economic plan for Vinh Loc District until 2010, and aiming at 2020 was by Vinh Loc PPC approved in 2006. The protection and development of the Citadel of the Ho dynasty is considered as important issue to be related with other social and economic development activities



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- Developing the plan for the preservation and promotion of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty by Thanh Hoa PPC.

Currently, the Thanh Hoa DOCST is finalizing the Master Plan for the protection of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The project will be a legal basis for any future management and investment activity with an aim to protect and to promote the heritage values of the Nominated site.

5e. Property management plan or other management system

The Citadel is recognized as national heritage by the MOCST of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and protected by the Law on Cultural Heritage. The heritage is managed by all government levels and is supervised by the MOCST. The People’s Committees of all levels are responsible for the overall management. The proposed Management Plan of the citadel is illustrated in Annex V.



150

Ill. 106: Map showing the protected zoning areas for management plan

The proposed Management plan focuses on the following objectives:

Strictly protected area

Traditional village protected area

Folklore protected area

Ma and Buoi Rivers landscape protected area

Mountainous landscape protected area

Eco-agricultural buffer zone

Controlled area of low population density

Controlled area of high population density

Monumental sites



151

1) Land management within the heritage site

In the Nominated areas:

Currently, the Nominated area is being managed by the local government: the Inner Citadel by the Vinh Tien and Vinh Long Commune People’s Committees; the Nam Giao Altar by the Vinh Long Commune People’s Committee and Vinh Loc town, and the La Thanh Outer Wall by the Vinh Long CPC. These local agencies are directly managing the land in their respective heritage area. The management follows the Law on Cultural Heritage approved by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (29/6/2001); the Law on Land Rights (29/6/2001) and the Regulation 2298/QĐ-UBND on the preservation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty by Thanh Hoa PPC (2/8/2007).

Short-term plans: The local people living at the foot of the citadel walls is resettled by the people Committee of Vinh Loc district (completed by the end of 2009), the local government will entrust the management of this area to the Management Board. Land will be cleared up for the preservation and research projects, when needed.

Long-term plans: Local people living in the Nominated areas will be resettled, in order to protect the heritage as well as for the Management Board to conduct research and preservation. All agricultural activities will be restricted to the areas outside of the citadel.

In the Buffer zone:

The Regulation on the Management and Protection of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty defines the protected area II according to the nomination file of national heritage of 1962 for the Inner Citadel. The Buffer zone (the protected area II) is defined as the areas within 500m radius from the basis of the stone walls of the citadel (east, west, south, north). It is regulated that «Households, agencies in the areas have to follow the Law on Cultural Heritage and the Law on Construction, when building or renovating houses; construction of roads and bridges needs to be submitted in project



152

documents for approval” (Article 5 of the Regulation on Management and Protection of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty)

Currently, the buffer zone is being redefined in accordance with the cultural values that have been evaluated thank to updated research results. The redefinition includes areas that are currently under the responsibilities of Vinh Tien, Vinh Long, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Yen, Vinh Ninh, Vinh Khang, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Quang, Vinh Loc town (as illustrated in the map showing the boundaries of the Nominated area and Buffer zone).

Therefore, the Regulation on the management and protection of the 2nd protected area applies to the redefined Buffer zone. The Regulation amendment is being conducted in accordance to the Article 16 of the Regulation in order to reflect these changes.

2) Landscape management of the heritage

In the Nominated area:

Nominated area (Inner Citadel, Nam Giao Altar and La Thanh Outer wall) is strictly protected as set forth in the Law on Cultural Heritage and in the Law on Construction and Regulations:

“Planting green trees in the 2nd protected area (Nominated area) is encouraged. Tree planting inside the citadel and other protected areas of the heritage site needs to have approval from relevant authorities” (para 1 Article 7 of the Regulation)

«Strictly prohibiting agencies and individuals from exploiting mineral resources and construction materials; strictly prohibiting from setting up machines that produce noises, vibrations and toxic wastes that are harmful to the environment and to the landscape of the heritage» (para 4, Article 5 of the Regulation)

3) Artifact management (research, investigation, collection, conservation, promotion of values...)



153

The collection of valuable artifacts related to the heritage site is an important task, which is regularly conducted by the Management Board. Many objects that were kept by the local people have been collected and documented for research and promotion purposes.

The artifacts collected during the excavation are in the Citadel and the Nam Giao Altar have been stored and conserved. The documentation of these objects follows scientific procedure so as to provide the relevant sufficient and scientific data.

To meet the demands of storing and conserving millions of artifacts collected during the excavations, the Management Board in cooperation with the Vietnam Institute of Archeology is currently developing a project to set up a storage system. This system should meet the standard requirements that have been set up by the MOCST for the conservation of the cultural heritages.

4) Managing the social and economic development to be sustainable and participatory

- Control the development of the demography (population, houses, employment,...);

- Strengthen the coordination among all government levels and communities to protect the heritage;

- Regulate the development of the infrastructure adjacent to the heritage site and remove the ones that are harmful to its sustainable development and preservation (ie: block transfer of vehicles on the sections of the road 45 and 217 that run through the heritage site).

5) Proposing preservation and promotion plans

In order to protect the integrity and authenticity of the heritage, a number of considerations need to be put forward:



154

- Preventing potential landslide around the La Thanh Outer wall and the stone walls of the Inner Citadel;

- Covering the excavation areas to protect the underground artifacts and structures;

- Preserving the excavated areas, which are selected for open-air exhibition from erosion and moss.

- Using traditional methods and chemical materials to eliminate moss and harmful ferns that grows on the walls.

5f. Financial resources

Different resources have been invested into the research, conservation and protection of the citadel:

Table 5.1 Financial resources

Activities Implementing Agencies Year Amount (1000VND)

Assessment of the value and conservation status HD Univ. 2004 200.000.000

Excavation of South Gate IA 2008 400.000.000 Excavation of Nam Giao Altar IA 2004-2008 3.800.000.000 Excavation of Nam Giao Altar IA 2009-2011 12.000.000.000 Administration budget MB 2008-2009 1.570.000.000 Collection of literature and legends on the heritage MB 2008-2009 32.000.000

Awareness raising on the heritage among local communities MB 2008 20.000.000

Collection of artefacts in the local communities MB 2008-2009 28.000.000

Total 18,050,000,000.00

In addition, UNESCO sponsored $20,000 in 1998 for the preservation of the stone walls.

5g. Human resources for technical work and training on conservation and management



155

The Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty has been assigned to manage the heritage on the following aspects:

For research and conservation, the MB has collaborated with a number of renowned national and international agencies and institutes.

National agencies

Institute of Archaeology (IA) Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Studies

(Hanoi National University) Institute of Urban and Rural Planning (Ministry of

Construction) Institute of Heritage Conservation (MOCST) University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Hanoi

National University) Hong Duc University (Thanh Hoa) Ninh Binh Museum, Thua Thien Hue Museum National Council of Cultural Heritage Vietnam Association of History

International agencies:

UNESCO Showa University (Japan) Kansai University (Japan)

The MB has also worked with Chinese, Japanese, South Korean delegations and experts on the topics of history and urban architecture.

The MB has also received capacity development from national and international managers and experts. The staff is involved in a number of conferences and workshops for improvement of their capacity, such as :

- Training workshop for young archaeologists, facilitated by Japanese, Chinese and Vietnamese experts in Dong Son (Thanh Hoa



156

province) and study tours in Thailand and China. The project is funded by the Toyota Foundation (2006-2009).

- Annual training workshop on the management and conservation of heritage by MOCST.

- Conferences organized by the Institute of Archeology, including the National conference on “New Discoveries in Archaeology” which is organized every year.

5h. Capacities to accommodate tourists and statistical data

Currently most of the tourists do not stay over at the heritage site; therefore, there are not many accommodations set up for tourists in Vinh Loc. Nonetheless, Vinh Loc PPC's Guesthouse has, already received quite a number of tourists. The town is seeing that new hotels are being built and that in the future, they will be able to meet the tourists' needs.

The town of Vinh Loc has 4 guesthouses and more than 10 restaurants that are close to the heritage site.

The accommodation capacities are currently being assessed in order to formulate plans and to develop strategies to meet the demands of tourism while setting a harmony with the heritage site. At the present, there are:

- 5 tourist guides.

- Leaflets, handouts, books on the site.

The heritage received 67,800 visitors from 5/2006 to 8/2009.

With a limited number of tourists, there are still many tasks to implement for the Management Board in order to promote the heritage site. More resources are invested into promotion activities such as an exhibition house, tour guides, or a website, etc…which are elements that open up many opportunities for tourism development. The heritage site is located on an important tourist route of Thanh Hoa (that includes the beach of Sam Son –



157

the Ho Citadel - Lam Kinh – and the Cam Lương fish stream). While receiving more investment, tourist activities may creates more pressures on the site and the environment. Therefore, sustainable development of tourism for this heritage should be one of the objectives of the management plan.

5i. Policies and programs on the promotion of heritage

Currently, not many promotion activities have been conducted yet. The Management Board actively in conducting research and is studying the application of different methods of approach in order to promote the Citadel to wider audience:

- Promotion through guided tours in the province, media, leaflets.

- Developing a website to promote further the heritage in Vietnam and internationally (http:// www.thanhnhaho.vn).

- Coordination with Thanh Hoa DOCST and tourist agencies to develop tours along the route Sam Sơn- Ho Citadel - Cam Luong- Lam Kinh, and training for tour guides.

- Exhibitions at the heritage site for visitors.

5j. Qualifications of the staff

The Management Board is composed of a Technical Office; an Administration Office; a Security Unit; and a Sanitation Unit. The Management Board is composed of 12 technical members of staff, including:

- 01 PhD in archeology (Board Director);

- 04 members possessing a bachelor degree in history;

- 01 member possessing a bachelor degree in museum studies;

- 02 members possessing a bachelor degree in linguistics;

- 01 member possessing a bachelor degree in classic Chinese and Vietnamese languages;



158

- 02 members possessing a bachelor degree in cultural tourism;

- 01 accountant.

To build capacity and to meet demands of conservation and promotion of the heritage, the Management Board has also supported its young staff to participate in higher education programs in Vietnam and in study tours on heritage management in China and Thailand. In the future, capacity development is one of the key focuses of the MB.

Diagram of Organization

Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

Thanh Hoa People’Commitee

Thanh Hoa Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism

Management of relics and Beauty Spots

Management Board of the Ho Citadel

Thanh Hoa Museum

Leader (Director and Vice- Director)

Unit for Research

Unit for administration

Team of artefact

collection and of

Team of tour guides and promotion

Security team

Administrative staffs

6. MONITORING


159

6. MONITORING

6a. Key indicators for measuring the state of conservation:

The key indicators for measuring the state of conservation are based on the analysis of the heritage's values (tangible and intangible), on its geographical position, on its geological structure, environment, climate, hydrology, and on other factors such as traffic, agricultural activities in and outside the Nominated area. The data has been collected and analyzed by specialized agencies such as Department of History (National University of Social Sciences and Humanites Hanoi), The Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences (IVSDS), The Hong Duc university, the Institute of Archaeology (IA) of the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), Management Board of Cultural Sites and Beauty Spots (MBCSBS) of the Thanh Hoa Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (DOCST), Department of Resources and Environment (DRE), Department of Construction (DC), Department of Sciences and Technology of Thanh Hoa province (DST), and international specialists, with the direct involvement of the Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (MB).

The results will be used to assess the implementation of the Action Plan in the Management Plan.

Table 6 - Key Indicatiors for measuring the state of conservation

Indicator Periodicity Responsible Authority

Location of Records

Stage of conservation of historical authenticity of the Inner citadel, La Thanh Outer wall and Nam Giao Altar: graded Good, Fair, Poor

Yearly MOCST; DOCST

MOCST; DOCST, MB,

Inner Citadel

Changed or restorated area (m2) of the stone walls, gates of the Inner Citadel

Yearly MB, MOCST DOCST, MB,

Rate of the stability of the walls, the gates, and the moat, Graded Good, Fair, Poor

Yearly MB, MOCST DOCST, MB,

Degree of water absorption into the walls and the roof of the gates in the Inner Citadel Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly MB, MOCST MB,

6. MONITORING


160

Area (m2) of Erosion, fragmentation, and invasion of natural overgrowth on the stone blocks on the walls and gates

Yearly MB, MOCST MB,

Area (m2) of excavation and/or reconstruction Yearly MB, IA MOCST, MB, IA

La Thanh Outer wall

Rate of erosion due to the floods graded Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly MB MB,

Rate of invasion or land use changes: graded Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly MB MB,

Measures of conservation Yearly MB MB, MOCST

Nam Giao Altar

Area (m2) of excavation and/or reconstruction Yearly MB, IA MOCST, MB, IA

Refilling area (m2) of the excavated pits for protection

Yearly MB, IA MB

Rate of the stability of the Nam Giao Altar levels graded Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly MB, IA MB,

Area (m2) and measures of conservation Yearly MB MB,

Number of residential houses moved out from the core zone

Yearly Vinh Loc DPC MB, Vinh Loc DPC

Number of buildings constructed without permission

Yearly Vinh Loc DPC MB, Vinh Loc DPC

Buffer zone

Number of monuments registered and managed

Yearly MBCSBS, MB MB, MBCSBS

Number of monuments need to be conserved Yearly MB, MBCSBS MB, MBCSBS

Area of changes in environment and landscape (including the exploit of stone in the mountains and the change of land use)

Yearly Vinh Loc DPC, DRE

MB, Vinh Loc DPC, DRE

Number of infrastructures, factory, houses constructed with permission

Yearly Vinh Loc DPC, DC

MB, Vinh Loc DPC, DC



MB, Vinh Loc DPC, DC

6. MONITORING


161

6b. Administrative arrangements for monitoring the property:

- Responsible agency at the national level: Department of Cultural Heritage (MOCST)

- Responsible agency at the local level: Thanh Hoa People's Committee, Thanh Hoa Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Management Board of Cultural Sites and Beauty Spots and the Management Board

- Responsible agency for direct management and supervision: The Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Heritage.

- Other agencies participating in the monitoring of the state of conservation: Institute of Heritage Conservation and, Institute of Urban and Rural architectural Planning (Ministry of Construction).

6c. Results of previous reporting exercises:

The state of conservation of the site has been reported in a number of research studies and conferences.

Major research studies

Hanoi National University, Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Studies 2004, Implementation study report on the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Phase I (2000-2004) and plans for the next phases, document of Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Studies 2004,.

Cultural Heritage Designing and Consulting Co., Ministry of Culture and Information 2002. Feasibility study: Restoration of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Hanoi.

Report on the First Excavation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vinh Loc – Thanh Hoa, August 2004, Conference organized by the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Studies in

6. MONITORING


162

cooperation with the University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Hanoi, September 2005.

The Hong Duc University (2005), Report on the provincial project State of conservation and approaches to the conservation and restoration of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Thanh Hoa, document of the Hong Đuc University.

Kikuchi Seiichi (Ed.) 2005. Researching the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty – Vietnam – Archeological research and restoration of the 15th centuryCitadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vietnam), Vol. I, published by Showa University (Japan), Tokyo.

Han Van Khan, Đang Hong Son 2005. Report on the First Excavation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vinh Loc - Thanh Hoa), Document of History Department, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University

Thanh Hoa Department of Science and Technology 2005. Report on the state of conservation and solution for the conservation and restoration of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Provincial project, Document of Thanh Hoa Department of Science and Technology.

Do Quang Trong, Nguyen Hong Kien, Nguyen Dang Cuong (2005), Report on the First Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar, Vinh Thanh Commune - Vinh Loc District - Thanh Hoa Province, Thanh Hoa, Document of the Management Board of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty.

Trinh Danh 2007, Initial study on natural landscape of Vinh Ninh area (Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province), document of the Departmnet of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh hoa province.

Nguyen Thi Thuy 2008, Tay Do Citadel – Exploitation and Transportation of Stone, Southeast Asian Studies, 3(96), pp. 61-67.

Tong Trung Tin (Ed.), 2008, Report on the Excavation of the South Gate of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty conducted in 2008 (Vinh Tien

6. MONITORING


163

Commune - Vinh Loc District - Thanh Hoa Province), Hanoi, Document of the Institute of Archeology.

Tong Trung Tin (Ed.), 2008, Report on the Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar conducted in 2007, Vinh Thanh Commune - Vinh Loc District - Thanh Hoa Province, Hanoi, Document of the Institute of Archeology.

Tong Trung Tin (Ed.), 2009, Report on the Third Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar conducted in 2008, Hanoi, Document of the Institute of Archaeology.

Major monitoring research

Geological and chemical analysis of 10 stone samples at Nhoi Mt., Voi Mt., Xuan Dai Mt., Bong Mt. and in the surrounding areas of the citadel, conducted by the Central Bureau of Geology and the Office of Chemical Analysis, Department of Geography and Geology, General University, 1991.

Analysis of long-exploited mountains in the western area to identify the origins of the stone bricks, conducted by a research group of the Hong Duc University in 2005.

Component analysis of brick materials, using the distortion of X rays by Prof. Le Van Vu and the Center of Material Science (CMS), Department of Physics, University of Natural Science, Hanoi National University, June 2007.

Chemical and geological analysis of 20 samples from the broken artifacts from the surrounding of the citadel and from the mountains nearby, conducted by a research group of Kansai University (Japan) 2004. In Researching the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty – Vietnam – Archeological research and restoration of the 15th century Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Việt Nam), Vol. I, published by Showa University (Japan), Tokyo, p. 97-114.

7. DOCUMENTATION


164

7. DOCUMENTATION 7a. Photographs, slides, image inventory and authorization table and other audiovisual materials

7a.1. List of illustrations

No. Format Caption Date of Photo

Photographer/ Director of the

video

Copy right

owner Contact details of Copyright owner

Non exclusive cession of rights

1. Frint + CD-JPEG

Vietnam’s location in the World Map

2008 Google map

2. Frint Vietnam’s

location in the map of Asia and Southeast Asia

2008 Google map

3.

Frint

Map of Vietnam 2009

Geodetic and Map Enterprice 205 Terrain Survey and Photogragh Company

Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province. Tel: +84. 37. 8929 181. Fax: +84. 37. 8929221 .Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn

Yes

4.

Frint Thanh Hoa province’s location in the map of Northern Vietnam

2009 National map Bureau id Id

Yes

5.

Frint

Map of Thanh Hoa province 2009


id Id

Yes

6.

Frint Location of Vinh Loc district in the map of Thanh Hoa province

2009


id Id

Yes

7.

Frint Location of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty on the map of Vinh Loc district

2008


id Id

Yes

8. Frint

Location of the property 1999

Enterprice for Aerial photos

(MND) id Id

Yes

7. DOCUMENTATION


165

9.

Frint Map showing the boundaries of the Nominated Property and Buffer zone

2009


id Id

Yes

10. Frint Map of the

Nominated area of the Inner Citadel

2009 MB

id Id

Yes

11. Frint Map of nominated

area of the Nam Giao Altar

2009 MB

id Id Yes

12. Frint Map of

Nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall

2009 MB

id Id

Yes

13. Frint Administrative

map of Citadel of Ho Dynasty

2009 Thanh Hoa DOCST id Id

Yes

14. Frint Natural setting of



Yes

15. Frint Plan and main

architecture units of the Inner Citadel


Yes

16. Frint Section of the Southern Wall 2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id Id Yes

17. Frint Northwest corner of the citadel 2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id

Id Yes

18. Frint Section of the Eastern Wall and the detail

2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id Id Yes

19. Frint Outer surface of the Northern Wall 2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id

Id Yes

20. Frint Detail of the big

stone blocks construction technique

2007 Le Thi Lien id

Id Yes

21. Frint Core of the wall filled with soil and free stones (right)

2007 Le Thi Lien id Id Yes

22. Frint The walls’ foundations

2007

Nguyen Huu Thiet id

Id Yes

23. Frint Present state of conservation of the moats

2008 MB id Id Yes

24. Frint Overall view of

the South Gate, looking from the north

2007 Dang Hong Son id Id

Yes

25. Frint The South Gate: 2004 Consulting & id Id Yes

7. DOCUMENTATION


166

plan and elevation

Construction of cultural & urban

works JSC

26. Frint Evidence for the door holder (South Gate)


27. Frint Decorative

architectural elements discovered at the South Gate

2008 South Gate Excavation team id Id

Yes

28. Frint Vestiges of the

construction that used to stand above the South Gate


Yes

29. Frint The North Gate 2007 Dang Hong Son id Id Yes

30. Frint

Structure of the North Gate 2004

Consulting & Construction of cultural & urban

works JSC id Id

Yes

31. Frint The East Gate:

plan and elevation

2004 Consulting & Construction of cultural & urban

works JSC id Id

Yes

32. Frint The West Gate 2007 Dang Hong Son id Id Yes

33. Frint The Hoa Nhai

road passing through the North Gate, looking northwards

2009 Le Thi Lien id Id

Yes

34. Frint Vestiges of the

Hoa Nhai road inside and outside the South Gate

2009 Le Thi Lien id Id

Yes

35. Frint Vestige of a

paved stone yard located outside the South Gate

2008 South Gate - Excavation team id Id

Yes

36. Frint Two stone

dragons located within in the inner citadel


Yes

37. Frint Excavation trenches at Nen Vua site (2004)

2004 Nen Vua site Excavation team id Id

Yes

38. Frint Architectural vestiges at Nen Vua site

2004 Dang Hong Son id Id Yes

39. Frint Decorative and

architectural elements discovered at Nen Vua site


Yes

7. DOCUMENTATION


167

40. Frint Current condition of the lakes within the citadel

2008 MB id Id Yes

41. Frint Map showing the La Thanh Outer Wall

2008 MB id Id Yes

42. Frint Present state of

conservation of the La Thanh Outer Wall (eastern section)

2008 MB id Id Yes

43. Frint Eastern section of the La Thanh Outer Wall

2008 MB id Id Yes

44.

Frint Mount Don Son amongst the natural landscape surrounding the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

Google map

45. Frint Construction

vestige of the Nam Giao Altar, looking from the Southeast

2007 Nam Giao Altar Excavation team id Id Yes

46. Frint Plan of the Nam

Giao Altar, excavation results 2004-2008

2008 Ha Manh Thang id Id Yes

47. Frint Locations of the

consecutive excavation trenchs (2004 – 2008)


48. Frint Overall view of

the Nam Giao Altar during the excavation (2008)

2008 Excavation team of Nam Giao Altar id Id Yes

49. Frint Terraced levels of the Nam Giao Altar

2004 MB id Id Yes

50. Frint Plan of the three

sets of walls of the Nam Giao Altar


51. Frint Vestige of the curving third wall 2008 Excavation team

of Nam Giao Altar id Id Yes

52. Frint Slanting section of the first wall 2008

Excavation team of Nam Giao

Altar id Id Yes

53. Frint Vestiges of the central axis or “Holy way”

2007 Excavation team Nam Giao Altar id Id Yes

7. DOCUMENTATION


168

54.

Frint Vestiges of the path encompassed between the second and the third walls



doorway positioned in the second wall


56. Frint Vestige of Jade Well or Well of King


57. Frint Wall foundations and embankment id

58. Frint Detail of the wall construction 2008 Excavation team

Nam Giao Altar id Id Yes

59. Frint Decorative paving tile 2008 Excavation team

Nam Giao Altar id Id Yes

60. Frint Ceramics dating to

the XIVth century, discovered at the Nam Giao Altar site


61. Frint Stone and metal

artefacts found near the South Gate

2008 Excavation team South Gate id Id Yes

62. Frint Ceramic (15th-

16th century) uncovered at the Nen vua site


63.

Frint Architectural components (15th-17th century) uncovered at the Nen vua site


64.

Frint Stone artefact (18th-19th century) discovered at the Southern Gate

2008 Excavation team South Gate id Id

65.

Frint Location of the Ho Citadel in a map of Quang Hoa district

The Geography of Dong Khanh

66.

Frint Decorative motifs on architectural elements (late 15th century) uncovered at the Southern gate


67. Frint Google map showing Citadel

Google map

7. DOCUMENTATION


169

of the Ho Dynasty and historically related adjacent place-names

68. Frint Location of

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as Tay Kinh

Dong Khanh Dia

du chi (1886-1888)

69. Frint Map of the Thang

Long citadel at the time of the Le dynasty

Hong Duc Map (1470-1497)

70. Frint Overall plan of

the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

2004 MB id Id Yes

71. Frint Detail of the big

stone blocks construction technique

2008 MB id Id Yes

72.

Frint Detail of heavy stone blocks construction technique (wall of the Inner Citadel)


73.

Frint Embankment technique of foundation of the surrounding walls (Nam Giao Altar)


74. Frint Decorated paving

brick from Nam Giao Altar


75. Frint Place names on

the bricks collected in the Ho Citadel area


76. Frint Decorated brick

with dragon image found from the inner citadel


77.

Frint Ink print of “pipa leaf” shaped architectural material (Nam Giao Altar)


78.

Frint Tile end decorated with a human face (South Gate of the citadel)


79.

Frint Portion of the eastern wall of the citadel, looking from the south


80. Frint Detail of the big stone blocks


7. DOCUMENTATION


170

construction technique

81.

Frint Construction technique to create the trapezoidal shape of the walls (East Gate)


82.

Frint Detail of construction to embank stone blocks to the core soil layer


83. Frint Vertical Plan of

the South Gate, looking from the south

Consulting & Construction of cultural & urban

works JSC

84. Frint East Gate and vault structure 2004 Dang Hong Son id Id Yes

85.

Frint Location of Ho Citadel – Ho thanh in the map of Quang Hoa district

Dong Khanh Dia du chi 1885-1889

86. Frint Plan of the

Kaifeng Citadel, Northern Song dynasty

87. Frint Map of Thanh

Long at the time of the Le dynasty

88. Frint

Plan of Hue ; UNESCO/Laurel Rampon 2003;

Phan Thanh Hai

89. Frint Aerial photo of

the Nam Giao Altar of Hue

after Phan Thanh Hai

90.

Frint Plans of the Nanking altar- Ming Dynasty ; Nam Giao Altar - Ho Citadel and the position of the Jade Well

Seno Tatsuhiko 2007; MB 2009

91. Frint Plans of the Nam

Giao Altar in Hue and the Tiantan in Beijing

After Phan Thanh Hai 2009; Seno Tatsuhiko 2007

92.

Frint Vestiges of stone foundation from Shilla Wangeung

Geoungju National Bureau

for Cultural Heritage Studies

2002

93. Frint Ch'angdokkung Palace UNESCO Ref:

816

94. Frint Nam Dae gate,

7. DOCUMENTATION


171

Kaesong City

95. Frint Tehungsan Fortress Gate of Kaesong City

96.

Frint Scenic view of Angkor

UNESCO’s Website, Ref: 668

97.

Frint Overview of Vat Phou within the Champasak Cultural Landscape

98. Frint The citadel wall

invaded by natural overgrowth


99. Frint Vestige of the

pillar inserted holes on top of the South Gate


100. Frint Eroded section of the citadel wall 2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id Id Yes

101. Frint Sections in ruins

of the inner citadel wall


102. Frint Visible remains of

the south section of the moat system



northeast section of the La Thanh Outer Wall

2008 MB id Id Yes

104. Frint Unexcavated

portion of the Nam Giao Altar on Don Son mountain


105.

Frint Map showing the boundaries of the Nominated Property and buffer zone

2009

Geodetic and Map Enterprice 205

Terrain Survey and Photogragh Company

id Id Yes

106.

Frint Map showing the protected zoning areas for management plan

2009

Geodetic and Map Enterprice 205

Terrain Survey and Photogragh Company

id Id Yes

7a.2. Drawings of the inner walls of the Ho citadel (Annex VI)

7. DOCUMENTATION


172

7a.3. Aerial photograph of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Annex VII)

No.

Format(Slide/ print/ Video)

Caption Date of Photo (mo/yr)


video Copy right

owner

Contact details of Copyright

owner ( Name, address,tel/fax,

and e-mail)


1 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Overview aerial photo of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Scale: 1/10000

9/1999

Enterprice for

Aerial photos, Ministry of National Defence

(MND)

Management Board of


Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa Province. Tel: +84. 37. 8929 181. Fax: +84. 37. 8929221. Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn

Yes

2 Frint + CD-JPEG

Detailed aerial photo of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

9/1999 id id Id Yes

3 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Voi Mountain Vinh Long commune area Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

4 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Long – Vinh Quang communes area Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

5 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Long commune, Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

6 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Thach Long commune – section of Buoi River Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

7

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Thanh Hung commune (Thach Thanh district) – section of Buoi river Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

8 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Quang commune – Tho Tuong Mountain Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

9

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of section of Tho Tuong Mountain (Vinh Long commune) – section of My Xuyen Lake (Vinh Yen commune) – section of Vinh Long commune; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

10 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vinh Long commune – Vinh Tien

9/1999 id id Id Yes

7. DOCUMENTATION


173

commune); Scale: 1/5000

11 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Phuc commune; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

12

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Phuc commune – Vinh Thanh commune – section of the Buoi river; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

13

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Quang commune – section of My Xuyen lake of Vinh Yen commune; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

14 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Yen commune – Vinh Quang commune; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

15 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Tien commune – Vinh Yen commune; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

16 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Thanh commune – Vinh Loc township; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

17

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Don Son Mountain (VVinh Thanh commune – Vinh Loc township); Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

18

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Quang commune – section of Ma river – section of Mau An Ton; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

19

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of An Ton Mountain, Vinh Yen commune – section of Ma river; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

20

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Quy Loc commune (Yen Dinh district) – section of Ma river; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

21

Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Quy Loc commune (Yen Dinh district) – section of Ma river; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

22 Frint + CD-JPEG

Aerial photo of Vinh Ninh commune – section of Ma river; Scale: 1/5000

9/1999 id id Id Yes

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7a.4. Digital Photos (Annex VIII) 7a.5. Slides (Annex IX)

No.

Format (Slide/print/

Video) Caption

Date of Photo (mo/yr)


video Copy right

owner

Contact details of Copyright owner (Name, address,tel/fax, and e-

mail)


1 Slide South Gate: View from outside

2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet


Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa Province. Tel: +84. 37. 8929 181. Fax: +84. 37. 8929221.Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn

Yes

2 Slide South Gate: View from inside

2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id id Yes

3 Slide South Gate: View from inside along Southwest axis


4 Slide South Gate: View from inside along Southeast axis


5 Slide

Southwestern Wing of South Gate


6 Slide

Southeastern Wing of South Gate


7 Slide Side of South Gate from East


8 Slide Western arch of South Gate: view from outside


9 Slide Eastern Arch of South Gate: view from outside


10 Slide Western Stone-tiled Arch of South Gate: View from outside


11 Slide Eastern Stone-tiled Arch of South Gate: View from outside


12 Slide Western side of the top of South Gate


13 Slide Northern edge of the top of South Gate (remains of rectangular holes)


14 Slide Western part of the top of South Gate


15 Slide Northwestern wing and corner of South Gate


7. DOCUMENTATION


175

(view from the top of the wall to the North-South axis road)

16 Slide North-South axis road: view from South Gate


17 Slide Southwestern section of the southern stone walls


18 Slide North Gate: view

from outside 2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id id Yes

19 Slide North Gate: view from inside


20 Slide Eastern wing of North Gate


21 Slide Western Wing of North Gate


22 Slide

The tangential angle between North Gate and adjacent wall: the view from the Northwest


23 Slide North Gate arch and arch groove


24 Slide Northwestern walls: view from North Gate


25 Slide The northwestern walls: view from outside


26 Slide Groove between stones on the northern walls


27 Slide Pillar holes on the top of North Gate


28 Slide North-South axis road: view from North Gate


29 Slide East Gate: view from outside


30 Slide East Gate: view from inside


31 Slide Northern wing of East Gate


32 Slide East Gate: view from outside, from the Northeast


33 Slide The tangential angle between East Gate and Northeastern wall


7. DOCUMENTATION


176

34 Slide East Gate groove 2007 Nguyen Huu Thiet id id Yes

35 Slide Top of East Gate: view from outside


36 Slide Top view of East Gate: view from the South


37 Slide Frontage of the northeastern wall


38 Slide Southeastern wall: view from the North


39 Slide Northeastern wall: view from the North


40 Slide Eastern wall’s drainage ditch


41 Slide Eastern wall and its foundation: view from the South


42 43 Slide

Eastern wall and its foundation: view from the South


44 Slide stone rubble layer of the citadel wall


45 Slide West Gate: view from outside


46 Slide West Gate: view from inside


47 Slide West Gate: view from inside


48 49 Slide

Wing of West Gate: view from the Southwest


50 Slide Wing of West Gate: view from the Northeast


51 52 Slide

Wing of West Gate: view from the Northeast


53 Slide Southwestern wall


54 Slide Southwestern corner


55 Slide Southwestern corner


56 Slide Southeastern corner


7. DOCUMENTATION


177

57 Slide Northeastern corner


58 59 Slide

Stone dragon(s): view from Southwest


60 61 Slide

Stone dragon(s): view from Northeast


62 63 Slide

Stone dragon(s): view from Southeast


64 Slide Stone dragon(s): view from Northeast


65 Slide Stone dragon(s): view from Northeast


66 Slide Eastern dragon: view from the Southwest


67 Slide Eastern dragon: view from the Southwest


68 Slide

Western dragon: view from the Northwest


69 Slide Western dragon: view from the Northwest


70 Slide Western dragon: view from the Southeast


71 Slide Western dragon: view from the Northeast


72 Slide Northern section of the western moat


73 Slide Southern section of the western moat


74 Slide Western section of the southern moat


75 Slide Eastern section of the southern moat


76 Slide

Overview of Nam Giao Altar (from Don Son mountain)


7. DOCUMENTATION


178

7a. 6. Film (Annex X)

No Format (Slide/print/

Video) Caption

Date of Photo

(mo/yr)


video Copy right owner

Contact details of Copyright owner (Name,

address,tel/fax, and e-mail)

Non exclusive cession of

rights

01 DVD The heritage of the Ho dynasty Citadel

9/2009 Nguyen Thanh

Nguyen


Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa Province. Tel: +84. 37. 8929 181. Fax: +84. 37. 8929221.Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn

Yes

7a. 7. A0 size Maps (Annex XI)

No. Format Caption Date of Photo


video Copy right

owner Contact details of Copyright owner

Non exclusive cession of

rights

1 Frint + CD-

JPEG Map of Vietnam (scale 1/200000) 2009


Id Id Yes

2 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Administrative map of Thanh Hoa Province (scale 1/200000)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

3 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Administrative map of Vinh Loc district on the map of Thanh Hoa province (scale 1/25000;)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

4 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Map showing the nominated areas and buffer zones of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Scale 1/25000;)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

5 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Map showing Northern part of Buffer zone - Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Scale 1/15000)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

6 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Map showing the nominated area of the Inner City (scale 1/2000;)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

7 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Map showing nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall (1/2000)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

8 Frint + CD-

JPEG

Map showing nominated area of the Nam Giao Altar (Scale 1/500)

2009 Id Id Id Yes

7. DOCUMENTATION


179

7b. Texts relating to protective designation, copies of property management plans or documented management systems and extracts of other plans relevant to the property

- Law on Cultural Heritage (29/06/2001), approved by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The President signed the Order 09/2001/L-CTN on 12-7-2001, and the law went into effect on 01/01/2002.

- Decision 92/2002/NĐ-CP (11/11/2002) by the Prime Minister on the detail operation of the Law on Cultural Heritage - Minutes of Proposing Relic Rank for the Nam Giao Altar Relic Site at Vinh Thanh Commune, Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province on the 09/02/2007.

- The Regulation 2298/QĐ-UBND on the preservation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty by Thanh Hoa Provincial People Committee (PPC) (2/8/2007).

- Decision 313-VH/VP (28/4/1962) by the Minister of Culture and Information (currently MOCST) of the Republic of Vietnam (now Socialist Republic of Vietnam) on the recognition of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as a National heritage.

- Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL (18/10/2007) by the MOCST with regards to the zone and the recognition of the Nam Giao Altar as an archeological site.

- Decision 2264/ QĐ-UBND (30/7/2007) by Thanh Hoa PPC with regards to the establishment of the Management Board.

- Decision No. 2298/QD – UBND on 02/08/2007 by The Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province) issued together with the Statute Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and Buffer zone in Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province.

- Minutes of the localization of protected area for the Inner Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Tien Vinh - Vinh Long commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, dating to the 17/08/2009.

- Minutes of the localization of protected area for the La Thanh Outer Wall, Vinh Long commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, 17/08/2009.

- Proposed Management plan for the protection of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

7. DOCUMENTATION


180

7c. Forms and date of most recent records or inventory of property

- Minutes of Proposing Relic Rank for the Nam Giao Altar at Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province on the 09/02/2007.

- Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL by MOCST, recognizes the Nam Giao Altar as protected area and as a national archeological heritagesince the 18/10/2007.

- Minutes of the localization of protected area for the Inner Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Tien Vinh - Vinh Long commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, dating to the 17/08/2009.

- Minutes of the localization of protected area for the La Thanh Outer Wall, Vinh Long commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, 17/08/2009. 7d. Address where inventory, records, and archives are held Bureau of Cultural Heritage of Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism Address: No. 51, Ngo Quyen Str., Hoan Kiem Dist., Hanoi. Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Address: Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province. Department of Culture and Information of Thanh Hoa Province Address: No. 101 Nguyen Trai Str., Thanh Hoa city, Thanh Hoa province National UNESCO Committee of Vietnam Address: No. 9, Khuc Hao Str., Ba Đinh Dist., Hanoi Hanoi National Library Address: 31 Trang Thi Str., Hanoi National Archives Hanoi Library of the Social Sciences

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7e. Bibliography Quoted reference 1 Aramiya Manabu 2007. Ten dan no shiritsu, (The establishment of the Tiantan,

Association for the comparative study on history of Southeast Asian Catrenchal Cities.

2 Association of National Citadels Management 2000. The Famous Citadels of Japan, Hekisuisha (in Jananese)

3 Chu Quang Trứ 1976. Thành nhà Hồ Thanh Hoá, Khảo cổ học, [The Imperical Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in Thanh Hoa, Archaeology, No.20]

4 Công ty tư vấn xây dựng công trình văn hoá và đô thị 2007, Hồ sơ đo vẽ hiện trạng công trình thành Nhà Hồ, [Consultative Companny for Investment and Construction of Cultural and Urban works. Document of Measuring and Drawing Actual State of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province].

5 Đỗ Văn Ninh 1983. Thành cổ Việt Nam, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội. [Vietnam's Old Citaldels, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi]

6 Gyeoungju Natinonal Bureau for Cultural Heritage studies 2002, Shilla Imperial Palace, Vol.2 (in Korean).

7 Hán Văn Khẩn, Đặng Hồng Sơn 2005. Báo cáo khai quật lần thứ nhất di tích Thành nhà Hồ (Vĩnh Lộc - Thanh Hoá) [Report on the First Excavation of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty (Vĩnh Lộc - Thanh Hoá), document of History Department, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University].

8 Đại học Hồng Đức 2005, Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài khoa học cấp tỉnh: Thực trạng và các giải pháp bảo tồn, tôn tạo di tích lịch sử Thành nhà Hồ, Thanh Hóa, tư liệu trường Đại học Hồng Đức [Report on the provincial project: State of and approaches to the conservation and restoration of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty, Thanh Hoa, document of Hồng Đức University].

9 John K. Whitmore 1985. Vietnam, Ho Quyy Ly, and the Ming , New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, Lac-Viet Series.

10 Kikuchi Seiichi (ed.) 2005 Betonamu Kochojyo no KenKyu I – 15 seiki oujyo ato no Shisekiseibini tomonau Koukogakutekikenkyu. [Researching the Citadel of Ho Dynasty – Vietnam – Archaological research and restoration of the 15th cen. Citadel of Ho Dynasty], Vol. I, published by Showa University (Japan), Tokyo].

11 Lê Quý Đôn 1977. Kiến văn tiểu lục, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội (bản in năm 1977), Hà Nội. [Short Collection of Things Seen and Heard, 1977 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi]

12 Lê Thị Liên 2005. Di tích Gò Tháp và những vấn đề của văn hoá Óc Eo, Một thế kỷ Khảo cổ học Việt Nam, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội, Tập II, Tr: 845-869 [Go Thap site and the isues of Oc Eo culture, One century of Vietnamese Archaeology, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, Vol. II, pp 845-869].

13 Le Van Lan 2004. Vị trí và quy mô hoàng thành Thăng Long thời Lý theo tư liệu văn bản [Location and scale of Thang Long Imperial Citadel during the Ly Dynasty according to historical texts], document of the Institute of Archaeology

14 Louis Bezacier 1954. L’ Art Vietnamien, Edition de L’union FranÇaise 3, Rue Blaise – Desgoffe, Paris – vi

15 Lưu Công Đạo 1816. Thanh Hóa tỉnh Vĩnh Lộc huyện chí (bản chữ Hán), Tư liệu Thư viện Viện Hán Nôm ký hiệu VHv.1371. [Geography of Vinh Loc district,Thanh Hoa province, Document of the Institute of Sino-Nom, VHv.1371]

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16 Minh sử, quyển 304 (phần phụ lục, truyện Kim Anh) [The History of the Ming Dynasty, Book 304 (Suplementary, Kim Anh story)].

17 Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt 1990. Chinese Imperial city planning, University of Hawwai’i Press, Honolulu.

18 Ngô Đức Thọ 2003. Đồng Khánh dư địa chí, NXB Thế giới, Hà nội [The Geography of Dong Khanh, The Gioi Publishing House, Hanoi].

19 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 1, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 1, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House].

20 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, tập 2, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 2, 1998 printing, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

21 Ngô Sĩ Liên và Sử thần triều Lê, tập 3, (bản in năm 1998) NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Dai Viet Chronicles, Vol. 3, 1998 pringting, Social Sciences Publishing House].

22 Ngô Thì Sĩ, Đại Việt Sử ký Tiền biên, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Ngo Thi Si, Dai Viet early compiled chronicles, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi 1997, pp.502- 503].

23 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009. Thành Tây Đô và vùng đất Vĩnh Lộc (Thanh Hoá) từ cuối thế kỷ XIV đến giữa thế kỷ XIX, Thư viện Quốc gia, Hà Nội [Tay Do citadel and the land of Vinh Loc (Thanh Hoa) from the end of the XIV to the middle of the XIX centuries, PhD thesis, National Library, Hanoi].

24 Nguyễn Tiến Đông 2002. Khu di tích Cát Tiên ở Lâm Đồng, Luận án Tiến sỹ Lịch sử, Hà Nội. [The Cat Tien Relic Site in Lam Dong, PhD thesis, Hanoi].

25 Phạm Xuân Huyên 1992. Những tên gọi của thành nhà Hồ. Nghiên cứu lịch sử, số 5 năm 1992, tr. 71 [Different Names of Imperial Citadel of Ho Dynasty, Historical Studies, No.5, pp 71].

26 Phạm Văn Chấy 2005. Thành Đại La ngoài Thành nhà Hồ (Thanh Hoá). Trong Những phát hiện mới về khảo cổ học năm 2004, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội, tr. 770-771 [The Dai La outer wall of the Ho Citadel (Thanh Hoa province), New discoveries in archaeology of 2004, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, pp. 770-771].

27 Phan Huy Chú. Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí, Nxb Giáo Dục, (bản in năm 2006), Hà Nội, tập I, Dư địa chí, q.II [Annals of Authoritative Orders through Successive Dynasties, Education Publishing house, 2006 printing, Hanoi, Vol. I, Geography, Book II.]

28 Phan Huy Lê 1992. Cải cách của Hồ Quý Ly và sự thất bại của triều Hồ, Viện Khoa học xã hội Việt Nam, Tạp chí Nghiên cứu lịch sử, số 5 (264) IX-X/1992 [Renovations by Ho Quy Ly and the failure of the Ho Dynasty, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences, Historical Journal, issue 5 (264) IX-X/1992].

29 Phan Thanh Hải 2009. Đàn tế Nam Giao Huế và Thiên đàn Bắc Kinh, tư liệu Viện Khảo cổ học, [The Nam Giao altar of Hue and the Tiantan of Beijing, document of the Institute of Archaeology].

30 Seno Tatsuhiko 2007. Ten to chi-Zenkindai no chugoku ni o ke rư toshi to ouken, Osaka, osaka shiritsu daigaka daigakuin bungakuken kyuka toshi bunkakenkyu senta, Chugokuno ouken to toshi – nikakúhi no kan tenkara (Janpanese).

31 Sun Laichen 2006. Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390-1497, Việt Nam, Borderless Histories, edited by Nhung Tuyet Tran & Anthony Reid, University of Wisconsin Press.

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32 Trịnh Dánh 2007. Những nhận định ban đầu về cảnh quan thiên nhiên ở khu vực Vĩnh Ninh (huyện Vĩnh Lộc - Thanh Hoá), tư liệu Sở Văn hóa, Thể thao và Du lịch tỉnh Thanh Hoá [Initial study on natural landscape of Vinh Ninh area (Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province), document of the Departmnet of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh hoa province]

33 Takase Toichi 2004. Điều tra và tu sửa Thành Nhà Hồ trên tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Lưu tại Cục Di sản Văn hóa - Bộ Văn hóa Thể thao và Du lịch Việt Nam [Investigating and repairing Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in Thanh Hoa Province. Available at Department of Cultural Heritage – Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism].

34 Tống Trung Tín 1982. Gạch lát nền và hoa văn trang trí gạch lát nền thời phong kiến. Khảo cổ học, số 2. [Paving bricks and decorative designs on bricks in the feudal era, Archaeology, No.2].

35 Tống Trung Tín 1997. Nghệ thuật điêu khắc Việt Nam thời Lý và thời Trần (thế kỷ 11 - 14), Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội. [Vietnam’s Scupltural Arts in Ly and Tran Dynasties (11th to 14th century), Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi]

36 Tống Trung Tín (chủ biên) 2008a. Báo cáo khai quật khu vực cửa Nam thành nhà Hồ năm 2008, xã Vĩnh Tiến, huyệnVĩnh Lộc, tỉnh Thanh Hóa, tư liệu Viện Khảo cổ học, [Report on the Excavation of South Gate of Citadel of Ho Dynasty in 2008 (Vinh Tien commune - Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province), document of the Institute of Archeology].

37 Tống Trung Tín 2008b. Đóng góp một số tư liệu mới phát hiện về Hồ Quý Ly, Họ Hồ và Hồ Quý Ly trong lịch sử, Nxb Văn hoá Sài Gòn, Tr 59-72. [Newly discovered document on Ho Quy Ly, The Ho family and Ho Quy Ly in the history, Cultural Publishing House, Sai Gon, pp. 59-72].

38 Tống Trung Tín (Chủ biên) 2009. Báo cáo kết quả khai quật khảo cổ học di tích Đàn Nam Giao lần thứ 3 năm 2008 [Report on the Third Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar in 2008, Hà Nội].

39 Tống Trung Tín, Nguyễn Hồng Kiên, Hà Văn Cẩn và đoàn khai quật 2008. “Khai quật đàn Nam Giao - Thanh Hóa, 2007”, Những phát hiện mới về khảo cổ học năm 2007, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội [Excavation at Nam Giao Altar, Thanh Hoa, 2007, New discoveries in archaeology of 2007, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

40 Wikipedia. “Forbidden City,” Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 20 January 2010 <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City, Citations include Yang, Xiagui, The Invisible Palace. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2003 and Yu, Zhuoyun, Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking, 1984.

41 Uỷ ban Nhân dân tỉnh – Sở Du lịch Thanh Hoá 2003. Thuyết minh tổng hợp chi tiết quy hoạch khu du lịch thành nhà Hồ huyện Vĩnh Lộc - tỉnh Thanh Hoá, [General explanation of detailed plan for Tourism of the Citadel of the Ho dynasty, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, document of Institute for the Study and Development of Tourism, General Department of Tourism, Hanoi].

General reference

1 Ban Nghiên cứu và biên soạn Lịch sử Thanh Hóa 2006, Danh nhân Thanh Hóa, tập 2-3, NXB Thanh Hóa [Board of Research and Compilation of Thanh Hoa History Thanh Hoa’s Celebrities,Vol. 2-3, Thanh Hoa Publishing House].

2 Ban Nghiên cứu và biên soạn Lịch sử Thanh Hóa 1964, Lịch sử Thanh Hóa từ thế kỷ I đến thế kỷ 15, tập 1, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Board of Research and

7. DOCUMENTATION


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110 Ủy ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam 1971, Lịch sử Việt Nam, tập 1, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Vietnamese History, vol.1, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

111 Ủy ban Nhân dân huyện Hà Trung 2003, Địa chí Hà Trung, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [The geography of Ha Trung, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

112 Ủy ban Nhân dân tỉnh Thanh Hóa 2000, Địa chí Thanh Hóa, tập 1, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Book of Thanh Hoa, Vol.1, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

113 Ủy ban Nhân dân tỉnh Thanh Hóa 2003, Địa chí Thanh Hóa, tập 2, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Book of Thanh Hoa, Vol.2, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

114 Văn Sơn - Nguyễn Duy Sĩ 1992, Hồ Quý Ly và canh tân đất nước, Nghiên cứu Lịch sử, số 5 [Ho Quy Ly and his Renovations, Historical Studies, No. 5].

115 Văn Tạo 2006, Mười cuộc cải cách, đổi mới lớn trong lịch sử Việt Nam, NXB Đại học sư phạm [Ten Great reforms in Vietnamese History, Pedagogy Colleges Publishing House].

116 Văn Tạo 1992, Từ Hồ Quý Ly, nhìn nhận lại một số cải cách trong lịch sử, Nghiên cứu Lịch sử, số 5 [From Ho Quy Ly, a look into a number of Reforms in History, Historical Studies, No.5].

117 Viện Sử học 1989, Đô thị cổ Việt Nam, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Vietnam’s old Urban Areas, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

118 Viết Bình - Tiến Sơn 1992, Vài suy nghĩ về cuộc chiến tranh chống quân Minh thời Hồ, Nghiên cứu Lịch sử, số 5 [Remarks on War against the Ming aggressors in the Ho era, Historical Studies, No. 5].

119 Vũ Dương Ninh (Chủ biên) 2003, Lịch sử Văn minh thế giới, NXB Giáo dục, Hà Nội [History of The World’s Civilizations, Education Publishing House, Hanoi].

120 Vũ Duy Trịnh 2000, Cung Bảo Thanh thời Trần- Hồ, NXB Thanh Hóa [Bao

7. DOCUMENTATION


190

Thanh Royal Palace in the Tran and Ho Dynasties, Thanh Hoa Publishing House].

121 Vũ Minh Giang 1990, Thử nhìn lại những cải cách kinh tế của Hồ Quý Ly, Nghiên cứu Lịch sử, số 6 [In retrospect of Ho Quy Ly’s reforms, Historical Studies, No.6].

122 Vũ Quỳnh - Kiều Phú 1960, Lĩnh Nam trích quái, NXB Văn hóa, Hà Nội [Legends of Linh Nam, Culture Publishing House].

123 Vũ Tam Lang 1977, Kiến trúc cổ Việt Nam, NXB Xây Dựng, Hà Nội [Vietnam’s Old Architectures, Construction Publishing House].

124 Vũ Thị Phụng 1992, Tình hình pháp luật dưới triều Hồ - Một vài nhận xét, Nghiên cứu Lịch sử, số 5 [Some remarks on the Ho Dynasty’s Legal System, Historical Studies, No. 5].

8. CONTACT INFORMATION


191

8. CONTACT INFORMATION OF RESPONSIBILITY AUTHORITY 8a. Preparer Head of the Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty: Dr. Do Quang Trong Address: Xuan Giai Hamlet, Vinh Tien commune,

Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa Province. Tel: +84. 37. 8929 181 Fax: +84. 37. 8929221 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn

8b. Official Local Institution / Agency At the central level: Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism Minister: Hoang Tuan Anh Address: No. 51-53, Ngo Quyen Str., Hoan Kiem Dist., Hanoi Tel: + 84 4 943 8231 Fax: + 84 4 943 9009 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.cinet.vnnews.com

Bureau of Cultural Heritage Director General: Nguyen The Hung Address: No. 51, Ngo Quyen Str., Hoan Kiem Dist., Hanoi Tel: + 84 4 3943 6131 Fax: + 84 4 3943 9929 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.dsvn.gov.vn National UNESCO Committee of Vietnam Director General: Pham Sanh Chau Address: No. 8, Khuc Hao Str., Ba Đinh Dist., Hanoi Tel: + 84 4 799 3514 Fax: + 84 4 823 0702 Email: [email protected] At the provincial level: The People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province Chairman: Mai Van Ninh



192

Address: 5 Le Loi Str., Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa Province Tel: +84 37 385 0051 Fax: +84 37 385 1255 Email: Website: http://www.thanhhoa.gov.vn

Cultural and Information Department of Thanh Hoa Province Director: Ngo Hoai Chung Address: No 99 Nguyen Trai Str., Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa Province Tel: +84 37 385 2059 Fax: +84 37 385 2411


+ Main Office: Address: Xuan Giai Village, Vinh Tien Commune,

Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province Tel: +84. 37. 8929 181 Fax: +84. 37. 8929 221 Website: http://www.thanhnhaho.vn + Representative Office: Address: 1th Floor, Thanh Hoa Cultural, Sport and Tourism

Department, No.101 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa Province

Tel: +84 37 2280 177

8c. Other local Institutions The People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District

Chairman: Nguyen Van Tuan Address: Vinh Loc Town, Vinh Loc Commune Tel: +84 37 387 0032



193

9. SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY

Minister

Ministry of Culture, Sport, and Tourism

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Annex I: Legal Documents Citadel of the Ho dynasty - Thanh Hoa - Vietnam

Nomination Dossier for Inscription in the World Heritage list 1

Annex 1: Legal Documents

CONTENTS

1. Law on Cultural Heritage - 2

2 Decree 92/2002/NĐ-CP 19 3 Decision 313-VH/VP 44

4 Decision 2264/ QĐ-UBND ( 48 5 Decision 2298/QĐ-UBND 50 6 The Regulation Issued together with Decision No. 2298/QD – UBND) 51 7 Minutes on the localization of the protected area for the Inner Citadel of the Ho Dynasty 59 8 Minutes of the localization of protected area for the Nam Giao Altar, 62 9 Minutes of the localization of protected area for the La Thanh Outer Wall 65



NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Law: 28/2001/QH10 Independence-Freedom-Happiness

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

10th Term, 9th Session (May 22-June 28, 2001)

LAW ON CULTURAL HERITAGE

Vietnam's cultural heritage is a valuable asset of the Vietnamese multiethnic

community and a part of the mankind’s cultural heritage. It has played a significant role in the national development and preservation of our people.

In order to protect and promote the value of cultural heritage, to meet the increasing cultural needs of the people, to build and develop Vietnam's progressive and unique culture, and to contribute to the treasured cultural heritage of the world;

In order to strengthen state management and to heighten the people's responsibility for and participation in protecting and promoting the value of cultural heritage;

Based on the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; This Law regulates cultural heritage.

CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 Cultural heritage as regulated in this Law includes both intangible and tangible

cultural heritage. It comprises intellectual and material products with historical, cultural and scientific value that are passed on from generation to generation in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Article 2 This law regulates conservation and promotion of cultural heritage; identifies the

rights and responsibilities of all organizations and individuals toward the cultural heritage of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Article 3 This law applies to Vietnamese organizations and individuals and to foreign and

overseas Vietnamese organizations and individuals with activities in Vietnam. If international conventions and treaties ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam have different provisions, then the provisions of the international convention will be applied.

Article 4 In this Law, the below terms are defined as follows: 1. Intangible cultural heritage consists of intellectual products with historical,

cultural or scientific value that have been preserved by memory, writing, passed down through oral tradition, teaching, performance and all other means and forms. It includes language, tongue and writing, works of literature, art, science, oral tradition, folklore, ways of



life, lifestyles, festivals, secrets of traditional handicrafts, knowledge of traditional medicine, and medicament, cuisine, ethnic costumes and other forms of traditional knowledge.

2. Tangible cultural heritage consists of material products with historical, cultural or scientific value, including historical-cultural sites, scenic landscapes, relics, antiquities and national treasures.

3. Historical-cultural sites consist of monuments and places, as well as the relics, antiquities or national treasures at those monuments and places with historical, cultural or scientific value.

4. Scenic landscapes are spots with natural beauty, or sites including both natural beauty and architectural monuments with historical, aesthetic or scientific value.

5. Relics are objects handed down from the past with historical, cultural or scientific value.

6. Antiquities are objects handed down from the past with significant historical, cultural or scientific value, with an age of one hundred years or more.

7. National treasures are objects handed down from the past with historical, cultural or scientific value of exceptional significance to the country

8. Copies of relics, antiquities, or national treasures are products made to resemble the original in appearance, size, material, decoration, and other features.

9. Collections are sets of relics, antiquities, or national treasures or intangible cultural heritage that have been collected, preserved and classified according to a system of general features of appearance, content or materials in order to meet the needs of understanding natural and social history.

10. Archaeological surveys and excavations are scientific activities to discover, collect and research relics, antiquities or national treasures and to discover and research archaeological sites.

11. Preservation of historical-cultural sites, scenic landscapes, relics, antiquities or national treasures consists of activities to prevent or limit the threat of damage to historical-cultural sites, scenic landscapes, relics, antiquities and national treasures, without changing their original character.

12. Restoration of historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes consists of activities to repair, reinforce or restore historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes.

13. Reconstruction of historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes consists of activities to rehabilitate damaged or destroyed historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes, based on it’s historical records and scientific data.

Article 5 The State shall ensure unified management of the people's cultural heritage. The state

shall recognize and protect collective, community and private ownership of cultural heritage according to the provisions of the law.

Property rights and copyrights regarding cultural heritage shall be regulated according to the provisions of this Law, the Civil Code, and other provisions of related law.



Article 6 All cultural heritages located under the surface of the mainland, on islands, internal

waters, territorial waters, areas of special maritime economic rights, or on the ocean floor of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam belong to the cultural heritage of the people.

Article 7 Cultural heritage that has been discovered, as well as that found during archaeological

surveys and excavations, but not yet assigned ownership, belongs to the cultural heritage of the people.

Article 8 1. All cultural heritages in the territory of Vietnam, whether of domestic or foreign

origin or under whichever form of ownership, shall be protected and promoted. 2. Vietnamese cultural heritage abroad shall be protected according to international

practice and following the provisions of international conventions ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Article 9 1. The State's policies shall protect and promote cultural heritage in order to heighten

the intellectual life of the people, to contribute to the economic and social development of the country, to encourage domestic and foreign organizations and individuals to contribute and donate to the work of protecting and promoting cultural heritage.

2. The State shall protect the legal rights and interests of owners of cultural heritage. Owners of cultural heritage have the obligation to protect and promote cultural heritage.

3. The State shall invest in the training and preparation of cadres and researchers, and in applying science and technology in the work of protecting and promoting cultural heritage. Article 10

State agencies, political organizations, social-political organizations, social organizations, social-professional organizations, economic organizations and army units (hereafter referred to as "organizations"), as well as individuals, have the obligation to protect and promote cultural heritage.

Article 11 Cultural agencies and mass media have the obligation to disseminate and publicize

widely, both domestically and abroad, the cultural heritage of the multiethnic Vietnamese community. This will contribute to raising public awareness of protecting and promoting cultural heritage.

Article 12 Vietnam's cultural heritage will be used for the following purposes: 1- To promote cultural heritage for the interests of the whole society; 2- To promote positive traditions of the multiethnic Vietnamese community; 3- To contribute to the creation of new cultural works, to enrich Vietnamese cultural

heritage, and to strengthen international cultural exchange. Article 13 The following actions are prohibited: 1. The appropriation of cultural heritage for erroneous purposes.



2. Destruction or threatening to destroy cultural heritage. 3. Illegal archaeological excavations; illegal construction or expropriation of land at

historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; 4. Illegal trading, exchange or transport of relics, antiquities or national treasures from

historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; illegal shipment of relics, antiquities or national treasures abroad.

5. Taking advantage of protection and promotion of cultural heritage in order to conduct illegal actions.

CHAPTER II RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND

INDIVIDUALS TOWARDS CULTURAL HERITAGE Article 14 Organizations and individuals have the following rights and responsibilities: 1. Legal ownership of cultural heritage; 2. Visiting and conducting research relating to cultural heritage; 3. Respecting, preserving and promoting cultural heritage; 4. Timely reporting of discoveries of relics, antiquities, national treasures, historical-

cultural sites or scenic landscapes; submission of found relics, antiquities or national treasures to the nearest state authority.

5. Prevention or requesting state authorities to prevent and punish damage, expropriation or illegal use of cultural heritage.

Article 15 Organizations and individuals, who are owners of cultural heritage, have the following

rights and responsibilities: 1. Implementation of provisions of Article 14 of this Law; 2. Implementation of measures to protect and promote cultural heritage; timely

reporting to state authorities in case cultural heritage is under threat of being abused, damaged or lost;

3. In case of a lack of means and ability to protect or promote intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities or national treasures, collections should be sent to a state museum or to other state authorities;

4. Provision of favorable conditions for organizations and individuals to visit, tour or research cultural heritage;

5. Implementation of other rights and responsibilities according to the provisions of law.

Article 16 Organizations and individuals directly managing cultural heritage, have the following

rights and responsibilities: 1. Preservation and protection of cultural heritage;



2. Implementation of measures to prevent damage to cultural heritage; 3. Timely reporting to the owners or to the nearest state authorities in case of loss or

threat of destruction of cultural heritage; 4. Provision of favorable conditions for organizations and individuals to visit, tour or

research cultural heritage; 5. Implementation of other rights and responsibilities according to the provisions of

law.

CHAPTER III PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL

HERITAGE Article 17

The State shall encourage and create the conditions for organizations and individuals to carry out activities of research, collection, maintenance, communication and introduction of intangible cultural heritage in order to care for and promote the national cultural character and to enrich the treasured cultural heritage of the Vietnamese multiethnic community.

Article 18 The Chairs of Provincial People's Committees and centrally-administered cities

(hereafter termed Chairs Provincial-Level People's Committee) shall provide guidance in establishing local technical files on intangible cultural heritage, its protection and promotion.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall regulate the procedures for establishing technical files on intangible cultural heritage.

Article 19 Following recommendations of the Minister of Culture and Information, the Prime

Minister shall consider proposals to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to recognize the intangible cultural heritage of Vietnam as representing part of the world's cultural heritage.

Nominations submitted to the Prime Minister must have the written comments and evaluation of the National Council on Cultural Heritage.

Article 20 Responsible state authorities must apply necessary measures to preserve intangible

cultural heritage and prevent threats of its misuse, loss or dying out. Article 21 The State shall create policies and conditions to preserve and develop the spoken and

written languages of all ethnicities in Vietnam. Every organization and individual has the obligation to maintain the purity of the Vietnamese language.

Article 22 The State and society shall preserve and promote the positive customs, ways of life

and lifestyles of the nation. Outdated customs that harm the people's cultural life shall be abolished.



Article 23 The State's policies shall encourage work to survey, compile, translate, collect,

classify and preserve works of literature, art, science, oral tradition and folklore of the multiethnic Vietnamese community. These shall be disseminated domestically as well as through foreign cultural exchange.

Article 24 The State's policies shall encourage work to preserve, restore and develop traditional

handicrafts with particular value; research and apply knowledge of traditional medicine and medicament; preserve and promote Vietnamese cuisine; and promote traditional ethnic costumes and other forms of traditional knowledge.

Article 25 The State shall create the conditions to preserve and promote the cultural values of

traditional festivals. Outdated practices and manifestations of negativity and commercialization in the organization and activities of festivals shall be abolished and opposed. The organizing of traditional festivals must follow the provisions of laws.

Article 26 The State shall show respect and preferential treatment towards artists and artisans

who master and disseminate traditional arts or trade secrets of special value. Article 27 Foreign organizations and individuals, overseas Vietnamese, may carry out research

and surveys of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam, after they have the agreement in writing of the responsible state authorities.

CHAPTER IV PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

SECTION I

HISTORICAL-CULTURAL SITES AND SCENIC LANDSCAPES Article 28 1. Historical-cultural sites must meet at least one of the following criteria: a. A structure or place connected to a historical event representing the hiatorical

process of establishing and preserving the nation; b. A structure or place connected to the life and work of a national hero or famous

person; c. A structure or place connected to a historical event representing the modern

historical period; d. A site with particular archaeological value; e. An assembly of architectural structures or a single architectural structure with

particular architectural or artistic value from one or several historical periods. 2. Scenic landscapes must meet at least one of the following criteria:



a. A site with natural beauty or a place with both natural aesthetic value and architectural structures with particular aesthetic value.

b. A natural area with scientific value relating to geology, geomorphology, geography, biodiversity, or a specific ecological system; or a natural area filled with material vestiges of earlier stages of the earth's development.

Article 29 Based on their historical, cultural or scientific value, historical-cultural sites and scenic

landscapes (hereafter termed "sites") may be divided into: a. Provincial-level sites with representative local value; b. National-level sites with representative national value; c. Special national-level sites with particular symbolic national value. Article 30 1. Responsibility for determining the classification of sites shall be regulated as

follows: a. The Chairs of Provincial-level People's Committee may classify provincial-level

sites; b. The Minister of Culture and Information may classify national-level sites; c. The Prime Minister may classify special national sites and consider proposals to

UNESCO to include representative Vietnamese sites as World Heritage Sites. 2. In the case of sites that have already been classified but are clearly determined not

to meet the standards, or have been damaged without possibility of restoration, the responsible authorities shall have the right to cancel the status of that site.

Article 31 The procedures to classify sites shall be regulated as follows: 1. The Chairs of Provincial-level People's Committee may submit a file on a site to the

Minister of Culture and Information for classification as a national-level site; 2. The Minister of Culture and Information may submit a nomination on a site to the

Prime Minister for classification as a special national site; or may submit a nomination on a nationally symbolic site to the Prime Minister, who may consider proposing to UNESCO that it be included as a World Heritage Site.

Nomination submitted to the Prime Minister must have the written comments and evaluation of the National Council on Cultural Heritage.

Article 32 1. Protected zones of sites shall include: a. Protected zone, type Zone I, the Core Zone include cultural sites and zones

determined to contain principal elements of a cultural site. These areas should be preserved in their original condition;



b. Protected zone, type Zone II, the Buffer Zone are zones surrounding protected areas Core Zone. Structures may be built in these areas that serve the purpose of promoting the cultural site and do not infringe upon the architecture, natural beauty, environment, or ecology of the site.

In the case that a Buffer Zone can not be clearly determined, then the determination that there is only a Core Zone shall be decided by the Chair of provincial-level People's Committee regarding a provincial-level site, by the Minister of Culture and Information regarding a national-level site, or by the Prime Minister regarding a special national site.

2. The construction of any structures in protected areas type II determined according to point 1b of this Article must have the written agreement of the Minister of Culture and Information regarding national and special national-level sites, or the written agreement of the provincial-level People's Committee chair regarding provincial-level sites.

3. Protected areas determined according to point 1 of this Article shall be marked on official maps, attached to protocol documents and confirmed by the responsible state authorities in files of cultural sites.

Article 33 1. Organizations and individuals who are the owners, managers or administrators of

cultural heritage sites have the obligation to protect that site. In case it is discovered that the site has been violated, damaged or threatened with damage, they must undertake timely preventative measures and inform the next higher level of authorities directly in charge, the local People's Committee, or the nearest state authorities responsible for culture and information.

2. Local People's Committees or state authorities responsible for culture and information who receive reports of damage or threats of damage to a cultural site must apply timely preventative and protective measures and make an immediate report to the authorities directly above them.

3. When the Ministry of Culture and Information receives reports of damage or threats of damage to a cultural site, it must supply timely guidance and direction to responsible state authorities on the local level and to the owners of the cultural heritage site to apply immediate preventative and protective measures. Regarding special national-level sites the Ministry must report to the Prime Minister.

Article 34 Preservation, restoration and reconstruction of cultural sites must be submitted as

projects for approval of the responsible state authorities and must guarantee the optimal preservation of the principal original elements of the site.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations for the preservation, restoration and reconstruction of cultural sites.

Article 35 The responsibility for approval of projects to preserve, restore or reconstruct cultural

heritage sites shall be implemented according to the provision of this Law and other provisions of laws relating to construction.

The approval of projects to preserve, restore or reconstruct cultural sites must be done with the comments and evaluation of state authorities responsible for culture and information.



Article 36 1. The approval of projects to improve or construct structures lying outside the

protected cultural heritage areas regulated in Article 32 of this Law but considered to have the possibility of negative influence on the natural beauty, ecology or environment of the site must include the written comments and evaluation of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

2. In the case that the principal investor in a project to improve or construct a structure regulated in point 1 of this Article so requests, state authorities responsible for culture and information have the obligation to supply relevant materials and the specific requirements for protecting the site, so that the principal investor can select appropriate measures to guarantee the protection and promotion of the site.

Article 37 1. The principal investor in a project to improve or construct a structure in a area with

influence on a cultural site has the obligation to coordinate with state authorities responsible for culture and information and create the conditions allowing them to supervise the construction process.

2. During the construction process, if an object is found, that may be a cultural site, relic, antiquity or national treasure, the project holder must temporarily stop work and inform state authorities responsible for culture and information. Upon receiving this report, the state authorities responsible for culture and information must take timely measures to settle the case in order to guarantee the progress of the construction. In cases that are considered to require suspension of construction in that location in order to protect the original condition of the cultural site, the state authorities responsible for culture and information must report up for the next higher level of authorities to decide.

3. In cases that require organizing archaeological surveys or excavations, expenses for surveying or excavation shall be regulated by the government.

Article 38 Archaeological surveys and excavations may only be carried out with the permission

of the Minister of Culture and Information. In the case that an archaeological site is damaged or at risk of being damaged, the

Minister of Culture and Information shall grant emergency permission to excavate. Article 39 1. Organizations with an archaeological research function who wish to carry out

archaeological surveys and excavations must send an application for the archaeological survey or excavation to the Ministry of Culture and Information.

2. The Minister of Culture and Information has the obligation to grant permission for archaeological surveys or excavations within 30 days after receiving an application for the archaeological survey or excavation. In the case that permission is not granted, the reason must be clearly stated in writing.

3. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations for archaeological surveys and excavations.

Article 40 1. The Head of an archaeological survey or excavation Team must meet the following

conditions:



a. Have a bachelor's degree in archaeology or a bachelor's degree in another field related to archaeology;

b. Have at least five years' direct experience in archaeological work; c. The organization applying for the archaeological survey or excavation recommends

the Head to the Ministry of Culture and Information in writing. In the case that the Head needs to be replaced, this requires the written agreement of

the Minister of Culture and Information. 2. Vietnamese organizations with an archaeological research function may cooperate

with foreign organizations and individuals to carry out archaeological surveys and excavations in Vietnam according to provisions of the law.

SECTION II

RELICS, ANTIQUITIES, AND NATIONAL TREASURE Article 41 1. All relics, antiquities and national treasures found in the process of

archaeological surveys or excavations, or discovered by organizations or individuals, must be submitted to the provincial-level museum of the place of discovery for temporary storage. The provincial-level museum has the obligation to receive and process the submission and make a report to the Ministry of Culture and Information. 2. According to the value and preservation requirements of a relic, antiquity, or national treasure as regulated in point 1 of this Article, the Minister of Culture and Information shall decide to transfer the relic, antiquity or national treasure to the appropriate state museum. 3. Organizations and individuals who discover and submit a relic, antiquity, or national treasure shall be refunded for the expenses of their discovery and preservation and will receive an additional reward according to the provisions of law.

Article 42 1. National treasures shall be protected and preserved with special care. The State shall

allocate a sufficient budget to purchase national treasures. 2. National treasures must be registered with the state authorities responsible for

culture and information. The State shall encourage organizations and individuals to register relics and antiquities in their possession to state authorities responsible for culture and information. Relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been registered shall be appraised by the state free of charge. The State shall also provide guidance on preservation techniques and create the conditions for their promotion. The Minister of Culture and Information shall regulate the procedures for registration of relics, antiquities and national treasures.

3. When the ownership of a national treasure is changed within the country, the original owner must notify state authorities responsible for culture and information of the full name and address of the new owner within 15 days of the change in ownership.

Article 43 1. Relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to the people, to political or

socio-political organizations must be stored in museums and may not sold or donated. Relics and antiquities under other ownership may be sold and purchase, transferred, donated or inherited domestically and abroad according to the provisions of law. National treasures under



other ownership may only be sold and purchase, transferred, donated or inherited domestically, according to the provisions of law. Relics and antiquities may only be taken abroad with the permission of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

2. Relics, antiquities and national treasures may be sold and purchase at an agreed-upon price or through auction. The State shall have priority in the purchase of relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Article 44 The shipment of relics, antiquities, or national treasures abroad for display, exhibition,

research, or preservation must meet the following conditions: 1. The receiving party must have insurance covering the relic, antiquity or national

treasure; 2. The Prime Minister must give permission for the shipment of national treasures

abroad; the Minister of Culture and Information must give permission for the shipment of relics or antiquities abroad.

Article 45 Responsible state authorities must report to the Ministry of Culture and Information

regarding relics, antiquities or national treasures seized from illegal discovery, purchase, transfer, import or export. The Minister of Culture and Information shall decide to transfer the relic, antiquity or national treasure to the appropriate authorities.

Article 46 Duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures must meet the following

conditions: 1. Has a well-defined purpose; 2. Has an original for reference purposes; 3. Has a particular marking distinguishing the duplicate from the original; 4. Has the agreement of the owner of the original relic, antiquity or national treasure; 5. Has permission of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

SECTION III MUSEUMS

Article 47 Museums are institution to preserve and display collections regarding natural and

social history (hereafter termed "collections"), in order to serve the people's needs of research, education, visiting, and cultural enjoyment.

Vietnamese museums include: 1. National museums, which are institutions to preserve and display collections with

particular national value; 2. Specialized museums, which are institutions to preserve and display collections

with particular value in one discipline;



3. Provincial-level museums, which are institutions to preserve and display collections with particular local value;

4. Private museums, which are places to preserve and display collections on one or more topics.

Article 48 Museums have the following rights and responsibilities: 1. To collect, classify, conserve and display collections; 2. To conduct scientific research on cultural heritage; 3. To organize the promotion of cultural heritage to serve the interests of society; 4. To develop specialized personnel; 5. To manage facilities and technical equipment; 6. To carry out international cooperation according to the provisions of the law; 7. To carry out other rights and responsibilities according to the provisions of the law. Article 49 The conditions to establish a museum include: 1. Has collections on one or more topics; 2. Has the place for display, storage and conservation facilities; 3. Has the officers with a specialization appropriate to museum activities. Article 50 1. Authority to establish a museum shall be regulated as follows:

a. The Prime Minister decides to establish a national museum or specialized museum; b. The Chair of provincial-level People's Committee decides to establish a provincial-

level museum and private museums 2. Procedures to establish a museum shall be regulated as follows: a. Organizations or individuals with a need to establish a museum must send a

nomination requesting the establishment to the responsible authorities as regulated in point 1 of this Article. The file requesting the establishment of a museum shall include an application and the confirmation of responsible state authorities that the conditions in Article 49 of this Law have been met;

b. Within 30 days of receiving the nomination, the person with responsibility to decide to establish the museum has the obligation to review and determine the case. In case of refusal, the reason must be provided in writing.

Article 51 1. Museums shall be classified based on the following criteria: a. The quantity and value of the collections; b. The quality of preservation and display of the collections; c. The facilities and technical equipment; d. The level of professionalism among the specialized staff. 2. The Government shall issue specific regulations regarding the classification of

museums based on the level of attainment of the criteria stated in point 1 of this Article.



Article 52 Cultural heritage within exhibitions of traditional and memorial houses must be

protected and promoted according to the provisions of this Law. Article 53 The State shall encourage owners of relics, antiquities and national treasures to put

their collections on display and introduce them to a wide audience. When necessary, state authorities responsible for culture and information may

negotiate with owners of relics, antiquities and national treasures regarding the use of their collections for research or display in state museums.

The conditions, scope and duration of the use of relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be negotiated in writing between the owners and the state authorities responsible for culture and information.

CHAPTER V STATE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

SECTION I

SCOPE OF STATE MANAGEMENT AND STATE AUTHORITIES MANAGING CULTURAL HERITAGE

Article 54 The scope of state management of cultural heritage shall include: 1. Development and implementation of strategies, plans, frameworks, and policies to

further the work of protecting and promoting cultural heritage; 2. Issuance and implementation of legal regulations regarding cultural heritage; 3. Organization and guidance of activities to protect and promote cultural heritage;

communication, dissemination and legal education concerning cultural heritage; 4. Organization and management of research activities; training and preparation of

specialized staff on cultural heritage; 5. Mobilization, management and use of resources to protect and promote cultural

heritage; 6. Organization and provision of incentives and rewards in protection and promotion

of cultural heritage; 7. Organization and management of international cooperation in protection and

promotion of cultural heritage; 8. Inspection and control of the implementation of the law, settlement of petitions and

complaints, and treatment of violations of the law on cultural heritage. Article 55 1. The Government shall ensure unified state management of cultural heritage.



2. The Ministry of Culture and Information bears the primary responsibility within the Government for implementing state management of cultural heritage.

3. All ministries, ministry-level institutions and committees under the Government have an obligation to manage cultural heritage as assigned by the Government. The Government shall regulate specific responsibilities of ministries, ministry-level institutions and committees under the Government to work in coordination with the Ministry of Culture and Information, in order to ensure unified state management of cultural heritage.

4. People's Committees at all levels shall implement state management of cultural heritage at the local level within the scope of their rights and responsibilities delegated by the Government.

Article 56 The National Council on Cultural Heritage is the consultative council of the Prime

Minister on cultural heritage. The Prime Minister shall regulate the organization and activities of the National

Council on Cultural Heritage.

SECTION II

RESOURCES FOR ACTIVITIES TO PROTECT AND PROMOTE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Article 57 The State shall encourage and create the conditions for associations on literature, arts,

science and technology to participate in activities to protect and promote cultural heritage. The State shall encourage participation of society in protection and promotion of

cultural heritage. Article 58 The financial resources for protection and promotion of cultural heritage shall include: 1. The State budget; 2. Income from the use and promotion of cultural heritage; 3. Funds and donations of domestic and foreign organizations and individuals. Article 59 The State shall prioritize investment in activities to protect and promote special

national cultural heritage sites, national-level museums, national treasures, historic sites of the revolution, and intangible cultural heritage of particular value.

Article 60 Organizations and individuals who are the owners, managers or administrators of

cultural sites, collections or museums may collect admission fees and user fees for those sites, collections and museums according to the provisions of law.

Article 61 1. The State shall encourage organizations and individuals to make donations and

funding for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage.



2. Donations and funding for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage shall be recognized and acknowledged in an appropriate fashion.

Article 62 Financial resources for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage shall be

managed and used purposefully and effectively.

SECTION III

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION REGARDING CULTURAL HERITAGE

Article 63 The State shall create policies and measures to promote cooperation with foreign

countries, organizations and individuals in protection and promotion of cultural heritage. International cooperation shall be based on respect for national independence and sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit, and compliance with the provisions of Vietnamese law and international conventions and treaties ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. These policies shall contribute to the promotion of the world's cultural heritage and cooperation and understanding among nations.

Article 64 The State shall encourage overseas Vietnamese and foreign organizations and

individuals to participate in protection and promotion of Vietnam's cultural heritage according to the provisions of law.

Article 65 The scope of international cooperation regarding cultural heritage shall include: 1. Development and implementation of international programs and projects for the

protection and promotion of cultural heritage; 2. Participation in international organizations and conventions regarding the protection

and promotion of cultural heritage; 3. Research, application of scientific methods, and transfer of advanced technology in

preservation and restoration of cultural sites, museum construction and archaeological excavation.

4. Exchange of exhibitions regarding cultural heritage; 5. Cooperation in the safeguarding of Vietnam's cultural heritage abroad; 6. Training and preparation of individual staff and exchanging information and

experience regarding the protection and promotion of cultural heritage.



SECTION IV INSPECTION AND SETTLEMENT OF PETITIONS AND COMPLAINTS

REGARDING CULTURAL HERITAGE Article 66 State inspectors of culture and information who have the function of inspecting the

sector of cultural heritage are responsible for: 1. Inspecting compliance of the law regarding cultural heritage; 2. Inspecting implementation of plans and frameworks regarding the protection and

promotion of cultural heritage; 3. Discovery, prevention and treatment of violations of law regarding cultural heritage,

according to their respective authority; 4. Hearings and recommendations towards the settlement of disputes and complaints

regarding cultural heritage; 5. Recommendation of solutions to ensure the enforcement of the law regarding

cultural heritage. Article 67 The organizations or individuals, who are inspected, has the following rights and

responsibilities: 1. Requesting a team of inspectors to provide documentation of inspection warrants,

and to conduct inspections according to the law; 2. Making a petition, complaint or lawsuit to the responsible state authorities regarding

inspection warrants, the behavior of inspectors, or the conclusions of an inspection if there is seen to be noncompliance with the law;

3. Requesting compensation for losses caused by conduct or treatment not in accordance with the law on the part of a team of inspectors or an individual inspector;

4. Carrying out the demands of the team of inspectors or an individual inspector; accommodating the inspectors in carrying out their duties; compliance with decisions made by the team of inspectors or an individual inspector according to the provisions of law.

Article 68 1. Organizations and individuals have the right to make petitions and lawsuits against

administrative decisions or administrative actions of authorities, organizations and individuals responsible for enforcement of laws regarding cultural heritage.

2. Individuals have the right to make complaints to authorities, organizations and individuals about behavior that violates the laws regarding cultural heritage.

3. Authority and procedures to settle petitions, complaints and lawsuits shall comply with the provisions of law.



CHAPTER VI INCENTIVES, REWARDS AND PUNITIVE MEASURES

Article 69 Organizations and individuals with achievements in protection and promotion of

cultural heritage shall be rewarded according to the provisions of law. Article 70 Any person, who discovers an item of cultural heritage without voluntarily reporting

it, deliberately expropriates harms or damages it, shall be prosecuted under the civil or criminal code according to the nature and severity of the violation. Any material loss must be compensated according to the provisions of law, and the item of cultural heritage shall be confiscated by the State.

Article 71 Any person who violates the provisions of law regarding cultural heritage shall be

prosecuted under the civil or criminal code according to the type and severity of the violation; any material loss must be compensated according to the provisions of law.

Article 72 Any person who abuses his or her position or authority to violate the provisions of this

Law shall be disciplined under internal procedures or prosecuted under criminal law according to the nature and severity of the violation; any material loss must be compensated according to the provisions of law.

CHAPTER VII ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS

Article 73 This Law shall enter into effect on January 1, 2002. All previous provisions in

contradiction with this Law shall be superseded. Article 74 The Government shall provide detailed regulations and guidance to implement this

Law. This law was passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of

Vietnam at Ninth Session, Tenth Term, on June 29, 2001.

Chairman of the National Assembly signed

Nguyen Van An



Decree 92/2002/ND-CP Passed on November 11th 2002 by the Government

On the detailed regulations to implement some articles of the Law on Cultural Heritage

The Government

Pursuant to the Law on the organization of the Government passed on 25th December

2001; Pursuant to the Law on Cultural Heritage passed on 29th June 2001; At the request of the Minister of Culture and Information,

Decree

Chapter I

General Provisions

Article 1. Scope and object of regulation This Decree elaborates on some of the articles of the Law on Cultural Heritage,

including: the protection and promotion of both intangible and tangible heritage values; the sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures; the organization and operation of museums; the responsibilities and coordination among ministries, ministerial-level agencies, Government agencies and people's committees at all levels in the implementation of the Law on Cultural Heritage, and; the incentives and rewards for organizations and individuals that discover and hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Article 2. Intangible and tangible cultural heritage Intangible cultural heritage consists of: Languages and inscriptions; Artistic, literal and scientific works provided for in Article 747 of the Civil Code

concerning the forms of protected works of outstanding value from the historical, cultural and scientific point of view;

Oral literature, including myths, proverbs, sayings, idioms, riddles, fables, folk verses, folk poetic stories, epic poems, epic songs, funeral and ritual orations, and other forms of oral literature;

Folk performance, including music, dances, theatres, imitation games, disguise games, fashion shows, beauty shows, folk duo singing, folk games and other forms of folk performance;

Life styles and ways of life manifested by codes of conduct, persona and behavior, customary laws, village charters, moral norms, behavioral protocols in the relations with ancestors, grandparents, parents, nature, funerals, weddings, naming ceremonies, actions, greetings, invitations and other customs and habits;

Traditional festivals, including those that raise patriotism, nature-friendly attitudes, national pride, anti- foreign aggression traditions, the honor for national heroes and heroines, eminent persons of culture, the industriousness and creativity of the people, benevolence, the thirst for freedom and happiness and a sense of community solidarity;



Traditional handicrafts; Traditional knowledge, including that on traditional medicine and pharmacy, culinary

art, natural phenomena and production know-how, military methods, (academic) artistic and literal creation, traditional costumes, land, water, weather, climate, resources, rivers, seas, mountains, forests and other forms of knowledge.

Tangible cultural heritage consists of historical-cultural sites and scenic landscapes (hereinafter referred to as sites), relics, antiquities and national treasures.

The value of exceptional significance and scarcity of national treasures are demonstrated by the following criteria:

Bearing the original and the unique testimony to the treasure; Bearing a unique form; Containing an outstanding value of history, culture, science, and therefore: Bear the testimony to a landmark event, or are associated with the life and career of a

national hero/heroine or an eminent person; Are an artistic work known for its ideological-human value, aesthetic value and form

of expression representative of a trend, a style, an era; Are typical products of invention, creation of high practicality and of great use in

boosting the development of society in a given stage in history; Are recognized by the Prime Minister in a decision that follows the evaluation by the

National Council on Cultural Heritage. Article 3. The State's policies on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage

values The State shall protect and promote the values of cultural heritage through the

following policies: Formulating and implementing target programs to conserve cultural heritage of

outstanding value; Providing incentives and rewards to organizations and individuals that record

achievements in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values; adopting preferential policies by both spiritual and material means toward artisans and artists who bear and disseminate traditional arts and professional know-how of special value;

Developing studies on the application of scientific and technological achievements through the following activities:

Exploring and excavating archeological sites; preserving, restoring, rehabilitating and promoting site values;

Evaluating and preserving exhibits; adapting and renovating collections on display and ways of disseminating museum information;

Collecting, keeping record of and disseminating the values of intangible cultural heritage; setting up databases on intangible cultural heritage.

Training and refreshing experts and specialists in the field of cultural heritage protection and promotion;

Providing incentives and enablers for organizations and individuals, both at home and abroad, to make spiritual and material contributions to, or participate directly in, the protection and promotion of cultural heritage;

Expanding international cooperation of various forms in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage, and by formulating and implementing international cooperation projects in conformity with the provisions of the law.



Article 4. Violations that distort cultural heritage and illegal excavations of archeological sites

Disseminating, publicizing and displaying in a manner that distorts the contents and values of intangible cultural heritage.

Altering the original elements of cultural heritage by adding, relocating and changing exhibits in sites, or restoring and rehabilitating without respecting the original elements of sites and other activities, without the permission of the competent State agency in the field of culture and information; disseminating and presenting in a manner that distorts the contents and values of sites.

Altering the landscape environment by cutting trees, quarrying lime stones, excavating, illegally erecting buildings and other activities that cause negative impacts to cultural heritage.

The following cases are deemed illegal excavations of archeological sites: Excavating, searching for relics, antiquities and national treasures by one's own will

within protected areas and archeological sites including residential sites, graves, tool-manufacturing workshops, ramparts and other archeological sites;

Searching for and lifting by one's one will underwater relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Chapter II Protection and Promotion of Intangible Cultural Heritage Values

Article 5. Investigation, detection, inventory, classification and documentation

intangible cultural heritage The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for the formulation of

annual plans on the basis of the local operational budget, and the organization of Investigation, detection, inventory, classification and documentation of intangible cultural heritage.

Chairpersons of the people's committee of provinces and centrally run cities (hereinafter referred to as the chair of provincial-level people's committee), shall guide the documentation of intangible cultural heritage in their respective localities.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact concrete provisions on the scientific documentation of intangible cultural heritage.

Article 6. Selection of intangible cultural heritage typical of Vietnam to be proposed to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to be inscribed on the World Heritage List

Typical intangible cultural heritage is selected according to the following criteria: Exhibiting a special value of history, culture and science; Showing a nationwide and worldwide influence in history, culture and science; Reflecting the origin and the role of intangible cultural heritage in the community

through the past and at present; Demonstrating a unique traditional cultural identity and a basis for the creation of new

cultural values. Procedures for the documentation of typical intangible cultural heritage: Pursuant to Item 1 of this article, the chair of people's provincial-level committee,

shall organize the guidance for the documentation of typical intangible cultural heritage



following the written request made by the heritage owner and by the director of the department for culture and information;

The chair of provincial-level people's committee of the locality where the heritage belongs, shall submit the candidature files to the Minister of Culture and Information, in order for the National Council on Cultural Heritage to conduct the evaluation;

Within 45 days of receipt of the files, the National Council on Cultural Heritage shall conduct the evaluation and produce its comments in writing;

The Minister of Culture and Information shall submit the files to the Prime Minister for consideration and approval.

The candidature files of the typical intangible cultural heritage submitted to the Prime Minister shall consist of:

A letter of request by the owner of the intangible cultural heritage and the letter of agreement by the director of the department of culture and information of the locality where the typical intangible cultural heritage belongs;

All related documents on the typical intangible cultural heritage in accordance with the regulations of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);

The evaluation report by the National Council on Cultural Heritage; The proposal by the Minister of Culture and Information submitted to the Prime

Minister. The Minister of Culture and Information shall provide concrete guidelines for the

preparation of the candidature files of the typical intangible cultural heritage. Following a decision by the Prime Minister, the Minister of Culture and Information

shall be responsible for: depositing the candidature files on the typical intangible cultural heritage to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for inscription on the World Heritage List; reporting to the Prime Minister, the chair of provincial-level people's committee and the owner of the heritage the decision of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on the intangible cultural heritage.

Article 7. Necessary measures to protect and promote the values of intangible cultural heritage

The State shall protect and promote the values of intangible cultural heritage through the following means:

Organizing the implementation of the projects on nationwide research, collection, inventory, classification of intangible cultural heritage.

Conducting regular and periodical collection, inventory, classification of intangible cultural heritage;

Reinforcing training, dissemination, publication, performance and rehabilitation of different forms of intangible cultural heritage;

Investing in, and giving financial support to, the protection and promotion of the values of intangible cultural heritage; preventing the risks of deterioration and loss of intangible cultural heritage;

Expanding the socialization in the protection and promotion of intangible cultural heritage;

Providing free-of-charge evaluation, operational guidelines and support for archiving and preserving intangible cultural heritage at the request of organizations and/or individuals that possess intangible cultural heritage.



Article 8. Protection and development of intangible cultural heritage in the form of tongues and inscriptions of the ethnic groups in Vietnam

The State shall protect and develop the languages and inscriptions of the ethnic groups

in Vietnam through the following measures: Conducting research, collecting, preserving languages and inscriptions of Vietnamese

ethnic groups; Adopting supportive measures for the dissemination and training to preserve and

develop the languages and inscriptions of Vietnamese ethnic groups. Conducting research, disseminating information, enacting regulations and other

activities in order to preserve and develop the purity of the Vietnamese language. Article 9. Encouraging the preservation, restoration and development of traditional

handicrafts of typical value.

The State shall encourage the preservation, restoration and development of traditional handicrafts through the following measures:

Investigating and classifying traditional handicrafts nationwide; supporting the preservation and restoration of traditional handicrafts of typical value or those that are at risk of deterioration or loss;

Creating enabling conditions for the exploitation and utilization of traditional materials;

Adopting incentives and supportive policies for the utilization of traditional handicraft know-how and techniques;

Raising the awareness of handicraft products in domestic and foreign markets in various forms;

Attaching importance to, and offering enabling conditions for, the spread and transfer of skills, techniques and know-how of traditional handicrafts of typical value;

Adopting preferential taxation policies to the activities concerning the preservation, restoration and development of traditional handicrafts of typical value in conformity with the provisions of taxation laws.

Article 10. Preservation and promotion of the cultural values of traditional festivals The State shall facilitate the preservation and promotion of the cultural values of

traditional festivals through the following measures: Creating favorable conditions for the organization of festivals; Encouraging the organization of cultural activities and folklore traditions associated

with festivals; Selectively restoring traditional ceremonies, such as rites, rituals, receptions,

processions and other traditional ceremonies; Encouraging the widespread presentation and dissemination at home and abroad of the

origin and content of the typical and unique values of traditional festival. The following are strictly prohibited in the organization of festivals: Taking advantage of traditional festivals to propagate and incite subversive activities

against the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; disrupting national solidarity; disturbing social order and security;

Organizing superstitious activities and restoring backward customs; Commercializing traditional festivals in all forms; fabricating, imposing new rituals

and elements on traditional festivals; organizing illegal accommodation and belief services in the protected area of sites;



Gambling in all forms; Burning paper joss things; Other activities in violation of laws. The organization of traditional festivals is conducted in accordance with the

Regulation concerning the organization of festivals enacted by the Minister of Culture and Information.

Article 11. Authority and procedure to issue a license to overseas Vietnamese, foreign organizations and individuals that carry out research and collect intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam

Ministry of Culture and Information, departments of culture and information and State agencies that have the authority to issue licenses for the research and collection of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam.

The procedure of issuing a license for the research and collection of intangible cultural heritage is as follows:

a. Overseas Vietnamese, foreign organizations and individuals who make request to conduct research and collect items must submit a letter of request to the Director of Department of Culture and Information, and attach a proposal that states clearly the objectives, location, duration and the Vietnamese partners that will take part in the research and collection of intangible cultural heritage.

If the location of research, collection is in two provinces or in two or more centrally-run cities, the letter of request must be submitted to the Minister of Culture and Information.

b. Within 30 days since the receipt of the letter of request, the Minister of Culture and Information or The Director of Culture and Information must take the responsibility to consider the issuance of license; if the request is turned down, the reasons must be specified in writing.

Article 12. Honor and treatment of artisans and artists The State shall accord the honor and adopt treatment policies to artisans and artists

through the following measures: 1. Conferring and conferring posthumously, orders, decorations, medals, State Titles

of honor and other forms of honor to artisans and artists who hold, preserve and spread traditional arts and professional know-how which are part of the typical intangible cultural heritage in accordance with the provisions of law;

2. Adopting the policy of facilitating and covering part of the costs for activities of creation, performance, display, presentation and product consumption to the artisans and artists who hold, preserve and spread traditional arts and professional know-how which are part of the typical intangible cultural heritage;

3. Providing monthly allowances and other preferences to the artisans and artists who are honored with State Title but have low income, difficult circumstances and those living in difficult areas and particularly difficult areas in accordance with the provisions of law.

Chapter III Protection and Promotion of the values of intangible cultural heritage

Article 13. Classification of sites Pursuant to the criteria provided for in Article 28 of the Law on Cultural Heritage,

sites are classified as follows:



1. Historical sites (sites associated with events and eminent persons) 2. Architectural and artistic works; 3. Archeological sites; 4. Scenic landscapes. Article 14. Classification of provincial-level sites, national-level sites and special

national sites Sites specified in Article 29 of the Law on Cultural Heritage that are: historical sites,

architectural and artistic works, archeological sites and scenic landscapes, are classified as follows:

1. Provincial-level sites consist of: a. Buildings and sites that mark historical events and milestones of the locality or are

associated with the persons who historically, had a positive influence on local development; b. Architectural and artistic works, overall urban architectures and towns of significant

value within the local territory; c. Archeological sites of significant value within the local territory; d. Natural landscapes or sites that combine natural landscapes with artistic

architectures of significant value within the local territory. 2. National-level sites consist of: a. Buildings and sites that mark important national historical events and milestones,

those that are associated with national heroes/heroines, well-known politicians, cultural activists or artists, and scientists who had an important influence on the historical development of the nation;

b. Architectural and artistic works and overall urban architecture and towns of outstanding value in different development periods of national architecture;

c. Archeological sites of outstanding value that mark different development periods of archeological culture;

d. Beautiful natural landscapes or sites that combine natural landscapes with artistic architectures, natural sites with geological, geo-phomological, geographical or ecological bio-diversity features from a scientific standpoint.

3. Special national sites consist of: a. Buildings and sites associated with events that mark the nation's important

transitions of national history, or are associated with national heroes/heroines or eminent persons who had a great influence on the historical development of the nation;

b. Complete original artistic architecture and overall urban architecture and towns of special value that mark different development periods of architectural art and the artistic architecture of Vietnam;

c. Archeological sites of outstanding value that mark different development periods of well-known archeological cultures of Vietnam and the world;

d. Beautiful natural landscapes or sites that combine natural landscapes with artistic architecture of special value to the nation, or natural sites with geological, geo-phomological, geographical or ecological bio-diversity features of outstanding value from a scientific standpoint and that are well-known in Vietnam and the world.

Article 15. Provisions on the preparation of site dossiers for classification 1. The Director of Culture and Information shall be accountable to the chair of

provincial people's committee in organizing the inventory and classification of sites in accordance with the criteria provided for in Article 28 of the Law on Cultural Heritage.



2. On the basis of historical, cultural and scientific values of the sites which have inventories, and are classified as provided for in Article 14 of this Decree, the Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for the preparation of site dossiers to be submitted to the competent State agencies provided for in Article 31 of the Law on Cultural Heritage to be considered for classification.

3. Site dossiers for classification consist of: a) A letter of request for classification made by the organization or individual who

possesses or is delegated to take care of the site; b) A site profile; c) A map that indicates the site location and the routes that lead to the site; d) A layout that shows the overall plan of the site, the horizontal and vertical cross-

section profiles of the site, and a detailed drawing of the architectural members with sculptural features and carvings on the scale of 1:50;

e) An album of color photos (9x12) that describe the relics, antiquities and national treasures of the site (if any);

f) An inventory of the relics, antiquities and national treasures that belong to the site; g) A copy of the translations of the steles, parallel sentences, inscriptions, Han-Nom

documents or documents in other languages about the site; h) Reports and a map that delineates the protected area of the site which is certified

and sealed by the people's committees at all levels, by the Department for Land Management and the Department of Culture and Information;

i) Submission paper on site classification as provided for in Item 1, Article 31 of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

The Minister of Culture and Information enacts concrete regulations on the form and content of site dossiers.

Article 16. Principles to delineate of the protected zones of sites 1. The delineation of protected zone I provided for in Item 1, Article 32 of the Law

on Cultural Heritage is carried out according to the following principles: a) At sites such as buildings and places associated with historical events and the life

and career of eminent persons, the delineation of protected zone I must ensure the reflection of outstanding developments of historical events and the keepsakes of the eminent persons associated with those sites;

b) At archeological sites, the delineation of protected zone I must ensure the status quo of the boundary of the zone where relics are found, and the topographic and landscape features are directly linked to the habitat of the creators of that archeological site;

c) At sites such as artistic architectural complexes or individual architectures, the delineation must ensure the status quo of the integrals of the sites, including yards, gardens, ponds, lakes and other elements which are linked to the sites;

d) At scenic landscapes, the delineation of protected zone I, must ensure the integrity of the natural landscape, topographic and geographic features that contain the bio-diversity and the typical ecosystem or physical traces of stages in the earth's history.

2. Protected zone II constitutes the buffer zone, which surrounds or stands adjacent to

zone I, in order to protect the landscape and the ecological environment of sites, and where the construction of facilities is permitted to serve the restoration, exploitation and promotion of the values of the sites.

The determination that a site consists of only zone I, applies when the site is located in



a residential area or adjacent to buildings that cannot be relocated. In the case of a site, which consists of a number of buildings and is located in a large area, protected zone I must be defined for each component of the site.

Article 17. Authority to approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites

The authority to approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites is provided for as follows:

1. The chair of provincial-level people's committee shall approve projects for the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of provincial-level sites at the request of The Director of Culture and Information; approved projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of national-level sites and special national sites that belong to group B and group C in accordance with the provisions of law concerning construction investment following the written evaluation by the Minister of Culture and Information;

2. The Minister of Culture and Information shall approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of national-level sites and special national sites that belong to group B and group C in accordance with the provisions of law.

Where the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites are deemed irrelevant to the content of the approved project, the Minister of Culture and Information shall decide on the suspension of the project;

3. The Prime Minister shall approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites that belong to Group A, in accordance with the provisions of law concerning construction investment applied to the projects referred to in Item 1 and Item 2 of this article.

Article 18. Authority to appraise restoration and construction projects that might have negative impacts on sites

1. The Director of Culture and Information shall appraise the projects on the restoration and construction of buildings, which are located outside the protected zones of a provincial-level site and might have negative impacts on the site.

2. The Minister of Culture and Information shall appraise the projects on the restoration and construction of buildings which are located outside the protected zones of a national-level site or a special national site and might have negative impacts on the site.

Article 19. Organizations that have the function to explore and excavate archeological site

1. State bodies for archeological studies. 2. Universities in which archeology is taught as a subject. 3. Museums and site management departments that undertake archaeological studies. 4. Associations that undertake archaeological studies. Article 20. Funding archaeological exploration and excavation during the restoration

or construction of buildings During the restoration and construction of buildings, if relics, antiquities and national

treasures are discovered and if archaeological explorations and excavations are deemed necessary, the following provisions on archaeological exploration and excavation shall be applied:

1. In the case of state-funded projects, the fund for exploration and excavation shall be included in the total investment fund for those projects;

2. In the case of projects funded by sources other than the state budget, the funding for exploration and excavation shall be covered by the state.



The Minister of Finance shall be responsible for the consideration of funding archaeological exploration and excavation at the requests of the Minister of Culture and Information and the Chair of the provincial-level people's committee.

The Minister of Finance shall lead the coordination with the Minister of Culture and Information in enacting concrete guidelines for the procedure of supplementing and providing fund for the exploration and excavation work for the cases described in this article.

Chapter IV Relics, Antiquities and National Treasures

Article 21. The reception of relics, antiquities and national treasures discovered during

the exploration and excavation or discovered and submitted by organizations and individuals 1. All the relics, antiquities and national treasures located underground on the

mainland, islands, internal waters, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf as provided for in Article 6 of the Law on Cultural Heritage, when discovered or found, belong to the State as provided for in Article 248 of the Civil Code.

2. The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for the reception of relics, antiquities and national treasures and for the temporary storage in the preservation area of the museum in the province where the relics, antiquities or national treasures are discovered as provided for in Item 1, Article 41 of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

3. Organizations and individuals that submit relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be commended and rewarded with an amount of money as provided for in Article 52 and 43 of this Decree.

Article 22. Sale, acquisition, protection and preservation of national treasures National treasures discovered and submitted by organizations and individuals, must be

given priority and favorable conditions of reception, protection and preservation in state museums, state banks, or state treasuries with equipment that ensure their safety.

Where national treasures are subject to auction sales, the State shall be given the favor. The State shall guarantee the funding for the acquisition, protection and preservation

of national treasures. Article 23. Registration of relics, antiquities, national treasures The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for organizing the

registration of relics, antiquities and national treasures within their provincial territory. The owner of a national treasure must fulfill all registration procedures with the

Department of Culture and Information of the province where he/she resides. Where the owner of a national treasure is changed, within 15 days since the change of the owner, the old owner must notify the change to the Department of Culture and Information where the national treasure is registered and provide to the authority, the first name, family name and address of the new owner.

Following the registration of the national treasure, The Director of Culture and Information must make a timely notification to the Minister of Culture and Information.

Rights of the owner of the registered relics, antiquities and national treasures: To be presented with a certificate on the registration of relics, antiquities and national

treasures; To be given free-of-charge appraisal;



To be given advice on the best practices concerning the preservation of relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to his/her ownership;

To be facilitated in the promotion of the values of relics, antiquities and national treasures.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact the regulations on the order and procedure for the registration of relics antiquities and national treasures.

Article 24. Shipment of relics, antiquities and national treasures abroad for display, exhibition, research or preservation

The procedures for the shipment of relics, antiquities and national treasures abroad for display, exhibition, research or preservation shall be regulated as follows:

Relics and antiquities: a) Relics and antiquities belonging to national museums, with the permission of the

Minister of Culture and Information, at the written request of the director of the museum concerned;

b) Relics and antiquities belonging to specialized museums, with the permission of the Minster for Culture and Information, at the written request of the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned;

c) Relics and antiquities belonging to provincial-level museums, with the permission of the Minister of Culture and Information, at the written request of the chair of the provincial people's committee concerned;

d) Relics, antiquities under private ownership, with the permission of the Minister of Culture and Information, at the written request of the owner of the relics or antiquities concerned.

National treasures: a) National treasures belonging to national museums, with the permission of the

Prime Minister, at the written request of the Minister of Culture and Information; b) National treasures belonging to specialized museums, with the permission of the

Prime Minister, at the written request of the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned, following a letter of accord by the Minister of Culture and Information;

c) National treasures belonging to provincial-level museums and national treasures under private ownership, with the permission of the Prime Minister, at the written request of the chair of the provincial people's committee concerned, following a letter of accord by the Minister of Culture and Information;

The insurance of relics, antiquities, national treasures shipped abroad for displays, exhibitions, research or preservation is arranged by the parties concerned, according to international practices and international conventions and treaties ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

The shipment, temporary export and re-import and temporary import and re-export of relics and antiquities must abide by the provisions of law on customs and other related provisions of laws.

Article 25. Issuing a license for the shipment of relics and antiquities abroad. 1. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations on the types of

relics and antiquities to be shipped abroad. 2. The purchase, exchange, grant and inheritance of relics and antiquities that do not

belong to the public, political organizations, or socio-political organizations, could be conducted abroad only with a license issued by the Minister of Culture and Information.



3. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue the license for the shipment of relics and antiquities abroad.

Within 30 days of receipt of the letter of request and other related documents, the Minister of Culture and Information shall issue the license. If the request is turned down, reasons must be specified in writing.

4. The procedures for issuing a license for the shipment of relics, antiquities abroad: a) A letter of request submitted to the Minister of Culture and Information; b) A certificate that certifies the transfer of ownership by the former owner; c) Relic and antiquity registration dossiers. 5. The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact regulations on the purchase,

exchange, grant and inheritance at home and abroad of relics and antiquities provided for in Item 2 of this article.

Article 26. Complaints and petitions concerning the procedures for the shipment of relics and antiquities abroad

If the license for the shipment of relics and antiquities is being processed when the organization or individual, who is shipping the relics and antiquities abroad and who is not the legal owner, has a complaint made against them, is petitioned, or if the relics and antiquities are under dispute, the shipment of the relics and antiquities shall be subject to a moratorium pending a settlement according to the provisions of law concerning complaints and petitions.

Within 30 days since the receipt of the complaint or petition, if no evidence is found about the illegal ownership of or the dispute over the relics, antiquities, the relics and antiquities will be permitted to be shipped abroad upon the completion of the procedures of asking for permission.

Article 27. Authority to issue licenses for the duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures

The authority to issue the license for the duplication of relics, antiquities and national

treasures shall be regulated as follows: 1. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue the license for the duplication

of relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to national museums and specialized museums.

2. The Director of Culture and Information shall issue the license for the duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to provincial-museums and for those in private ownership.

Chapter V Sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures

Article 28. Management of the sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national

treasures 1. The State shall ensure the unified management of the sales and acquisitions of

relics, antiquities and national treasures and facilitate organizations and individuals in trading, selling and acquiring relics, antiquities and national treasures.

The trading of relics, antiquities and national treasures must comply with the provisions of the Laws on Enterprises, Taxation, Cultural Heritage, and other related provisions of laws.



2. The State shall protect the sales and acquisitions of the relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage; facilitate organizations and individuals in their transfer of ownership of relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been registered, and in the registration of the relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been acquired and sold from legal sources and have not been registered.

3. The sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures from illegal sources shall be strictly prohibited.

4. The sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures for the purpose of shipment abroad shall be strictly prohibited.

Article 29. Organization and operation of relic, antiquity and national treasure shops 1. Owners of relic, antiquity and national treasure shops must meet the following

conditions: a. Be a Vietnamese citizen with a permanent address in Vietnam; b. Hold a certificate to undertake business dealings with relics, antiquities and national

treasures; c. Own a shop with adequate space to display the relics, antiquities and national

treasures; d. Own adequate facilities for the display, preservation and protection of relics,

antiquities and national treasures. 2. The operation of relic, antiquity and national treasure shops must comply with the

following regulations: a. Only acquire and sell relics, antiquities and national treasures from and to legal

sources; b. Only acquire and sell copies of relics, antiquities and national treasures from and to

bodies, organizations and individuals with a license to make copies issued by competent state bodies as provided for in Article 27 of this Decree;

c. Copies of relics, antiquities and national treasures on display must have signs that clearly indicate that these are copies; differentiate these copies from the originals;

d. Fulfilling necessary procedures so that the state bodies provided for in Article 23 of this Decree could transfer the ownership to the acquirer of relics, antiquities and national treasures or fulfilling the procedures of asking for permission so that the acquirer could ship abroad the relics, antiquities and national treasures which belong to the category specified in Item 1 of Article 25 of this Decree;

e. Implementing the provisions of law concerning the books on the registration, sales and purchase and accountancy of relics, antiquities and national treasures as well as the obligation to pay taxes.

Article 30. Conditions, authority and procedures to grant certificates for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures.

1. The conditions for granting a certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall include:

a) Having a command of the expertise and knowledge about relics, antiquities and national treasures;

b) Not banned from the practice of the profession or activities related to cultural heritage, according to the ruling of the court; not being under criminal liability or in the term of penal arrest or administrative arrest.



2. Cadres, civil servants and officers who are working in the sector of conservation and museology shall not be permitted to open shops that sell and purchase relics, antiquities and national treasures.

3. The authority to grant a certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be regulated as follows:

The Director of Culture and Information shall grant the certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures to the owner of the shop that sells and purchases relics, antiquities and national treasures following the receipt of the written evaluation report by the Director General of the Department for Conservation and Museology.

Within 30 days of receipt of the required dossiers requesting for the grant of the certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures, The Director of Culture and Information must consider the grant of the certificate. If the request is turned down, reasons must be specified in writing.

4. The procedures for the grant of certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be regulated as follows:

a) The owner of the shop must deposit the dossiers to the Department for Culture and Information;

b) The dossiers on the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall include;

A request for the grant of certificate; Certified copies of related diplomas and certificates; A curriculum vitae certified by the people's committee of the commune, ward or

township (hereafter referred to as commune-level people's committee) in the place of the applicants residence.

Article 31. Auction of relics, antiquities and national treasures 1. Organizations and individuals who sell relics, antiquities and national treasures at

auction, must fulfill the procedures of registering the list of the sales to the Department for Culture and Information and must get permission from the Chair of the Provincial-level People's Committee.

2. The auction of relics, antiquities and national treasures must be conducted in conformity with the provisions specified in articles 452 to 458 of the Civil Code.

Chapter VI

Organization and operation of museums

Article 32. Authority to define conditions for the establishment of museums 1. The Minister of Culture and Information shall define conditions for the

establishment of national museums and specialized museums. 2. The Director of Culture and Information shall define conditions for the

establishment of provincial-level museums and private museums. 3. Within 30 days of receipt of the required dossiers, the Minister of Culture and

Information, or the Director of Culture and Information shall have the duty to define the conditions for the establishment of museums.

Article 33. Classification of museums in Vietnam



Museums in Vietnam are classified as follows: a) Museums Class I; b) Museums Class II; c) Museums Class III.

Article 34. Criteria for classification of museums 1. A museum Class I must meet the following criteria: a. Have at least 20,000 items consisting of original documents and exhibits, of which

at least 5 collections are classified as precious documents and exhibits, and at least 90% have been inventoried;

b. Have the documents and exhibits preserved and displayed by 100% modern equipment, facilities, techniques and technologies;

c. Be of solid and durable architecture, and have a reliable space, surroundings and technical infrastructure that could accommodate the regular operations of a museum; a showroom of at least 2,500 square meters; a system of preservation houses of at least 1,500 square meters that are classified according to materials;

d. Have all civil servants, officials and officers directly involved in the professional work holding a BA degree, of which at least 40% hold a BA degree in museology;

e. Have the number of visitors reach at least 300,000 persons per annum; have the capacity to organize exhibitions and symposiums at home and abroad at least twice a year; have the capacity to conduct ministerial-level research works and participate in state-level research works; have at least 2 publications per annum.

2. A museum Class II must meet the following criteria: a. Have at least 10,000 items consisting of original documents and exhibits, of which

at least 3 collections are classified as precious documents and exhibits, and at least 80% have been inventoried;

b. Have the documents and exhibits preserved and displayed by at least 70% modern equipment, facilities, techniques and technologies;


d .Have 80% of civil servants, officials and officers directly involved in the professional work holding a BA degree, of which at least 30% hold a BA degree in museology;

e. Have the number of visitors reach at least 150,000 persons per annum; have the capacity to organize exhibitions and at least twice a year; have the capacity to conduct scientific research works; have at least one publication per annum.

3. A museum Class III must meet the following criteria: a. Have at least 5,000 items consisting of original documents and exhibits, of which at

least one collection is classified as precious documents and exhibits, and at least 70% have been inventoried;


c. Be of a solid and durable architecture, and have a reliable space, surroundings and technical infrastructure that could accommodate the regular operations of a museum; a showroom of at least 1,000 square meters; a system of preservation houses of at least 500 square meters that are classified according to materials;



d. Have 60% of civil servants, officials and officers directly involved in the professional work holding a BA degree, of which at least 25% hold a BA degree in museology;

e. Have the number of visitors reach at least 50,000 persons per annum; have the capacity to organize exhibitions and symposiums at least once a year.

4. The Minister of Culture and Information, in collaboration with the Minister of Interior, the Minister of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, the Minister of Finance, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned, shall run the evaluation and make the decision on the classification of the museum.

Article 35. Authority and procedures to classify a museum 1. The authority to classify a museum shall be regulated as follows: a. The Minister of Culture and Information shall decide on the classification of a Class

I national museum or specialized museum on the basis of the request of the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned and the written letters of accord by the Minister of Interior, the Minister of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs and the Minister of Finance;

b. The Minister of Culture and Information shall decide on the classification of a Class I provincial-level museum or private museum on the basis of the request of the head of the museum concerned and the written comments by the Chair of the provincial-level people's committee where the museum is located;

c. The head of the jurisdiction body or organization of a museum and the Chair of the provincial-level people's committee, shall issue the decision on the classification of a Class- II or Class- III museum, on the basis of the request of the head of the museum concerned and the written comments of accord by the Minister of Culture and Information.

2. Procedures to classify a museum shall be regulated as follows: a. Procedures to classify a Class-I museum. As for a Class- I museum specified in Point A, Item 1 of this article, the head of the

jurisdiction body or organization of the museum or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall submit a request and classification dossier to the Minister of Culture and Information.

As for a Class-I museum specified in Point B, Item 1 of this article, the head of the museum shall submit a request and classification dossier to the chair of the provincial-level people's committee.

The chair of the provincial-level people's committee will be given the responsibility to consider and decide on the submission of the dossiers to the Minister of Culture and Information within 30 days. In case of refusal, reasons must be specified in writing.

Within 30 days of receipt of the request and the classification dossiers, the Minister of Culture and Information shall evaluate and decide on the classification of the museum. In case of refusal, reasons must be specified in writing.

b. Procedures to classify a Class-II, Class-III museum. As for a specialized museum, the head of the museum must submit a request and

classification dossier to the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum. As for a provincial-level museum or private museum, the head of the museum must submit a request and classification dossier to the Director of Culture and Information.

Within 30 days of receipt of the request and the classification dossiers, the Director Culture and Information will be given the responsibility to consider and decide on the submission of the dossiers to the chair of the provincial-level people's committee.



Within 30 days of receipt of the request and the classification dossiers, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall evaluate the classification of the museum.

Within 15 days of the announcement of the evaluation results, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall the take the responsibility to submit the evaluation results to the Minister of Culture and Information. Within 15 of the receipt of the written letter of accord of the Minister of Culture and Information, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall issue the decision on the classification of the museum. In case of refusal, reasons must be specified in writing.

Article 36. Organization and operation of private museums 1. Private museums are those that are under the ownership of one or more individuals

or the co-ownership of individuals and non-state-funded organizations. 2. Private museums operate according to the provisions of law and in conformity with

the cultural traditions and the morals and customs Vietnamese ethnic groups. 3. The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for assisting the chair

of the provincial-level people's committee in conducting the state management for the operation of private museums.

4. The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact regulations on the organization and operation of private museums.

Article 37. Rights and duties of private museums 1. Private museums have the following rights: a. To develop collections by means of selling, purchasing, exchanging, granting,

inheriting and other means in accordance with the provisions of law; b. To legally own one or more collections; c. To collect an admission fee in accordance with the provisions of law; d. To make arrangements with state museums and other private museums for the use

of collections of intangible heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures that will serve the activities of the museums;

e. To exercise other rights in accordance with the provisions of the related laws. 2. Private museums have the following duties: a. To accommodate the demands of research, education, visitation and cultural

enjoyment of the people; b. To meet the demands for expertise of museology; c. To cooperate with competent state bodies in the field of culture and information and

other museums in order to protect and promote cultural heritage values; d. To fulfill other duties in accordance with the provisions of law. Article 38. Deposit of collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and

national treasures to state museums or competent state bodies The deposit of the collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and

national treasures to state museums or other competent state bodies shall be regulated as follows:

1. The owner of a collection of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be considered not to have adequate conditions, capacity to protect and promote the values in the following cases:



a. The absence of a preservation house, appropriate technical equipment or facilities, or if the collection of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures face the risk of loss or deterioration due to war or natural calamities;

b. Insufficient professional knowledge on preservation techniques. 2. If the owner of a collection of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and

national treasures does not have adequate conditions and capacity to organize the presentation and display to the public, the collection should be deposited to state museums in order to promote the values of the collection.

3. The state bodies that have the authority to receive the deposit of collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures shall include:

a. State museums; b. State banks or state treasuries (if relics, antiquities and national treasures are made

of gold, silver, precious stone, diamond or ancient coins). 4. State museums and authorized state bodies shall have the responsibility to receive

collections in order to protect and promote the values of the intangible heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures deposited by their owners.

The owners whose collections of intangible heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures are deposited to state museums or authorized state bodies must pay a fee in accordance with the provisions of law.

5. State museums or authorized state bodies that receive the collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures will be responsible to keep the names and addresses of the owners confidential if so requested.

6. The deposit and receipt of collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be conducted in the fashion of a contract for depositing and safekeeping properties in accordance with the provisions in the Civil Code.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact concrete regulations on the dossiers and procedures of depositing collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Chapter VII

Responsibilities of ministries, ministerial bodies, government agencies and

people’s committees at all levels in the enforcement of the Law on Cultural Heritage Article 39. Responsibilities of Ministry of Culture and Information 1. In order to be accountable to the Government in acting as the state management

agency for cultural heritage, the Ministry of Culture and Information shall have the duties and rights specified as follows:

a. To formulate and organize the implementation of strategies, plans and policies in order to protect and promote cultural heritage values within its authority; submit strategies, plans and policies to competent levels of authorities for approval;

b. To draft and submit documents to the Government and the Prime Minister for the enactment or enacting within their authority the regulations concerning the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;



c. To formulate and enact standards on professionalism and expertise for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

d. To approve and evaluate projects on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

e. To classify sites and grant site classification certificates, and to guide the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee in classifying sites and granting site classification certificates in accordance with its authority;

f. To classify museums and guide the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee in classifying museums in accordance with its authority;

g. To train, refresh and improve managerial and professional skills of cadres, civil servants and staff working in the field of protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

h. To organize and manage research works and applications of scientific and technological advances in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

i. To perform advocacy, disseminate and educate under the laws on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

j. To organize the work relating to the emulation and commendation of the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

k. To inspect and monitor the observance of the law on cultural heritage; settle disputes, complaints, petitions and handle offenses to the law on cultural heritage;

l. To exercise other duties and rights in accordance with other provisions of laws concerning cultural heritage.

2. The Director General of the Department of Conservation and Museology is responsible for assisting the Minister of Culture and Information in fulfilling the duties and rights specified in Item 1 of this article.

Article 40. Responsibilities of Ministry of Planning and Investment 1. Ministry of Planning and Investment in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture

and Information and relevant ministries and agencies shall formulate plans on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values.

2. Aggregate and balance annual investment capital for projects on the protection and promotion the values of special national sites, national museums, revolutionary-historical sites and intangible cultural heritage of outstanding value.

3. Evaluate projects on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values in accordance with its authority.

Article 41. Responsibilities of Ministry of Finance 1. Ministry of Finance shall ensure a regular budget for the protection and promotion

of cultural heritage. 2. Inspect the allocation, management and utilization of budget according to the

provisions of law. 3. Enact or collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information to enact

documents that regulate fees, charges and the collection, payment, management and utilization of fees and charges in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values in accordance with the decentralization of the Government.

4. Contain and address the illicit exports and imports of cultural heritage. Article 42. Responsibilities of Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Police and Ministry of

Trade



1. Collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information and people’s committees at all levels to maintain security and order in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values.

2. Collaborate with relevant ministries, agencies and people’s committees at all levels to contain, address the illicit trafficking, exchanges and movements of cultural heritage at home or the illicit shipments of relics, antiquities and national treasures abroad.

Article 43. Responsibilities of Ministry of Education and Training

1. Ministry of Education and Training shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information, the organization of the education on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values, the incorporation of study visits and the research of cultural heritage to the annual curricula of all schools and levels.

2. Facilitate learners’ field trips to heritage sites. Article 44. Responsibilities of Ministry of Science and Technology 1. Ministry of Science and Technology shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of

Culture and Information, the formulation of plans on scientific projects to protect site environment, and formulate and guide the implementation of scientific research works on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values.

2. Collaborate with relevant ministries, agencies and people’s committees at all levels in investing advanced sciences and technologies in sustainable environmental protection in localities with sites.

Article 45. Responsibilities of Ministry of Construction

1. Ministry of Construction shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and relevant ministries and agencies, the formulation of plans on construction that ensure the maintenance and promotion of cultural heritage values; establish and introduce standards and norms for the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites.

2. Collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information to enact documents that concretely regulate the evaluation of projects on the construction and upgrading of buildings which are located outside the protected area of sites, but have potentially negative impacts on the sites, or where relics, antiquities and national treasures are found during the construction or upgrading of the buildings.

Article 46. Responsibilities of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Ministry of Resources and Environment

1. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and other relevant ministries and agencies, in the formulation of plans for the protection and development of classified specialized forests, or on the use of farm lands, forest lands and hydraulic systems in keeping with the demands, maintenance and protection of sites according to the provisions of law.

2. Ministry of Resources and Environment shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and other relevant ministries and agencies, in the formulation of plans on nationwide land use that satisfy the requirements for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values; collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information to draft and submit documents to the Government for enactment or to enact within its authority regulations concerning the delineation and demarcation of the protected zones of sites; guide the establishment and certification of the delineation map of the protected zones of sites.

Article 47. Responsibilities of Vietnam Tourism Administration



1. Vietnam Tourism Administration shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and other relevant ministries and agencies and people’s committees at all levels, in the organization of incorporating cultural heritage values into sustainable tourism development; the guiding of visitors in upholding regulations of cultural-historical sites and scenic landscapes.

2. Collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information and people’s committees at all levels to invest in the conservation, restoration of sites, craft villages, traditional festivals in tourism centers and routes; preserve and protect cultural heritage in tourism activities.

Article 48. Responsibilities of other ministries and agencies in the enforcement of the Law on Cultural Heritage

Ministries, ministerial bodies and Government agencies other than those regulated in Article 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 of this Decree, on the basis of their respective duties and rights, shall be responsible for collaborating with Ministry of Culture and Information to implement the provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage with regard to matters that fall within the scope of state management of their respective ministries or sectors.

Article 49. Responsibilities of provincial-level people’s committee

Provincial-level people’s committee’s that are involved in the state management of cultural heritage in their local jurisdiction shall have the following duties and rights:

1. To formulate plans on the protection and promotion of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in its local jurisdiction;

2. To managing the collections and research of tangible and intangible cultural heritage according to the provisions of law;

3. To guide and license the activities on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage within its local jurisdiction;

4. To decide on the establishment and classification of museums in accordance with its authority;

5. To approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites in accordance with the provisions of law;

6. To conduct an inventory and registration of sites; decide on the classification and the cancellation of classification of provincial-level sites; prepare and submit to the Minister of Culture and Information scientific dossiers on the classification of national-level sites; guide the preparation of the scientific dossiers of the local intangible cultural heritage;

7. To inspect and monitor the observance of the laws concerning cultural heritage; settle complaints and petitions; commend, reward and deal with offenses to the laws concerning cultural heritage;

8. To fulfill other duties and rights in accordance with other provisions of laws related to cultural heritage.

Article 50. Responsibilities of district-level people’s committee:

District-level people’s committee shall be responsible for the protection and promotion of the values of intangible and tangible cultural heritage in its local jurisdiction; taking preventive and protective measures, dealing with offenses; requesting competent state bodies to classify sites and formulating plans on the protection, preservation, restoration and promotion of the values of sites.

Article 51. Responsibility of commune-level people’s committee:

1. To conduct the protection and urgent preservation of cultural heritage.



2. To receive declarations and notifications concerning cultural heritage before forwarding to upper-level authorities.

3. To request the classification of sites. 4. To prevent and contain any acts that may threaten the safety of cultural heritage. 5. To contain and deal with superstitious practices in accordance with its authority.

Chapter VIII Rewards for organizations and individuals who discover and hand over relics,

antiquities and national treasures Article 52. Forms of rewards for organizations and individuals who discover and hand

over relics, antiquities and national treasures

Organizations and individuals who discover relics, antiquities and national treasures and who report in a due course and voluntarily hand them over to competent state agencies of culture and information, shall be presented or posthumously presented with a Letter of Compliment, a Certificate of Compliment or medals or rewards of other forms, depending on the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures and according to the provisions of existing laws.

Depending on the value of the relics, antiquities and national treasures discovered and voluntarily handed over, organizations or individuals shall be rewarded with an amount of money according to the provisions on Article 53 of this Decree.

Article 53. Rates of cash rewards offered to organizations and individuals who discover and voluntarily hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures

The rates of in-cash rewards offered to organizations or individuals who discover and voluntarily hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be regulated as follows:

a. From 25% to 30% of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth less than 10 million dongs;

b. From 20 % to 25 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth from 10 million dongs to 20 million dongs;

c. From 15 % to 20 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 20 million dongs to 50 million dongs;

d. From 10 % to 15 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 50 million dongs to 100 million dongs;

e. From 7 % to 10 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 100 million dongs to 200 million dongs;

f. From 5 % to 7 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 200 million dongs to 500 million dongs;

g. From 2 % to 5 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 500 million dongs to 1 billion dongs;

h. From 1 % to 2 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 1 billion dongs to 10 billion dongs;

i. From 0.5 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 10 billion dongs.

If organizations or individuals discover relics, antiquities and national treasures and notify in a due course to competent authorities with accurate information, they shall be



offered a reward worth 10% to 20% of corresponding rates of rewards specified in Item 1 of this article.

The maximum rate of a reward against the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures specified in Item 1 and Item 2 of this article shall not exceed 200 million dongs.

Article 54. Authority and procedures to decide on the rewards offered to organizations or individuals who discover and hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures

Department of Culture and Information shall set up a council to define the value the relics and antiquities that are returned by organizations or individuals.

The Ministry of Culture and Information shall set up a council to define the value of national treasures that are returned by organizations or individuals.

Funding for the compensation of the costs associated with the discovery, preservation and rewards for organizations and individuals who discover and return relics, antiquities and national treasures, shall be allocated from the state budget according to the decision by heads of ministries, sectors and the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee of the locality where the relics, antiquities and national treasures are received and preserved.

The representative of the state museum that receives and preserves the relics, antiquities and national treasures shall have the responsibility to present the amount of the reward money to the organizations or individuals who discover and hand over the relics, antiquities and national treasures in accordance with the decision of the head of the relevant ministry, sector or the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee as specified in Item 2 of this article.

Within 30 days of receipt of the relics, antiquities and national treasures handed over by organizations or individuals or at the completion of the archeological search and excavations, the competent agencies for culture and information will set up an evaluation council to define the value of the relics, antiquities and national treasures concerned.

The presentation of the reward money to organizations or individuals who discover and voluntarily hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be done within 30 days of the completion of the evaluation report on the value of the relics, antiquities and national treasures by the evaluation council.

Chapter IX

Enforcement Provisions Article 55. Time of entry into force

This Decree shall enter into force 15 days after its signing. All previous provisions in contradiction to this Decree shall be superseded. Article 56. Guidance and enforcement of the Decree

The Minister of Culture and Information shall have the responsibility to guide and inspect the enforcement of this Decree.

Ministers, heads of ministerial agencies, Government agencies, the chair of provincial and centrally-run people’s committees shall have the responsibility to enforce this Decree.

On behalf of the Government Prime Minister

Phan Van Khai



MINISTRY OF CULTURE

________ No.313-VH/VP

THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom – Happiness Hanoi, 28th April 1962

MINISTER OF CULTURE

Implementing Decree 519-TTg dated 29th October 1957 by Prime Minister on relic

conservation; Pursuant to report and proposal of Department of Conservation and Museum on

ranking/classifying relics and natural beauty; To satisfy urgent requirement for management on national cultural relics while preventing

any risks to construction of new buildings in the social republic period;

DECIDES

Article 1. Officially ranking 62 relics and natural spots as national relics and natural beauties (the first period), which locates in provinces, cities, regions under special protection according to State Law throughout the nation (list of relics and natural spots is attached)

Article 2. The protection zones of these relics and natural spots consist of two sub-zones: the protection sub-zones 1 and 2.

The sub-protection zone 1 covers the relic or natural spot, which is put under special

protection provisions. It is forbidden to use, damage or having behavior posing danger to historical and architectural values of the relic and natural spot.

The protection zone 2 covers the area surrounding the relic or natural spot. Any organizations or individuals who wish to conduct activities at this area, shall receive permission from Department of Culture. Department of Culture shall submit to Ministry of Culture for approval.

Article 3. All of above mentioned relics and natural spots are under management of Departments and Services of Culture in locals where them locates in, basing on professional guide of Department of Conservation and Museum of Culture Ministry according to Decree 519-TTg dated 29th October 1957 by Prime Minister.

Article 4. Protection of relics and natural spots are common responsibilities of administrative agencies of all level. People’s Committee of all level are in charge of providing Services, Departments of Culture and organizations directly managing relics and natural spots with detailed guide; developing plan for keeping relics and natural spots under control and good protection as well as opening to public.

Article 5. The relics and natural beauties were contemporarily ranked in Circular 1060-VP/NC dated 27th July 1959 by Ministry of Culture, shall continue to be in force.

Article 6. All provisions provided in previous Circulars, Instructions on ranking relics and natural spots that are against this Decision shall be revoked.

Article 7. Chief of Culture Ministry Secretariat, Administrative Committee of all level, Services, Departments of Culture of provinces, cities and regions and Department of Conservation and Museum of Culture Ministry are responsible for implementing this Decision.

MINISTER OF CULTURE (signed) Hoang Minh Giam



LIST OF HISTORICAL RELICS AND LANDCAPES OFFICIAL RANKING STAGE 1

(Attached to Decision No. 313-VH/VP on April 28, 1962 the Ministry of Culture) HANOI 1. Co Loa Citadel Complex, Belong to Quyet Tam and Viet Hung communes, Dong Anh district. 2. One Pillar Pagoda (Dien Huu pagoda), Chua Mot Cot street, of Ba Dinh district. 3. Temple of Literature, Quoc Tu Giam Street, Dong Da district. 4. Voi Phuc Temple, Thu Le village, Tu Liem district. 5. Lang pogoda, Lang village, Tu Liem district. 6. Tran Quoc Pagoda, Thanh Nien street, Ba Dinh district. 7. Quan Thanh Temple, Thanh Nien street, Ba Dinh district. 8. Hai Ba Temple (Trung Trac, Trung Nhi), Dong Nhan street, Hai Ba district. 9. Lien Phai pogada, Bach Mai street, Hai Ba district. 10. Hoang Cao Khai Complex, Thai Ha hamlet, Dong Da district. 11. Dong Da area, Thai Ha hamlet, Dong Da district. 12. Kim Lien Pagoda (Nghi Tam pagoda), An Quang commune, Tu Liem district. HAI PHONG 13. Trang Kenh Rocky area, Minh Duc commune, Thuy Nguyen district. 14. Kenh Temple (Nhan Tho temple), Le Chan street, Hai Phong. HONG QUANG 15. Ha Long Bay Complex, near the Hon Gai town, Bai Chay and Cam Pha. 16. The complex of Temple and the Mausoleums of Tran dynasty, An Binh village, Dong Trieu district. SON TAY 17. Thay Pagoda and Sai Son rocky area, Hoang Xa, Phuong Cach, Quoc Oai District. 18. Tay Phuong Pagoda, Thach Xa commune, Thach That district. 19. Chu Quyen Temple, Chu Minh commune, Quang Cat district. HA DONG 20. Hoang Xa Temple,Van Dinh town, Ung Hoa district. 21. Tram Pagoda, Long Chau village, Phung Chau Commune, Chuong My district. 22. Tram Gian Pagoda, Tien Lu village, Tien Phuong commune, Chuong My district. 23. Huong Pagoda and Huong Son area, Huong Son commune, My Duc district. BAC NINH 24. The Phat Tich Pagoda (Van Phuc Pagoda), Phat Tich commune, Tien Du district.



25. Dau Pagoda (Khuong Tu Pagoda), Khuong Tu village, Thuan Thanh district. 26. But Thap pagoda (Ninh Phuc pagoda), Dinh To Commune, Thuan Thanh district. 27. Dinh Bang Temple, Dinh Sang village, Tu Son district. HUNG YEN 28. Da Hoa Temple, Binh Linh commune, Khoai Chau district. 29. Binh Dan Temple of Literature, Binh Dan commune, Khoai Chau district (now Tan Dan commune, Chau Giang district). HAI DUONG 30. Kiep Bac Temple, Hung Dao commune, Chi Linh district. 31. Con Son Pagoda, Cong Hoa commune, Chi Linh district. 32. Kinh Chu cave, Pham Lenh commune, Kim Mon district. HA NAM 33. Kem Trong mount, Doan Vy village, Thanh Mai commune, Thanh Liem district. 34. Van Xa Commune House, Van Xa commune, Ly Nhan district. NAM DINH 35. Flag Column, the Quarter III, Nam Dinh city. 36. Thien Truong Temple, Loc Vuong commune, suburb of Nam Dinh City. 37. Co Trach Temple, Loc Vuong commune, suburb of Nam Dinh City. 38. Pho Minh Pagoda (Thap pagoda), Xuan Hong commune, Xuan Truong district. 39. Keo Pagoda, Xuan Khu commune, Xuan Truong district. NINH BINH 40. Duc Thuy mountain (Non Nuoc), Ninh Binh town. 41. Canh Dieu Mountain (Jade lady), Ninh Binh town. 42. Complex of Truong Yen Mountain and the temples of Dinh King and Le King, Gia Truong commune, Gia Khanh district. 43. Thien Ton grotto, Ninh My commune, Gia Khanh district. THANH HOA 44. Thieu Duong and Dong Son sites, Dong Giang, Dong Cuong communes (Dong Son district) and Thieu Tan, Thieu Khanh, Thieu Duong communes (Thieu Hoa district). 45. The Ho Citadel, Vinh Long and Vinh Tien communes, Vinh Loc district. 46. Lam Son Complex, Xuan Lam commune, Tho Xuan district. 47. Sam Son Complex, Quang Son commune, Quang Xuong district. KIEN AN 48. Voi Mountain, Xuan Son Mountain and Vo Mountain, Truong Thanh, An Tien, An Thang and Bac Ha communes, An Lao district. 49. Cung Chuc Commune House, Trung Lap commune, Vinh Bao district.



THAI BINH 50. Keo Pagoda (Than Quang Pogada), Vu Nghia commune, Vu Tien district. 51. An Co Temple, An Thuy commune, Thuy Anh, Thai Thuy District. PHU THO 52. Hung King Temple, Hy Cuong commune, Lam Thao district. VINH PHUC 53. Binh Son Tower (Then Tower), Tam Son commune, Lap Thach district. 54. Soc Son Temple shrines, Ve Linh commune, Da Phuc district (now belongs to Hanoi). HA TINH 55. Nguyen Du’s shrines complex, Tien Dien village, Nghi Xuan district. NGHE AN 56. Dung Quyet Mountain and Phuong Hoang Trung Do complex, Vinh town. 57. Thanh Lam Mountain, Hung Nguyen district. 58. Thien Nhan Mountain and Luc Nien citadel, Huong Son district (Ha Tinh) and Nam Dan district (Nghe An). AUTONOMOUS OF THAI MEO 59. Son La Prison House, Son La. 60. Dien Bien Phu battle field, Dien Bien. LANG SON 61. Chi Lang Mountain, Ba Chau district. 62. Tam Thanh and To Thi Mountains, the Lang Son town.

Hanoi, 28th April, 1962 MINISTER OF CULTURE

(Signed and stamped)

Hoang Minh Giam



THE PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE THANH HOA PROVINCE

THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom – Happiness

No: 2264/QĐ-UBND --------- Thanh Hoa, 30th July 2007

DECISION

On the Establishment of Management Board for the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage

Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province

- Pursuant to Law on the organization of the people’s committee and people’s council

dated 26th November 2003; - Pursuant to Law on Cultural Heritage dated 29th June 2003; - Pursuant to Decision No. 1706/2001/QĐ-BVHTT dated 24th July 2001 by Minister

for Culture and Information on the approval of the general planning of conservation and promotion of values of cultural and historical relics and scenic spots until 2020;

- Pursuant to Decision No. 313-VH/VP dated 28th July 1962 by Minister for Culture and Information on the recognition of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel (located in Vinh Long and Vinh Tien Communes) as national heritage;

- Pursuant to Circular No 02/2005/TTLT/BVHTT-BNV dated 21st January 2005 by Ministry for Culture and Information and Ministry of Interior Affairs on functions, rights and obligations, and organization of expert agencies at the service of the people’s committee to do public management of culture and information at local level;

- Pursuant to Decision No 685/2007/QD-UBND dated 2nd March 2007 by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province on the issuance of the regulations on delegation and decentralization of administration of the public apparatus and servants;

- In the consideration of the propositions of the Director of Cultural and Information Department of Thanh Hoa Province in the Proposal No. 427/TTr-SVHTT-TC dated 18th May 2007; and of the Director of Home Affairs Department in the Proposal No. 347/TTr-SNV dated 20th July 2007;

Decides

Article 1: Set up the Management Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel

Heritage under the Cultural and Information Department of Thanh Hoa Province. The Board is a public-service-delivering agency which has legal status, stamp, and

bank account at the State Treasury. Its headquarters is located at the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage area in Vinh

Loc District. Article 2: Functions and tasks of the Board: Assisting Director of the Cultural and Information Department to manage and promote

the cultural values of the heritage, Managing, protecting and preserving the cultural heritage of the Ho Dynasty’s

Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics, Conserving, restoring and repairing the property on the basis of the assignments of the

competent authorities,



Organizing, guiding, and giving instruction on the festival activities and tourism in the area of the heritage,

Doing research, exploiting, and promoting the cultural values of the heritage, Preparing the nomination dossier of the property for inscription of the heritage on the

world cultural heritage list. Article 3: Organization and Personnel of the Board: The Board is composed of one Director of the Board, one Deputy Director and a

number of specialists. Personnel of the Board are included in the personnel of the cultural and information

service, allocated annually by Chairman of the People’s Committee. The specific number of staff members is decided by Director of the Cultural and Information Department on the basis of its specific needs and workloads at different times.

Director of the Cultural and Information Department is responsible for the implementation of the establishment of Management Board in conformity with the current regulations of the state and provincial authorities.

Article 4: This decision takes effect since the signature date. Director General of the General Office of the Provincial People’s Committee, Director

of Home Affairs Department, Director of the Cultural and Information Department, and heads of different agencies are responsible for the execution of this decision./.

Recipients: As stipulated in the article 4; Director and Vice Directors of the People’s Committee, Archives

CHAIRMAN (Signed) Nguyen Van Loi





No: 2298/QĐ-UBND --------- Thanh Hoa, 2nd August 2007

DECISION On Promulgation of Regulation on the Management, Protection and Promotion

of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District – Thanh Hoa Province

_______

CHAIRMAN OF THE PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF THANH HOA PROVINCE

- Pursuant to Law on the organization of the people’s committee and people’s council dated 26th November 2003;

- Pursuant to Law on Cultural Heritage in 2001; - Pursuant to the Government’s Ordinance No 92/2002/ND-CP dated 11th November

2002 on the implementation of provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage; - Pursuant to Decision No 05/2003/QD-BVHTT dated 6th February 2003 by Minister

for Culture and Information on the issuance of the Statute on conservation, repair, and restoration of cultural and historical relics and beauty spots;

- In consideration of the proposition of Director of the Cultural and Information Department in the Proposal No 647/TTr-SVHTT dated 9th July 2007;

Decides Article 1: Enclosed with this decision is the Regulation on Management, Protection

and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District – Thanh Hoa Province.

Article 2: This decision takes effect since the signature date. Article 3: Director General of General Office of the People’s Committee of Thanh

Hoa Province, Director of the Cultural and Information Department, Director of the Planning and Investment Department, Director of the Construction Department, Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Department, Director of the Tourism Department, Director of the Trade Department, Director of the Home Affairs Department, Director of the Justice Department; Chairmen of the People Committees of Vinh Loc, Yen Dinh, Cam Thuy, Tho Xuan, and other communes where relics are located in and relevant agencies and persons in charge bear responsibilities to implement this Decision./.

PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF THANH HOA PROVINCE

CHAIRMAN (Signed)

NGUYEN VAN LOI




The Socialist Republic of Vietnam Independence – Freedom – Happiness

_____ ---------

THE REGULATION Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel

Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province

(Issued together with Decision No. 2298/QD – UBND dated 02nd August, 2007 by The Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province)

_______

Chapter 1 General Regulations

Article 1: Sphere and object of the Statute:

1. The Statute defines specific sphere of protective area of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics in Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province.

2. Every organization, every agency and every citizen are responsible and obligated to manage, protect and promote the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics.

3. Every organization, every agency and every citizen are encouraged to contribute intellectually, physically and financially to conserving, repairing, restoring and promoting the values of the historical and cultural relic of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics (thereafter called the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage).

Article 2: The Planning of the Protection Area (Pursuant to the Decision No 313-VH/VP dated 28th July 1962 by Minister for Culture and Information recognizing the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as the national heritage)

1. The area of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage is encompassed of the Protection Area I and Protection Area II:

a. Protection Area I is defined from the outer edge of moat inward, including:

architectural monuments, landscapes of the Inner City and the area outside the Inner City and inside the moat, and the moat.

- The Inner City covers an area of 769.086 square meters in total, bounded from the

frontage of the stone walls, gates and the whole inner area behind the wall. It is now under the administrative authority of Vinh Long commune and Vinh Tien commune. To the South: the area is bordered from frontage of the stone wall which is 883.5 meters long (the South Gate is at the centre of this wall), located now in the Vinh Tien commune inward to the Inner City area.



To the North: the area is delimited from frontage of the stone wall which is 883.5 meters long (the North Gate is at the centre of this wall) and now located in the Vinh Tien commune, inward to the Inner City. To the East: The area is bounded from facade of the stone wall which is 870.5 meters long (the East Gate is at the centre of this wall), encompassing Binh Khuong Temple which is located in the Dong Mon hamlet, Vinh Long commune, inward to the Inner City. To the West: The area is bounded from frontage of the stone wall which is 870.5 meters long (the West Gate is at the centre of this wall) located in the Vinh Tien commune, inward to the Inner City.

- The area outside the Inner City and inside the moat is delimited from the feet of four stone walls (the eastern, the western, the southern, and the northern) outward to the inner edge of the moat (the eastern, the western, the southern, and the northern) and the whole area of the Binh Khuong Temple in the Dong Mon Village, Vinh Long Commune.

- The moat is the second architectural circle of the Ho-Dynasty Citadel Relics (after La

Thanh). The moat is the water trench ditched around the stone walls in the all four directions in order to directly protect the inner city.

b. Protection Area II:

This area is bounded from the outer edge of the moat (in the direction of stone walls and gates) outward. It has 500 meters length encompassing the common houses of Dong Mon hamlet and Tay Giai hamlet, the ancient house of Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung, villagers’ dwellings, transportation-irrigation works, and agricultural areas. To the East: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the Eastern moat outward, now located in Vinh Long commune. To the South: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the southern moat outward, located now in Vinh Tien commune and Vinh Yen commune. To the North: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the northern moat outward, now located in Vinh Tien commune and Vinh Yen commune. To the West: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the Western moat, located in Vinh Tien commune and Vinh Yen commune.

2. Adjoining monuments: a. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Dong Mon Village, Vinh Long

commune



b. The historical relic of Giang Pagoda (Tuong Van Pagoda) in Vinh Loc Town. c. The cultural-historical relic of Nhan Lo Pagoda in Vinh Thanh commune. d. The cultural-historical relic of Tran Khat Chan Temple in Vinh Thanh commune. e. The cultural-historical relic of the Nam Giao Altar in Vinh Thanh commune. f. The cultural-historical relic of My Dam Lake in Vinh Yen commune. g. The cultural-historical relic of Yen Ton mountain in Vinh Yen commune. h. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Yen Ton Thuong Village, Vinh Yen

commune. i. The cultural-historical relic of Nang Cave in Vinh Yen commune. j. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Tam Tong, Vinh Tien commune. k. The architecture and artistic relic of the ancient house of Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung in

Vinh Tien commune. l. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Tay Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien

commune. m. The cultural-historical relic of Linh Giang Pagoda in Vinh Tien commune. n. La Thanh (Earthern wall) of the Ho-Dynasty Citadel relic.

Area I and Area II of adjoining monuments are protected according to the heritage preservation maps approved by competent authorities in compliance with Law on Cultural Heritage and its implementation instructions. Article 3: Principles of management, protection and development of relic values

1. Guarantee of the originality and the sustainability of any structures of the heritage. 2. Management and protection of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage should be

linked to environment protection, and the conservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritages.

3. Conservation of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel heritage must be coupled with the development in a way to not only ensure sustainability and stability, but also make full use of the strengths of the heritage in the service of socio-economic development of the province.

Chapter II:

Specific Regulations Article 4: In Protection Area I:

1. In Area I, it is forbidden: - To grazing cattle and poultry, dump industrial, agricultural, and daily life waste that

may damage the landscapes and environment of the heritage. - To use the space of the heritage to dry and preserve agricultural products, construction

materials and others to serve daily life demands. - To circulate motor-driven vehicles, simple carriages and cattle-driven carriages in

Area I (except under special circumstances with permission by the Management Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage or by the People’s Committee of the Vinh Loc district).

- To illegally explore and excavate illegally artifacts and antiques in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics.




2. Beside complying with stipulations of Item 1 of this Article, organizations, agencies, and individuals have to abide by specific stipulations as follows:

a. In the area of the Inner City: - It is forbidden for organizations, agencies, and individuals to intervene in any form

without permission to affect the architecture and landscape of the Inner City, such as leveling the ground, building up works, digging ponds or lakes, and exploiting soil and stone.


b. In the area outside the Inner City and inside the moat: - It is prohibited to build up construction works, houses, and huts used to watch crops as

well as farms to raise poultry and cattle which could damage the heritage’s architecture, environment and landscape.

- It is forbidden to dig up lakes and ponds, and plant perennials without planning approved by the competent authorities.

c. The area of the moat: - It is forbidden to level up the surface of the moat to build up houses and farms,

cultivate, plant perennials, and construct irrigation systems. The present state of the area leveled up in the past (where is used to cultivate now) must be maintained.

- It is strictly forbidden to use water bodies of the moat to produce aquatic products and raise water-birds.

Article 5: In Protection Area II: 1. Households, organizations, agencies located in this area, when building up new works

or repairing or upgrading their houses or offices, must abide by the stipulations of the Law on Cultural Heritage and Construction Law, .




Article 6: Adjoining relics 1. La Thanh (Earthen Wall): La Thanh must be managed and protected in its present state as stipulated in the Law on Cultural Heritage. Presently, several sections of La Thanh have remained in good shape in the administrative boundaries of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc communes. The Cultural and Information Department, together with the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District and competent agencies, the People’s Committees of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc communes to set up scientific profile to make management, protection, and coordination in line with the Law on Cultural Heritage.



2. Nam Giao Altar The Altar is an extremely important monument associated with the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage. The protection area of the Citadel Heritage amounts to 43,264.7 square meters of which Protection Area I (inviolable area) covers 30,069 square meters and Protection Area II 13,195.7 square meters. The protection area of the Nam Giao Altar is located in the administrative region of the People’s Committees of Vinh Loc Town and Vinh Thanh Commune. Hereafter are specific regulations on management and protection of this Altar: a. It is prohibited to bury dead people and build graves; dump industrial, agricultural, and

daily-life wastes; put up architectural works, farms, transportation and irrigation systems; dig lakes, ponds, and wells; graze cattle and plant perennials against approved plans (within the protection areas of the Nam Giao Altar and Don Son mountain), which damage the foundation, environment and landscape of these areas.

b. Organizations and individuals are forbidden to explore and to excavate illegally in any

form to search for artifact, natural resources and architectural materials in the protection areas.

c. Other adjoining relics not governed by this statute must be managed and protected by

law on the basis of the map of protection area of each relic which was approved by competent authorities.

Article 7: Regulations on planting and trimming trees in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics:

1. It is encouraged to plant verdurous trees to defend the existing construction works in the Protection Area II of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics. The plantation in this area must be in line with the planning approved by competent authorities.

2. It must be permitted by the Management Board or the People’s Committee of Vinh

Loc commune to cut down, trim up roots and branches of perennials which are likely to break down, causing accidents and damages to the monuments of the protection area, Protection Area I.

3. The verdurous spaces and gardens of every historical, cultural relic and landscape in

the protection areas must be protected and preserved. Scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of the heritage must best preserve these verdurous spaces.

Article 8: Regulations on discovery and handling of the items of Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics

1. In Protection Area II which is inhabited, during construction of civil works (houses, roads, irrigation systems, and etc.), if artifacts and antiques are discovered, the owners



must stop the execution and report it to the Management Board or the local People’s committees.

2. When organizations and individuals uncover artifacts related to the Ho Dynasty’s

Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics, they have to report and hand them over to the Management Board or the local people’s committees immediately. The Management Board then has to report to the competent state authorities to reward those organizations and individuals for the handed-over items (the current state and location of the relevant items should be maintained)

Article 9: Regulations on scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics:

1. The scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration must be in conformity with Law on Cultural Heritage, Construction Law, Decision No.05/2003/QD-BVHTT dated 6/2/2003 by Minister for Culture and Information on the issuance of statutes on conservation, improvement and restoration of historical and cultural relics, and scenic spots; General Planning of Conservation, Restoration and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics.

2. Approved scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of

monuments in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics must report to the Culture and Information Department in writing in the service of guidance, monitoring, and supervision. If wrongdoings are found, the process must be stopped and reported to Thanh Hoa People’s Committee and Ministry of Culture and Information to ask for guidance.

Article 10: The fund for conservation, improvement, restoration and promotion of the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics:

1. The fund for conservation, improvement, restoration and promotion of the heritage value is contributed by voluntarily organizations and individuals; and extracted from state budget.

2. The fund aims at conserving, improving, and restoring relics of the Ho Dynasty’s

Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics.

Chapter III Organization of Implementation

Article 11: Obligations of the Thanh Hoa Cultural and Information Department

1. The Cultural and Information Department is responsible for assisting the Provincial people’s committee to comprehensively administratively manage conservation of cultural heritages in the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics in Vinh Loc district; organizing and coordinating with relevant bodies and the



people’s committee of Vinh Loc District to implement successfully management, protection and promotion of the value of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics in line with Law on Cultural Heritage.

2. The Management and Conservation Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel

Heritage subordinate to the Cultural and Information Department is responsible for managing, protecting, exploiting and to promote the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics .

Article 12: Obligations of the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc:

The people’s committee of Vinh Loc is responsible for coordinating with the Cultural and Information Department to implement assignments by the provincial people’s committee to manage, to protect, to exploit and to promote the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics, guide the relevant communal people committees to coordinate with the Management Board to protect heritage within their administrative areas as stipulated in this Statute and other legal regulations. Article 13: Obligations of the people’s committees in the communes and towns where relics are located:

The people’s committees of communes and towns are responsible for coordinating with the Management Board to protect and to prevent violations which damage architecture of landscapes and protection areas in the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics. Upon receiving information on any violation of those relics, the committees should take measure to immediately prevent and protect, and promptly report to the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District and the Cultural and Information Department.

Chapter IV Reward and Punishment

Article 14: Reward

Organizations and individuals who have an excellent record of management, protection and promotion of values of the heritage as stipulated in this Statute, will be rewarded in line with the State’s regulations. Article 15: Punishment

Organizations, individuals who violate this Statute will be administratively or criminally punished on the basis of severity of the violation and of legal regulations.



Chapter V Execution Provision

Article 16: Any previous regulations on management, protection and promotion of the value of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics against this statute are abolished.

During the execution of this Statute, if any issue arises, the provincial people’s committee must be informed to promptly consider appropriate amendment or supplement of the Statute.

PP. CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN

Signed

Vuong Van Viet



THANH HOA PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITEE DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT BOARD OF RELICS AND BEAUTY SPOTS

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom - Happiness

-------------------------------------

MINUTES OF THE LOCALIZATION OF PROTECTED AREA FOR THE INNER CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

Vinh Tien - Vinh Long commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province Pursuant to the Cultural Heritage Law by the National Assembly of Socialist Republic

of Vietnam passed on June 29, 2001. President signed Decree No. 09/2001/L-CTN on July 12, 2001.

Pursuant to Decree No. 92/2002/ND - CP on 11th November, 2002 issued by Government shall detail the implementation of some articles of the Heritage Law.

Pursuant to Decision No. 313VH/VP on 28th April, 1962 of the Minister of Culture (the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism) on the recognition of National historic and culture.

Pursuant to the Regulation on Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District – Thanh Hoa Province (issued under the Decision 2298/QD-UBND, dated 02/8/2007 by the presidents Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee).

On this day of 17th August 2009, a meeting with the participation of the representatives of:

- Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee

- Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism - Thanh Hoa provincial Department of Natural Resources – Environment

- Vinh Loc District People's Committee - Relic and Landscape Management Board

- Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information - Vinh Loc Division of Natural Resources – Environment

- Vinh Tien Communal People's Committee - Vinh Long Communal People's Committee

Held at the meeting hall of Ho Citadel Management Board to discuss on localized protect heritage core area.

All participants in the conference have agreed the following issues: I. Evaluation of Relic value (Summary of historic contents and cultural values of the

relic site) The Ho Citadel was built in 1397 by Ho Quy Ly with the aim of moving capital to

change the monarchy, and prepared to deal with the Ming invaders. In 1400, Ho Quy Ly



throne founded the Ho Dynasty (1400-1407), the Tay Do became the capital of the Dai Ngu. Besides the role as a capital, Ho citadel is a work of the military's defense impregnable. Its architecture and building materials was assessed "is one of the most beautiful architecture in Vietnam" (L.Bezacie, Vietnamese Art).

With historical value, particularly important of architecture, Ho Citadel has been ranked by Ministry of Culture as the Relics and Cultural history of the National in 1962. At present, the Ho Citadel directed by the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to concerned authorities to build dossiers science is nominated UNESCO world cultural heritage.

II. Regulations of heritage core protection area: Based on the relic site value as mentioned above, the meeting agreed on the need to set

up a protection zone of Ho Citadel cultural heritage core area to serve the management, protection and prohibit all invasive.

Core areas: Protection area I consists of the relic. This area is inviolable. All remaining original factors such as location, technical material, type, nuance, lay-out, colour, including decorative details and movables of the relic should be preserved. Any move of location, change or addition of any new status quo of the relic, in spite of the smallest things, must be rigidly prohibited.

This area has 1.412.621m2 (142,262.1 hectares), including the whole inner city area and a stone outer area (the Eastern, Western, Southern, Northern). This area defined as follows:

The West: Next to adjacent road Tay Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, including land plot No. 965/250; 1109/2283; 1054/2423; 982/1278; 1020/209; 981/342; 947/274; 916/343 ; 884/482; 817/505; 816/482; 743/704; 707/547; 668/298; 626/836; 541/474; 502/203; 460/217; 459/203; 424/292; 390 / 225; 357/503; 325/571; 292/655; 248/585; 211/520; 177/510; 143/553; 117/433; 77/406; 46/428; 6/448 (map sheet No. 8, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-8). 808/203; 775/196; 742/192; 741/205; 710/205; 687/811; 663/660; 662/293; 641/642; 640/674; 620/774; 603/503; 602 / 229; 581/521; a plot 565/911; a plot 547/608; a plot 142/589 (sheet map No 4, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw on June 2001, check on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-4); a plot 565/911; 145/167; a plot 547/608; a plot 142/589 (3 map sheets, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1 / 2000, which draw in June / 2001, check on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-3).

The East: next to road adjoining the East Gate, Vinh Long commune in the land plot No: 80/264; 77/3711 (map sheet No25, map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw on March 2002, check on December 2002, approved December 30, 2002, signs 227482-25) 1434/6338; 1328/768; 1314/876; 1303/630; 1273/838; 1248/361; 1216 / 365; 1215/328; 1188/572; 1159/786; 1121/1703; 1450/33242; 916/411; 880/348; 849/309; 815/585; 755/884; 721/432; 692/442 ; 663/295; 662/292; 636/317; 635/304; 611/339; 587/301; 586/316; 558/297; 524/400; 417/568; 312/66 (map sheet No 21 , map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, on test in December 2002, approved December 30, 2002, signs 227482-21).



The North: Next to the road that borders of Tien Vinh and Vinh Long commune in the land plots No: a plot 142/589 (map sheet No 3, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which drawing in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-3); 537/747; 538/562; 539/659; 524/603; 525/508; 526/580 ; 510/659; 511/745; 512/315; 494/656; 495/588; 496/588; 485/635; 486/498; 487/611; 472/314; 473/694; 474/345; 457 / 763; 458/375; 448/1178; 424/9163; 387/345; 327/5035; 253/1582; a plot 273/25441; 152/873 (map sheet No 4, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-4).

The South: Next to bordering of internal roads of Vinh Tien, the land plot No: 1130/20527; 1086/245; 1087/293; 1088/294; 1089/299; 1090/398; 1057/568; 1058 / 441; 1059/306; 1080/283; 1061/251; 1062/240; 1063/242; 1030/311; 1031/301; 1032/257; 1033/309; 1034/341; 1035/299; 1036/297; 1037/317; 992/312; 993/245; 994/273; 995/295; 996/286; 997/437; 998/448; 999/291; 960/370; 961/304; 962/294; 963 / 414; 964/265; 965/250; 966/275; 967/350; 928/385; 929/255; 930/256; 931/267; 932/550; 933/220; 896/272; 897/283; 898/551; 899/274; 900/319; 901/380 ( Map sheet No. 8, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-8); 402/389; 403/964; 378/610; 349/663; 278/751; 279/324; 280/388; 281/342; 282/231; 283/250; 284/316; 285/190; 286/237; 287/373; 243/207; 244/278; 245/280; 246/301; 217/642; 218/654; 219/261; 220 / 325; 221/389; 198/408; 190/393; 191/563; 192/424; 176/284; 168/715; 169/375; 170/637; 171/266; 149/346; 150/395; 151/488; 131/512; 132/363; 133/551; 134/617; 135/408; 110/301; 111/328; 112/311; 113/701; 114/304; 97/440; 115 / 281; 98/236; 99/224; 77/7244 (map sheet No 9, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved 12 / December 2001, signs 223483-9); a plot 80/264 (map sheet No 25, map of Vinh Long, scale of 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, checks in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-25).

The minutes were adopted by the signing of the delegates participated in the conference as below:

1. Vinh Long Communal People's Committee

2. Vinh Tien Communal People's Committee 3. Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information

4. Vinh Loc Division of Natural Resources - Environment 5. Relic and Landscape Management Board

6. Vinh Loc district People's Committee 7. Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism

8. Thanh Hoa provincial Department of Natural Resources - Environment 9. Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee





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MINUTES OF THE LOCALIZATION OF PROTECTED AREA FOR THE NAM GIAO ALTAR

Vinh Thanh Commune, Vinh Loc District , Thanh Hoa Province

Pursuant to the Cultural Heritage Law dated 29th June 2001 promulgated by the Government;

Pursuant to the Decree No. 92/2002/ N§ - CP dated 11st November 2002 issued by the Government.

On this day of 09 February 2007, a meeting with the participation of the representatives of:

Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee; Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information;

Thanh Hoa Provincial Relics and Landscape Management Board; Vinh Loc District People’s Committee;

Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information; Vinh Loc District Department of Natural Resources and Environment;

Vinh Thanh Communal People’s Committee; and Vinh Loc Town People’s Committee.

Held at the conference room of Vinh Loc District People’s Committee to discuss the ranking of the Nam Giao Altar relic site.

All participants in the conference have agreed the following issues: I. Evaluation of Relic Value: (Summary of historic contents and cultural value of the

relic site) Based on the historical records and the results of archaeological survey and excavation

on June to July 2004 of the Vietnam Institute of Archaeology and Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information, some issues on the size and architecture of the Nam Giao Altar relic site at Don Son mountain, Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province are clarified. The relic site is about two hectares wide and its foundation is still clear. From the archaeological surveys and excavations, some artifacts in earth’s womb show abundance and a great value on cultural study of the Tran – Ho period in Thanh Hoa in particular and in the whole country in general. In some archaeologists’ judgment, up to now/ so far this site has been the oldest and the most undamaged relic of Nam Giao Altar type found in Vietnam. It is obvious that the Nam Giao Altar relic in Tay Do is a special site in national architectural heritages and it is very necessary to be preserved and brought into play.



II. Regulations of relic protection area Based on the relic site value as above mentioned, we agree that all measures should be taken to preserve this site. In the short term, the relic protection area should be localized to prevent any violation.

Protection area I Protection area I consists of the relic. This area is inviolable. All remaining original

factors such as location, technical material, type, nuance, lay-out, colour, including decorative details and movables of the relic should be preserved. Any move of location, change or addition of any new status quo of the relic, in spite of the smallest things, must be rigidly prohibited.

This area combining the whole Nam Giao Altar relic site and surroundings covers 30069.0m2 in area, including land plots No. 5/17435.6; 6/5550.4; 7/1507.8; 8/515.8; 9/284.1; 11/663.6; 12/368.4; 13/671.0 (Map No. 10, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); Land plots No. 7/217.1; 8/336.9; 9/376.8; 10/481.8 (Map No. 12, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); Plots No. 404/3703; 456/592; 476/343; 475/586; 499/885; 498/487 and a part of the plot No. 500/1058 (Map No. 9, Vinh Thanh commune land survey map approved in October 2003); and the remaining area of the Area I is in Dun mountain (Localized Area I, Maps 1/500 and 1/1.000).

Protection area II Protection area II is a buffer zone bordering on the protection area I of 13.195 m2 in area, including land plots No. 316.0; 5/347.9; 6/220.7; 13/361.3; 14/292.3; 11/516.3; 12/482.6 (Map No. 12, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); A part of the plots No. 4/4029.7; 5/17435.6 (Map No. 10, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); Plots No. 498/487.0; 526/447.0; 527/710.0; A part of the plot No. 500/1058.0 (Map No. 9, Vinh Thanh commune land survey map approved in October 2003); and the remaining area of the Area II is in Dun mountain (Localized Area I, Maps 1/500 and 1/1.000).

III. Recommendations The whole conference agree to kindly request Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s

Committee and the Ministry of Culture and Information to study, consider, and make a decision on ranking the Nam Giao Altar Relic Site at Don Son mountain, Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province as a historical –cultural architectural and archaeological relic site.

This Minutes is adopted by all participants in the conference to be signed in their respective names below: 1- Specialized agencies at central and local level (Thanh Hoa province) 2- District (Town) People’s Committee and Department of Culture and Information.

3- Party Committee, People’s Committee, Fatherland Front, and Department of Culture and Information at Communal (ward) level.

IV. Confirmed by relevant agencies 1- Vinh Thanh Communal People’s Committee (signed)



2- Vinh Loc Town People’s Committee (signed)

3- Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information (signed) 4- Vinh Loc District Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed)

5- Vinh Loc District People’s Committee (signed) 6- Thanh Hoa Provincial Relics and Landscape Management Board (signed)

7- Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information (signed) 8- Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed)

9- Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee (signed)





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MINUTES OF THE LOCALIZATION OF PROTECTED AREA FOR THE LA

THANH OUTER WALL Vinh Long Commune, Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province

Pursuant to the Cultural Heritage Law by the National Assembly of Socialist Republic

of Vietnam passed on June 29, 2001. President signed Decree No. 09/2001/L-CTN on July 12, 2001.



Pursuant to the Management Regulation, Security, Promoting the value of relics of the Ho Citadel and the surrounding monuments at Vinh Loc district (issued under Decision 2298/QD-UBND, dated 02/8/2007 of the presidents Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee).


- Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee - Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism - Thanh Hoa provincial Department of Natural Resources – Environment - Vinh Loc District People's Committee - Relic and Landscape Management Board - Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information - Vinh Loc Division of Natural Resources – Environment - Vinh Long Communal People's Committee Held at the meeting hall of Ho Citadel Management Board to discuss on localized

protect heritage core area. All participants in the conference have agreed the following issues: I. Evaluation of Relic value (Summary of historic contents and cultural values of the

relic site) The Ho Imperial Citadel has been ranked by the Ministry of Culture as a National

Relics and Cultural history in 1962. Overall architecture of the Ho Imperial Citadel is visible to the internal and La Thanh. La Thanh is a outer ring of the inner capital, distant is about 2-3km, tasked with the curved river (Buoi River, Ma river) as defensive line for the internal security. The Dai Viet Chronicles have been recorded an events of the Ho Dynasty constructed the La Thanh as following: "September in Ky Mao (1399), Ho Quy Ly asked Tran Ninh courting people of Thanh Hoa county planting bamboo at the west of La Thanh, the south from Don Son, the north from An Ton to Bao Dam gate, the west from Kha Lang



market at Vuc Son to Loi Giang river, made a wall" (Dai Viet Chronicles, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, 1973, p. 227).

Over 600 years of existence, the La Thanh at Vinh Long commune is still preserved relatively intact. This part of La Thanh ensures conditions for the management, conservation, tourism and scientific research. La Thanh placement about 2km to the east from the Ho Imperial Citadel.

La Thanh is a part of the overall architecture of the ancient relics of the Ho Imperial Citadel. Therefore, the localized core protected area of La Thanh required to conservation planning and the overall architecture of this ancient capital.

II. Regulations of heritage core protection area: Based on the relic site value as mentioned above, the meeting agreed on the need to set

up a protection zone of La Thanh, a cultural heritage core area (belongs to Vinh Long commune) to serve the management, protection and prohibit all invasive.


This part of La Thanh has total of 86.400m2 (8.64 ha) with a length of 1137.26m, 50m wide on average runs east - west colonial administration of Vinh Long commune. This area is defined as follows:

The north of La Thanh (from the Highway No.45) of contiguous plots of land as follows: 388/603; 386/483; 344/461; 345/223; 346/243; 347/549 ; 348/696; 349/64; 339/1313; 338/945; 310/1309; 295/74; 294/771; 273/308; 274/436; 256/194; 232/3784; 221/1205; 189 / 2037; 199/119; 198/325; 169/1949; 168/1410; 143/608 121/4416 (map sheet No. 12, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, tested December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-12); the plot number 594/398; 593/419; 549/746; 553/390; 548/374; 547/289 ; 546/756; 513/345; 514/399; 504/367; 503/496; 502/744; 501/355; 500/762; 467/426; 499/187; 469/763; 470/417; 471/496; 455/861; 454/473; 453/460; 452/305; 451/399; 424/446; 425/379; 426/503; 428/1036; 399/277; 398/957; 376/1162 ; 349/391 378/819; 347/1146; 333/590; 334/212; 335/575; 336/1578; 311/625; 337/520; 309/1637; 300/1817; 301/1108; 265/1029; 320/79; 308/425 (map sheet 11, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, tested in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-11).

The south (from the Highway 45) of contiguous plots of land as follows: 428/358; 389/173; 426/821; 390/699; 391/645; 385/528 ; 384/572; 350/572; 351/281; 337/846; 336/464; 311/87; 312/972; 313/575; 293/684; 275/481; 255/289; 254/160; 253 / 451; 247/178; 249/548; 231/206; 229/536; 223/670; 197/255; 196/121; 195/142; 194/141; 192/426 (map sheet No.12, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, tested in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-12); the plot number: 671/311; 670 / 512; 669/1094; 638/689; 639/811; 636/423; 634/442; 596/361; 597/63; 599/805; 592/360; 554/774; 555/872; 545/658 ; 515/589; 496/492; 472/4476; 473/830; 474/958; 475/481; 449/870; 448/1019; 429/168; 430/162; 431/2339; 397/178; 396 / 183; 395/504; 379/120; 393/949; 380/538; 381/212; 345/266; 344/545; 343/1564 (map sheet No.11, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, test in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-11).




1. Vinh Long Communal People’s Committee (signed)

2. Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information (signed)

3. Vinh Loc District Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed) 4. Thanh Hoa Provincial Relics and Landscape Management Board (signed)

5. Vinh Loc District People's Committee (signed) 6. Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism (signed)

7. Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed) 8. Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee (signed)

Annex II: Archaeogical and Resarch Document Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Thanh Hoa, Vietnam

1 Nomination Dossier for Inscription in the World Heritage List

Annex II: Archaeological and Research Documents

CONTENTS

1. Brief report on the first excavation conducted at the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vinh Loc-Thanh Hoa)

2

2 Brief report on the excavation conducted at the South Gate of the Ho Citadel in 2008

18

3 Summary findings of three excavations at Nam Giao Altar site

(Thanh Hoa) 2004-2008 40



Brief report on the first excavation conducted at the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vinh Loc-Thanh Hoa)

Han Van Khan and Dang Hong Son

(University of Social Sciences and Humanity - Hanoi National University)

Introdution Ho Citadel is a stone citadel that stands on a basin between the Ma and the Buoi rivers

(20004'06'' - 20005'01'' North and 105026'23'' - 105037'00'' East). The historical monument is belonged and under administrative care of the Tay Giai, Xuan Giai hamlets (Vinh Tien commune) and Dong Mon hamlet (Vinh Long commune), Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Road No.217 that goes from Vinh Loc to Cam Thuy and Ba Thuoc crosses its northwest-southeast axis. Vinh Loc town is located about 1km to the southeast of its South Gate and Thanh Hoa city is about 44km away. About 3km to the south of the citadel is the Nam Giao Altar, and about 25km is the Ly Cung palace.

Ho citadel was built by Ho Quy Ly, the Prime Minister of the Tran Dynasty in the late

Tran period and played the role of the Dai Viet’s Imperial City from 1397 to 1407. After the Ho dynasty's was defeated by the Ming invaders, the citadel area was abandoned and left to ruin. Historically, the citadel was called by various names: An Ton (following the name of nearby mountain), Tay Do (means Western Capital), Tay Kinh (means Western Imperial Capital), Tay Giai (following the name of nearby village), Thach Thanh (means Stone Citadel), Thanh Nha Ho (means Citadel of the Ho Dynasty). Thanh Nha Ho is the most common name that will be used in this paper.

From old annals and monographs of the 20th century, some parts of the structure and

main architectural components of the citadel are described. In August 2004, the first excavation has been conducted by the Vietnamese and Japanese archaeologists from University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Hanoi National University) and Sowa University to study the cultural trata of this citadel. 4 trenches with a total area of 48.5 m2 were opened in a high ground that is locally called as Nen Vua (means the foundation of King). This area located in the center area of the citadel, on the right side of road No.217 which runs along the main axis from northwest to southeast direction. Four trenches are opened continually in east-west direction, signed as 04.TNH.H1, 04.TNH.H2, 04.TNH.H3 and 04.TNH.H4.

Main characteristic of the excavated trenches: Trench 04.TNH.H1 is opened in the area of 8m2, with the stratum of 1.30 - 1.40m

thick and fairly intact. However disturbed phenomenon is observed from the profile of the eastern wall. The stratum includes:

- Surface layer: 0,20m thick, cultivated soil mixed with fragments of brick and tile.

- Cultural layer: 1,00 - 1,20m thick, the remains of architectures unearthed from this layer. Notable vestiges are of two overlapping foundations which were paved with bricks, strengthening foundations for the column that constructed by rumpled brick-bat and titles.



- Virgil soil: fine yellowish clay

Trench 04.TNH.H2 is opened in the area of 12m2, with the stratum of. The stratum is about 0.50m thick and fairly intact.

- Surface layer: 0.20m thick, cultivated soil mixed with fragments of brick and tile.- Cultural layer: 0.30m thick; the remains of architectures unearthed from this layer. Notable vestiges includes brick-bat ramped layer, drainage constructed by thin rectangular brick, the stone-base decorated with lotus – petals, stone bar etc.

- Virgil soil: fine yellowish clay Trench 04.TNH.H3 is opened in the area of 23m2, with the stratum of 0.50m thick

and fairly intact. - Surface layer: 0.20m thick, cultivated soil mixed with fragments of brick and title.-

Cultural layer: 0.30m thick; the remains of architectures unearthed from this layer. Notable vestiges includes foundation paved with thin rectangular brick, brick-bat ramped layer, strengthening foundations for the column that constructed by ramped clay and gravel.

- Virgil soil: fine yellowish clay.

Trench 04.TNH.H4 is opened in the area of 5.5m2, with the stratum of 1.2m thick and fairly intact.

- Surface layer: 0.20m thick, cultivated soil mixed with fragments of brick and title.- Cultural layer: 1m thick; the remains of architectures which similar with other trenchs are unearthed from this layer.

- Virgil soil: fine yellowish clay

Main characteristic of artifacts Except the stone-base and a stone bar that are rebuilt in trench 04.TNH.H2, 19.024

artefacts and fragments (in larger number) are unearthed from the excavated trenchs. These include terra-cotta artifacts (mainly bricks and titles), stoneware, glazed pottery and iron nails.

- Terra-cotta wares: 18.686 sherds, including 16.427 broken tiles, 2.048 broken bricks, 166 sherds of architectural decoration.

- Stoneware: 199 sherds (only one Tang piece, the rest are Vietnamese) including varieties of pots, cans, jars and bowls.

- Glazed pottery: 128 potsherds (Vietnamese and Chinese) from various types of bowls, dishes, etc...

- Pottery: 12 household potsherds found. - Iron nails and nail-heads: 11 pieces.

Preliminary remarks: 5.1. The architectural vestiges and unearthed artifacts found in the first excavation

conducted at the Ho Citadel in 2004, are datable to a long time period, from the Tran dynasty (late 14th century) to the Le period (16th -17th centuries). The stratum of excavated trench H1 shows overlapped architectural layers. Many types of architectural materials are products of



Le period. They include tubular tiles with remaining cloth-lining traces, tile end in Bodhi-leaf shape; tile-ends with protruding-doted motif. In the later annals, it was written that after Ho Quy Ly and Ho Han Thuong were being arrested the Ming invaders destroyed the citadel. It fell to ruins. However, it is certain that throughout history it was still used as a fortress when there were mutinies and as a chief town in times of peace.

5.2. Many vestiges evidence the architectural style from the Tran dynasty (the 13th-14th centuries). They include pillar supporters that were built with gravels mixed with clay in trench H3 and others rammed with fragments of tiles and bricks and clay; floor-paving bricks decorated with chrysanthemum, lemon-flower or lotus motifs are found in the excavated trenches. The bricks printed with “Vinh Ninh Truong” characters (meaning Vinh Ninh factory) are also appeared from earlier period of the Tran dynasty. This situation may relate to the information from annals that Ho Quy Ly disassembled the Thuy Chuong palace from Thang Long Citadel to collect its materials to build the new imperial citadel.

5.3. The whole time necessary for preparation and constructing the citadel could not

have been of 3 months as informed by the annals. 3 months must have been the time to complete the main structures of the citadel (the stone walls and gates) and its main palaces. The construction of the new imperial city should be a process of years.

Ho Quy Ly had the intention of transferring the capital long before it actually happened. Building materials were well prepared, particularly thin bricks that had been prepared in many local places, as indicated by the place names on bricks. To the end of 1397, building materials removed from palaces in Thang Long citadel were transferred to Thanh Hoa to build the new citadel. In the following years, other works inside and outside the citadel were pursued, such as the construction of the Bao Thanh palace (1398), of the La Thanh Outer Wall (1399), of the Nam Giao Altar (1402); or the construction of the Dong Thai Mieu (Eastern Imperial Temple of the Ancestor) and Tay Thai Mieu (Western Imperial Temple of the Ancestor) in 1403.

The time for building the citadel could not have been 3 months, but still the

construction itself was finished within a short period of time, which maybe why it had to be repaired some years later (in 1401), according to historical record).



Ill 01: Plan of trench 04.TNH.H2, Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation)



Ill 03: Plan of trench 04.TNH.H3, Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation)

Ill.02: : Plan and sections of trench 04.TNH.H1, Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation)



Ill 04. Excavation of 2004 conducted at Nen Vua site (Photo Nguyen Xuan Manh)



Ill. 05: Remain of foundations at Nen Vua site uncovered during the 2004 excavation (Photo Nguyen Xuan

Manh)



Ill. 06: Remains of the foundations at Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation ) (Photo: Nguyen Xuan Manh)



Ill. 07: Decorated architectural material uncovered at Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation)



Ill.08: Architectural components uncovered at Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation) (Photo Nguyen Xuan Manh)



Ill 09: Decorated architectural material of Le period (15th century) uncovered at Nen Vua site (2004

Excavation)



Ill. 10: Fragments of porcelain and of glazed ceramics uncovered at Nen Vua site

(2004 Excavation) (Photo Nguyen Xuan Manh)



Ill 11: Decoration on title-ends of Le period (15th century) uncovered at Nen Vua site

(2004 Excavation)



Ill 12: Fragments of glazed ceramics, stoneware and terra cotta uncovered at Nen Vua site




Ill 13: Fragments of glazed ceramics, stoneware and terra cotta uncovered at Nen Vua site




Ill. 14: Iron artifacts uncovered at the Nen Vua site (2004 Excavation) (Photo Nguyen Xuan Manh)



Brief report on the excavation conducted at the South Gate of the Ho Citadel in 2008

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology

Department of Management of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

Introduction Ho Citadel is a stone citadel that stands on a basin between the Ma and the Buoi rivers

(20004'06'' - 20005'01'' North and 105026'23'' -105037'00'' East). The historical monument is belonged and under administrative care of the Tay Giai, Xuan Giai hamlets (Vinh Tien commune) and Dong Mon hamlet (Vinh Long commune), Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Road No.217 that goes from Vinh Loc to Cam Thuy and Ba Thuoc crosses its northwest-southeast axis. Vinh Loc town is located about 1 kms to the southeast of its South Gate and Thanh Hoa city is about 44km away. About 3km to the south of the citadel is the Nam Giao Altar, and about 25km is the Ly Cung palace.

Vietnamese Annals recorded that in 1397, Ho Quy Ly, the Prime-minister of Tran

dynasty ordered to construct a stone citadel in the area of An Ton cave (present Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province) for a new capital. In the same year, he moved the royal court from Thang Long (present Ha Noi) to the new capital (Dai Viet su ki toan thu 1998: 190). The citadel thus played the role of the Dai Viet’s Imperial City from 1397 to 1407. After the Ho dynasty's was defeated by the Ming invaders, the area was abandoned and left to ruin. Historically, the citadel was called by various names: An Ton (following the name of nearby mountain), Tay Do (means Western Capital), Tay Kinh (means Western Imperial Capital), Tay Giai (following the name of nearby village), Thach Thanh (means Stone Citadel), Thanh Nha Ho or Ho Thanh (means Citadel of the Ho dynasty, Ho Citadel in short). Thanh Nha Ho is the most common name. In this paper, the name Ho Citadel is used for this stone citadel.

The Citadel is in square plan, with the main axis running in northwest-southeast direction. It is surrounded by huge stone walls which are opened to the four directions by 4 gates that built in tunnel shape. The most important one is the South Gate that has three entrances.

In 2008, the Institute of Archaeology in cooperation with the Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty conducted the excavation in the South Gate to study the structure and building technique of this gate, and to survey the vestiges of the royal path of the Citadel.

I. Location of excavated trenches

In order to study the structure and technique of the site a excavation was conducted in the area of 301 m2, including 3 trenches that are located in front and inside the South Gate. The trenches are signed as 08.TNH.H1, 08.TNH.H2. 08.TNH.H3.

Trench 08.TNH.H1 is opened in the area of 145.6 m2 and located outside the South Gate, from the middle part of the center entrance toward the eastern entrance and encompassed the eastern corner of the gate.



Trench 08.TNH.H2: is opened in the area of 134.15m2 and located inside the South Gate which encompasses the area outside the northern part of the western entrance and a part of the main entrance.

Trench 08.TNH.H3 is opened in the area of 22m2 and located outside the South Gate which encompassed the area outside the southern part of the western entrance (Ill.12). Characteristic of cultural layer and discovered vestiges in these trenches is represented below.

The first trench: 08.TNH.H1

Some important architectural vestiges were found in H1. The notable remains include the stone base of the citadel-wall, a stone line which bordered yard, vestiges of a yard covered with schist stones in front of the eastern entrance of the South Gate, vestiges of a stone road running from the South Gate towards the Nam Giao Altar.

The yard was paved with stones in various sizes. The main road that locally named as Cai Hoa, Hoa Nhai and Hoe Nhai (meaning main road, colorful road, and beautiful road) is bordered with intact blocks of green stone and paved with schist stones. Vestiges of a ditch on the floor of the main entrance which is datable to the French colonial period (19th century) are also found.

The artifacts uncovered in trench H1 are mainly datable to the Tran - Ho periods (late 14th - early 15th centuries). They include rectangular bricks, titles, decorative components in bodhi–leaf shape, a fragment of stone dragon's body, 4 metal caltrops, stone bullets, ceramics, especially the terracotta plumb that might have been directly associated with the construction of the site.

Some artifacts that are datable to various construction periods in this area were also discovered, including Giang Tay Quan bricks (bricks of the Jiangxi army), blue glazed vases (Tang period, China, 7th- 9th centuries ), porcelain and stoneware that datable to the 17th - 18th centuries. Bronze coins in the trench are mainly Chinese and Vietnamese bronze coins that datable respectively to the 8th - 11th centuries and the 15th - 19th centuries are also found.

In the first excavated spot in trench 1, there was a stone that could have been a pillar supporter for the vaulted gate with the following exposed sizes: 2.3m long, 0.98m wide and 0.74m thick.

The second trench 08.TNH.H2 Some important architectural vestiges were also found in H2. They include the base of

stone side gate, and a yard covered with schist stones inside the western entrance of the south Gate. The stone yard's surface appears to have been covered with reused stones of various sizes. The stone road unearthed at the main gate was bordered with blocks of green stone, and within the borders, the path is made of schist stone of various sizes. Again, a drainage ditch at the foot of the vaulted gate seems to be a vestige built by the French.

The artifacts found there are mainly from Tran - Ho dynasties (late 14th - early 15th centuries) and include thin bricks, red tiles, bodhi - leaves, a fragment of the stone dragon's body, stone bullets, ceramics and porcelain. Apart from them, there are artifacts from the Le period (15th - 18th centuries) such as large bricks, dark grey Yin and Yang tiles, decorative



bricks and rich stone wares. In addition, some artifacts with dates are quite different from the mentioned above were also found, such as porcelain and stone wares from the 17th - 18th centuries.

The third excavated trench: 08.TNH.H3.

The third trench is not large, but the unearthed architectural vestiges are very important. The remaining architectural vestiges show that the stone yard in front of the citadel gate had a metrix architecture which like theme found in the first trench and was adjacent to the main Hoa Nhai stone road in that runs through the middle of the southern main entrance. The wall bases in front and inside the southern gate are slightly different from the hidden corner of the citadel. Once the spots of schist stone were removed, we found fairly large green blocks of stone that were square shaped. They had been arranged to form a flat surface with other stones arranged on it. We also found the same type of large size green blocks of stone used for foundation of the wall like those in H1 are also found in the second trench.

II. Remarks

a. Structural vestiges found from the excavted trenchs in the South Gate of the Ho citadel (Thanh Hoa), such as: foundation of the stone wall, stone paved yard and road belong to the Citadel of Ho Dynasty complex and datable to the same period as that of the Ho Citadel.

These vestiges will be described as below

* Foundation of the stone wall

The Foundation of the stone wall is continuing by two layers:

- The lower one made of clay mixed with gravels and carefully rammed. In some parts small stone fragments are added, which seems for making the foundation more stable. The same material has also been used for the foundation of the yard.

- The upper layer is built by huge stone blocks. Vestiges of these blocks exposed at the foot of the gate, both inside and outside the wall. Only the upper part of them was manufactured carefully to represent an even surface. Other sides were keeping with natural rough surface. The foundation stone blocks were arranged protruding from the body of the wall. A layer of schist stones was found adjacent to the foot of the Gate-wall. They seem to continue toward the entrances, under the stone paving layer of the main road.

The foundation stones of the gate were regularly manufactured.



Thus, it is clear that the stone blocks found from the corners of the gate are not so well manufactured. Meanwhile, those found under the surface of the paving layer of the road are mush more carefully manufactured. They are in large sizes, with regular shape and even surface. They were arranged to form an even surface. Then the stone blocks were placed on this foundation to form the wall. One foundation stone block unearthed from trench 1 has the sizes of 2.3 m long x 0.98 thickness x 0.74 m. The same stone blocks are also found from trenches No.2 and 3.

*Stone yards: The stone yards are unearthed in all the trenches. The yards are covered mainly with

vestiges of schist stones. The common feature is that they were built with many types and sizes of stones.

The stone were arranged in order to completely cover all the yard's surfaces. The gaps between the schist stones were filled with small stone. The stones might have been reused from other works (schist with groove in trenches No. 2 and 3, green and schist stone with pierced holes head shop in trench No.1).

The stone yard in trench No.1 had been built with fairly large schist stones, especially in front of the eastern entrance of the South gate.

The floor inside the entrance was also paved with blocks of green stone which is about 0.10m-0.15m higher than the area outside. Its surface is badly damaged due to the effects of the construction of the overlapping road (especially when the French built a road through there). The road inside the gate might have been 5.85m wide and 0.15m deeper according to the origin architectural.

Inside the main entrance two drainage ditches about 0.50 - 0.60m wide, are digged into the sides of the road floor. Thus the width of the road floor so that remained is about 4.65 - 4.85m.

The part outside the gate has a line of green stones bordering the yard. Therefore, the width of the yard would be from the edge of the stone road outside the southern gate (the Western wall) to the outer edge of the stone line bordering the yard, which is 15m.

From the foot citadel wall of the south, the yard was unearthed in the area of about 7 – 10m length. The length of the yard to the south must have been longer.

The stone yard in the trench No.3 was paved with stones same of which are very large in size at the western wing to the edge of the stone road in front of the main gate of the South Gate. The length from the wall foot of the citadel gate to the inside is 8m.



The size of the stone yard in trench No.3 could not be defined due to the small excavated area. All over the area of the excavated trench (22 m2) is paved with stone blocks. This yard is certainly symmetric to the stone yard in trench No.1.

* The Stone Road at the South Gate. The excavation conducted at the South Gate of the citadel unearthed a stone road

running from inside to outside of the Ho Citadel. However, its in different sections are not the same structure.

Inside the Citadel, the road is about 8,5m wide. It’s surface is paved with blocks of green stone and bordered with,…

Outside the Citadel and toward the Nam Giao Altar in southern direction, the road is about 4,35m wide. It’s surface is paved with ….and bordered with …..

It is clear that stone have been used abundantly and played the most important material for the construction of the Citadel. The reused stones indicate that they were economically saved.

b. The excavation unearthed a large number of artifacts that have high historical

and cultural values. The artifacts collected in the excavation include mainly stone bullets, rectangular

bricks (with or without Chinese characters), titles, terracotta dragon head and many other stone wares and porcelains. However, there are also groups of artifacts that datable to other period than that of the construction of the Ho Citadel, such as vases with green glaze, Giang Tay Quan bricks (Guangxi Army) datable to 9th century and ceramics and porcelains to the 17th - 18th centuries.

There are artifacts that are directly related to the construction of the citadel. The most particular item is a ceramic spindle found in the first layer of the trench H1.

c. The values of the site. The historical data and evidences of archaeology thus prove that the Ho Citadel has

great historical and cultural values.

The excavated trenches partly unearthed the road at the South Gate (the main gate) of the Inner Citadel which is still fairy intact. This road is locally called Cai Hoa, Hoa Nhai, or



Hoe Nhai, although no records of it have been found in old annals. This stone road exists both inside and outside the citadel. The road structures of the inside, outside the citadel and in the middle of the entrance are different. Inside the citadel (from the South Gate toward the centre of the citadel), the road is 4.85m wide and was built with blocks of green stones, which were arranged to form a flat surface for traveling. The stones at the edges were aligned in order to form borders. Inside the entrance, the road was also built with blocks of green stones arranged to form a surface that is 0.10m higher than outside area. The road outside the citadel was bordered with blocks of green stones and paved with schist stones. Its surface is about 4.35m wide. The road is partly damaged and its surface badly broken. The constructions of the two ditches at the foot of the vaulted gate certainly caused the damage of this part of the road.

The excavation also uncovered a fairly intact part of a stone yard, which encompass both inside and outside the South Gate. The width of this yard is clearly known, but how large it would have been across the citadel wall is not yet known. The old annals state that the Ho dynasty held a festival in the area of the South Gate when the king inaugurated the new Imperial City. It is hoped that in the near future, with further excavations, it will be possible to study thoroughly this stone yard in order to potentially reconstruct it and to enhance the monumentality of this citadel.

The special feature of this citadel that every visitor can admire is the usage of stones in the construction of the citadel. The excavation has unearthed the stone structures so that we have understanding the constructed technique as well as organizing skill of the builders. Although stone is ideally durable material for construction, the architectural components of the citadel are partly deteriorated due to time and human activities. Therefore urgent measures are necessary to be decided for the protection, conservation and reconstruction of this invaluable heritage.



Ill.15: Map of the excavated trenchs in the South Gate ( 2008 excavation)

Ill. 16: Surface of layer 2 in the excavation trench N°1 at South Gate (2008 Excavation )



Ill.17: Surface of layer 2 in the excavated trench N°2 at the South Gate (2008 Excavation )

Ill. 18: Surface of layer 2 in the excavated trench N°2 and N°3 at the South Gate (2008 Excavation )



Ill.19: Sections of the excavated trench N°1 at South Gate (2008 Excavation )



Ill. 20: Architectural elements discovered in the South Gate area (2008 Excavation )



Ill. 21 : Brick and tile discovered from the South Gate area (2008 Excavation )



Ill.22: Fragments of porcelain, ceramic and ston ware discovered in the South Gate area (2008 Excavation )



Ill. 23: Vestiges of the stone paved yard located outside the South Gate

(2008 Excavation)

Ill.24: Stone paved yard inside the South Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill. 25: Uncovering the vestiges of the Imperial Way, South Gate (2008 Excavation)

Ill. 26: Vestiges of the Imperial Way running through the South Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill. 27: Vestiges of the Imperial Way running through the South Gate (2008 Excavation)

Ill. 28: Evidence of the door frame of the South

Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill.29: Decorative architectural elements discovered in the South Gate area (2008 Excavation)



Ill.30: Decorative architectural elements discovered at the South Gate (2008 Excavation)

Ill. 31: Construction materials discovered in the South Gate area (2008 Excavation)



Ill. 32: Stone artefacts (18th-19th) century discovered in the South Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill. 33: Iron artifacts discovered at the South Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill 34: Ink printing of decoration on architectural elements uncovered in South Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill.35: Ink printing of terracotta masks uncovered in South Gate (2008 Excavation)



Ill.35: Ink printing of decoration on architectural elements uncovered in South Gate (2008 Excavation)



SUMMARY FINDINGS OF THREE EXCAVATIONS AT NAM GIAO ALTAR SITE (THANH HOA) 2004-2008

Vietnam Institute of Archaeology


I. Location of the site and the discovery

The Nam Giao Altar site is located in the Southern slope of Don Son mountain. It has coordinates of 20002’48’’ North latitude and 105022’15’’ East longitude (under the administrative border of Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province), and is about 2.5km far away from the southeast of the Ho, approximately 25km from the highway 1A in the west, about 45km from Thanh Hoa city in the northwest along the highway 1A.

The site was discovered in 1980s of the 20th century in the form of ground steps stretching out from a height of 21.7m above the sea level downwards:

- The first floor is at a height of 21.7m;

- The second floor is at a height of 20.10m surrounding the ground level I;

- The third floor is at a height of 17.30m divided intosub-levels at both sides surrounding the ground level II;

- The fourth floor is at a height of 15.40m.

In 2004, Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information and Vietnam Institute of Archaeology carried out the first archaeological test excavation in the excavation area of 900m2. The second excavation includes 7 trenches with a total area of 2000m2. The third excavation consists of 6 excavation trenches and 4 test-excavation trenches with a total area of 3082m2. A general plan of the Nam Giao Altar is reconstructed with the main axis identified thanks to the results of these excavated seasons. Main features of this Altar found so far are presented below.

1. Architectural vestiges discovered

From the findings of the three excavations, we can identify to some extent that the Nam Giao Altar site of the Ho dynasty citadel has at least 4 rounds walls which is built of stone surrounding the central altar ground. The first, second and third altar walls ares the most obvious identification. The fourth wall is only predicted and identified through the test trench No.3 and No.4. It should be verified by further excavations. Seen from inside, the structure and order of the altar walls is describes below:

1.1. The first round of altar wall

The plan of the first round of altar wall is in identified as a polygon built of stone.



This round of wall, in each half of northwest and southeast parts can be divided into three sections: canted section, longitudinal and horizontal section in the southwest.

1.1.1. Canted section

This section is running almost in East-West direction connected to the ground I of the altar (the highest central foundation in the Northeast). It’s length is unknown. In the third excavation, a segment of the canted wall which is 25m in length was found. Based on the existing traces and the extension of the wall to the east, it is possible that this wall will come across the cross wall to the northeastern of the second altar wall.

1.1.2. Longitudinal section

This section is parallel with the longitudinal wall of the second round of the altar wall separated from each other by a path running in northeastern-southwest direction.

In the second and the third excavation the whole longitudinal section of the first round altar wall has been unearthed in the trench 3. In the all remaining part of the longitudinal wall of this wall appeared at the trench No.7, 8, and 9 in the northwest. This discovery allows us to identify the whole length of the longitudinal wall of the first round altar wall as 40.3m. On this stone wall built of stone, a drain was found in the excavated trench No.8. In addition to the discovery of the first round wall, the identifying of the central axis of the altar help to identify the inner area of the altar is 61.20m wide in the northwest-southeast side.

1.1.3. Horizontal section

In the third excavation, only one segment of the horizontal section connected with the longitudinal wall of the first round altar wall in the Southwest was uncovered at the trench No.8. This segment is 5.92m long.

1.2. The second round of altar wall

The second wall is inrectangular and it’s foundation is also built of stone. Two longitudinal sections are in the northwest and southeast sides, two horizontal walls (width) are in the northeast and southwest sides. In the third excavation of the longitudinal wall were unearthed in the trench No.7, 8, and 9 in the northwest side. A vestiges of almost all the horizontal wall in the northeast and partly in the southwest are unearthed.

1.2.1. Longitudinal wall

In the second and third excavations, the longitudinal walls with a length of 61.30m on each side of the second round of altar wideis unearthed. The horizontal wall in the northwest-southeast side is 70.80m having one gate and two drains (drain No.1 and No.2). This is the second wall in the Northwest and it is also the partition wall between the secondary foundation and the altar ground II.



1.2.2. Horizontal section

The width of the second round of altar wall is identified by two horizontal walls: in the northeast and southwest sides. In the third excavation, the horizontal wall was uncovered in the northeast and partly unearthed in the Southwest. Consequently, we can identify the inner area of the altar in the northeast as 56.80m wide.

- Horizontal wall in the northeast

The horizontal wall built of stone was mostly collapsed and only wall foundations are preserved. The wall runs parallels with the third wall at the segment in the northeast and cornered with the longitudinal wall of the second altar wall in the northeast. The wall foundation built of lime stone and schist were found in the third excavation,which is 22.80m long. The wall was continually extended to the southeast.

- Horizontal wall in the Southwest

One cornered section of this wall at the Southeastern half of the altar in the second excavation is unearthed. Another section of the wall cornered with the longitudinal wall surrounding the second wall was discovered in the third excavation. Thus, it is possible to determine the inner area of the altar in the northwest - southeast. At the northwest corner is wall that runs parallel with a path that is towards the “Secret road or the “linh dao” in the 2004 report). In this area, a 6m longwall foundation built of stone and one drain (drain No. 3) area unearthed. The wall is continually extended toward the direction of “Secret road”.

1.3. The third round of altar wall

The third round of altar wall was only discovered in the third excavation at the trenches 7, 10, 11, and the test excavation No.2. The vestiges of the wall foundation appeared in the southeast, and northwest and partly in the northeast area. The unearthed parts of the third round wall encompassed mainly the main floor of the Altar, including 1st floor, 2nd floors and a part of 3rd floor. The third round wall is almost in half round shape. Both its longitudinal sides parallel along the north-west and south-east. Two curved corners run to the north-east. In the northeast, the wall is leaned against natural schist bands. Thus, the wall structure has a combination between wall foundations of the natural schist bands and the man made foundation.

The structure of the third round wall consists of the following sections:

+ Longitudinal segment in the northwestern half.

Two longitudinal wall segments are unearthed in the trenches No.7 (2008 excavation) and No.3 (2007 excavation). They were built parallel and symmetrically with each other, in the northwest and southeast corners of the Altar and curved. Their extending direction indicates that they belong to the 3rd round wall, of which the northeastern side … the highest



side of the altar in the northeast and southeast part of the altar.

These longitudinal wall sections of the lower part have not yet been fully excavated, so there is still a gap with the length of 37m. However, a part of it was found in the test trench No.2. It is 3.83m long and 1.26m wide. The distance between two vertical embankment rows of stone is 1.94m. This section continuallyrun towards the southwest horizontaling the floor No. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

In the northwest longitudinal wall there are wall crossing corner:

- The first cornered segment: in 2008, a longitudinal wall segment cornered with the stone embankment at the foot of the floor No. 3 in the northwest was uncovered at the test trench No.2.

- The second cornered segment: In the third excavation, one segment which is cornered between the longitudinal wall and the stone embankment at the foot of the floor No.3 in the southeast was also found at the trench No.11.

- The longitudinal wall in the southeastern half altar

In the southeast, at the trenches No.10, 11 and test trench No.1, the traces of the stone wall foundation extended 100.40m long in which the curved cornered section in the shape of arch is 11.80m. The section run along from the floor No.2 to the floor No.3 is 88.60m (at this section, foundation section appeared is 20.60m long). The southeastern longitudinal wall has four drains (drain No.5, 6, 7, and 8).

- Horizontal section of the third altar wall in the northwestern half of the Altar.

Both northwestern and southeastern halves of the altar where is cornered between the longitudinal wall and horizontal wall of the third altar wall are arch. The shape of two remaining corners of the lower part is still an open question. Along the foot of mountain, many wall sections lean against original stone bands to take advantage of natural terrain.

1.4. The fourth wall

At the test trench No.2 excavated in 2008 (in the northwest of the altar), we discovered a wall segment which is cornered with the inner wall. This is vertical embankment section at the test trench No.6 found in 2004. Thissection runs along the northwest-southeast. The section turned up is 3m long and continually run towards the northwest about more 5m. It can be cornered with the outer wall of the altar in the northwest.

In the second excavation, two altar walls were not found other than the segment of drain horizontal the third altar wall in the northwest (trench No.3). The discovery of these walls allows us to be conscious of one more step on the structure of the altar and enable us to determine the exact width of inner area of the altar in the northwest - southeast as 116m and state that the northern and eastern corner of this stone wall is arch and the corner of the outer



wall at the secondary floor. is not square as supposed in two previous excavations but it is curved corner.

At two test trenches No.3 and 4, a segment of stone embankment row for the floor No.2 and 3 and a yard side outside the stone embankment row were found. However, only some square meters of test excavation can not speak any more. The appearance of outer stone embankment segments of the third altar wall makes us think the fourth altar wall is possible.

1.5. Path traces

Between two longitudinal walls of the first and second walls is a parallel path. The path runs along the side in the northwest is 2.30m wide and 56.80m long in the northeast - southwest. To the northwest, it is the triangle area formed by the canted wall of the first wall and the longitudinal and horizontal walls of the second wall. This area takes advantage of the blocks of stone emerged as seven small mountains which are arranged in the form of pyramid. To the southwest, it runs towards the “than dao” way. The path leading to the “than dao” way is wider 4.36m and 70.80m long.

The paths inside and outside the altar walls should be clarified. The discoveries showed that the path in the Nam Giao Altar site has at least two systems as follows: The path in the lower area (below the base of the central altar floor No.) and the path in the higher area (between the first wall and the second wall). Relating to the path is the system of doors, perrons, gates, and etc.

1.5.1. Path between two stone walls

The direction and position of this path are presented above. This path was discovered in the second excavation. However, the vestiges of architectural materials stuck on the path. Whether the path was paved stone is still an open question. The way is between the above mentioned two stone walls, runs along the northeast - southwest and northwest - southeast. The roadway is 2.40m wide. In the third excavation, we focused on identifying the position of tiled structures, type of tiles for each position, and determining to see whether the path was paved brick or stone. We cut a 12m long segment (at the trench No.8) in the northwest to study pavement and road bed. The excavation findings are as follows:

- Pavement

The pavement is covered with layers of brick, stone, tile and soil some places are more than 0.60m thick with many layers overlapping. The final layer encounters a piece of collapsed stone wall with many undamaged bricks and tiles, and the collapsed stones are not disordered. Some stones fall in the road bed at the depth of 0.2 to 0.3m which is lower than the base of water gate. This means that the road bed can be removed right from that time. Slates still remain at several places. The elevation of these slates is from 0.05 to 0.07m higher than the base of drain.



- Road bed

According to the results of road bed excavation at one trench on a small path leading to the direction of mountain and another on a large path running to the “ Holy way” way, at the depth of 0 to 0.1m is the layer of broken tiles from the roofs and at the depth of 0.10 - 0.30m is the layer of red or yellow soil mixed with small stones or slates which are compacted to shape the road bed.

1.5.2. Path below the foot of embankment to separate the second altar base from the third altar base.

In the second excavation conducted in 2007, one path below the foot of embankment in between the high level and the low one that run along the northwest-southeast was found at the trench No.6. To enter this path, anyone must pass one gate in the southeast and remaining vestiges are two gate mortar. In the third excavation, one northwestern gate leading to this path was also uncovered at the trench No.9. Remaining vestiges are one gate mortar. Consequently, we knew one path behind the gates in the southeast- northwest and the distance between these two gates is 73.40m. The path is 1.60m wide. On this path there are drains embanked by bricks. The drain bottom is paved with tiles or slates. The water gate is 0.38m wide and 0.13 to 0.15m deep.

1.6. Vestiges of brick paved yard

In the third excavation, the vestiges of five pieces of brick for paving yard at the first altar wall were discovered. These pieces were found be outside vertical stone embankment row of the canted wall in the northwest. The yard is paved by two types of bricks: square brick with the size of 0.48 to 0.50m and rectangular brick which is similar to the ones found in this site. Thus, there are the first evidences to think that the whole yard of the Altar floor No.I can be paved with bricks.

No brick or stone are found from the yard in between the 2nd and the 3rd wall.

2. Traces of tile and decoration of old structures

2.1. Tile and structural decoration at the corner of altar walls

Four altar walls in which three walls were excavated show that the corners of walls have great significance for the Nam Giao Altar site. The corners are in the due north, south, east and west. There have been roofing, architectures in these areas as indicated by several types of roofing tile. They are decorated mainly with images of dragons, typologieally, the tiles were made in several shapes, such as lotus petal, flat – pointed, haly – round.

2.2. Wall tile



Based on the traces of collapsed wall segments as presented at the trench No. 8, the second altar wall is roofed with yin-yang tiles. The first altar wall is roofed with tile in flat pointed shape.

2.3. Tile in the door and gate area

A large number of broken tiles for gates and doors were discovered in the trenches No.3 and 9 indicate that gates could have been roofed with tile in lotus – petal shape..

3. Artifact

Almost the artifacts unearthed from the sites are kept insitu. Only artifacts which are disordered or are collected and moved to storage house. They are mainly glazed ceramic, stoneware, pieces of building and decorated material, iron arrowhead, iron chisel, iron hook, caltrop, structural decoration, metal objects (copper coin, iron nail, iron arrowhead, iron chisel, iron hook, caltrop and etc.). Almost all artifacts datable to 14th century. Some of them datable to later periods.

6. Cultural value of the Nam Giao Altar site

From three seasons of excavations, more and more structural vestiges of the Altar are discovered, which improved our knowledge on the cultural value of the Nam Giao Altar.

1. This is the oldest Nam Giao Altar in Vietnam with its foundation is well preserved in the central area.

According to historical recored, in Vietnam, the oldest Nam Giao Altar is datable to the Ly dynasty found from Thang Long. The Nam Giao Altar of the Ly dynasty in Thang Long lasted through the Tran, Le, Tay Son and Nguyen periods.

Currently, a part of the vestiges of the Nam Giao Altar in Thang Long in the Ly, Tran and Le are found but they are mainly roof frame structures, central components of the altar have not yet found.

The vestiges of the Nam Giao Altar in the Tay Son period in Emperor citadel (Binh Dinh province) is found having circle center, which is surrounded by laterite square bases.

The Nam Giao Altar of the Nguyen Dynasty in the ancient capital of Hue have been renewed.

Thus, it is possible to say that the Nam Giao Altar in the Ho dynasty is the oldest one in Vietnam that is rather well preserved

2. Only a small part of the Nam Giao Altar (Thanh Hoa) is unearthed nevertheless its original structure can be realized.



The structure of the Nam Giao Altar in Thang Long is not yet clear. In the 2007 excavation, vestiges of the Nam Giao altar in Thang Long, which was datable to defference periods was uncovered but no vestiges of central structural are found.

The ground level of the Nam Giao Altars in the Tay Son (Emperor citadel) and Nguyen (Hue) periods are square, which is built of laterite and surrounded by the circular foundation in the central

All Nam Giao Altars in China have a round circular in the center which is surrounded by several round of walls and decorated many structural features.

The Nam Giao Altar of Ho dynasty is similar to that of the Minh dynasty in Nanjing. However, its present some different features, namely many ground levels are surouded by high stone walls in three directions: East, West and South; the north lean against the mountain.

Although the highest ground level (central ground level) has not been excavated, the appearance of ground level II and III shows that the plan of many ground levels on a rather large scale leaning against the mountain is the very special plan of the Nam Giao Altar in Tay Do (Thanh Hoa).

The plan and other unique artifacts found from the site provide a special type of architecture to the history of architectural and sculpture treasure of Vietnam.

3. Vestiges of the Nam Giao Altar in Tay Do site (Thanh Hoa) help to increase the cultural value of the Ho Citadel and provide evidences for the sudy of historical of the Thang Long citadel (Ha Noi).

The Ho dynasty citadel is an important cultural and historical relic site that proved the creative talent of Dai Viet people in the construction of citadels and ramparts against foreign aggression and the buildings of palaces for royal activities.

In any capital, imperial citadel, Nam Giao Altar, Xa Tac temple and etc are the most important imponents. The discovery and study of the Nam Giao Altar will provide full understading of the Tay Do citadel and contribute to the studying of close relationship between two well-known capitals of Vietnam in the national history in the late 14 century - early the 15th century.

Having been aware of this value, Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee, Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information had promptly prepared documents for the Nam Giao Altar site. Based on the Decision No.11/2007/QD-BVHTTDL dated October 18, 2009 issued by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, this site was recognized as the national archaeological site.



Ill.36: Mount Don Son amongst the natural landscape surrounding the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty



Ill.38: Architectural remains of surrounding walls, Northeast conner of Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavations)

Ill. 37: Locations of the excavation trenchs ( 2004 – 2008)



Ill.39: Vestiges of a road between two sets of stone walls found at the

Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)

Ill.40: Vestiges of drainage system running under the wall foundation and the encompassed road at the Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)

Ill.41: Drainage No.6 at the Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)



Ill.42: General plan of Nam Giao Altar Site, results from the excavations of 2004-2008

Ill.43: Decorative elements on tile uncovered in Nam Giao Altar (2007 Excavation)



Ill.44: Architectural elements uncovered in Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)

Ill.45: Fragment of pottery uncovered during the excavation conducted at the

Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)



Ill.46: Fragments of porcelains and ceramics uncovered in Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)



Ill.47: Fragments of stone ware uncovered in Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)



Ill.48: Metal artifacts uncovered uncovered in Nam Giao Altar (2008 Excavation)



Ill. 50: Locations of the excavated trenchs ( 2004 – 2008)

Ill.49: Unexcavated center floor of the Nam Giao Altar on Don Son mountain



Ill.52: Overview of the excavation site at the Nam Giao Altar in 2008, looking from the northeast

Ill.51: Overview of the excavation site at the Nam Giao Altar site in 2007



Ill.53: Vestiges of of the 3rd surronding wall at the Nam Giao Altar site (2008 Excavation)



Ill.54: Vestiges of the 1st and 2nd surrounding walls at the Nam Giao Altar site (2007 Excavation)



Ill.55: Terraced floors of the Nam Giao Altar in southeastern conner (2008 excavation)

Ill.56: Terraced floors of the Nam Giao Altar in southeastern corner (2008 excavation)



Ill.57: Foundation and stone base of surrounding wall at the Nam Giao Altar site (2007 Excavation)



Ill.58: Traces of the road encompassed between two sets of walls at the Nam Giao Altar site (2007 Excavation)

Ill.59: Remains of the “Holy Path”or the main axis at the Nam Giao Altar site (2007 Excavation)



Ill.60: Drainage system at the Nam Giao Altar site (2008 Excavation)



Ill.61: Decorative elements in “pipa leaf” shape uncovered from the Nam Giao Altar (2007 excavation)



Ill.62: Decorative architectural elements from the Nam Giao Altar (2007 and 2008 excavations)



Ill.63: Tiles uncovered in the Nam Giao Altar site



Ill.64: Bricks used for the construction of the Nam Giao Altar



Ill.65: Glazed ceramics discovered in the Nam Giao Altar site



Ill.66: Arrow heads and coins discovered from the Nam Giao Altar site



RESULTS OF PETROLOGY ANALYSIS (General Office of Geology and Chemical Analysis, Department of

Geography - Geology The University of Hanoi assessment 1991)

RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS (Women's Showa University - Japan analyzed 2004)

Content % Signs

Place

Ca0

Mg0

Si02

Fe203

Nhoi Mountain 43,34 1,59 20,06 0,44

XuanDai Mountain 53,51 1,51 1,37 0,06

Bong Mountain 52,38 1,32 3,8 0,22

Southern Gate 48,15 5,82 2,07 1,13

Rock 53,82 0,62 2,73 0,09

Compare existence elements Compare existence elements No

Material sign SiO2

(%) TiO2 (%)

Al2O3 (%)

Fe2O3

(%) MgO (%)

CaO (%)

K2O (%)

CaO (%)

SrO (%)

Fe2O3 (%)

TiO2 (%)

K2O (%)

1 V1-1 58,4 1,27 16,7 9,2 2,6 9 2,0 23 0,40 63,9 5,8 5,3

2 V1-2 1,1 0.04 0,7 0,1 95 1,7 97 0,52 0,5 2,1 3 V2 43,6 1,49 13,2 8,9 2,8 27 2,5 60 0,36 31,0 4,2 4,1 4 V3-1 0,3 0,03 0,3 0,3 97 1,8 97 0,47 0,2 2,3 5 V3-2 50,5 1,06 16,4 11,1 2,4 17 1,9 35 0,33 54,2 4,4 4 6 V3-3 0,7 0,04 0,3 0,2 97 2,0 97 0,41 0,2 2,2 7 V4 9,5 0,16 2,4 1,3 83 2,2 94 0,61 3,0 2,7 8 V5-1 1,8 0,06 0,7 0,0 95 2,0 97 0,19 0,8 2,5 9 V5-2 0,3 0,04 0,5 0,3 97 1,7 97 0,30 0,5 2,4 10 V6-1 2,5 0,05 0,9 0,0 94 1,8 96 0,67 0,9 2,1 11 V6-2 0,4 0,02 0,3 0,0 97 1,7 97 0,39 0,1 2,3 12 V7-1 2,3 0,05 0,8 0,0 95 1,7 97 0,28 0,4 2,3 13 V7-2 0,1 0,11 1,7 0,2 96 1,6 96 0,34 1,5 2,2 14 V8-1 0,2 0,05 0,2 1,1 97 1,9 97 0,18 0,1 2,3 15 V8-2 0,1 0,02 0,2 1,6 97 1,7 97 0,20 0,1 2,4 16 V9 2,0 0,05 0,7 0,1 95 1,9 96 0,63 0,8 2,2 17 V10 44,4 1,46 11,9 9,5 3,1 27 2,7 56 0,47 34,3 4,3 4,7 18 V11 0,3 0,02 0,8 0,2 97 1,7 97 0,32 0,8 0,3 2,3 19 V12 0,0 0,01 0,2 0,4 98 1,6 97 0,43 0,2 2,3 20 V13 7,0 0,05 2,1 2,3 87 1,7 95 0,22 1,9 2



Compare existence elements Compare existence elements

No Material

sign Ca (%)

Sr (%) Mg (%) Na (%)

Fe (%)

100x Sr/Ca

100x Mg/Ca 100x

Na/Ca 100x

Fe/Ca

1 V1-1 2 V1-2 34,4 0,18 0,15 0,026 0,10 0,51 0,42 0,076 0,28

3 V2 4 V3-1 35,5 0,1 0,31 0,036 0,01 0,27 0,87 0,101 0,03

5 V3-2

6 V3-3 34,3 0,16 0,26 0,068 0,00 0,47 0,75 0,198 0.00

7 V4 29,5 0,16 1,49 0,059 0,52 0,55 5,05 0,200 1,76

8 V5-1 35,2 0,07 0,31 0,012 0,18 0,19 0,88 0,034 0,52 9 V5-2 36,2 0,08 0,42 0,000 0,07 0,23 1,15 0,000 0,19

10 V6-1 35,6 0,22 0,18 0,000 0,17 0,62 0,51 0,000 0,47 11 V6-2 35,8 0,13 0,26 0,020 0,01 0,37 0,72 0,056 0,02

12 V7-1 35,6 0,09 0,44 0,018 0,07 0,26 1,24 0,051 0,19 13 V7-2 36,5 0,09 0,14 0,016 0,35 0,25 0,38 0,044 0,97

14 V8-1 36,3 0,11 0,36 0,035 0,01 0,29 0,99 0,096 0,04 15 V8-2 36,1 0,06 0,83 0,036 0,00 0,17 2,30 0,100 0,00

16 V9 34,9 0,2 0,21 0,033 0,15 0,57 0,59 0,095 0,42 17 V10 18 V11 36,6 0,17 0,25 0,009 0,18 0,45 0,67 0,025 0,50

19 V12 38,2 0,15 0,23 0,024 0,03 0,38 0,59 0,063 0,07 20 V13 33,7 0,05 1,62 0,016 0,19 0,15 4,80 0,047 0,58



Existing elements Compare existence elements No Materi

al sign Place Ca (%)

Sr (%)

Mg (%)

Na (%) Fe

(%) 100x Sr/Ca

100x Mg/Ca

100x Na/Ca

100x Fe/Ca

North Gate 1 2

V1-1 V1-2 North Gate 34,4 0,18 0,15 0,026 0,10 0,51 0,42 0,076 0,28

3 V2 North Gate 4 V3-1 North Gate 35,5 0,1 0,31 0,036 0,01 0,27 0,87 0,101 0,03 5 V3-2 North Gate 6 V3-3 North Gate 34,3 0,16 0,26 0,068 0,00 0,47 0,75 0,198 0.00

7 V4 Northeast Conner

29,5 0,16 1,49 0,059 0,52 0,55 5,05 0,200 1,76

8 V5-1 North Gate 35,2 0,07 0,31 0,012 0,18 0,19 0,88 0,034 0,52 9 V5-2 North Gate 36,2 0,08 0,42 0,000 0,07 0,23 1,15 0,000 0,19

10 V6-1 Southwest wall

35,6 0,22 0,18 0,000 0,17 0,62 0,51 0,000 0,47


35,8 0,13 0,26 0,020 0,01 0,37 0,72 0,056 0,02


35,6 0,09 0,44 0,018 0,07 0,26 1,24 0,051 0,19


36,5 0,09 0,14 0,016 0,35 0,25 0,38 0,044 0,97

14 V8-1 Xuan Dai mountain

36,3 0,11 0,36 0,035 0,01 0,29 0,99 0,096 0,04

15 V8-2 Xuan Dai mountain

36,1 0,06 0,83 0,036 0,00 0,17 2,30 0,100 0,00

16 V9 Yen Ton mountain

34,9 0,2 0,21 0,033 0,15 0,57 0,59 0,095 0,42



36,6 0,17 0,25 0,009 0,18 0,45 0,67 0,025 0,50

19 V12 artifacts in excavation pit.

38,2 0,15 0,23 0,024 0,03 0,38 0,59 0,063 0,07

20 V13 artifacts in excavation pit.

33,7 0,05 1,62 0,016 0,19 0,15 4,80 0,047 0,58

(Women's Showa University - Japan analyzed 2004

Annex III: Desciption of buffer zone Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Thanh Hoa -Vietnam


Annex III: DESCRIPTION OF BUFFER ZONE - CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

CONTENTS 1 Location and Boundary 2

2 Geographical features and landscape 3 3 Heritages in Buffer zone 5

4 Statistical table of preservative state for historical monuments and famous landscapes in the Buffer zone

22



ANNEX III: DESCRIPTION OF BUFFER ZONE -CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

1. LOCATION AND BOUNDARY

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is located in Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Buffer zone of the Nominated Property is definded in extensive area which belongs administratively to different communes: Vinh Long; Vinh Tien; Vinh Quang; Vinh Khang; Vinh Ninh and Vinh Loc town. It’s boundaries have been drawn to include all those areas that are a direct and tangible expression of its Outstanding Universal Value: the natural and geo-cultural landscape, historical and cultural monuments related to the history of the Property, the Inner Citadel, the Nam Giao Altar and a section of the La Thanh Outer wall. The buffer zone thus encompasses a vast area of 5,234 hectares, including 154.9 hectares of the Nominated sites.

The northern boundary is defined by the Tuong Son or Elephant mountain (Vinh Quang commune), by the Doi Thoi hill (Vinh Long commune) and is adjacent to Cam Thuy district. The western boundary corresponds to the Ma river which runs through the communes of Vinh Quang, Vinh Yen, Vinh

Ill. Map of Nominated Areas and Buffer zones



Tien. The southern boundary is also delimited by the Ma river, which runs through the communes of Vinh Thanh, Vinh Ninh and Vinh Khang. The eastern boundary starts from Doi Mo village through Trac village and then runs along the river Buoi through the villages of Xoai, Co Diep, and Bai Xuan (Vinh Phuc commune), continues then to Vinh Thanh commune and encompasses the Don Son mountain to finally arrives to the village of Ho Nam (Vinh Khang commune) where the Buoi and Ma rivers join.

2. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND LANDSCAPE Geographic features

According to current geographic documents, buffer zone of the heritage area consists of the following geographic compositions:

- Early Triassic compositions (about 225 million years BP) including sandstone, tuf sandstone, redish brown tufit with thin layer of sandstone, tuf consisting pebbles, bibbly-rock lens. They are represented by Ky Ngai mountain, locating on the left of the North of Kieu bridge (Vinh Ninh commune); Don Son mountain (Vinh Thanh commune) in the South; Tho Tuong mountain (Vinh Long commune) in the North; Tho Don mountain (Vinh Yen commune) in the West and Beo mountain (or Hac Khuyen mountain, Vinh Long commune) in the East of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

- Middle Triassic compositions (about 200 million years BP), including clearly beddings of grey, greenish grey, dark grey limestone. Limestone is distributed mainly in 3 regions of Buffer zone, including Xuan Dai, Trac Phong mountains, where Thong pagoda is located, and Tien Si mountain (Vinh Ninh commune) in the South; An Ton mountain, where Nang cave located (Vinh Yen commune) in the West and Eo Le mountain (Vinh Quang commune) in the North of Ho Citadel respectively.

- Quaternary compositions (about 12,000 to 3,000 years BP) including marine transgression sediment (clay, clay – flour and argillaceous sand containing fossil of Corbula, Turitella, Streblus, Elphidium, Gramostocum which lived in hollow sea and brackish water) forming surface of plain of Vinh Ninh, Vinh Khang, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Tien, Vinh Long, Vinh Yen, Vinh Quang communes today.

The above-mentioned geographic features bring a special appearance to the Buffer zone of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

Terrain feature and landscape Basically, buffer zone of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty lies in between

Ma river in the west and Buoi river in the east, whose confluence is in the South of Vinh Khang commune. The north of this heritage area is semi-mountain region which borders Cam Thuy, Thach Thanh mountainous districts, so its terrain is quite high, while other parts of the buffer zone are plains locating between the two rivers.

From aerial photograph, we can clearly see that the ancient people set up the imperial citadel in the center of this plain. The two rivers nearly cover



three frontal sides of the citadel like two silk ribbons which is the water elements of feng shui principles utilized for an Eastern imperial city.

Ma river, the biggest river in Thanh Hoa province. Crossing Ba Thuoc and Cam Thuy mountainous regions, it has big slope, narrow river bed which creates one way swift flowing. When going down to Vinh Loc region, the river bed is broadened with several meanders, which cause the flow effected by up and down tide. These features of Ma river bring about many spectacular landscapes and cultural vestiges such as river bank, mulberry grove, old villages…

Buoi river is a branch of Ma river system, which is formed on the base of old alluvium and have higher terrain than that of Ma river. Archaeological sites along Buoi river such as Pha Cong site (Vinh Phuc), Doi Trac (Vinh Long) indicate that Viet ancient villages were established in this area, at least from Metal Age.

Notable features of the buffer zone’s terrain are the mountains with their spectacular landscape that have been utilized by the Ho’s as sacred elements factors in feng shui principles for locating the imperial.

Cam Vien mountainous system including Xuan Dai, Trac Phong chains and Tho Vuc mountainous system including Tien Si mountain bring about spectacular landscape of limestone mountain on marine transgression field which is rarely seen in Vietnam. The green-grey colour of horizontal bedding limestone in type of “overlapping” is highlighted on the back ground of reddish brown color of newly ploughing field, green color of rice field and corn or yellow color of harvest season, which contains high values of expression.

Du Anh pagoda area can be considered as the focus point one can enjoy of southern natural landscape. From the mouth gate of Ho Cong cave on Xuan Dai mountain, the boundless view of the western and the northern space. The scenery looks like a small onshore “Ha Long bay”, in which limestone mountains are overlapping with various shapes. The Ma river’s windings around the plain Dan Ne and Dong Co temple are dotted on the opposite bank..

Tho Vuc mountain range with Tien Si mountain is very impressive, which is running toward the Ma river and composed of several beautiful mountains, such as Trong Chong mountain, Chua Thang mountain, Phat Ba mountain, Nha Rong mountain, etc. Lakes between the limestone mountains are also interesting points for tourism. Long Van village on the bank of Ma river is an fascinating place to sightsee the landscape of Tho Vuc mountainous area.

Don Son and Tho Tuong mountains located in the two ends of the northwestern – southeastern axis of Inner Citadel, are considered as "Tien an Hau cham" (table in front and pillow behind) of the citadel, according to feng shui principles. From the top of two mountains, we can see the whole view of the citadel, in it’s natural landscape.



In conclusion, the Buffer zone encompasses an attractive landscape, which is harmoniously utilized by human beings to create sustainable ecological and cultural values. This area needs to be protected, preserved to ensure the expression its natural and cultural heritage values.

3. NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGES IN BUFFER ZONE Mountainous landscape - Don Son mountain (also called Dun mountain) is located in Vinh

Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, which is 2.5km from Citadel of the Ho Dynasty to the Southern East. The mountain has 2 peaks with the height of 71m and 49m from sea level. The eastern mountain side has Nam Giao Altar and Co Ngu Duyen well (also called Ngu Duc well). Don Son mountain is a place in which Minh The mass of Ho Dynasty was held in 1399, with the event that Tran Khat Chan and Tran family’s royal and noble people were assassinated by Ho Quy Ly; the temple of Tran Khat Chan is now still located in the northeastern of this mountain. Don Son mountain is also considered as “Tien an” element of feng shui principles of the Inner Citadel of the Ho Dynasty .

Ill 2- Don Son mountain, view from the North

- Tho Tuong mountain (other name of Voi mountain) lies in the intersection of Vinh Yen, Vinh Quang and Vinh Long communes which is 1.5km to the northern of the Inner Citadel. The peak of the mountain is 117m from sea level. From a distance, it looks like an elephant so it is called as Voi mountain. Tho Tuong mountain is considered as “Hau cham” of the Inner Citadel according to the feng shui principle.



Ill.3 Tho Tuong mountain, view from the South

- An Ton mountain is located in Vinh Yen commune (also named An Ton area in Tran dynasty), which is 2km to the west of the Inner Citadel. The mountain has two highest peaks of 122m and 114m above sea level. According historical records and research works, the rocks used to build Citadel of the Ho Dynasty were exploited from this mountain.

Ill. 4- An Ton mountain

- Eo Le mountain is located in Vinh Quang commune, which is 3km to the northwestern of the Inner Citadel. The height of the mountain is 144m



above/from sea level. The mountain borders Vinh Loc and Cam Thuy districts.

Ill. 5- Eo Le cave

- Cam Vien mountainous range is belongs to Vinh Ninh Commune, which is about 3.5km far to the southeastern of the Inner Citadel including Xuan Dai, Trac Phong, Tien Si, Tho Vuc and Duong Lan mountains …. It is a beautiful mountainous range with “overlapped tray” type of transversal bedding rock structure. The constructing of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was also being considered to be taken from this mountainous range

Cam Vien mountainous range, Du Anh Pagoda exists and Ho Cong Cavern located at the foot of this mountain range.

River and lake beauty spots: - Ma River (historically also named as Loi Giang river) rises

from Dien Bien Phu, flows through Laos, falls into Thanh Hoa territory at Muong Lat district. It then flows thorough Ba Thuoc, Cam Thuy districts and to Vinh Loc District. In the Buffer zone, the Ma river flows through Vinh Quang, Vinh Yen, Vinh Tien, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Ninh and Vinh Khang communes, covers the whole area from northwestern to southeastern of Buffer zone. According to historical records, many historical events of Tran-Ho dynasties happened in this river plain.



Ill. 6- Ma river, view from Dong Co mountain

On the other hand, Ma river was used by Ho Dynasty as natural outer moat to defend Tay Do Imperial City. Ma river served for several functions including the waterway transportations of constructed material, sight seeing for the king and mandarins as suggested by the name of Ben Da (Stone Landing palace), and Ben Ngu (Royal Landing place).

Ill. 7- Buoi river, view from the West

- Buoi river is one of the estuaries of Ma river, which is 130km long. It is originated from Hoa Binh province, flowing to Thanh Hoa province via Thach Thanh district and joint to Ma river at Vinh Khang commune in the south of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. This river also has other name as Bao, Bai Giang river. Buoi river flows though the territory



of Vinh Long, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Khang communes bordering the west and southwestern side of the buffer zone. Like Ma river, Buoi river was also functioned as natural outer moat for the defense of the Tay Do Imperial City.

- Mau An Ton ( also has other names as My Dam, My Xuyen lakes or Mau Re) currently belongs to My Xuyen and Phu Yen villages, Vinh Yen commune. About 1.5km far from Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in the northwest. According to legend, it is a canal digged by the of Ho to enlarge waterway that links i the Imperial Citadel to Ma river. Now the lake is preserved in the area of about 2km long, width 100 ms in which variety of well- known creatures lived.

Cavern, cave beauty spots: Rocky mountain range in buffer zone is considered as a “Ha Long

bay on land”. Lime mountains create interesting natural caves some of which become scenic spots related to the history of Ho Dynasty.

Ill. 8- Mau Re lake

- Ho Cong Cavern is located on Xuan Dai mountain, Vinh Ninh commune, about 4.5km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel . The legend says that Ho Cong Cavern was a place of refining fairy medicine made by Ho Cong and his follower Dong Tu. Natural scenery of the mountain and the river mixed with each other to create landscape of the cave. miraculous, so in the old days the cavern was named as “Among thirty six caverns of Nam country, Ho Cong is the first”. The cavern is located on the height of about 50-60 ms in comparison with plain. In history, many poets and writers visited and praised it’s beautiful scenery. King Le Thanh Tong, King Le Hien Tong and Lord Trinh Sam were among them. Twenty



Han Chinese literature relics were carved on the wall of the cavern, which contributed to the cultural values of the “First Ho Cong”.

Ill. 9- Ho Cong Cave

- Nang Cave (also named as Ngoc Thanh cave) is located on An Ton mountain at the height of 20m, which belonged to Yen Ton Thuong village, Vinh Yen commune. It is about 2.5km to the northwest of the Inner Citadel. According to legend, Nang Cave was a place where Ho Quy Ly detained King Tran Thieu De and his two concubines.

Ill. 10- Hang Nang - Lady cave



- Eo Le Cavern (also named as Le Son cave) is located on Eo Le mountain at the height of about 50m, which belonged to Vinh Quang commune. It is about 3.5km to the northwest of the InnerCitadel. Ma river is bending below. Apart from beautiful scenery, there is also the legend about Lam Son righteous volunteers struggled with Minh invaders (Chinese) in this area during the early 15th century.

Ill. 11- Eo Le or Le Son cave

Cultural heritage The Buffer zone possess rich source of both tangible and intangible

cultural heritage. Tangible heritage includes mainly standing architectural monuments, such as pagodas, commune house, temples. Intangible cultural heritage includes the legends related to the history of Tran-Ho and Le period and local festivals,

- Giang Pagoda (also named Tuong Van pagoda) belongs to Vinh Thanh commune, about 2.5km to the southeast of the Inner Citadel. The pagoda was built on the foot of Don Son mountain during Tran Due Tong Dynasty (1372 - 1377). Several architectural components were built on two different steps, which covers the area of 0.3 hectares . They are Tu An house, Phat Sanctuary house, Mother house, Dieu Tuc house.

The Pagoda was classified as historical - cultural heritage site at National level in 2009.



Ill. 12 – Giang pagoda

- Nhan Lo Pagoda (also named as Gio Pagoda or Phuc Long Pagoda) belongs to Vinh Thanh commune, 2.5km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. The pagoda is located in a beautiful scenery on the bank of Ma river. According to legend, the Pagoda was built in Tran Dynasty serving as worshipping place for the mandarins and soldiers of the Tay Do imperial city. Several valuable objects are preserved in the pagoda: thousand eyes - thousand arms of Avalokitesvara, 2 Royal ordinances issued by the Nguyen Kings.

The Pagoda was classified as historical – cultural heritage site at provincial level in 1992.

Ill. 13 - Nhan Lo Pagoda

- Du Anh Pagoda (also named as Thong pagoda) was built at the foot of rocky ramp in the west of Xuan Dai Mountain, 4.5km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. It belongs to territory of Vinh Ninh commune.



Legend said that Princess Du Anh of Tran dynasty visited this area. Appreciating the charming landscape, she ordered to build a pagoda in 1270, which was named after her. At present time, various valuable artifacts dated to Tran dynasty (14th century) are preserved kept in the pagoda, such as: stone lion, lion’s whelp, and elephant. Especially a 4-sided stone stele carved with the epigraph written by Phung Khac Khoan the first doctoral candidate recording, the restoration of the pagoda in 1606, under Le Kinh Tong dynasty.

The Pagoda was classified as historical - cultural heritage site at National level in 2009.

Ill. 14- Stone artifacts preserved in Du Anh Pagoda

- Linh Giang Pagoda is located about 2km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. It belongs

to Phu Linh hamlet, Vinh Tien commune. The pagoda is situated next to Ben Ngu, Ma river where Tran-Ho Kings, mandarins traveled for pleasure. History of it’s construction is unknown according to the documents of the pagoda, in Trinh-Mac War (17th - 18th century) it was seriously destroyed. It was restored in late of Nguyen period (10th century) dynasty.

The pagoda was restored in 1995, covering the it has area of 336.6 m2 with 3 main worshipping components: Buddhist pantheon, Holy Mother’s Shrine, Ancestral Shrine. Time elapsed, the pagoda has changes, but architecture of Mother’s Palace still keeps ancient features such as: entire house frames, door frames were fabricated connected by flagstones. Door thresholds were made of seamless blue marble to form a sound, firm beauty.

The Pagoda was classified as historical - cultural heritage site at Provincial level in 2000.



Ill. 15- Linh Giang Pagoda

Temples - Tran Khat Chan Temple belongs to territory of Cao Mat hamlet,

Vinh Thanh commune, about 2.5km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. The temple was built on Northeastern side of Don Son mountain in 16th century, it worships Luong Saint - Senior lieutenant-general Tran Khat Chan, the general had the fighting merits under Tran dynasty and had merit of building Tay Do imperial city (Ho Dynasty). Now many ancient Han Nom deeds (over 20 letters of conferment, horizontal lacquered boards, and wood panels) and especially valuable wooden worshipping objects are kept in the relic.

The temple was classified as historical – cultural and arts architectural heritage site at National level in 2001.

Ill. 16- Tran Khat Chan Temple



- Binh Khuong Temple belongs to territory of Dong Mon hamlet, Vinh Long commune; it is located in an adjacent to eastern wall of the Inner Citadel The temple is a place where worships Binh Khuong-wife of village level successful examinee Tran Cong Sy, he was one of commanders who built eastern wall of Tay Do Citadel.

The temple has area of 600m2, it’s architecture comprises of forecourt and seraglio. Now many valuable objects are kept in the temple such as: flagstone - ancestral tablet worships Binh Khuong, stone stele was erected in the 15th Thanh Thai reign (1903) prepared by Vuong Duy Trinh recording legend on Binh Khuong and Cong Sinh; stone stele was erected in 15th Thanh Thai year (1903) prepared by Phan Huy Nguyen recording praise of Binh Khuong and restoration stele of Binh Khuong Temple was erected in the 5th Bao Dai year (1930).

The temple was classified as historical - cultural heritage site at provincial level in 1995.

Ill. 17 - Binh Khuong Temple

- Tam Tong Temple belongs to territory of Xuan Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, about 400m to the south of the Inner Citadel. After Don Son Swearing Festival (1399), Tran Khat Chan died, people mourned for him and set a temple to worship him. Three cantons: Binh But, Cao Mat, Ho Nam belongs to Vinh Loc former district honored him as joint Tutelary Spirit. Every year Tam Tong Temple Festival happens on 24th April Lunar calendar; there are many amusements those describe traditional culture of the ancient capital land.

The area of temple region was 1.500m2; the recently restoring and conserving time was carried out in 2005.

This temple was classified as historical – cultural monument at Provincial level in 1992.



Ill. 18- Festival in Tam Tong Temple

- Ha Luong Temple is located in Ha Luong village, Vinh Thanh

commune; it is 3.5km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. This temple worships the deities those were born in Ha Luong village such as: Tran Khat Chan, Luu Hung Hieu. According to stories of the gods in Ha Luong village, this temple was built long time ago, then it was in ruin; the present relic was restored and conserved in the 1990s.

This temple was classified as historical – cultural monument at Provincial level in 1998.

- Pham Doc Temple is located in Tho Phu village, Vinh Tien commune; it is 2km to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. This temple worships Tinh Quoc Cong Pham Doc - a historical personage had great contribution in restoring the Le’s cause in the 16th century. At this relic region, there is a stone stele with the date in 1558 to write the life and career of General of the Army Pham Doc.

This temple was classified as historical monument at provincial level in 1998.

- Yen Ton Thuong communal house is located at Yen Ton Thuong village, Vinh Yen commune; it is about 2.5km to the west of the Inner Citadel, on the An Ton mountain foot; Ma river is in front of it.

This communal house had a long history; it’s structure had big communal house and harem according to T-shape type; it was restored in Nguyen dynasty, the 11th Thanh Thai reign (1899). According to stories of the gods and conferring the titles that were kept at this communal house showing that the deity Cao Son and Steward were worshiped here.



This communal house was classified as an architectural and historical monument at Provincial level in 2002.

Ill. 19- Yen Ton Thuong communal house

- Dong Mon communal house is about 150m to the East Gate of the Inner Citadel; it is located in Dong Mon hamlet, Vinh Long commune. This is a big communal house; it had the date in the Nguyen dynasty (the 19th century), and it had a high artistic value. At this communal house, there are some objects relating to the relic of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and many traditional activities connecting closely with ancient village of ancient capital. From 2007 to 2009, the communal house was restored and conserved.

This communal house was classified as an architectural and historical monument at Provincial level in 1992.

Ill. 20- Dong Mon communal house



- Tay Giai communal house is located in Phu Luu village, Vinh Yen commune; it is about 2km to the northwest of the Inner Citadel. It’s architecture is known to be built in the Nguyen dynasty, under the Tu Duc reign in 1850.

Ill. 21 Tay Giai communal house

- Phu Luu communal house was built on a large land plot with the area of 118 m2, including 5 compartments with structure that is rather symmetrical with each other; it’s front is at Southern direction. This communal house worships the Tutelary God of Phu Luu village as the deity Cao Son. The communal house’s architecture still keeps many parts of wooden sculpture.

This communal house was classified as historical monument at Provincial level in 2006.

Ill 2 - Phu Luu communal house



In the Buffer zone, there are several villages that have long history of establishment and preserved their own traditional culture and legends that related to the Ho Citadel, including their names and location. Elements of culture, such as traditional houses, temples, commune houses, festivals… have been preserved and protected.

- Tay Giai hamlet is located at the west of the Inner Citadel. This is an ancient village connecting closely with establishment of the Ho Citadel. Today, in this village, there are place-names connecting closely with ancient capital city such as Cho Tay, Cong Da…

- Xuan Giai hamlet is located at the south of the Inner Citadel. This is an ancient village connecting closely with establishment of the Ho Citadel. Today, in this village, there are place-names connecting closely with ancient capital city such as Hoa Nhai road, Bai Chuoi Kho, Go Nguc, Bai Dan field…

- Dong Mon hamlet is located near the eastern city wall of the Inner Citadel. This is an ancient village connecting closely with establishment of the Ho Citadel. Dong Mon hamlet had inhabitants living here for a long time.

- Trac village is located in Vinh Long commune; it is about 2.5km to the east of from the Inner Citadel, on the right bank of Buoi river. This village had a long history, connecting closely with Tay Do land region; at present, there are many legends relating to the Ho royal dynasty. Especially, in the earth’s womb of Trac village, the archaeologists discovered relics showing that this was a land region from Dong Son culture; it was established the Viet ancient villages about 2000 years BP.

- Co Diep village is located in Vinh Phuc commune; it is about 2km to the southeast of the Inner Citadel. This is an ancient village with a long history, connecting closely with establishment of ancient capital city.

- Xoai village is located in Vinh Phuc commune; it is about 1.8km to the southeast of the Inner Citadel (close to Co Diep village). Similar to Co Diep village, this is an ancient village with a long history, connecting closely with establishment of ancient capital city.

- Bai Xuan village is located in Vinh Phuc commune; it is about 2km to the southeast of the Inner Citadel. This village was established together with construction of this citadel. Legend has it that this was a place where planted flowers for the court, so it also called as Bai Xuan Hoa village.

- Cao Mat village (also named as Giang village) is located in Vinh Thanh commune; it is about 2.5 kms to the south of the Inner Citadel, this village had an early established history together with construction process of capital city of the Tran – Ho dynasty. This region still maintains amusement “dry paddle” – it describes the battle of the General of the Army Tran Khat Chan with the Chiem invader.

- Cam Hoang village is located in Vinh Quang commune; it is about 2.5 kms to the northwest of the Inner Citadel. Two villages Giap Ha and Thai Thon were established at the end of the 14th century, the same time when Ho



Quy Ly built his imperial city. After that, two villages were merged into Cam Hoang village at the northern imperial city.

- Yen Ton Thuong village is located in Vinh Yen commune; it is about 2.5 kms to the northwest of the InnerCitadel. This is an ancient village that was established before the Ho Dynasty. This village has a beautiful terrain; it’s back relies on An Ton mountain and front is Ma river.

- Tho Don village is located in Vinh Yen commune; it is about 2 kms to the southwest of the Inner Citadel. According to historical recorded, after the Ho dynasty’s failure in the anti-Minh invader war, some soldiers of the Ho dynasty stayed there and established Tho Son Trang village; formerly, it was farmhouse of the soldiers of the Ho dynasty.

- Tho Phu village is located in Vinh Tien commune; it had an old name as Tho Son village; it is about 2 kms to the southwest of the Inner Citadel(on a Ma river bank). There are many legends about the Ho Citadel with place-names such as Ben Quan, Go Con Ngua.

- Nhan Lo village is located in Vinh Thanh commune; it is about 2.5 kms to the southwest of the Inner Citadel of the Ho Dynasty(close to Tho Phu village). This is an ancient village which is possessed of long- standing traditional fondness of learning. At present, there are many ancient place - names which has a strong attachments to ancient capital area such as: Vuon Hong, Ao Mai, Con Quyt, Con Sam.

- Ha Luong village: under Vinh Thanh commune which is about 3.5 kms to the southwest of the Inner Citadel , on the left bank of Ma river. This is country of army general - Tran Khat Chan and Luu Hung Hieu who has the third highest academic title in old system (passed Tan Suu faculty of the 12th of the Le Thanh Tong reign [1471]). Two these characters are worshipped as tutelary god of village.

Ancient house architectures - Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung's house

under Tay Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, it is 200 ms to the west of West Gate of the Inner Citadel. This house was built in 1810. As for ancient house's architecture, it is recognized by UNESCO as one of the tens typical ancient houses of Vietnam. In 2002, JICA of Japan invested expenses in researching, preserving, restoring this ancient house.

Apart from Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung's ancient house, there are many ancient houses being preserved in ancient villages of Buffer zone. (They are resident's houses at present) which has dates of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century).

Ill 23. Traditional house



Church Christian church under Nhan Lo village, it is 2.5 kms to the southwest

of the Inner Citadel. The Church was built by priest - Lien in 1866 and it was named as Xu Nha Lo church. In 1877, church was presided over by the priest - Chau on reconstruction. In 1881, the church was inaugurated with scale which was more spacious than previous period. In 1998, it was restored as at present.

Ill. 24. Church of Nhan Lo Hamlet



Intangible cultural heritage Legend At the heritage's Buffer zone, there are many popular legends related

to Tay Do imperial city such as: Thanh Luong legend; Hon Da Thieng legend; Tay Do building legend; Mrs. Binh Khuong legend; legend of Ho Cong cavern and Du Anh pagoda; Mau An Ton legend, Nang cave legend; Ha Luong village pagoda…Legends, anas are documentations reflecting people's material - spiritual life and productive labour at ancient capital area. This makes heritage area to become a "cultural area imbrued with human culture".

Festivals Together with existence of tangible cultural heritages, Citadel of the

Ho Dynasty Buffer zone's area has folk festivals such as Tran Khat Chan temple's festival and Tam Tong temple (24/4 annual lunar calendar), coracle race festival at Vinh Ninh commune on National Day 2nd September (annual solar calendar). Paddle festival at Vinh Thanh commune on the 15th January of the lunar calendar.

Besides, at annually ancient villages under custom and tradition of each village, it has private festival such as; sacrificial festival of the village's Emperor, Buddha's birthday festival, boat race team, chess team…

Statistical table of preservative state for historical monuments and famous landscapes in the Buffer zone

Name of heritage Rank of year Grade

Preservative state

Relic value

Nhan Lo pagoda 1992 Provincial level

Restored and embellished

Traditionally artistic architecture - Religious life

Dong Mon pagoda 1992 Provincial level

Restored and embellished: Nguyen’s period; 2007

- Traditional architecture of century 19 - Community life

Tam Tong temple 1992 Provincial level


-Traditionally artistic architecture - Psychic life - Historical Commemoration work - Folk festival

Binh Khuong temple

1995 Provincial level

Restored and embellished Nguyen’s period, 2009

- Legend commemoration work - Folk festival

Pham Doc temple 1998 Provincial level


- Historical personage commemoration work; - Traditional architecture work

Ha Luong temple 1998 Provincial level

Having been downgraded

- Historical personage commemoration work;



Name of heritage Rank of year Grade

Preservative state

Relic value

- Traditional architecture work

Linh Giang pagoda 2000 Provincial level

Restored: At the end of Nguyen’s period, 1995

Traditionally artistic architecture of sculpture - Religious life

Tran Khat Chan temple

2001 National Restored and embellished

- Historical commemoration work - Traditionally artistic architecture of centuries 16-17; - Psychic life - Folk festival

Tay Giai pagoda 2001 Provincial level

Having been downgraded

- Traditional commemoration work - Traditional architecture work;

Yen Ton Thuong pagoda

2002 Provincial level

Restored and embellished: Nguyen’s period (century 19)

- Traditional architecture work; - Community life

Ancient house of Mr Pham Ngoc Tung’s family

2004 UNESCO Restored and embellished in 2002

Traditional architecture of century 19

Giang pagoda 2009 National Restored and embellished

Traditionally artistic architecture of the centuries 18-19 - Religious life

Du Anh pagoda 2009 National Restored and embellished

Traditionally artistic architecture of the centuries 13-14 - Religious life

Ho Cong carven- Xuan Dai mountain

2009 National Intact - Natural landscape

An Ton mountain and Nang cave relic

A part has been buried

- An Ton mountain: Natural landscape and historical value - Nang cave: legend commemoration work

Annex IV: Comparative Analysis Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Thanh Hoa -Vietnam


COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UNIVERSAL OUTSTANDING VALUES OF CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a notable physical representation of the

harmony of the cultures in the past. It demonstrates the employment of architecture to show royalty thinking in an East Asian style and the will to carry out reforms following general trends of the era.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a construction that has universal outstanding values within the architectural style of Oriental imperial cities which once served as the centre of power and military stronghold. Built on the standards of a Chinese royal citadel, the Ho Citadel perfectly represents the symbol of royal power together with theocracy; it shows the talented skillful combination of the architecture with the cultural and the natural scenery. The heritage citadel is a grandiose construction because of its engineering and art in big stone construction and because of the combination of unique construction traditions in Vietnam and South East Asia in the late 14th and early 15th Century.

In Asia, There were famous and age – old power centers. Some of them are became ruins, and some others are still a capital of its countries today. Some of them can be used to comparative analysis to Citadel of the Ho dynasty.

In term of selecting the location and planning the city to represents the symbol of royal power which is a combination of the architecture with the cultural and the natural scenery, Citadel of the Ho Dynasty can be compared with several Vietnamese and East Asian capitals. In term of huge stone construction technology, it can be compared with several examples from Southeast Asia. Although sharing the common features in constructional tradition of using soil, stone and baked terracotta, Citadel of Ho dynasty represents unique example of the combination of constructional techniques used by several people.

1- Thang Long Imperial citadel (Hanoi) Thang Long imperial citadel was the administrative, political and

domestic centre of imperial power of Vietnam for more than 1000 years. After colonization, the area became the headquarters of French military power in Indochina. Following the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1954 and till now, Thang Long was consolidated as the Capital of the country and being called Hanoi.

The plan of Thang Long included 3 rounds of walls. The outer wall was similar with that of the Citadel of the Ho dynasty in exploiting natural topographical features in combination with natural construction to build an uneven rampart. The second round of the citadel wall was very close to the plan of the stone citadel of the Ho dynasty having four gates opening to four direction. However, the main axis of Thang Long is restrictedly following the



rule of an ideal imperial city of Chinese tradition, as in many other East Asian imperial cities. The archaeological evidences of the Imperial city manifests, in exemplary detail and over a long span of time, the interchange of human values in the development of Asian architecture. The construction technology, mainly in wood and brick, and town planning, for the royal palaces in particular, have been followed by the designers of Citadel of the Ho dynasty. The plastic arts and landscape design have also been continued and further developed as can be witnessed from the planning and archaeological evidences of the Citadel of the Ho dynasty. However, the integral plan of Thang Long Imperial citadel can not be seen , due to the development of modern Hanoi capital. In term of natural setting, the change of direction to be in harmonized with local environment and the use of stone for the constructional components of the capital, Citadel of the Ho Dynasty represents an unique values to compare with Thang Long.

Ill. 1- Plan of Thang Long Imperial citadel (Hong Duc map)

2. Hue Capital (Viet Nam) Hue is capital city of Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945), listed on the World

cultural heritage since 1993. Kingdom Hue is an evidence for the localization of worldwide cultural values with constructional plan in harmony with natural conditions. The main axis of Hue kingdom slightly to warded northwest - southeast, instead of the north and south in accordance with several natural geographic entity that were considered as feng shui or geomantic factors. These elements are very close to that of Citadel of the Ho dynasty. In term of planning, Hue construction comprised three rounds of citadel walls, which is a well combination of the eastern and western style. The most prominent feature in its planning is the square plan of the Internal wall which similar to that of Forbidden city in Beijing and the second round of wall following the Vauban style with star-liked corners. Thus it represents a very different feature in comparison with Citadel of the Ho dynasty. The Nam Giao Altar of Hue provide further evidence of different way of practicing Heaven worshiping ceremony with that of the Ho dynasty.



Ill. 2- Plan of Hue (After UNESCO/Laurel Rampon 2003)

Ill. 3- Aerial photo of Nam Giao Altar, Hue (After Phan Thanh Hai 2009)



3. The Chang An Capital (Shanxi, China): The land of Chang An (modern Xian, the provincial capital of the Shanxi

province, China) had been the capital of several dynasties in China. It was one of the four largest capitals in China and a leading center in the world, a started point of the famous silk route during the Tang dynasty (618-907). As the capital of the Tang dynasty, it was extraordinary well planned and symmetrical with a system of streets and residential ward in the city. This pattern had became model for many other Eastern imperial cities in succeeding periods. Although several features of the internal city wall that surrounded the Taiji gong are similar, the plan of Citadel of the Ho dynasty is much more simple and did not follow the same direction. Archaeological vestiges represent similar features in technique of embarking the earth work, but mainly for the foundation. Stone was mainly used for the column base and architectural decoration.

4. Bianliang (Modern Kaifeng, China)

Bianliang or Bianjing was the capital city of Northern Song. It was set up by the first Song emperor in 960. CE. The impact of the strong economy on Bianliang made it developed quickly during the late 10 century. Similar with the construction process of Citadel of the Ho dynasty, it was built from inside outward with the same square plan of the internal city wall having four gates open to four direction (Nancy Shatzman 1990. fig. 123). However, the main different feature is the presence of three surrounded walls in more or less symmetrical form.

5. Nanjing (China)

After the fall of the Tang at the beginning of the 10th century, Nanjing, which was once the site of Jiankang, was again an imperial city of Southern Song dynasty.

The natural setting of Nanjing during that time can be observed from an ancient map (Nancy Shazman 1990. fig. 140). It is very similar with that of Citadel of the Ho dynasty in the way of selecting the location in the center of the mountainous area. The mountains and water ways served as elements of feng shui.

The city developed in bigger scale during the Yuan-Ming periods and the palace city of the Ming shifted to the East. The most interesting feature that can be comparable with Citadel of the Ho dynasty is Taji Tan (Great worshiping altar) of the city. It located outside the city wall, to the south west of the main axis. Several features of the surrounding walls and the water well that was noted as “Hai” (the sea) of this altar are similar with that of the Ho dynasty. However, the Nam Giao Altar represents different axis and the arrangement of the worshiping pantheon.



Ill. 4- Plan of Nanjing Daji tan in early Ming dynasty (After Aramya Manabu 2007)

6. The Forbidden City (Beijing, China )

Forbidden City had been Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987. In addition to a complicated plan of a Chinese imperial city, it is noteworthy with the presence of the Tiantan complex, in which the platform for Heaven worshiping ceremony is the most impressive structure. While representing similar features with the Nam Giao Altar of Hue, it shows different plan in comparison with the Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Dynasty.

Ill. 5- Plan of the Tiantan complex (After Aramya Manabu 2007) and the center stone of the Heaven worshiping Esplanade (Tian tan, Beijing)

\7. Shilla Wangeong (Geoungju, Korean) The site represent the typical form of an East Asian imperial city that

followed the model of Chinese Tang’s Changan. Archaeological evidences



show that the city, although employing natural topography to develop the city on two side of a large area, was divided into streets and wards restrictedly. Typical features of the construction technique are the use of free stone for architectural foundations, walls, roads, drainage system and so on. The same phenomenon are observed in the archaeological site of Nam Giao Altar of the Ho Dynasty. However, detailed techniques of constructions are different. Being comparatively later in time period, the use of bricks and decorated terracotta were far from popular than those found from the Shilla Wangeung. These elements create typical feature of the Nam Giao altar of Ho Dynasty

Ill. 6- Vestiges of stone foundations from Shilla Wangeoung (After Geoungju National Bureau for Cultural Heritage Studies)

8- Changdeokgung Palace Complex, Korea

Ill. 7- Over view of Ch'angdokkung Palace

In the early 15th century, the Emperor T'aejong ordered the construction of a new palace at an auspicious site. A Bureau of Palace Construction was set



up to create the complex, consisting of a number of official and residential buildings set in a garden that was cleverly adapted to the uneven topography of the 58ha site. The result is an exceptional example of Far Eastern palace architecture and design, blending harmoniously with the surrounding landscape.

The Ch'angdokkung Palace Compound is an outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design, exceptional for the way in which the buildings are integrated into and harmonized with the natural setting, adapting to the topography and retaining indigenous tree cover.

Ill. 8- Architectural components of the Ch'angdokkung Palace

The current palace grounds are somewhat larger than the original grounds, since succeeding kings often had additions made during the palace's long history, and Changdeokgung palace was a favorite place of the kings during the dynasty. Although Gyeongbokgung Palace was in fact larger, Changdeokgung was a favorite of the kings because it was the most purely Korean of all the palaces.

Gyeongbokgung Palace was built on level ground and served the official functions of a palace. It was built according to planning and specifications for an official residence to meet the requirements of the capital city. Changdeokgung Palace, however, was designed and built according to more Korean specifications handed down from the Three Kingdoms Period, and consequently retained much more that was uniquely Korean. The main court yard was paved with stone blocks in various sizes. The technique of stone paving and fixing are similar with that of Nam Giao altar of the Ho Dynasty. Surrounding walls were also built with stone blocks, but in smaller size in comparison with those of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

9. Kaesong City (North Hwanghae Province, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)

Kaesong was the capital city of the Koryo dynasty (9th to 14th centuries AD), which established the first unified state in the Korean peninsula. The nominated property includes an ensemble of ten monuments and sites which comprise the remains of old Kaesong and related sites in the surrounding region.



Most of the properties are located in the present city of Kaesong; including the remains of the walls, the only remaining gate (Namdae Gate), the site of Manwoldae (the royal palace) and the Sungyang Confucian Shrine and Academy. In addition, there are other monuments and sites in the surrounding region which bear testimony to the culture, architecture, and construction techniques of the Koryo period.



The Inner Fort (constructed in 1391-1393) was called the “Half-Moon Fort” after the form of its plan. It was built in stone except for a part constructed in earth and clay.

Ill.9: Nam Dae gate, Kaesong City



Kaesong Castle reflects the features and fortification techniques of the Koryo Dynasty. The stone wall was constructed in granite trimmed in the shape of a square or quadrangular pyramid and the clay wall was solidly rammed with a mixture of weathered gneiss, clay and stone. The average height of the stone wall is 4-5 meters and the clay wall is about 3 meters high (Ill. 95).

Thus the Outer Fort of Kaesong represents similar characteristic with the La Thanh Outer Wall of the Ho Citadel in the adaptation of the topography and

Ill. 10: Tehungsan Fortress Gate of Kaesong City



the use of earth and clay for the construction of the wall. However, its gates and sections of stone wall are absent in the case of the Ho Citadel.

Several features in construction technique are similar, including the structure and vaulted form of Namdae Gate. However, the Inner Fort of Kaeson is quite different with the Inner Citadel of Ho Dynasty in plan.

10- Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape

Ill. 11- Overview of Vat Phou within the Champasak Cultural Landscape

The Champasak cultural landscape, including the Vat Phou temple complex, is a remarkably well-preserved planned landscape of more than 1,000 years old. It was shaped to express the Hindu vision of the relationship between nature and humanity, using an axis from mountain top to river bank to lay out a geometric pattern of temples, shrines and waterworks extending over some 10 km. Two planned cities on the banks of the Mekong River are also part of the site, as well as Phou Kao mountain. The whole complex represents a development ranging from the 5th to 15th centuries, mainly associated with the Khmer Empire.

The site has been recognized as a world heritage site by UNESCO, which meets the Criterion iii: The Temple Complex of Vat Phou bears exceptional testimony to the cultures of South East Asia, and in particular to the Khmer Empire which dominated the region in the 10th–14th centuries; Criterion iv: The Vat Phou complex is an outstanding example of the integration of symbolic landscape of great spiritual significance to its natural surroundings. Criterion vi: Contrived to express the Hindu version of the relationship between nature and humanity, Vat Phou exhibits a remarkable complex of monuments and other structures over an extensive area between river and mountain some of outstanding architecture, many containing great works of art, and all expressing intense religious conviction and commitment. Although employing big stone for the construction of the Vat Phou temple, the main different feature of this monument is its religious function,



11. Angkor (Cambodia)

Ill. 12- Scenic view of Angkor (After UNESCO’s Website, Ref: 668)

Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in South-East Asia. Stretching over 400km2, including forested area, Angkor Archaeological Park contains the magnificent remains of the different capitals of the Khmer Empire, from the 9th to the 15th century. They include the famous Temple of Angkor Wat and, at Angkor Thom, the Bayon Temple with its countless sculptural decorations.

The Angkor Dynasty ruled a vast territory, and hundreds of stone buildings remain its legacy. Angkor Wat is a Hindu temple complex and one of the largest religious monuments in the world. Stories of the creation of the universe adorn the long corridor walls. There are reliefs of magnificent Goddesses. Modeled on the king’s dancers and court ladies, the costumes and accessories suggest cultural sophistication. Other significant monuments include the monument of Ta Prom and the site of Banteay Kdei where Sophia University’s International Mission Team came across 274 Buddha statues buried in the earth during an excavation training session. It is believed that the fact that the heads of the statues were removed show that there was a religious revolution resulting from Hindu and Buddhist conflict. A particular sculpture of a meditating bodhisattva demonstrates an entrancing symmetrical "Khmer smile", that reflects a long Asian spiritual tradition. All these elements show who Angkor Wat was a real a crossroads of history. Although religious function is the main feature to differentiate with that of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, two sites may share some feature in the experiences of exploitation and construction of big stone blocks.

From the comparative examples, it is clear that the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty represents many common features with other imperial cities of Viet Nam and East Asia in the selection of location and the use of natural landscape to represent the feng shui principles and geomancy in setting out the plan. This is for the demonstration of an enhanced concept of royal power based on the adoption of practical Confucianism. As such, it reflects a common philosophical approach to power and rule based on Confucianism and first developed in China, and very different to the .Hindu based philosophy of rule adopted by the Khmer elsewhere in Southeast Asia.



The Ho Citadel however has distinctive features reflecting other influences and a specifically Vietnamese development of the basic plan-form of a royal citadel. As noted above the axis of the citadel is distinctive (from north-west to south-east) reflecting a high awareness of the surrounding landscape and the need to conform to it according to the principles of feng shui and geomancy. The use of massive, well-executed masonry for the defenses of the Citadel and the combination of local knowledge and technology in the construction of its architectures proves that its owner shared also common technical experiences with Southeast Asian neighbors, but was prepared to adapt and develop them in these ways.

These different features and typical characteristics in monumental art and the use of technology make the Citadel an outcome of the extraction and adaptation of knowledge, experiences, thinking, belief and talent of the Dai Viet and the Asian people. The Ho Citadel represents the adaptation of originally Chinese concepts of power and rule, which spread throughout East Asia to the specific conditions and needs of Viet Nam. The Citadel demonstrates a specifically Vietnamese approach to the manifestation of royal power in relation both to the people and to the divine, which was later copied at Hue.

The Ho Citadel is also very important because, unlike many other royal citadel sites in China, East Asia and Viet Nam, it has not been overlain by later developments either as a royal palace, or by a modern city. The use of masonry for some key features such as the citadel defenses and the Nam Giao Altar has also led to higher rates of survival than is the case with structures built of weaker materials. Because of these factors, the Ho Citadel has an exceptional level of preservation, which is not well matched elsewhere.

Annex V: State of Conservation and Factor Affecting the Property and Proposed Management Plan

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Thanh Hoa -Vietnam



CONTENT I Abstract 2 Management objectives 2 II. Introduction 3 II.1. General Information 3 II.2. Executive summary 3 II.3. Location and setting 3 II.4. Boundary of the property 5 II.5. Cultural Information 9 II.6. Environmental information 9 II.7. History of land use 18 III STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING

THE PROPERTY 19

III.1. Present state of conservation 19 III.2. Factors affecting the property 21 IV. Current Protection and Management 23 IV.1. Ownership 23 IV.2. Protective decision 23 IV.3. National and international laws 24 IV.4. Protection measures 25 IV.5. Current planning 25 IV.6. Administrative strative agencies 25 IV.7. Financial sources and levels 26 IV.8. Human resource for heritage protection 26 V. Major issues on management 27 V.1. Identification of main issues for management 27 VI. Action Plan 28 VI-1. Identify responsibility of the MB and related agencies in the

management of specific issue 28

VI-2. Protected zonning plan 29 VII. Implementation plan 31 VII.1. Funding sources 31 VII.2. Monitoring and inspection mechanism of management plan 32 VII.3. Domestic and international cooperation in the implementation of

the plan 33




Proposed Management Plan of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty The Management Plan of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is developed

recently by the Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The contents of this Plan are based mainly on the results of the research works on history, archaeology and othe related fields. To ensure effectiveness and success of the Plan, the consultations with and the recommendations from national and international specialists, from UNESCO in particular are necessary and most wellcome.

I. Abstract A vision of the Management Plan

The management plan is drawing out by the MB or the Thanh Hoa PPC in consultation with national institutions and specialists to manage the Nominated sites, its Buffer Zone in a sustainable manner to conserve, enhance and present the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property locally and internationally.

To balance the needs of conservation, access, the interests of the local community and the achievement of sustainable economic growth.

Consequently to engage with and deliver benefits to the local communities around the Nominated Site; to attract visitors to the area; to develop opportunities for education and learning and to generate income that adds value to the local economy and is reinvested in the running of the Nominated Site.

Management objectives The major objectives of the management plan for protection and

promotion of Ho Dynasty Citadel are: - Solutions for the propose management and conservation of Citadel of

the Ho Dynasty and environment for the protection and promotion of the OUV of the property;

- Specify sustainable approach for the management in the future, aiming to the balance between conservation work and environmental and cultural landscape to set foundation for sustainable tourism development;

- Identify the need of conservation research of the property;

- Improve the awareness and knowledge of the community on heritage; - Promote cultural and educational values of the heritage;

- Develop action plan, give priority for the conservation and promotion the outstanding universal value of the property.

Develop the management plan as legal framework, guiding the management and exploitation of the vestige in accordance with the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO 1972); the Operational Guideline for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 1972 of the World Heritage Centre with regard to nominated




property to the World Heritage Site List and the Law on Cultural Heritage of the Government of Vietnam.

II. Introduction II.1. General Information

State Party The Socialist Republic of Vietnam

State, Province or Region Thanh Hoa Province

Name of Property Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

Geographical coordinates to the nearest second No. Location Province/District Latitute Longitude Area in ha Buffer zone (ha)

1 Inner Citadel Thanh Hoa/Vinh Loc N 20004’43” E 105021’10” 142.2

2 La Thanh Outer wall’section Thanh Hoa/Vinh Loc N 20o06’ 01”

E 105021’53”

9.0

3 Nam Giao Altar Thanh Hoa/Vinh Loc N 20o 02’48” E 105022’15” 4.3

5078.5

Total 155.5 5078.5

II.2. Executive summary The Heritage of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (in short name: Ho

Citadel)_is protected in accordance with the Law on Cultural Heritage and relevant legal documents of the S.R of Vietnam and the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee (Thanh Hoa PPC).

On the map of Vietnam, Ho Citadel locates 150km to the south of Hanoi City and about 45km from Thanh Hoa City. The historical monument is belonged and under administrative care of the Tay Giai, Xuan Giai hamltes (Vinh Tien commune) and Dong Mon hamlet (Vinh Long commune), Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam.

II.3. Location and setting The Ho Citadel locates on a flat area, at an average height of 12.5m

above sea level, sloping down from south to north. The highest point is close to Don Son mountain. The surrounding area is composed of rice fields and of secondary planned crops fields. Some villages are closely located to the gates of the citadel. To its north are the fields of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long communes. To its south are Xuan Giai hamlet and Vinh Loc town. To the east is the Dong Mon hamlet (Vinh Long commune). To the west is the Tay Giai hamlet (Vinh Tien commune). All the names of these villages indicate to the ancient architectural components of the citadel. At the extreme borders of the fields stand separate rock mountains or mountain range with many peaks, which were considered as important geomantic features for the citadel. The endless mountain range, with mount Tuong Son (Elephant mount) as the highest peak, lies north of




the citadel. In the south stands Don Son mountain and at the east is the Hac Khuyen mountain (or mount of Black Dog), standing on the bank of the Buoi river

Ill. 1: Location of Vinh Loc district in the map of Thanh Hoa province (upper)

Ill. 2: Location of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty on the map of Vinh Loc district (below)

The west side of the citadel is protected by An Ton mountain range and by the Ma river. The Ma and Buoi rivers join in the south of Don Son mountain. At the outermost extent of the site there are many karsts hills. These hills were created by the tectonics movements dating back to the age of the Himalaya creation.

II.4. Boundary of the property The current heritage complex of Ho Citadel includes three protected

components: 1 – The Citadel (or Inner Citadel); 2- the Nam Giao Altar; and 3-




the La Thanh Outer wall section. They are surrounded by a vast Buffer zone that encompasses all the natural and historical elements related to the establishment and development of the site. The protected areas include:

The Nominated area: 154.9 ha

+ The Inner Citadel: 142.2 ha + La Thanh Outer wall: 9.0 ha

+ Nam Giao Altar: 4.3 ha The Buffer zone: 5,078 ha

Ill 3. Map of Nominated area and Buffer zone




1- The Inner citadel (locally called also as Ho Citadel) is borded in the western side by Tay Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, including the rice fields that have land plots numbers assigned on the administrative map of Vinh Tien commune (Scale 1/2000, measured in June 2001, inspected in October 2001, approved in December 2001, code 223483- 8, 3, 4)

It’s eastern side is borded by Dong Mon hamlet, Vinh Long commune, including the rice fields that have land plots numbers assigned on the administrative map of Vinh Long commune (Scale 1/2000, measured in June 2001, inspected in October 2001, approved in December 2001, code 223483- 25, 21).

It’s northern side is borded by inter-commune road system of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long villages, including the land plots numbers assigned on the administrative map of Vinh Tien commune (Scale 1/2000, measured in June 2001, inspected in October 2001, approved in December 2001, code 223483- 3, 4)

It’s southern side is borded by the inter-commune road of Vinh Tien commune, including the rice fields that have land plots numbers assigned on the administrative map of Vinh Tien commune (Scale 1/2000, measured in June 2001, inspected in October 2001, approved in December 2001, code 223483-8, 9, 25).

2- The Nam Giao Altar (Heaven-worshiping ceremony area)

The Nam Giao Altar area, which includes part of southern part of Don Son mountain. The protected area is bordered by the mountain to the north; rice field to the south; mountain to the east and the west.

3- La Thanh Outer wall The north of La Thanh Outer wall (from National Road No. 45 upward)

is borderd by the rice fields that have land plots numbers assigned on the admnistrative map of Vinh Long village (scale 1/2000, measured in 3/2002, inspected in 12/2002, approved on 30/12/2002, code 227482-11, 12).

Ill. 4. Map of Nominated area of the Inner Citadel




The south of La Thanh (from National Road No. 45 upward) is borderd by rice fields that have the land plots numbers assigned on the administrative map of Vinh Long village (scale 1/2000, measured in 3/2002, inspected in 12/2002, approved on 30/12/2002, code 227482-11, 12).

Ill 6. Map of Nominated area of the La Thanh Outer wall

Ill. 5: Map of nominated area of the Nam Giao Altar




The Buffer zone: The Buffer zone encompasses the vast area of 5.485 ha. To the north of

Buffer zone, it is bordered by the district administrative lines between Vinh Loc and Cam Thuy districts. To the east, it is bordered by the Buoi river and its branch that running through the Thach Long commune (Cam Thuy district) and Vinh Long commune (Vinh Loc district). To the south and the west, it is bordered by the Ma and the Buoi rivers which are in conjunction with each other in the south of Don Son mountain.

The whole buffer zone is a flat area, at an average height of 12.5m above sea level, sloping down from south to north having the Tuong Son mountain range in the north and scatted mountains in its eastern, western and southern areas. The Buffer zone is bordered Vinh Loc and by the administrative line of Cam Thuy district to the north, and the Ma and Buoi rivers to the east, other direction 1397.

II.5. Cultural Information Ho Citadel was built by Ho Quy Ly, the Prime Minister of the Tran

Dynasty in It played the role of the Dai Viet’s Imperial City from 1397 to 1407. According to the Vietnamese Chronicles, Ho Citadel was built from

January to March of 1397 with the following main architectural components: Imperial palaces and connecting stone paved paths citadel wall, and moat valted gates, La Thanh Outer walls, ancestral temples, Xa Tac Soil and Grain temple, road system. In the following year, there were some repairs and other extended constructions. In 1402 Nam Giao altar was built on Don Son mountain.

After defeated by the Ming invaders the Ho dynasty being the citadel area was abandoned and left to ruin. Historically, the citadel was called by various names: An Ton (following the name of nearby mountain), Tay Do (means Western Capital), Tay Kinh (means Western Imperial Capital), Tay Giai (following the name of nearby village), Thach Thanh (means Stone Citadel), Thanh Nha Ho (means Citadel of the Ho dynasty) is the most common name.

II.6. Environmental information 1- Terrain: The proposed property situates at the north west of Vinh Loc district,

with beautiful natural landscape that represents the “charming scense of mountain and water”. To the north, this area is protected by Tho Tuong mountain, three remain sides are covered by Ma river and Buoi river. The terrain inside the Inner Citadel is quite even and flat which is used for argricultural cultivation.

2- Climate characteristic: This area is influenced by the climate zone of Northern Central part, with

monsoon wind and cold weather in the winter; and hot and dry weather in the summer.




According to the statistic of the Thanh Hoa Gauging Station, the total temperature per anum is about 8500 - 86000C, particularly the crop season (May – October) accounts for 60%, average annual temperature is 11 - 12o C; daily temperature amplitude is 6-7 oC.

3- Hydrography, water resource: Ma river runs through Thanh Hoa province with total length of 242 km.

Its tributaries include 89 estuaries. This is the biggest river system of Thanh Hoa province, of which about 7km is running through proposed property. Hydraulic observation of the Cam Thuy Gauging Station shows that Hmax = 21.75m (in 1975), mean water discharge is at 52.6m3/s. Flooding season runs from June to October. Largest water discharge is in August and September.

Buoi river is one of the estuaries of Ma river, which is 130 kms long. It is originated from Hoa Binh province, flowing to Thanh Hoa province via Thach Thanh district and joint to Ma river at Vinh Khang commune in the south of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. This river also has other name as Bao, Bai Giang river. Buoi river flows though the territory of Vinh Long, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Khang communes covering whole buffer zone. Like Ma river, Buoi river was also functioned as natural outer moat defend Tay Do Imperial City.

As a common issue of the world, impacts of climate change should be considered in Vietnam as well as in Thanh Hoa region. The most likely consequences of climate change for the northern part of Vietnam are the increase in temperature and the number of tropical low pressure bring more wind and rain, and the possibility of more frequent flooding caused by storms. The hydrometeorological document recorded by the Center for Hydrometeorology of Thanh Hoa province during 1995 -2009 in the Vinh Loc area shows that the average temperature was fluctuated between 23.8 to 25.3ºC degree. The monthly highest and lowest temperatures in each year have not been a big change. The situation of humidity was similar. However, the monthly average of rainfall throughout the year and in specific months, and number of tropical low pressure reflects an unstable of natural law, which could cause sudden flood and storm in the heritage area. To take precautions for the erosion and collapse for the Nominated heritage is necessary by the development of natural risk management plan based on the document records in the tables below:

Table V.1- Center for Hydrometeorology of Thanh Hoa Province

Monthly Average Temperature (°C)

Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Average

Year

1995 16.3 16.5 19.2 23.6 26.9 29.4 28.9 28.0 27.0 25.7 20.6 18.1 24.0

1996 17.0 15.7 19.5 20.6 26.6 29.0 29.5 28.3 26.6 25.2 22.6 18.2 23.8

1997 18.6 17.0 20.8 24.2 27.6 29.5 28.5 28.6 25.3 25.7 23.4 19.6 24.6

1998 18.5 19.1 20.5 25.4 28.2 30.2 30.3 29.0 27.3 25.4 22.9 19.8 25.3




1999 17.6 19.1 20.9 24.6 25.7 29.1 30.1 27.9 27.3 24.9 22.1 16.2 24.4

2000 18.6 16.6 19.1 24.2 26.9 28.4 29.1 28.5 26.4 25.0 21.3 20.2 24.2

2001 18.5 17.5 20.5 24.1 26.7 28.7 28.9 28.2 27.3 25.4 20.7 18.0 24.2

2002 17.7 19.1 21.8 24.8 27.2 29.0 28.8 27.7 26.4 24.7 21.0 19.0 24.5

2003 16.8 20.5 21.1 25.1 28.3 29.8 29.2 28.4 26.9 25.5 23.2 18.4 25.1

2004 17.3 17.7 19.9 23.6 26.0 28.9 28.6 28.2 27.0 24.7 22.4 19.3 24.2

2005 16.9 18.1 18.8 23.1 28.4 30.3 28.9 28.0 27.3 25.3 22.6 17.2 24.4

2006 18.2 18.6 19.6 24.6 26.9 29.6 29.3 27.4 27.0 26.1 24.6 18.8 24.8

2007 16.9 21.3 21.2 22.9 26.4 29.6 29.3 28.3 26.5 24.9 20.6 20.6 24.7

2008 15.9 13.5 20.1 24.3 26.7 28.1 28.9 28.4 27.2 25.7 21.7 18.6 23.9

2009 16.2 22 20.8 24.1 26.7 30 29.1 27.6 27.8 25.7 21.3 19.8 25.0

TB 17.4 18.2 20.3 23.9 27.0 29.3 29.2 28.2 26.9 25.3 22.1 18.8 24.5

Table V.2- Monthly Highest Temperature

(°C)


Year

1995 20.5 25.2 27.5 30.0 37.9 37.6 37.8 35.6 33.4 34.4 28.5 26.5 37.9

1996 26.0 24.8 35.1 30.4 36.5 35.7 38.2 37.9 32.9 31.3 30.0 27.5 38.2

1997 27.2 25.3 27.9 30.6 37.0 38.9 35.9 37.4 32.5 33.3 33.2 28.5 38.9

1998 28.4 30.9 31.3 35.6 38.1 38.9 38.9 36.6 34.2 31.9 29.6 28.3 38.9

1999 26.0 25.7 32.9 32.9 35.4 35.9 38.3 34.6 33.9 32.4 29.7 23.5 38.3

2000 27.2 28.2 28.1 33.4 35.9 36.0 36.7 36.5 33.4 32.4 29.0 26.5 36.7

2001 28.2 25.2 29.2 36.3 36.6 36.6 36.7 36.2 33.6 32.2 30.0 27.6 36.7

2002 25.7 25.2 28.0 32.0 37.2 36.5 36.7 35.2 34.4 31.6 30.5 28.0 37.2

2003 25.5 26.6 35.5 34.6 39.0 38.1 36.0 36.5 33.4 33.5 32.5 27.2 39.0

2004 26.2 27.0 32.6 30.0 35.0 38.8 38.8 36.3 34.8 31.1 30.3 28.0 38.8

2005 25.2 27.8 27.2 35.0 38.5 37.2 37.1 34.7 34.5 33.6 30.0 27.5 38.5

2006 28.6 25.6 28.0 37.5 34.8 38.1 37.0 34.5 36.0 31.4 31.5 27.5 38.1

2007 28.6 25.6 28.0 37.5 34.8 38.1 37.0 34.5 36.0 31.4 31.5 27.5 38.1

2008 28.2 25.4 30.0 34.2 35.8 37.5 35.8 35.2 35.0 32.0 30.2 25.8 37.5

2009 24.8 32.0 30.6 37.0 32.5 36.9 37.6 36.2 36.4 32.4 33.8 28.5 37.6

Max 28.6 32.0 35.5 37.5 39.0 38.9 38.9 37.9 36.4 34.4 33.8 28.5 39.0




Table V.3- Monthly Lowest Temperature (°C)


Year

1995 9.9 9.6 14.2 17.3 19.4 23.8 23.0 23.3 22.4 21.0 11.6 10.4 9.6

1996 10.5 6.6 13.6 13.0 20.7 25.0 23.4 22.3 21.4 19.7 14.9 12.9 6.6

1997 11.5 12.5 16.3 17.8 20.9 24.2 24.8 23.9 17.1 18.6 16.4 13.9 11.5

1998 11.4 9.9 12.9 20.5 23.4 24.9 24.0 22.8 21.1 18.9 16.7 13.1 9.9

1999 10.4 12.4 15.8 18.0 20.7 24.1 24.2 23.8 21.5 17.4 15.8 5.9 5.9

2000 11.5 9.6 10.2 18.6 20.3 21.8 22.2 23.9 20.3 18.6 13.5 13.5 9.6

2001 11.5 13.0 14.2 15.5 21.9 22.7 24.6 23.8 23.2 21.0 12.5 10.0 10.0

2002 11.0 12.5 16.0 17.1 22.1 23.9 24.8 23.1 21.8 17.5 14.0 8.0 8.0

2003 9.4 12.6 14.8 19.4 20.1 23.8 24.0 23.8 22.7 16.4 14.4 10.7 9.4

2004 9.5 8.8 13.6 17.4 19.2 22.0 23.5 24.5 21.9 18.7 15.2 11.3 8.8

2005 9,0 10.7 10.4 17.2 22.5 24.6 24.2 23.9 22.9 18.9 13.8 10.5 10.4

2006 11.2 14.0 12.7 16.6 20.5 24.5 24.4 24.0 21.6 21.3 16.9 11.5 11.2

2007 11.2 14.0 12.7 16.6 20.5 24.5 24.4 24.0 21.6 21.3 16.9 11.5 11.2

2008 8.0 7.3 10.4 18.1 20.2 24.3 24 23.9 22.0 21.8 11.0 10.6 7.3

2009 7 16.4 12.2 17.9 21.3 22.7 23.6 23.9 22.2 20.4 13.2 13.2 7.0

Min 7.0 6.6 10.2 13.0 19.2 21.8 22.2 22.3 17.1 16.4 11.0 5.9 5.9

Table V.4- Monthly Average of Rainfall (mm)


Year

1995 25.7 4.5 28.1 12.9 234 203 260 270 239 166 23.6 7.4 1472.7

1996 9.3 20.2 94.5 44.2 102 38.7 240 357 345 230 663 1 2144.9

1997 14.3 20.9 44.9 249 131 194 259 277 288 242 12.1 11.6 1743.9

1998 3 18.2 10.1 64.5 57.4 314 104 117 172 91.8 25.8 3.7 981.7

1999 17 6.6 25.5 66 334 160 79.3 116 179 360 189 46.7 1578.6

2000 2.3 5.8 38.1 59.3 231.3 113.7 169.6 230.3 499.8 65.6 5.1 1.8 1422.7

2001 15.6 13.0 107.2 12.8 254.3 147.5 170.5 252.6 146.7 231.9 57.9 67.3 1477.3

2002 1.1 1.0 13.5 20.1 121.7 176.3 302.5 257.5 115.0 110.4 24.3 56.1 1199.5

2003 14.6 4.9 23.2 35.6 98.5 77.3 127.1 173.2 264.5 18.6 0.4 7.6 845.5




2004 5.1 57.2 21.6 136.3 177.5 128.1 126.3 257.8 232.4 39.9 37.2 9.0 1228.4

2005 4.7 19.6 21.3 33.5 131.1 140.7 279.9 445.6 475.3 42.4 109.0 14.1 1717.2

2006 2.9 26.2 28.7 35.7 312.2 157.9 240.8 323.3 181.4 62.7 17.0 20.2 1409

2007 0.0 18.3 18.9 27.6 206.3 155.4 379.1 180.6 496.9 394.6 4.7 5.0 1887.4

2008 67.3 14.7 46.5 230.7 222.8 272.6 205.3 424.0 393.5 342.5 128.0 29.7 2377.6

2009 2.8 0.5 39 31.7 265 81.8 nil 219 231 64.9 21.9 0.9 1139.7

TB 12.4 15.4 37.4 70.6 191.9 157.5 208.2 260.0 283.9 164.2 87.9 18.8 1508.4

Min 0 0.5 10.1 12.8 57.4 38.7 79.3 116.3 115 18.6 0.4 0.9 845.5

Max 67.3 57.2 107.2 248.7 333.9 314.4 379.1 445.6 499.8 394.6 663.1 67.3 2377.6

Table V.5- Monthly Average humidity (%)


Year

1995 87 87 90 93 85 82 83 87 87 81 80 80 85

1996 88 84 91 91 87 81 78 85 88 84 84 80 85

1997 84 89 93 90 84 78 83 83 88 87 81 84 85

1998 87 88 92 90 84 79 79 85 84 79 78 77 84

1999 85 87 91 89 88 83 80 88 86 87 86 77 86

2000 85 87 93 92 87 81 84 87 86 86 80 82 86

2001 88 89 92 92 88 88 87 98 88 84 80 87 88

2002 86 91 91 91 86 83 85 87 83 85 85 89 87

2003 85 91 81 90 85 76 83 87 88 84 82 82 85

2004 86 90 89 90 87 79 82 87 86 80 81 79 85

2005 83 91 88 91 85 75 82 88 88 73 83 76 84

2006 81 90 90 88 83 79 79 88 80 85 82 78 84

2007 78 88 92 86 82 79 82 85 84 84 73 85 83

2008 86 78 88 90 83 84 80 85 87 86 77 78 84

2009 82 89 90 89 88 80 86 88 87 86 79 84 86

TB 85 88 90 90 85 80 82 87 86 83 81 81 85

Table V.6- Number of Tropical Low Pressure (Amount)


Year

1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1




1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3

1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

2004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 5

2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 4

Tổng 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 7 3 0 0 21

Table V.7- Water Highest level of Buoi river at Kim Tan station (cm)

1996 303 417 385 516 566 1209 1339 1085 598 1225 386 386 1339

1997 319 405 468 441 623 1015 920 922 1043 406 342 342 1043

1998 296 284 328 423 540 787 469 775 644 322 300 300 787

1999 259 257 408 669 791 525 707 715 767 516 402 402 791

2000 302 333 418 550 580 574 660 1299 621 412 329 329 1299

2001 276 412 319 761 778 839 951 747 783 484 341 341 951

2002 290 263 300 588 866 845 829 699 606 405 434 434 866

2003 367 298 417 513 561 1027 630 1028 446 309 291 291 1028

2004 259 270 439 581 633 930 884 943 385 299 284 284 943

2005 252 248 238 323 450 724 1049 1233 1004 560 294 294 1233

2006 252 266 335 648 887 931 1019 725 407 275 238 238 1019

2007 231 279 333 508 417 967 460 790 1425 336 257 257 1425

2008 243 296 231 383 527 566 666 708 1003 1087 1226 314 1226

2009 251 299 241 398 511 522 596 687 989 1001 1124 212 1124

Max 367 417 468 761 887 1209 1339 1299 1425 1225 1226 434 1425




Table V.8- Water Lowest level of Buoi river at Kim Tan station (cm)

Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Min

Year

1995 311 297 285 264 260 324 436 577 444 363 338 312 260

1996 294 288 273 287 283 307 354 496 531 415 383 339 273

1997 318 299 295 315 308 279 345 503 472 406 343 319 279

1998 295 266 259 265 273 298 334 337 364 320 288 269 259

1999 256 2411 232 234 255 372 366 408 402 372 327 302 232

2000 279 270 264 256 283 334 365 447 457 404 327 297 256

2001 268 265 259 250 248 376 481 473 412 375 326 298 248

2002 273 262 243 234 238 380 504 546 420 370 324 300 234

2003 295 276 247 246 258 285 310 378 382 306 270 248 246

2004 229 224 211 222 242 297 272 416 388 300 268 246 211

2005 223 215 208 210 200 240 311 497 406 332 294 260 200

2006 244 237 231 213 228 217 208 439 314 275 232 218 208

2007 204 198 207 189 217 264 292 299 315 330 258 237 189

2008 213 214 200 195 210 314 405 359 317 356 314 268 195

2009 201 211 198 205 221 320 398 369 302 387 289 231 198

Min 201 198 198 189 200 217 208 299 302 275 232 218 189

Table V.9- Water Highest Level of Ma river (cm)

Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Max

Year

1995 1190 1173 1180 1173 1223 1523 1657 1721 1593 1316 1299 1190 1721

1996 1180 1166 1286 1199 1281 1338 2048 2009 1637 1442 1616 1231 2048

1997 1198 1182 1264 1250 1233 1363 1596 1583 1687 1465 1246 1202 1687

1998 1183 1170 1166 1189 1230 1342 1480 1314 1477 1228 1182 1162 1480

1999 1157 1144 1146 1196 1278 1595 1363 1514 1500 1317 1248 1232 1595

2000 1173 1183 1199 1176 1343 1333 1526 1435 1788 1357 1230 1192 1788

2001 1180 1164 1223 1196 1432 1503 1599 1533 1505 1394 1270 1198 1599

2002 1200 1178 1160 1192 1373 1460 1623 1609 1378 1361 1246 1293 1623

2003 1250 1234 1185 1207 1249 1239 1742 1437 1567 1326 1196 1175 1742




2004 1166 1170 1183 1287 1389 1383 1508 1668 1648 1249 1203 1191 1668

2005 1176 1172 1175 1172 1188 1355 1400 1700 1844 1465 1315 1198 1844

2006 1186 1179 1174 1198 1279 1322 1523 1685 1386 1290 1195 1177 1685

2007 1168 1174 1190 1205 1308 1302 1470 1356 1462 2187 1251 1201 2187

2008 1187 1243 1191 1210 1271 1443 1524 1589 1791 1751 1682 1251 1791

2009 1198 1202 1168 1197 1200 1345 1498 1552 1608 1606 1501 1107 1608

Max 1250 1243 1286 1287 1432 1595 2048 2009 1844 2187 1682 1293 2187

Table V.10- Water Lowest level of Ma river (cm)


Year

1995 1172 1159 1151 1139 1141 1170 1266 1340 1279 1214 1191 1177 1139

1996 1161 1154 1142 1145 1146 1163 1204 1301 1362 1254 1230 1198 1142

1997 1182 1172 1161 1168 1159 1147 1193 1341 1303 1243 1201 1184 1147

1998 1168 1158 1147 1146 1146 1168 1197 1195 1209 1177 1158 1149 1146

1999 1143 1136 1129 1129 1131 1201 1216 1146 1246 1212 1184 1173 1129

2000 1162 1155 1146 1140 1152 1182 1218 1273 1281 1231 1191 1175 1140

2001 1163 1154 1151 1140 1139 1231 1298 1303 1259 1232 1196 1179 1139

2002 1170 1159 1146 1141 1143 1208 1306 1363 1270 1232 1205 1187 1141

2003 1183 1173 1163 1154 1154 1170 1185 1212 1244 1196 1175 1166 1154

2004 1159 1152 1148 1149 1161 1194 1185 1275 1250 1203 1186 1173 1148

2005 1162 1155 1152 1148 1142 1154 1177 1298 1272 1227 1198 1184 1142

2006 1171 1166 1158 1153 1155 1168 1196 1301 1225 1195 1177 1167 1153

2007 1163 1154 1152 1147 1155 1177 1213 1219 1299 1248 1202 1186 1147

2008 1178 1172 1169 1166 1168 1218 1306 1285 1250 1282 1251 1216 1166

2009 1168 1142 1098 1123 1124 1202 1269 1231 1208 1246 1157 1096 1096

Min 1143 1136 1098 1123 1124 1147 1177 1146 1208 1177 1157 1096 1096

Table V.12- Highest floods recorded on the Buoi river

Year Hmax Qmax Date

1978 1844 cm No measurement 22 - IX




1979 1833 cm No measurement 04 - VIII

1980 2129 cm No measurement 24 - VII

2007 1858 cm No measurement 05 - X

Table V.13- Highest floods recorded on the Ma river

Year Hmax Qmax Date

1975 2036 cm 7170 m3/s 3 -IX

1976 1928 cm 3780 m3/s 10 - VIII

1996 2048 cm 6020 m3/s 25 - VII

2007 2187 cm 6720 m3/s 05 - X

4- Geological foundation According to geographic documents, Buffer zone of the heritage area

consists of the following geographic compositions:

- Early Triassic compositions (about 225 million years BP) including sandstone, tuf sandstone, reddish brown tufit with thin layer of sandstone, tuf consisting pebbles, bibbly-rock lens; in sandstone, there are fossils of mollusk Entolium, Gervillia. These compositions are represented by Ky Ngai mountain, locating on the left of the North of Kieu bridge (Vinh Ninh commune); Don Son mountain (Vinh Thanh commune) in the South; Tho Tuong mountain (Vinh Long commune) in the North; Tho Don mountain (Vinh Yen commune) in the West and Beo mountain (or Hac Khuyen mountain, Vinh Long commune) in the East of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

- Middle Triassic compositions (nearly 200 million years BP), including clearly beddings of grey, greenish grey, dark grey limestone, which are generally thin and distributed horizontally. Some places have marl and hassock in grayish yellow or light brownish yellow colour, maximum thickness of 200m. In limestone, there are fossils of mollusk Entolium, Velopecten, Hoernesia, especially Pseudomonotis, Lima and others (Brachiopoda). Limestone now is distributed mainly in 3 regions of Buffer zone, including Xuan Dai, Trac Phong mountains, where Thong pagoda is located, and Tien Si mountain (Vinh Ninh commune) in the South; An Ton mountain, where Nang cave located (Vinh Yen commune) in the West and Eo Le mountain (Vinh Quang commune) in the North of Ho Citadel respectively.

- Quaternary compositions (about 12,000 to 3,000 years BP) including marine transgression sediment (clay, clay – flour and argillaceous sand




containing fossil of Corbula, Turitella, Streblus, Elphidium, Gramostocum which lived in hollow sea and brackish water) forming surface of plain of Vinh Ninh, Vinh Khang, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Tien, Vinh Long, Vinh Yen, Vinh Quang communes today(1).

The above mentioned geographic features bring a special appearance to Buffer zone and Nominated sites of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. It is noteworthy that this area has the soil texture, which is stable with good adhersive force and load intensity. However, precautions should be taken in term of landslide, depression or earthquake due to the earthquake fault zone of Ma river. This area lies in the earthquake level of 7 ( around 5.5 richter scale).

II.7. History of land use Current status of land use : Till now, there is no any detailed surveying of land-use for the whole

area of 5.234ha, including buffer zone and Nominated area. Recently, detailed survey of the land-use status has been conducted for the development of a Master Plan for the protection, reconstruction and promotion of cultural values of Citadel of Ho Dynasty complex. Although it is not yet covered the whole protected area, the status of land use within and surrounding the Nominated Sites is recorded, including land for historical sites, inhabitance, administrative headquarters, transportation, canals, agricultural productions and cemetary.

- A survey of land use inside the Ho Citadel and the areas that extent from the stone walls, 300m to the north (adjacent to the Cam Bao village), 500m to the east (the Dong Mon hamlet), 500m to the west (the Tay Giai hamlet), to the south (the Xuan Giai hamlet), in the total area of 480ha has been made. It is necessary to continue the survey of land use in the whole area of Buffer zone in near future.

Table V-14. Summary table of current status of land use – Ho Citadel and surrounding area

Scale No. Land category

Area (ha) Proportion ( %)

1. Land for housing 31,2 6,5

2. Land for vestiges 79,0 16.1

3. Land for administrative headquarters 0.37 0.1

4. Land for public works 1.44 0.3

5. Land for school/education 1.45 0.3

6. Land for headwork 0.32 0.1

7. Agricultural land 243.3 51,1

1 Trịnh Dánh 2007. Những nhận định ban đầu về cảnh quan thiên nhiên ở khu vực Vĩnh

Ninh (Huyện Vĩnh Lộc- Thanh Hóa) , tư liệu Sở Văn Hóa – Thể thao và Du lịch tỉnh Thanh Hóa. [Initial study on natural landscape of Vinh Ninh area (Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province), document of the Departmnet of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh hoa province]




8. Land for cash crop 7.4 1.5

9. Pond, lake, river and water surface 10.3 2.1

10. Land for cemetery/graveyard 6.6 1.4

11. Land for transportation 4.5 0.9

12. Land for other purposes 93,0 19,6

13. Total 480 100.0

III- STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY III.1. Present state of conservation

The proposed property was estabished since over 600 years and has survived many wars as well as natural and human threats. Therefore, it has been partly affected, damaged and deformed. Due to the differences in the building techniques and various material used for its construction, the rate and state of conservation of various components are different. Additionally, they have also been influenced by different social and natural threats. The current state of the components can be described as follows:

The Inner Citadel The remains of the Inner Citadel currently consists of the constituting

elements that are still standing on the ground such as the citadel wall, gates, parts of the moat and lakes, and archaeological remians of the imperial architectures. These remains are well preserved in form of archaeological heritages.

The city walls, and its stone gates are preserved in fairly good conditions, thanks to the construction of very large stone blocks. The construction technique of their outer surfaces and of the foundations provided a perfect solidity and the inside embankments are solidly compacted. However, some segments of the city walls and some parts of the gates have been damaged (Nomination Dossier, Section 4, pp. 123-126).

- The moat system and its trenches partly survived. Many segments are filled up and were leveled for rice cultivation. The clearest traces of the moat are observed in the East Gate in Dong Mon hamlet. However, other portions of the trenches can clearly be traced on sunken rice fields and most particularly in the rainy season.

To conserve the current state of the heritage site, several actions were undertaken by the MB and by other agencies at local and central levels. Additionally, a close co-ordination and co-operation between national and foreign agencies has been set up. The initiatives are summarized in the Nomination Dossier (Section 4, pp. 128-129).




The La Thanh Outer Wall The La Thanh Outer wall is formed by embanking high mounds that are

connecting the natural mounds and surrounding hills. Species of thorny bamboo were recorded to be planted on its outer side. According to historical records, the La Thanh wall was running from the Don Son mountain (Vinh Thanh commune) along the Tuong Son mountain (Vinh Long commune) in the south and southeast and in the north, it was connecting the north of An Ton to the Bao Dam gate (from the North Gate of the citadel to the Tuong Son mountain). In the west, the wall was erected from Kha Lang market (now the west market) at Vuc Son (now Vinh Yen commune) to the area of Ben Da (Stone Landing place) at Loi Giang river or Ma river (Vinh Tien commune). Currently, many of these sections described in the historical records are not visible anymore and many segments of the earth mounds have disintegrated due to a possible change of river current. However, in some places, traces of the La Thanh wall are still rather clear. The most intact segment of the wall is located in the northeast, in Vinh Long commune. Since the earth base at this segment is rather stable and carefully compacted and that a thick layer of wild grass covers its surface, the rate of erosion is quite low. This segment is far away from residential zones so the encroachment rate is insignificant.

Relating to the La Thanh Outer wall, there are ranges of mountains, hills and mounds that were exploited to form the protective rampart. Generally, these elements are preserved their natural aspects and remain unchanged.

Nevertheless, the La Thanh Outer wall is still subject to deterioration. Erosion caused by torrential rain can still cause damage and the development of transportation and of a dyke system in the area can still modify the original form of the La Thanh Outer wall. Additionally, the exploitation of land and the needs of stones of the local people cause can risk of ruining important remaining sections of the artificial mounds. It is why the MB of Thanh Hoa Province is currently developing management plans and taking specific measures to prevent the local people from pursuing exploitation activities in the area.

The Nam Giao Altar site Before the excavation in 2004, the Nam Giao Altar site is located on the

southwestern side of the Don Son mountain. There are modern tombs that were locatted at the foot of the mountain. The lower terrain of the mount is adjacent to an inhabited zone where big trees are being grown. There are several households were settled in the southern part of the site.

A large portion of the site has been excavated from 2008 till now. As a result, the main architectural foundation system, which was built of stone, mountain soil mixed with gravel or smashed stone and pieces of brick, has been uncovered. Many elements and artefacts related to the architectural structures, mainly tiles, terra-cotta decorations and some iron artifacts have also been found.




III.2. Factors affecting the property

(i) Development pressures Because of the inherent values that have remained within well preserved

components of the citadel, in 1962, the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was recognized as national heritage. This decision participated in the presentation of the property from the impact of social and economic development within the Inner Citadel. So far, the economic and production growth of the area has not yet directly affected the components of the citadel complex. However, the growth of population and the increasing household settlement in the proximity of the citadel are indirect threats to the preservation of the property. It is a fact that small shops and restaurants opened beside the citadel wall; the construction of private houses caused the moat being narrowed. Agricultural activities may caused damages to the foundations of the property. Many artifacts were collected by the local people. It is apprehended that the recent urbanization of Vinh Loc town, if not well-planned and managed, will affect the integrity of the property. The constructing off road in the Buffer zone, including the road that superimpose the ancient stone-paved imperial way running that from the South Gate to Don Son mountain may cause drainage to the archaeological remains under grown. Therefore, without a long-term preservation plan, the restoration of the whole road is impossible and only small sections can be restored.

The limestone mountains are an integral part of the heritage landscape. However due to their proximity to local inhabited areas, limestone exploitation is underway by the service of civil construction. Thus, it is necessary to control and prohibit the quarry mining to protect the natural and cultural landscape of the property.

It is therefore essential to have a future development plan for the property area in order to deal with above mentioned matters.

(ii) Environmental Pressures As indicated in the Nomination Dossier (Section 4),

environmental elements that cause bad effects to the heritage of Ho Citadel are mainly the increase of temperature, rainfall, wind, southwest hot and dry wind, and long periods of drought. These elements may cause flood in the Ma and Buoi rivers and landslide. Current situation of climate change has not yet create serious effect on the physical components of the heritage.

So far, regional construction works and production has not yet developed, so no serious environmental problem has emerged yet. The important task is to prevent the unexpected floods in an area that is sandwiched between the Ma and Buoi rivers. It is also critical to prevent the people who are living near the heritage site from pouring sewage into the moat of the citadel and in the adjacent areas as well as to instruct them on how to deal with garbage hygienically.




(iii) Natural disaster and risk preparedness (earthquake, flood, fire, etc.)

Over the last 600 years, no earthquake that could affect the citadel has been recorded. However, it has been noted in the history that lightening has hit the palaces inside the citadel several times. It is therefore imperative to conduct research to establish an effective anti-lightening system for construction works that are conducted there. Natural calamity, especially storm, flood and hail are also very threatening. Since there are now no construction works and no population living in the citadel, fire risks are most unlikely to happen for the moment. However, together with a prospective plan of development of future cultural works in the inner wall, fire prevention and fighting procedure should be planned accordingly.

Concerning the city walls and the gates, it is noted that they have been relatively well conserved since they were built by special techniques and by strong stone blocks. However, it is important to remark that collapse, break, or movement of positions may form a danger leading to the deformation and the further damage of the citadel and most specifically when these threats are supported by natural factors such as rain and storms. For the area inside the citadel, because of its wide size, drainages could be considered in order to avoid negative impacts on the walls. The southwest wall corner was previously opened for drainage purposes, however, it has effected to the stable of the wall corner. Consequently, an overall drainage method should be installed to protect the walls in rainstorm season and the Southwest wall corner should be restored.

Regarding the Nam Giao Altar site, its main threat is landslide and collapse, caused by rain and flood and impacted by temperature, light, and moisture on the material composition of the structures. Special attention should be paid to the above elements when conservation and restoration plans are worked out.

(iv) Visitor / Tourism pressures The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is well recognized amongs academia.

Most of national and international scientific study missions coming to Vietnam have acknowledged the significance of the site. In recent years, the site also attract larger number of visitors. However, for the present time, it has not seen much pressure of visitors against the heritage area. However, with the conservation and restoration plan for the site of Thanh Hoa province, the Ho Citadel will be a significant place among the provincial network of cultural and natural heritages. When overall restoration planning of its components and Nam Giao Altar is completed, plus the possibility of being inscribed in the world cultural heritage site of UNESCO, it will attract larger number of tourists and visitors.

Table V.15. Number of visitors to the Ho Citadel between 2006 and 2009

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 Number of visitors 15.000 16.500 19.000 20.000

(Source: Ho Dynasty Citadel Management Board)




Thus, to ensure the demands of the potential visitors and to facilitate the good protection of the site, it is necessary to develope a tourist management plan.

IV. Current Protection and Management IV.1. Ownership Socialist Republic of Vietnam

The Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee, the Vinh Loc District People’s Committee and the Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is entitled to manage the property in accordance with the regulations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

IV.2. Protective decision Nominated sites Nominated sites are strictly protected by Law of Cultural Heritages - The Ho Citadel (Inner citadel) is recognized since 28 April 1962, as

national heritage, according to the Decision 313-VH/VP by the Minister of Culture (currently Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MOCST) of the Republic of Vietnam (presently Socialist Republic of Vietnam).

- The Nam Giao Altar is a protected area and is recognized as a national archeological heritage since the 18/10/2007, according to the Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL by MOCST.

- The La Thanh Outer Wall: The assessment of the case of the La Thanh Outer Wall has been completed. The MB is currently finalizing the nomination file for national heritage in order to add it into the complex of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

Buffer zone: Historical and monumental sites in the Buffer zone that have been

inventoried and recognized as cultural heritages of provincial level, are preserved according to the Law of Cultural Heritages. A list of these sites is attached in Annex III – Description of the Buffer zone.

Other components of the Buffer zone are protected by the Law of Cultural Heritages as well as othe specific laws as below:

- The moutains and their beauty spots, caves, lakes… in the Buffer zone are protected according to the Law on Environmental Protection of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, number 52/2005/QH11 on November 29, 2005. Chapter 4, Article 31, Para 2 states that "Organizations and individuals engaged in activities of planning, construction, manufacture, trade, services, must ensure the requirements of preservation and improvement of natural landscape". These areas are also protected according to the Mineral Law, which allows the government to announce areas where mining activities are prohibited (or temporarily prohibited) for national defense, security, historical or cultural reasons or other reasons in the public interest.( Article 14)




- The rivers and dykes, including the vestiges of ancient La Thanh Outer wall are protected according to the Ordinance on Dyke, which prohibit “Exploiting soil, rock, sand, gravel or other minerals; digging ponds, wells and dredging watercourses within the dyke protection limit” and “Discharging waste matters into the dyke protection limit, river sandbanks, river beds; storing materials on dykes, except materials reserved for flood and storm prevention and combat” (Ordinance on Dyke, Chapter III, Article 11, Para. 1 and 4).

- The land use in the Buffer zone: except the land of protected zones, which are protected by the Law of Cultural Heritages, a vast area of Buffer zone is managed by the local government, according to the Law on Land of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. A Master Plan is being developed for the Citadel of Ho Dynasty Complex, which will be focused on the zoning and development plan of land use for effective management and protection of the Property.

IV.3. National and international laws The property is protected by a system of legal documents on cultural

heritage of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, in particular:

- Law on Cultural Heritage, approved by the National Assembly of the S.R of Vietnam on 29/6/2001. Order No. 09/2001/L-CTN signed by the President on 12-7-2001, taken into effect on 01/01/2002;

- Decree No. 92/2002/NĐ-CP dated 11-11-2002 of the Government on the detailed guideline on the implementation of the Law on Cultural Heritage;

- Decision No. 17006/2001/QĐ-BVHTT dated 24/7/2001 of the Minister of Culture and Information on the approval of Master plan on conservation and promotion of historical and cultural relics and natural landscapes until 2020;

- Decision No. 05/2003/QĐ-BVHTT dated 6/02/2003 of the Minister of Culture and Information (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism at present) on the issuance of Regulation on restoration of historical and cultural relics and natural landscape;

- The protection and management plan of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty will also be developed according to the international convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage.

IV.4. Protection measures The Regulations on management, protection and promotion of the

property by the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee in 2007 is the basic measure for the protection of the property. In addition, to deal with the issues related to land use, environment and landscape management, following legal documents are essential:

- Law on Land of Vietnam issued in 2004: agricultural production of the local people are strictly stipulated in the regulation on management, protection, and promotion of the value of the property by the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee in 2007;

- Law on Environmental Protection.




IV.5. Current planning Master plan for socio-economic development of Vinh Loc district to the

year 2010, and the orientation to 2020. IV.6. Administrative strative agencies The Management Board of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty was established in

accordance with the Decision No. 2264/QĐ-UBND dated 30/7/2007 of the Chairman of the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee. The organizational structure of the Management Board of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty comprises staffing to ensure its responsibilities on the management of Ho citadel heritage.

IV.7. Financial sources and levels Table V-16.. Financial sources and levels during 2004 - 2009

Activities Implementing

Agencies Year Amount

(1000VND)

Assesment of the value and conservation status Hồng Đức University 2004 200.000.000

Excavation of South Gate DOCST ,IA 2008 400.000.000

Excavation of Nam Giao Altar DOCST, IA 2004-2008 3.800.000.000


Administration budget MB 2008-2009 1.570.000.000

Collection of literature and legends on the heritage MB

2008-2009 32.000.000

Awareness raising on the heritage among local communities MB 2008 20.000.000

Collection of artefacts in the local communities MB 2008-2009 28.000.000

Preservation of the stone walls UNESCO 1998 20,000 USD

Total 18,050,000,000.00

In addition, UNESCO has sponsored $20,000 in 1990s for the preservation of the walls.

Recommendation on conservation and promotion of the value of the Property with a view to protect the integrity and authenticity of the outstanding universal values of the heritage. Development of projects on excatvaion and archaeological researches of the underground area of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and Nam Giao Altar site. From the results of those projects, plans on conservation and promotion of the value of the property will be made. Project on protection of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and La Thanh Outer wall of erosion is also to be developed.

IV.8. Human resource for heritage protection




1- The Management Board of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty is directly responsible for heritage mangement of the site. The staffing levels of the MB include:

- 1 Dortor in archaeology,

- 4 BA in history, - 1 BA in museology,

- 2 BA in philosophy -1 BA in Sinology

In addition, local staffs are employed for the protection and preservation of the Nominated sites.

In order to meet the demand on technical skill and management, the staffs have been sent to participate in the short-term trainning courses organised by national and international technical organisations in archaeology, museum education and site management. They also participate in the study tour to the museums and cultural heritage sites of Thailand (2008), China (2009). In comming year,

V. Major issues on management V.1. Identification of main issues for management 1. Natural and cultural landscape management: 2. Environment management

3. Protection and conservation management 4. Social - economic development management

5. Heritage promotion and education management 6. Finacial management

VI. Action Plan VI-1. Identify responsibility of the MB and related agencies in the

management of specific issue Cultural property of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty has been recognized as

national heritage by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MOCST), Social Republic of Vietnam and protected under the Law on Cultural Heritage. Heritage is managed at different levels, from national to local authorities. The MOCST plays the role of administrative management and guiding the heritage management works as well as giving direction on conservation of the heritage. People’s Committees at all levels are responsible for administrative management as assigned. The Management Boad of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (MB) has direct responsibility to the management conservation and promotion of the heritage:




- To coordinate with the Vinh Loc DPC in the management of land use inside the protected zones to ensure that agricultural production of the local people are strictly stipulated following the Regulation;

- To coordinate with the Vinh Loc DPC in the management of environmental and landscape of the Property to ensure that the enviroment in the Property is strictly protected as stipulated in the Regulations and Law on Cultural Heritage 2001,

- To coordinate with the Vinh Loc DPC in the management of the infrastructure construction of transportation system, with proper rellocation of those transportation routes which affect the sustainability of the Property. Construction of roads No. 217 and 45 are made at the area of Vinh Long commune, keeping those out of the heritage area (the current road through the vestige has been prohibited out of the powerdriven vehicles); after the clearance of the areas 10m from foot of the stone walls at 4 directions (east, west, south, north), walking streets for visitors and inhabitants will be built.

- To cooperate with professional institutions to conduct scientific research works, historical and archaeological survey and excavation;

- To develop plan for the inventory and documentation of cultural heritages of historical monuments and artifacts collected within the Nominated areas and Buffer zone;

- To develop plan for the conservation and protection of the monuments, archaeological vestiges and artifacts, including the construction of standard storage-house for the artifacts found from recent excavations.

- To promote the awareness of the values of the Site by the development of Tourist activities and heritage educational programs conducted in the local secondary schools .

- To maintain and update the website (http://www.thanhnhaho.vn) with information related to the activities of research and promotion of cultural values of the Property.

- Inhabitant resettlement (population, houses, jobs, production structure..) by means of population policy, inhabitant evacuation planning out of the nominated area of the Property, economic shifting orientation for the population to avoid adverse effects to the values of the Property (in the adjacent areas of the Inner Citadel and the Nam Giao Altar).

VI-2. Protected zonning plan In order to develope an appropriate management plan for various

components of the property, the whole Nominated area and the Buffer zone are defined to 9 zones, specific protected measures for each of which will be implemented.

1- Strictly protected areas

These areas include the Nominated sites. They will be strictly




2- Traditional village protected area: these villages located near the eastern, western and southern gates of the Ho Citadel. They have long history of establishment and preserved cultural elements and legends that related to the Ho Citadel, including their names and location. Archaeological vestiges of the Ho Dynasty, such as, remains of Cong Da road in Tay Giai hamlet are also well preserved in these areas. The management plan focus to the protection and conservation of traditional standing monuments. The research works will focus on both historical and archaeological aspect, which aim at reconstruction of history and the role of these villages during the establishment of the imperial city.

3- Folklore protected area: it is the areas that pocess rich sources of folklore and legends which mainly distributed in Mau Re lake and An Ton moutain in Vinh Yen commune.

4- Ma and Buoi Rivers landscape protected area: along the river banks of the Buoi and Ma rvers, there are several old villages in which traditional cultures are preserved. Both natural landscape and cultural heritage will be protected.

5- Mountainous landscape protected area: in this area, natural landscape and resources will be manage to ensure the protection of natural elements that conform to the geo-cultural values of the Ho Citadel.

6- Eco-agricultural buffer zone: this is the largest area that constitute the main part of the Buffer zone. This area is preserved for producing rice and supplemental products. The development in this area is controlled to ensure the preservation of natural setting of the property.

7- Controlled area of high population density: this is the ceter area of Vinh Loc town. Although the urbanized process has been started, this area will be controlled to make sure that the urbanism will not cause bad effect to the cultural values of the Buffer zone and the natural landscape between the Inner Citadel and Don Son mountain.

8- Controlled area of low population density: The development of this area will be controlled to make sure that the population growth and the construction will not effect to the natural setting and not cause pollution to the heritage.

9- Monumental sites: The area of monument sites will be regularly monitored to make sure that their cultural values are preserved and promoted. The plan and measures for reconstruction and conservation will be developed and implemented according to the status of each site.




Ill. 7: Map showing the protected zoning areas for management plan

VII. Implementation plan VII.1. Funding sources Previously, funding sources for the protection and management of the

property are mainly from the government. In the future, the finance sources for the activities related to the protection, management and promotion of the property will be mobilized from various sources, including from the

Strictly protected area

Traditional village protected area

Folklore protected area

Ma and Buoi Rivers landscape protected area

Mountainous landscape protected area

Eco-agricultural buffer zone

Controlled area of low population density

Controlled area of high population density

Monumental sites




international institutions ans organizations. For the period from 2010 to 2020, funding sources and levels are proposed in the table

Sources Invested

1997-2009 2010-2020

From Government 90.7% 70%

National investment 0% 15%

International investment 9.3% 15%

Total 100% 100%

VII.2. Monitoring and inspection mechanism of management plan Monitoring: 1. Condition of landscape monitoring Natural landscape of the Buffer zone, including the moutains and rivers

that was incorporated for geomantic functional purposes will be exammined regularly to protect their original appearance.

Condition of landscape surrounding the nominated areas of the Inner Citadel, the Nam Giao Altar and the La Thanh Outer wall will be protected and step by step reconstructed their original apparearance.

Condition of mini landscape surrounding historical monuments will be managed to protect and preserve their functional purposes.

2. Monitor the Impact of environment; polution caused by natural phenomenons and man made (new construction, water polution, noisy...) is monitored regularly by the MB and related institutions

3. Identify changes in state of conservation grade for the monuments in the Nominated area.

The stable and conservated condition of the stone walls and gates of the Inner Citadel is monitored baseed on the anual report of the MB.

3. Identify condition of ancient monuments in the Buffer zone

4. Identify number of ancient monuments which are at risk 5. Identify state of conservation of the historic landscape, state of

important view to and from the Inner Citadel and the Altar as well as surroungding essential mountains.

Inspection mechanism of management plan: The MB will coordinate with professional and administrative institutions

to set up the plan and schedule for regular monitoring of conservation and protection of the property.




VII.3. Domestic and international cooperation in the implementation of the plan

So far, the MB co-operates maily with national institutions and researchers to conduct research and conservated projects. Cooperation with international institutions and specialists in various fields of historical and archaeological research, conservation and management plan should be promoted to meet with local need and international standards. The development of human resources, the building of capacity in cultural heritage conservation, protection and management are also among the issues of national and international coooperation to ensure the success for the implementation of management plan.

Ministry of Culture, Sports & Tourism

Consulting & Construction of cultural & urban works JSC Socialist republic of Vietnam

Independence- Freedom-Happiness ------------ & ------------

Report on the result of surveying, measuring & drawing of inner Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

Located : Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province Surveying company: Consulting & Construction of Cultural and Urban works JSC

Chairman of the work : Architect Ngo Thanh Tung Person in charge of surveying

: Engineer Pham Anh Dung

Surveying staff : MS. Engineer. Nguyen Quang Khanh

Reporter : MS.Engineer. Nguyen Quang Khanh

Surveying supervisor : Engineer Phung Thanh Tung Technical manager : Architect Ngo Thanh Tung Data handling staff : Architect Luu Trung Kien Artist,Architect Tran Phi Diep Economic staff : Construction Engineer Vu Le Ha : Engineer Do Thi Tan Together with other technical staffs

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CHAPTER I

I. Surveying objective and requirement

The surveying of the present condition and terrain of inner Citadel of the

Ho Dynasty’s area is to measure and collect documents related to the forms and

architectures of the citadel which still remain, perspective landscape and terrain

around the citadel for researching and restoring the site.

The content of surveying includes :

- To survey and draw whole the area of the wall and gates of the citadel.

The areas measured and drawn include all the flag stones around 4 sides of

citadel and gates, shown in drawing with ratio 1/100 ; other architectural details

in ratio 1/50.

- To survey and draw the moat of the citadel shown in terrain map with

ratio 1/200.

- To survey and draw the inner citadel shown in terrain map with ratio

1/2000.

The work of surveying and drawing maps is based on :

- Construction standard No. TCXD VN 309 : 2004 on surveying in

construction works - general requirements.

- Construction standard No. TCXD VN 364 : 2006 on technical standard

of measuring and GPS data processing in surveying the construction works.

- Code No. 96TCN 43-90 : Code on measuring and drawing terrain maps

with ratio 1/500 ; 1/1000 ; 1/2000 ; 1/5000 ; 1/10000 ; 1/25000 (for area inside

of a house) published by the Measuring and Mapping National Department.

- Code No. 96TCN 43-90 : Code on measuring and drawing terrain maps

with ratio 1/500 ; 1/1000 ; 1/2000 ; 1/5000 ; 1/10000 ; (for area outside of a

house) published by the Measuring and Mapping National Department.

- Code on seting up terrain maps with ratio 1/200 ; 1/500 ; 1/1000 ;

1/2000 of the Mapping Measurement Department published in 2000.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

II. Characteristics of surveyed area

The inner citadel wall was built in stones in square shape. The terrain of

measuring area is relatively convinient, the most disadvantage thing is stones

made of various sizes so that it is very hard to measure and draw on computer,

the amount of work is too much.

CHAPTER 2

Surveying of the present condition and terrain

I. Procedure to survey the present condition and terrain

Building net of terrain control

( Co-ordinate and height level IV)

Measuring and drawing in details areas of

the wall and gate of the citadel

Measuring and drawing in details the

terrain of inner citadel and moat

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

II. Establishment of co-ordinate net and height level IV

1. To arrange landmarks:

12 landmarks of co-ordinates and height level IV are built signed from A1

to A12. All points arranged inside the inner citadel. Landmark made from

concrete sized 20x20x30cm, which has a piece of porcelain inside.

2. Measurement tools:

Using electric meassurement machine : Leica TC405 of Swiss and other

necessary tools to measure.

Some technical characteristics of the machine:

- The minimum reading number when measuring angle is 5’’

- The minimum reading number when measuring sides and height is 1mm

- The accuracy to measure sides is (2+2xD)mm

- The distance to measure is from 1m to 5000m

- Bled’s length is 20’’/2mm

- The circular Bled is 10’’/2mm

- Laser Plumb center system

- To measure without mirror with distance less than 150m

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. To measure and calculate adjustment of the co-ordinate grid IV

Before measuring controlling path net that has co-ordinate grid IV, machine

and measurement tools were checked to meet the standards in present applied

code.

Co-ordinate grid IV developed from a initial azimuth and original point A1,

the co-ordinate of original point A1 is supposed to be (1000m,1000m). The grid

model is designed as a polygon to measure angle and side, also to measure and

connect azimuth.

The angle inside grid measured as the method of measuring single angle with

4 circles, position of circles changed about 900.

Side inside grid measured 4 times, measure for both coming in and back ,

height of machine and mirror measured accurately in each mm.

Grid adjusted closely with the method of indirect adjustment and

automatically calculated by software ProNet2.1 of University of Mining and

Geology. The result of calculation of adjustment co-ordinative grid IV shown in

Appendix 1. Reconciliation with code, technical targets of grid all meet the

requirement.

4. To establish height of net level IV

- The Height of net level IV is measured and combined with co-ordinate grid

IV according to the method of measuring the difference in height of

trigonometry.

- The measurement machine is the electric machine TCR405 and synchro

mirror.

- The original point is the pitch A1, this height supposed to be 10m. From

this original point, it is to make the polygonometry to the other co-ordinate grid

IV by the suitable polygon.

- During measurement, the height of machine and mirror is measured

accurately in each mm, the difference in height between 2 points is measured 4

times, coming in and back and measured automatically as set up by machine, the

difference in height is calculated by the average value of 2 times of

measurement. The total length of height of net level IV is 3.085km

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- After measuring and checking quality at the field, to start adjusting the

height of net. The adjustment method used is the indirect method and

automatically run by software ProNet V2.1 of University of Mining and

Geology.

- The adjustment result of technical height level net shown in Appendix 2.

- After checking, it is shown that the measurement result and adjustment

calculation of height net is absolutely met the requirement to measure and draw

the wall and gate of the citadel and set up map with ratio 1/200.

5. To measure and draw wall and gates of the citadel

In order to measure and draw wall and gates of the citadel, the measurement

team has to increase station points by the moving line level 1 and hanging-

moving line. Co-ordinates measured as the polar method, height measured with

the trigonometrical high difference method, equivalent to high technical

standard.

The measurement machine used is TCR405 of Leica – Swiss. The accuracy

of angle measurement is 5’’; the accuracy of side measurement is 2mm+S.2mm.

From the measurement station points, it is to measure in details the stones of

wall and gates of the citadel. Measurement method is method of polar co-

ordinates, sides measured by reflection method without mirror. Measurement

position is the angle of stones, mortar lines, etc. Data measured saved in the

measurement machine and transferred into computer by the specialized

software.

Co-ordinate of measurement points is calculated by software ProNet of

University of Mining and Geology and atomized into drawing AutoCAD. Stones

are connected and drawn directly on computer with each stone and shown in 3D

space.

After connecting and drawing, printing drawings and reconciliating with the

measured area. If there is any mistake, the measurement team will correct

timely, so that it does not affect the next measurement result.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

6. To measure and draw map with ratio 1/2000

Map established based on the initial co-ordinate point and height level IV

which are newly erected in the inner citadel.

+ To measure and draw in details :

- Use measurement machine Leica-Swiss and other equipments to measure.

Machine and equipments have to be checked before using.

- Measure in detail with the method of polar co-ordinate. The average

distance among mia points is from 25-35mm. The important geology area is

measured carefully. The accuracy to measure angle is in each second, measure

side and height accuracy is in each mm. All detail points are outlined in the field

to find out the mistake to correct timely.

Data measured saved in the measurement machine TCR405 and transferred

into computer to handle data, calculate co-ordinates, height of detail points.

+ Mapping : all measurement data is saved and transferred into computer by

professional cable. Map drawn on computer by software AutoCAD. The

distance of contour is 1m with map ratio 1/2000. All symbols of map used as

regulated in code published by Ministry of Environment and Resources.

Representation and content shown of map complied the current code.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

THE STATISTIC TABLE OF AREA OF STONE STRUCTURES ON

THE SOUTHERN WALL OF INNER CITADEL

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


THE NORTHERN WALL OF INNER CITADEL

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


THE EASTERN WALL OF INNER CITADEL

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


THE WESTERN WALL OF INNER CITADEL

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.93 4 1.27 7 2.06 10 1.242 2.92 5 2.46 8 1.26 11 0.833 0.11 6 0.59 9 1.82 12 1.52

Total 4.96 4.32 5.14 4

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.62 8 0.48 15 0.63 22 0.56 29 0.892 0.73 9 0.59 16 1.14 23 0.77 30 1.593 1.08 10 1.17 17 1.36 24 0.94 30* 1.644 0.49 11 0.8 18 1.39 25 1.56 1* 0.625 0.78 12 2.02 19 1 26 2.14 2* 0.826 0.99 13 0.72 20 4.29 27 0.47 3* 0.737 2.25 14 2.31 21 1.35 28 1.02

Total 7.94 8.09 11.16 7.46 6.29

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.24 7 1.7 13 0.77 19 1.39 25 0.12 3.2 8 2.6 14 1.01 20 0.42 26 0.443 0.24 9 2.14 15 1.68 21 1.38 27 1.174 1.55 10 1.54 16 1.79 22 1.49 28 1.165 0.6 11 2.19 17 1.11 23 0.956 1.15 12 0.99 18 1.72 24 0.91

Total 6.98 11.16 8.08 6.54 2.87

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.39 5 0.73 9 0.45 13 1.85 17 1.982 0.61 6 0.54 10 1.57 14 2.23 18 0.573 1.42 7 1.13 11 1.23 15 1.21 19 1.224 1.51 8 0.46 12 0.87 16 0.53

Total 4.93 2.86 4.12 5.82 3.77

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.41 8 2.22 15 1.97 22 1.57 29 1.062 1.57 9 1.01 16 2.2 23 1.17 30 1.323 2.42 10 3.11 17 1.6 24 0.85 31 1.344 2.01 11 0.63 18 0.88 25 1 32 1.45 2.2 12 1.3 19 0.16 26 0.69 33 2.186 1.49 13 1.66 20 1.03 27 2.33 34 0.75

Table 3

Table 1

Table 2

Table 4

Table 5

7 1.49 14 1.37 21 0.56 28 0.96 35 1.23Total 11.59 11.3 8.4 8.57 9.28

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 2.04 6 1.09 11 0.53 16 1.24 21 1.762 1.24 7 1 12 2.52 17 1.65 22 2.853 2.2 8 2.78 13 0.48 18 2.174 1.49 9 1.63 14 2.04 19 2.35 2.11 10 1.33 15 1.55 20 1.75

Total 9.08 7.83 7.12 9.11 4.61

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.97 7 0.14 13 2.54 19 0.89 25 2.052 1.92 8 2.73 14 1.33 20 2.63 26 1.73 2.53 9 1.34 15 1.57 21 1.35 27 1.374 1.8 10 0.71 16 2.91 22 0.79 28 2.745 0.12 11 1.34 17 0.83 23 1.64 29 0.826 1.59 12 0.19 18 2.28 24 2.65 30 1.67

Total 9.93 6.45 11.46 9.95 10.35

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 2.33 12 1.65 23 2.22 34 0.4 45 0.892 0.84 13 0.94 24 2.15 35 1.24 46 1.993 2.92 14 1.85 25 1.02 36 0.4 47 1.694 2.62 15 1.79 26 2.76 37 0.24 48 0.795 0.62 16 2.24 27 2.14 38 1.67 49 2.236 1.7 17 1 28 1.65 39 2.6 50 2.687 0.9 18 1.21 29 1.44 40 1.138 2.74 19 1.09 30 0.35 41 0.49 2.12 20 1.56 31 1.87 42 0.9110 2.74 21 2.11 32 2.35 43 1.2511 0.93 22 1.23 33 1.89 44 1.23

Total 20.46 16.67 19.84 11.47 10.27

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.33 10 3.36 19 0.93 28 2.73 37 2.442 0.48 11 1.35 20 1.95 29 1.15 38 1.593 0.93 12 1.48 21 0.95 30 1.45 39 1.264 0.92 13 1.85 22 1.51 31 1.595 2.51 14 2.44 23 2.62 32 1.15

Table 6

Table 7

Table 9

Table 8

6 1.54 15 4.21 24 1.76 33 4.017 2.8 16 1.82 25 1.59 34 1.988 1.22 17 1.63 26 1.33 35 1.259 1.25 18 3.46 27 2.35 36 4.65

Total 12.98 21.6 14.99 19.96 5.29

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.92 9 3.94 17 1.18 23 0.64 31 0.922 1.36 10 1.52 17* 0.64 24 5 32 2.843 1.22 11 1.17 18 0.87 25 1.5 33 1.824 5.47 12 2.72 19 1.15 26 4.9 34 0.615 0.9 13 2.67 20 3.28 27 2.146 0.79 14 2.12 20* 1.74 28 0.937 2.12 15 1.22 21 0.58 29 2.168 1.6 16 3.44 22 1.89 30 5.19

Total 15.38 18.8 11.33 22.46 6.19

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.71 11 0.31 21 1.14 31 2.52 41 2.632 3 12 1.44 22 2.28 32 0.76 42 2.283 1.07 13 1.26 23 2.12 33 0.2 43 0.94 4.46 14 2.1 24 0.62 34 0.96 44 1.55 0.75 15 1.26 25 2.59 35 1.51 45 1.746 1.04 16 3.26 26 0.9 36 2.08 46 1.067 0.73 17 2.15 27 1.36 37 3.74 47 1.978 1.16 18 1 28 0.8 38 0.559 1.58 19 3.44 29 2.35 39 1.2510 2.54 20 0.2 30 1.46 40 1.92

Total 17.04 16.42 15.62 15.49 12.08

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.79 13 0.98 25 1.13 37 1.78 49 0.882 1.35 14 1.49 26 1.9 38 1.98 50 0.153 1.56 15 1.47 27 1.76 39 2.27 51 2.894 2.1 16 1.43 28 2.32 40 1.28 52 1.415 0.89 17 1.22 29 1.13 41 1.73 53 0.736 2.16 18 1.5 30 1.35 42 1.97 54 1.957 0.85 19 0.3 31 1.11 43 2.26 55 0.948 1.72 20 0.56 32 2.01 44 1.28 56 1.069 1.1 21 0.67 33 1.28 45 0.31 57 1.5410 1.41 22 1.02 34 1.87 46 1.5511 2.18 23 1.55 35 1.1 47 1.7312 1.58 24 3.58 36 1.24 48 1.91

Total 17.69 15.77 18.2 20.05 11.55

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.64 11 1.22 21 0.63 31 1.52 41 2.152 1.47 12 0.7 22 1.87 32 2.69 42 0.893 4 13 2.03 23 0.13 33 1.97 43 2.064 1.44 14 0.78 24 1.22 34 2 44 1.855 1.08 15 1.1 25 1.31 35 1.876 3.25 16 5.53 26 2.19 36 2.297 1.02 17 1.19 27 1.31 37 1.28 0.75 18 1.55 28 2.4 38 1.859 3.54 19 2.78 29 1.48 39 1.3610 1.1 20 1.11 30 2.39 40 2.29

Total 19.29 17.99 14.93 19.04 6.95

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.18 11 1.39 21 1.1 31 1.39 41 2.082 0.86 12 1.89 22 1.05 32 1.68 42 0.843 1.84 13 1.23 23 1.64 33 2.48 43 2.294 1.69 14 1.24 24 0.81 34 1.49 44 1.325 1.78 15 2.6 25 1.94 35 1.89 45 1.046 1.3 16 2.5 26 1.21 36 1.07 46 1.517 1.43 17 1.51 27 1.31 37 2.33 47 1.538 1.96 18 1.52 28 1.88 38 1.039 2.12 19 1.75 29 1.47 39 1.0710 1.22 20 1.89 30 2.36 40 1.88

Total 15.38 17.52 14.77 16.31 10.61

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.09 10 0.95 19 0.49 28 2.38 37 2.182 2.03 11 2.26 20 1.32 29 0.87 38 1.533 1.22 12 1.52 21 1.54 30 1.47 39 0.154 1.38 13 1.42 22 5.55 31 2.51 40 0.585 1.4 14 1.43 23 1.86 32 1.73 41 0.976 1.23 15 0.67 24 1.44 33 2.66 42 1.577 0.98 16 1.62 25 1.3 34 2.018 1.72 17 2.35 26 1.45 35 1.739 1.73 18 1.81 27 2.1 36 1.82

Total 12.78 14.03 17.05 17.18 6.98

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.43 7 1.59 13 0.87 19 0.59 25 0.432 0.61 8 0.63 14 0.8 20 0.21 26 0.243 0.77 9 0.91 15 0.61 21 0.33 27 0.874 1.24 10 1.55 16 0.73 22 0.235 0.68 11 0.98 17 0.39 23 0.18

Table 13

Table 14

Table 15

Table 16

6 0.73 12 1.34 18 0.32 24 0.22Total 5.46 7 3.72 1.76 1.54

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.57 12 0.24 23 0.6 34 0.24 45 0.622 0.43 13 0.62 24 0.5 35 0.11 46 0.263 0.29 14 0.3 25 0.47 36 0.22 47 0.394 0.56 15 0.61 26 0.8 37 0.16 48 0.395 0.31 16 0.18 27 0.16 38 0.4 49 0.356 0.26 17 0.52 28 0.26 39 0.59 50 0.347 0.23 18 0.48 29 0.28 40 0.43 51 0.598 0.27 19 0.15 30 0.13 41 0.45 52 0.219 0.46 20 0.42 31 0.11 42 0.32 53 0.2910 0.16 21 0.41 32 0.4 43 0.33 54 0.1311 0.33 22 0.53 33 0.77 44 0.65

Total 3.87 4.46 4.48 3.9 3.57

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.3 9 0.81 17 2.4 25 0.89 33 0.932 0.45 10 0.33 18 0.84 26 0.36 34 2.443 0.27 11 0.21 19 1.24 27 0.91 35 0.344 0.6 12 1.78 20 0.85 28 0.56 36 1.245 0.6 13 0.52 21 0.85 29 0.3 37 1.266 0.6 14 0.23 22 0.93 30 0.45 38 0.937 0.38 15 0.14 23 0.85 31 0.868 0.26 16 0.85 24 2 32 0.86

Total 3.46 4.87 9.96 5.19 7.14

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.39 9 1.94 17 1.33 25 1.72 33 1.082 1.57 10 1.84 18 1.24 26 1.69 34 2.083 1.45 11 1.77 19 2.27 27 1.27 35 0.474 1.42 12 3.03 20 1.63 28 1.09 36 1.585 1.27 13 2.43 21 0.59 29 1.8 37 1.096 0.81 14 0.9 22 1.14 30 0.977 0.9 15 1.9 23 1.39 31 1.688 1.59 16 2.44 24 0.99 32 3.85

Total 10.4 16.25 10.58 14.07 6.3

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.62 14 0.95 27 1.91 40 0.42 53 1.182 1.39 15 1.21 28 1.9 41 1.21 54 2.233 3.35 16 0.64 29 2.61 42 0.84 55 1.7

Table 17

Table 18

Table 19

Table 20

4 2.28 17 0.64 30 0.83 43 2.11 56 0.395 5.04 18 2.87 31 0.98 44 1.55 57 0.786 1.09 19 1.53 32 0.81 45 0.84 58 1.557 1.49 20 2.89 33 1.16 46 0.91 59 1.818 0.71 21 1.11 34 0.38 47 0.989 1.58 22 1.46 35 0.8 48 1.8510 0.74 23 0.87 36 1.77 49 1.0411 0.59 24 1.17 37 0.5 50 1.1212 1.28 25 0.51 38 0.45 51 0.7713 1.85 26 0.48 39 0.62 52 0.76

Total 22.01 16.33 14.72 14.4 9.64

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.67 12 1.36 23 1.25 34 1.91 45 0.652 1.87 13 2.19 24 0.35 35 0.89 46 1.53 1.46 14 1.37 25 1.27 36 0.36 47 2.734 1.31 15 2.2 26 1.2 37 1.93 48 1.495 0.51 16 0.42 27 0.48 38 1.7 49 1.576 1.8 17 1.74 28 0.81 39 2.2 50 0.747 0.89 18 1.67 29 0.94 40 0.6 51 3.138 1.33 19 1.07 30 1.19 41 1.88 52 1.539 0.85 20 0.76 31 1.44 42 1.36 53 0.7610 1.04 21 1.58 32 1.69 43 1.36 54 0.3911 1.32 22 3.48 33 0.9 44 1.31

Total 13.05 17.84 11.52 15.5 14.49

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 3.43 7 2.09 13 1.262 0.84 8 1.08 14 4.173 2.44 9 0.94 15 0.154 2.02 10 1.3 16 1.515 3.02 11 0.84 17 0.636 0.76 12 1.57 18 0.93

Total 12.51 7.82 8.65

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.48 12 1.65 23 1.182 0.46 13 1.04 24 0.833 1.27 14 1 25 0.864 0.69 15 0.77 26 1.45 0.83 16 1 27 0.716 1.99 17 1.09 28 1.697 1.32 18 2.16 29 1.48 0.87 19 1.92 30 0.869 0.64 20 0.7 31 1.65

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

10 0.77 21 0.9711 0.85 22 1.16

Total 10.17 13.46 10.58

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.97 14 0.71 27 0.66 40 1.81 53 0.492 0.67 15 1.6 28 1 41 0.96 54 1.563 0.85 16 0.49 29 0.66 42 0.63 55 0.74 0.65 17 1 30 0.95 43 1.2 56 1.185 0.68 18 0.54 31 1.62 44 1.06 57 0.816 0.73 19 1.13 32 0.54 45 1.58 58 0.77 1.56 20 0.43 33 1.27 46 0.71 59 1.168 1.31 21 2.19 34 0.77 47 1.14 60 0.659 0.72 22 0.6 35 1.24 48 0.33 61 1.6710 0.66 23 1.66 36 1.44 49 0.5511 1.01 24 1.6 37 0.54 50 0.3712 0.58 25 0.6 38 1.11 51 1.5913 1.32 26 1.21 39 0.72 52 1.57

Total 12.71 13.76 12.52 13.5 8.92

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.55 13 0.75 25 1.22 37 1.38 49 0.442 0.66 14 0.74 26 1.01 38 0.8 50 0.513 1.17 15 0.97 27 0.56 39 0.46 51 1.184 1.53 16 1.02 28 0.82 40 1.42 52 2.345 0.94 17 1.07 29 0.98 41 2.66 53 1.496 0.25 18 0.17 30 1.17 42 0.78 54 1.827 1.92 19 0.62 31 0.55 43 0.59 55 2.228 0.35 20 0.62 32 0.45 44 0.47 56 1.049 0.92 21 1.32 33 0.94 45 0.83 57 1.8210 1.36 22 0.58 34 1.59 46 1.49 58 0.8111 0.58 23 2.16 35 1.24 47 1.61 59 1.1812 1.05 24 0.81 36 0.53 48 1.01 60 0.57

Total 11.28 10.83 11.06 13.5 15.42

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 2.23 13 0.6 25 2 37 0.65 49 1.62 0.89 14 0.5 26 0.83 38 0.43 50 1.273 0.54 15 1.16 27 0.42 39 0.79 51 0.444 1.67 16 1.18 28 2.29 40 1.26 52 2.385 2.82 17 1.39 29 0.68 41 1.13 53 0.466 0.58 18 0.48 30 1.84 42 0.39 54 1.417 0.38 19 0.88 31 0.71 43 1.06 55 0.6

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

8 0.59 20 1.95 32 0.97 44 3.01 56 1.239 1.41 21 1.04 33 1.19 45 1.410 1.37 22 1.04 34 1.34 46 0.4911 0.44 23 0.92 35 0.4 47 0.4412 2.16 24 2.44 36 1.98 48 2.11

Total 15.08 13.58 14.65 13.16 9.39

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.51 13 1.06 25 0.49 37 0.84 49 0.72 0.53 14 1.33 26 1.4 38 0.6 50 0.563 2.96 15 0.85 27 2.43 39 0.66 51 1.184 1.01 16 0.41 28 1.84 40 1.05 52 1.125 0.55 17 1.33 29 0.93 41 1.43 53 0.76 1.72 18 2.97 30 0.36 42 0.82 54 1.777 1.68 19 0.6 31 1.05 43 0.73 55 1.048 1.12 20 0.44 32 0.88 44 0.91 56 0.629 0.69 21 1.63 33 0.84 45 1.35 57 1.0210 0.8 22 0.38 34 0.91 46 0.89 58 0.5411 2.63 23 1.29 35 0.61 47 2.0512 0.87 24 1.32 36 1.27 48 0.5

Total 15.07 13.61 13.01 11.83 9.25

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.36 10 1.24 19 1.16 28 1.13 37 1.242 0.76 11 1.33 20 1 29 1.35 38 1.193 0.32 12 1.38 21 1.05 30 0.39 39 0.644 0.79 13 1.43 22 1.16 31 1.21 40 1.15 2.12 14 0.94 23 0.83 32 0.35 41 0.846 0.77 15 1.25 24 0.89 33 0.91 42 0.847 1.32 16 2.15 25 2.12 34 2.64 43 1.558 0.96 17 1.44 26 1.39 35 1.669 2.2 18 0.56 27 0.87 36 0.86

Total 10.6 11.72 10.47 10.5 7.4

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.6 10 0.97 19 1.46 28 0.37 37 1.562 2.61 11 1.65 20 1.44 29 0.59 38 2.23 0.99 12 1.57 21 2.83 30 2.04 39 1.124 1.42 13 0.83 22 1 31 2.11 40 0.95 1.42 14 1.08 23 0.95 32 2.47 41 1.716 0.9 15 1.76 24 1.13 33 1.59 42 1.637 1 16 1.2 25 1.36 34 0.18 43 1.458 1.19 17 1.22 26 0.69 35 0.28 44 1.889 0.69 18 1.64 27 1.99 36 0.64 45 1.51

Total 10.82 11.92 12.85 10.27 13.96

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 30

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.21 13 2.1 25 1.14 37 1.12 49 0.692 0.72 14 1.51 26 2.34 38 1.4 50 1.823 1.59 15 0.32 27 1.69 39 0.77 51 0.714 0.57 16 1.54 28 0.37 40 2.23 52 0.55 1.36 17 1.85 29 1.19 41 0.74 53 0.816 1.49 18 0.75 30 1.22 42 2.06 54 2.487 0.6 19 0.99 31 0.59 43 1.14 55 1.268 0.57 20 0.77 32 0.57 44 0.63 56 1.799 0.57 21 1.46 33 3.07 45 1.31 57 0.4310 1.3 22 1.24 34 1.37 46 1.2711 2.12 23 1.25 35 0.48 47 1.1712 0.64 24 0.89 36 1.41 48 1.04

Total 11.74 14.67 15.44 14.88 10.49

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.58 14 2.18 27 0.94 40 1.3 53 1.962 1.12 15 0.93 28 1.03 41 0.43 54 0.883 2.54 16 1.08 29 0.62 42 0.73 55 0.854 1.78 17 0.78 30 1.28 43 1.45 56 0.915 0.35 18 0.97 31 2.68 44 1.2 57 1.296 0.59 19 0.67 32 2.37 45 0.47 58 0.867 1.15 20 1.29 33 1.67 46 1.7 59 0.558 0.42 21 0.83 34 0.71 47 0.6 60 0.99 1.2 22 1.28 35 1.15 48 1.09 61 0.8610 0.87 23 0.38 36 1.44 49 0.5311 1.75 24 2.59 37 0.47 50 2.2212 1.22 25 1.7 38 0.73 51 1.5813 0.94 26 0.71 39 1.06 52 0.72

Total 14.51 15.39 16.15 14.02 9.06

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.43 12 0.55 23 0.85 34 0.81 45 0.542 0.82 13 0.76 24 0.94 35 0.57 46 0.773 1.74 14 0.84 25 0.42 36 0.57 47 1.074 0.66 15 1.23 26 1.19 37 0.86 48 1.785 1.26 16 0.85 27 1.81 38 0.93 49 0.856 0.97 17 0.43 28 0.61 39 0.65 50 1.717 1.29 18 1.14 29 0.58 40 0.72 51 1.168 0.35 19 0.37 30 1.06 41 0.95 52 1.599 1.65 20 1.68 31 0.75 42 1.2910 0.63 21 0.77 32 1.78 43 1.0211 1.27 22 0.5 33 0.83 44 2.5

Total 11.07 9.12 10.82 10.87 9.47

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.8 14 1.47 27 0.86 40 1.64 53 1.52 0.83 15 0.27 28 1.49 41 0.6 54 0.463 0.43 16 0.91 29 1.5 42 0.79 55 0.214 1.65 17 2.71 30 0.6 43 1.57 56 2.035 0.22 18 0.75 31 0.76 44 1.72 57 1.956 1.65 19 0.46 32 2.09 45 0.6 58 0.447 1.02 20 1.09 33 0.39 46 0.24 59 1.978 1.41 21 1.15 34 0.71 47 1.31 60 1.059 0.63 22 0.36 35 1.56 48 0.8510 0.37 23 1.28 36 1.95 49 0.3111 0.14 24 1.31 37 0.55 50 1.3612 1.25 25 2.12 38 1.7 51 0.8613 1.48 26 0.51 39 0.66 52 0.83

Total 12.88 14.39 14.82 12.68 9.61

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.36 14 1.32 27 1.43 40 0.75 53 2.362 0.41 15 1 28 0.93 41 1.01 54 0.843 1.11 16 0.4 29 1.16 42 1.75 55 2.074 1.9 17 1.83 30 0.87 43 1.16 56 0.765 1.33 18 0.39 31 0.22 44 0.48 57 0.596 0.44 19 1.2 32 0.75 45 0.44 58 0.817 1.12 20 1.49 33 0.93 46 3.57 59 2.128 2.42 21 0.35 34 1.98 47 1.53 60 1.019 0.45 22 1.37 35 0.75 48 1.23 61 0.6610 2.33 23 0.77 36 1.56 49 0.6 62 0.8811 0.68 24 2.43 37 1.59 50 0.8512 0.42 25 1.7 38 1.03 51 1.2313 1.26 26 0.82 39 1.32 52 0.48

Total 14.23 15.07 14.52 15.08 12.1

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.03 15 2.18 29 1.19 43 0.58 57 1.52 0.47 16 1.06 30 0.56 44 1.58 58 0.893 3.67 17 0.1 31 0.72 45 0.65 59 0.824 2.52 18 0.67 32 0.93 46 0.59 60 15 0.69 19 2.16 33 1.29 47 1.74 61 1.016 1.3 20 1.31 34 0.68 48 0.91 62 0.657 0.46 21 1.07 35 2.51 49 0.83 63 0.578 1.68 22 6.73 36 1.67 50 1.01 64 2.019 2.27 23 1.07 37 3.12 51 0.95 65 0.9610 0.95 24 0.37 38 0.54 52 0.6 66 0.3811 0.66 25 0.43 39 1.14 53 1.5312 0.54 26 2.58 40 0.74 54 0.8513 0.77 27 0.72 41 0.72 55 1.1114 0.72 28 2.2 42 2.3 56 0.22

Total 17.73 22.65 18.11 13.15 9.79

Table 34

Table 35

Table 36

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 2.16 14 1.33 27 1.8 40 0.72 53 2.972 0.92 15 1.84 28 0.57 41 1.33 54 0.613 0.77 16 0.84 29 1.43 42 2.02 55 0.84 1.38 17 1.25 30 0.74 43 0.35 56 1.075 0.81 18 0.77 31 1.76 44 2.54 57 0.876 0.88 19 0.51 32 1.65 45 2.28 58 0.97 0.81 20 1.04 33 0.61 46 0.55 59 1.288 2.15 21 1.79 34 0.86 47 0.66 60 0.619 0.57 22 0.78 35 0.97 48 0.77 61 1.7810 1.15 23 0.51 36 1.06 49 0.58 62 2.7611 2.52 24 1.29 37 1.05 50 0.75 63 1.0612 0.66 25 0.87 38 1.79 51 1.5 64 0.9113 0.81 26 0.8 39 0.93 52 0.87

Total 15.59 13.62 15.22 14.92 15.62

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.68 12 1.2 23 0.76 34 1.39 45 0.672 2.04 13 0.57 24 1.36 35 1.34 46 1.813 0.86 14 0.9 25 0.91 36 2.07 47 0.994 1.34 15 0.49 26 0.84 37 0.99 48 0.775 0.31 16 0.89 27 0.92 38 2.64 49 1.426 1.39 17 1.09 28 1.54 39 0.85 50 1.157 1.26 18 0.87 29 0.71 40 1.94 51 0.718 0.95 19 0.54 30 1.15 41 1.62 52 1.339 0.91 20 1.06 31 0.56 42 1.02 53 1.2410 0.69 21 1.45 32 0.94 43 0.99 54 0.7111 1.34 22 0.89 33 1.38 44 2.19 55 1.82

Total 11.77 9.95 11.07 17.04 12.62

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.76 12 0.77 23 0.91 34 1.81 44 1.222 1.44 13 0.73 24 0.49 35 1 45 1.583 1.24 14 1.27 25 0.95 36 1.58 46 1.224 0.38 15 1.04 26 1.6 37 0.89 47 1.365 1.63 16 0.72 27 2.32 38 1.13 48 1.266 0.34 17 0.57 28 0.75 39 0.84 49 1.147 1.33 18 0.45 29 0.99 39* 1.39 50 1.18 1.29 19 1.79 30 0.37 40 0.92 51 1.889 1.25 20 0.87 31 0.97 41 0.97 52 1.0810 0.49 21 0.36 32 1.25 42 0.98 53 0.7511 1.26 22 1.5 33 1.06 43 0.54 54 0.83

Total 11.41 10.07 11.66 12.05 13.42

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area

Table 37

Table 38

Table 39

1 0.77 13 1.55 25 0.57 37 0.78 49 0.42 1.18 14 0.84 26 1.5 38 1.49 50 2.093 1.09 15 1.33 27 1.15 39 1.34 51 1.894 1.41 16 0.34 28 1.16 40 1.33 52 0.375 0.85 17 1 29 1.49 41 0.83 53 2.066 0.81 18 1.09 30 1.61 42 2.14 54 0.687 0.6 19 0.6 31 2.25 43 0.92 55 0.428 1.34 20 0.78 32 1.11 44 1.82 56 0.959 1.05 21 1.13 33 1.97 45 2.5310 1.01 22 0.69 34 0.79 46 0.9511 0.91 23 1.81 35 0.36 47 0.2112 0.43 24 1.31 36 0.9 48 1.15

Total 11.45 12.47 14.86 15.49 8.86

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.57 14 0.78 27 1.07 40 1.66 53 1.082 1.95 15 1.74 28 0.75 41 1.78 54 0.563 0.57 16 0.31 29 1.39 42 2.58 55 1.14 0.82 17 0.78 30 1.05 43 0.75 56 1.965 0.37 18 0.54 31 0.97 44 1.61 57 1.766 1.24 19 1.08 32 0.3 45 1.11 58 1.87 1.26 20 0.67 33 1.05 46 1.98 59 1.58 0.7 21 0.5 34 0.89 47 2.38 60 1.979 0.86 22 0.52 35 0.73 48 1.58 61 1.3810 0.58 23 0.9 36 1.61 49 1.38 62 1.711 1.28 24 0.6 37 0.62 50 1.95 63 1.6312 1.24 25 1 38 0.48 51 1.6513 0.68 26 0.79 39 0.94 52 1.42

Total 12.12 10.21 11.85 21.83 16.44

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.58 14 1.06 27 0.73 40 1.23 53 0.352 1.1 15 0.59 28 0.5 41 1.1 54 1.73 0.42 16 0.94 29 1.47 42 1.36 55 1.414 0.6 17 2.28 30 1.15 43 0.88 56 0.395 1.33 18 0.66 31 0.28 44 1.76 57 0.526 3.05 19 1.09 32 0.94 45 0.63 58 0.827 0.72 20 1.33 33 3.11 46 0.86 59 1.628 0.56 21 0.56 34 1.96 47 0.58 60 1.179 0.51 22 0.36 35 0.76 48 1.4 61 3.7510 0.65 23 1.56 36 0.82 49 1.46 62 0.3211 1.51 24 0.59 37 1.08 50 0.7412 0.48 25 2.4 38 1.32 51 1.3913 0.29 26 1.04 39 1.52 52 1.57

Total 11.8 14.46 15.64 14.96 12.05

Table 40

Table 41

Table 42

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.38 11 2.46 20 1.28 30 1.54 40 1.032 0.57 11* 3.37 21 0.38 31 0.56 41 0.843 0.55 12 1.38 22 0.27 32 1.23 42 1.424 1.82 13 1.59 23 1.68 33 0.71 43 0.985 0.97 14 2.02 24 2.88 34 0.53 44 2.016 0.41 15 2.16 25 1.15 35 1.17 45 0.817 0.48 16 1.79 26 0.52 36 0.95 46 1.268 0.66 17 0.73 27 1 37 1.49 47 0.879 0.57 18 1.22 28 0.92 38 0.72 48 0.8810 1.74 19 0.58 29 0.52 39 1.42 49 1.66

Total 9.15 17.3 10.6 10.32 11.76

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.71 6 1.34 11 1.5 16 1.51 21 1.32 1.21 7 0.78 12 0.71 17 3.24 22 1.383 1.63 8 1.15 13 0.99 18 0.91 23 1.074 3.81 9 0.88 14 1.37 19 1.29 24 1.365 1.67 10 1.73 15 0.7 20 1.66

Total 10.03 5.88 5.27 8.61 5.11

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.14 7 1.67 13 2.17 19 1.85 25 2.512 2.48 8 1.74 14 1.85 20 1.28 26 3.053 0.79 9 0.24 15 1.69 21 2.184 2.02 10 1.34 16 1.87 22 0.925 1.33 11 1.44 17 1.81 23 1.396 1.77 12 1.46 18 2.38 24 1.8

Total 9.53 7.89 11.77 9.42 5.56

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 1.08 12 0.73 23 0.65 34 0.33 45 2.232 1.14 13 1.03 24 0.65 35 1.21 46 0.753 1.52 14 0.97 25 0.67 36 1.19 47 1.974 1.45 15 0.86 26 0.67 37 1.92 48 1.255 0.95 16 0.72 27 0.73 38 0.75 49 1.786 1.27 17 0.7 28 0.78 39 2.02 50 1.487 1.77 18 0.66 29 0.8 40 4.2 51 0.498 0.84 19 0.64 30 0.92 41 1.029 0.49 20 0.54 31 1.1 42 1.4810 0.73 21 0.5 32 0.4 43 1.0911 0.39 22 0.52 33 0.32 44 0.88

Total 11.63 7.87 7.69 16.09 9.95

vertical section of the gate: view from inside

Table 43

Table 44

vertical section of the gate: view from outside

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area1 0.8 14 1.27 27 0.77 40 0.83 53 1.982 0.81 15 1.11 28 0.71 41 0.98 54 1.833 1.51 16 1.47 29 0.66 42 0.62 55 0.994 1.16 17 1.38 30 0.7 43 0.96 56 1.165 1.03 18 1.97 31 0.67 44 0.35 57 1.166 1.78 19 1.27 32 0.61 45 0.77 58 1.667 0.92 20 1.38 33 0.56 46 1.69 59 1.068 1.69 21 0.56 34 0.62 47 1.7 60 0.949 1.22 22 0.19 35 0.64 48 3.2 61 0.6310 0.94 23 1.01 36 0.69 49 1.7211 1.57 24 0.98 37 0.72 50 2.4312 1.35 25 0.54 38 0.77 51 1.3113 1.45 26 0.82 39 0.78 52 1.75

Total 16.23 13.95 8.9 18.31 11.41

Total

18.42

Total

40.94

Total

35.63

Total

21.5

Total

49.14

Total

37.75

Total

48.14

Total

78.71

Total

74.82

Total

74.16

Total

76.65

Total

83.26

Total

78.2

Total

74.59

Total

68.02

Total

19.48

Total

20.28

Total

30.62

Total

57.6

Total

77.1

Total

72.4

Total

28.98

Total

34.21

Total

61.41

Total

62.09

Total

65.86

Total

62.77

Total

50.69

Total

59.82

Total

67.22

Total

69.13

Total

51.35

Total

64.38

Total

71

Total

81.43

Total

74.97

Total

62.45

Total

58.61

Total

63.13

Total

72.45

Total

68.91

Total

59.13

Total

34.9

Total

44.17

Total

53.23

Total

68.8

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.2 11 0.21 21 0.37 31 0.17 41 0.12 51 0.17 61 0.13 71 0.12 81 0.78 91 1.172 1.99 12 1.59 22 0.22 32 0.4 42 0.26 52 0.16 62 0.2 72 0.14 82 1.04 92 0.523 2.65 13 0.59 23 0.27 33 0.2 43 0.22 53 0.19 63 0.18 73 0.59 83 0.5 93 0.774 0.43 14 1.17 24 0.14 34 0.28 44 0.13 54 0.19 64 0.16 74 0.56 84 0.76 94 0.355 1.18 15 0.71 25 0.13 35 0.12 45 0.12 55 0.21 65 0.13 75 0.33 85 1.11 95 1.066 0.5 16 1.2 26 0.62 36 0.33 46 0.17 56 0.18 66 0.21 76 0.62 86 0.89 96 0.917 0.72 17 0.23 27 0.26 37 0.11 47 0.14 57 0.22 67 0.13 77 0.67 87 0.71 97 0.778 1.62 18 0.25 28 0.16 38 0.14 48 0.1 58 0.17 68 0.18 78 0.65 88 1.699 1.72 19 0.13 29 0.19 39 0.16 49 0.25 59 0.16 69 0.14 79 0.78 89 0.89

10 0.62 20 0.12 30 0.26 40 0.13 50 0.13 60 0.13 70 0.13 80 0.73 90 0.78Total 12.63 6.2 2.62 2.04 1.64 1.78 1.59 5.19 9.15 5.55 48.4

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.42 14 0.5 27 0.4 40 0.71 53 0.37 66 0.28 79 0.2 92 0.84 105 1 118 0.552 0.96 15 0.77 28 0.58 41 0.51 54 0.37 67 0.21 80 1.38 93 0.62 106 0.17 119 0.743 0.91 16 0.58 29 0.48 42 0.59 55 0.79 68 1.79 81 0.81 94 1.25 107 0.46 120 0.324 1.08 17 0.62 30 0.71 43 0.95 56 0.34 69 0.98 82 0.15 95 0.83 108 1.31 121 0.595 0.28 18 0.41 31 0.41 44 0.47 57 0.27 70 0.76 83 0.9 96 1.11 109 0.726 1.4 19 0.37 32 0.91 45 0.66 58 1.15 71 0.22 84 0.2 97 0.11 110 0.667 1.12 20 1.17 33 0.33 46 0.24 59 0.91 72 0.77 85 1.35 98 0.92 111 0.858 0.49 21 0.6 34 0.64 47 0.72 60 0.36 73 0.63 86 0.68 99 0.87 112 0.869 0.49 22 0.69 35 0.37 48 0.45 61 0.42 74 1.36 87 0.69 100 1.09 113 0.25

10 0.76 23 0.67 36 0.71 49 0.15 62 1 75 0.35 88 0.62 101 0.56 114 1.1911 1.09 24 0.61 37 0.37 50 0.94 63 0.16 76 1.06 89 0.82 102 0.69 115 0.3312 0.69 25 1.37 38 0.84 51 0.95 64 0.89 77 0.68 90 0.97 103 0.87 116 0.5413 1.18 26 0.34 39 0.26 52 0.74 65 0.2 78 0.35 91 1.12 104 1.07 117 0.91

Total 11.87 8.7 7.01 8.08 7.23 9.44 9.89 10.83 9.25 2.2 84.5

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.34 16 0.42 31 0.55 46 0.49 61 0.4 76 0.25 91 0.3 106 0.3 121 0.3 136 0.152 0.5 17 1.04 32 0.92 47 0.54 62 0.15 77 0.19 92 0.14 107 0.22 122 0.12 137 0.333 0.12 18 0.39 33 0.43 48 0.97 63 0.15 78 0.14 93 0.32 108 0.19 123 0.22 138 0.224 1.07 19 0.21 34 1.17 49 0.96 64 0.22 79 0.19 94 0.32 109 0.21 124 0.22 139 0.145 0.58 20 0.42 35 0.65 50 0.4 65 0.17 80 0.18 95 0.16 110 0.26 125 0.2 140 0.26 0.66 21 1.08 36 0.37 51 0.61 66 0.16 81 0.29 96 0.34 111 0.29 126 0.22 141 0.277 0.4 22 0.74 37 0.57 52 0.63 67 0.2 82 0.1 97 0.28 112 0.27 127 0.31 142 0.198 0.76 23 0.4 38 1.13 53 0.47 68 0.21 83 0.24 98 0.21 113 0.16 128 0.21 143 0.229 0.45 24 0.21 39 0.43 54 0.57 69 0.54 84 0.16 99 0.12 114 0.17 129 0.18 144 0.14

10 0.11 25 0.45 40 0.71 55 0.13 70 0.15 85 0.3 100 0.2 115 0.34 130 0.25 145 0.14

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

11 0.47 26 0.21 41 0.57 56 0.39 71 0.12 86 0.16 101 0.43 116 0.26 131 0.1212 0.19 27 0.86 42 0.88 57 0.36 72 0.27 87 0.24 102 0.18 117 0.34 132 0.1413 0.96 28 0.77 43 0.52 58 0.24 73 0.14 88 0.24 103 0.4 118 0.33 133 0.3614 0.31 29 0.66 44 0.49 59 0.13 74 0.2 89 0.37 104 0.23 119 0.39 134 0.1115 0.59 30 0.39 45 0.76 60 0.4 75 0.16 90 0.25 105 0.33 120 0.27 135 0.14

Total 7.51 8.25 10.15 7.29 3.24 3.3 3.96 4 3.1 2 52.8

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.89 4 1.03 7 1.43 10 0.32 13 0.92 16 0.72 19 0.57 22 0.67 25 0.93 28 0.362 0.73 5 1.25 8 0.42 11 0.17 14 0.84 17 1.25 20 0.75 23 0.96 26 1.063 1.2 6 1.65 9 0.28 12 0.17 15 0.53 18 0.23 21 1.13 24 0.64 27 0.17

Total 2.82 3.93 2.13 0.66 2.29 2.2 2.45 2.27 2.16 0.36 21.3

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.18 15 0.16 29 0.99 43 0.8 57 0.31 71 0.49 85 0.78 99 0.68 113 1.14 127 0.412 1.61 16 0.21 30 0.92 44 0.48 58 0.67 72 0.74 86 0.95 100 0.86 114 0.34 128 0.553 0.88 17 0.98 31 0.54 45 0.92 59 0.58 73 0.84 87 0.64 101 1.16 115 1.25 129 1.264 0.6 18 0.79 32 0.65 46 0.47 60 0.84 74 0.68 88 0.49 102 0.7 116 0.73 130 0.465 0.76 19 0.7 33 0.45 47 0.44 61 0.37 75 0.81 89 0.18 103 1.01 117 0.55 131 0.386 0.89 20 0.93 34 0.71 48 0.68 62 1.55 76 0.84 90 0.13 104 1.58 118 0.63 132 0.937 0.74 21 0.51 35 0.23 49 0.7 63 0.89 77 1.38 91 0.97 105 0.42 119 1.03 133 0.958 0.99 22 0.62 36 0.69 50 0.37 64 1.22 78 0.91 92 0.26 106 0.88 120 0.92 134 1.39 1.02 23 0.68 37 0.41 51 0.54 65 0.59 79 1.63 93 0.86 107 1.16 121 0.41

10 0.41 24 0.12 38 0.48 52 0.91 66 0.3 80 0.96 94 1.54 108 0.77 122 1.211 0.48 25 0.96 39 1.24 53 1.33 67 1.38 81 1.34 95 0.51 109 0.57 123 1.0812 0.18 26 0.55 40 0.71 54 0.58 68 0.56 82 0.53 96 1.05 110 0.63 124 0.9813 1.21 27 0.82 41 0.29 55 0.69 69 1.39 83 0.53 97 0.34 111 1.27 125 0.4914 0.53 28 0.11 42 0.79 56 0.84 70 0.19 84 0.3 98 0.47 112 0.77 126 1.03

Total 11.48 8.14 9.1 9.75 10.84 11.98 9.17 12.46 11.78 6.24 101


10 0.87 47 0.3 84 0.24 121 0.29 158 0.14 195 0.12 232 0.51 269 0.13 306 0.12 343 0.14

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

11 1.04 48 0.25 85 0.28 122 0.32 159 0.23 196 0.24 233 0.23 270 0.2 307 0.21 344 0.2112 1.1 49 0.21 86 0.24 123 0.21 160 0.17 197 0.24 234 0.26 271 0.2 308 0.33 345 0.1113 0.65 50 0.2 87 0.27 124 0.23 161 0.14 198 0.21 235 0.15 272 0.16 309 0.31 346 0.2914 0.2 51 0.25 88 0.25 125 0.28 162 0.29 199 0.15 236 0.2 273 0.23 310 0.15 347 0.2915 0.78 52 0.18 89 0.35 126 0.18 163 0.22 200 0.32 237 0.25 274 0.12 311 0.18 348 0.2116 0.53 53 0.13 90 0.17 127 0.14 164 0.31 201 0.12 238 0.38 275 0.15 312 0.2 349 0.1617 1.17 54 0.26 91 0.15 128 0.19 165 0.19 202 0.25 239 0.14 276 0.13 313 0.12 350 0.2618 1.08 55 0.23 92 0.23 129 0.1 166 0.22 203 0.27 240 0.18 277 0.23 314 0.14 351 0.1619 0.22 56 0.33 93 0.16 130 0.13 167 0.2 204 0.22 241 0.17 278 0.11 315 0.19 352 0.1420 0.49 57 0.31 94 0.17 131 0.27 168 0.2 205 0.19 242 0.15 279 0.17 316 0.2 353 0.221 1.01 58 0.33 95 0.21 132 0.4 169 0.2 206 0.18 243 0.16 280 0.2 317 0.11 354 0.1722 0.48 59 0.2 96 0.38 133 0.16 170 0.24 207 0.26 244 0.17 281 0.17 318 0.26 355 0.1823 1.02 60 0.32 97 0.39 134 0.2 171 0.16 208 0.16 245 0.22 282 0.2 319 0.17 356 0.1624 0.57 61 0.23 98 0.22 135 0.13 172 0.17 209 0.15 246 0.16 283 0.26 320 0.2 357 0.2225 0.76 62 0.29 99 0.16 136 0.13 173 0.3 210 0.15 247 0.19 284 0.16 321 0.21 358 0.1926 0.2 63 0.19 100 0.25 137 0.22 174 0.2 211 0.28 248 0.11 285 0.1 322 0.37 359 0.1627 0.39 64 0.23 101 0.21 138 0.22 175 0.21 212 0.2 249 0.16 286 0.44 323 0.23 360 0.1128 0.21 65 0.27 102 0.19 139 0.19 176 0.17 213 0.18 250 0.25 287 0.14 324 0.19 361 0.1929 0.6 66 0.14 103 0.19 140 0.34 177 0.23 214 0.16 251 0.21 288 0.18 325 0.17 362 0.1630 0.4 67 0.27 104 0.14 141 0.25 178 0.25 215 0.18 252 0.17 289 0.1 326 0.21 363 0.1731 0.33 68 0.27 105 0.16 142 0.21 179 0.16 216 0.16 253 0.22 290 0.18 327 0.17 364 0.2832 0.31 69 0.27 106 0.4 143 0.12 180 0.14 217 0.12 254 0.23 291 0.25 328 0.21 365 0.1733 0.4 70 0.28 107 0.21 144 0.33 181 0.3 218 0.24 255 0.24 292 0.18 329 0.15 366 0.1734 0.43 71 0.23 108 0.34 145 0.16 182 0.26 219 0.25 256 0.16 293 0.23 330 0.4 367 0.2135 0.18 72 0.45 109 0.13 146 0.23 183 0.17 220 0.3 257 0.12 294 0.16 331 0.16 368 0.2536 0.39 73 0.16 110 0.26 147 0.35 184 0.16 221 0.13 258 0.59 295 0.16 332 0.18 369 0.1837 0.42 74 0.19 111 0.24 148 0.21 185 0.22 222 0.12 259 0.22 296 0.24 333 0.22

Total 22.02 9.64 8.38 8.24 7.79 7.71 8.16 6.94 7.4 7.03 93.3


10 0.25 30 0.22 50 0.25 70 0.4 90 0.19 110 0.17 130 0.23 150 0.13 170 0.19 190 0.1511 0.15 31 0.13 51 0.16 71 0.21 91 0.14 111 0.18 131 0.15 151 0.25 171 0.17 191 0.1812 0.24 32 0.13 52 0.38 72 0.19 92 0.13 112 0.21 132 0.17 152 0.31 172 0.45 192 0.2613 0.13 33 0.17 53 0.24 73 0.15 93 0.19 113 0.15 133 0.29 153 0.13 173 0.29 193 0.1314 0.21 34 0.21 54 0.16 74 0.25 94 0.2 114 0.19 134 0.11 154 0.27 174 0.12 194 0.1115 0.11 35 0.16 55 0.15 75 0.21 95 0.2 115 0.11 135 0.14 155 0.26 175 0.24 195 0.1816 0.19 36 0.11 56 0.21 76 0.24 96 0.28 116 0.29 136 0.18 156 0.14 176 0.13 196 0.2217 0.21 37 0.16 57 0.42 77 0.13 97 0.18 117 0.4 137 0.27 157 0.1 177 0.13 197 0.41

Table 7

18 0.23 38 0.19 58 0.23 78 0.13 98 0.25 118 0.24 138 0.13 158 0.17 178 0.12 198 0.2719 0.21 39 0.2 59 0.15 79 0.24 99 0.22 119 0.15 139 0.14 159 0.25 179 0.2120 0.19 40 0.43 60 0.22 80 0.25 100 0.16 120 0.21 140 0.17 160 0.22 180 0.19

Total 4.1 4.22 4.24 4.18 4.23 4.13 3.94 4.15 4.17 3.73 41.1


10 0.18 22 0.24 34 0.22 46 0.15 58 0.22 70 0.15 82 0.2 94 0.19 106 0.11 118 0.1811 0.23 23 0.13 35 0.21 47 0.23 59 0.13 71 0.1 83 0.18 95 0.52 107 0.2 119 0.912 0.14 24 0.14 36 0.13 48 0.12 60 0.15 72 0.11 84 0.14 96 0.19 108 0.37

Total 2.79 2.56 2.43 2.26 2.03 1.99 2.49 2.64 2.77 4.44 26.4

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.73 16 0.45 31 0.98 46 0.35 61 0.32 76 0.43 91 0.74 106 0.4 121 0.79 136 0.732 0.69 17 0.36 32 0.32 47 0.88 62 0.89 77 0.18 92 1.6 107 0.87 122 0.9 137 1.433 0.28 18 0.59 33 0.51 48 0.17 63 0.58 78 1.31 93 0.47 108 0.54 123 1.21 138 0.764 0.41 19 1 34 0.92 49 1.15 64 0.12 79 0.53 94 1.23 109 0.6 124 0.61 139 0.525 0.21 20 0.17 35 0.76 50 1.39 65 0.57 80 1.07 95 0.43 110 0.44 125 1.43 140 0.896 0.12 21 0.62 36 0.81 51 0.56 66 0.35 81 0.33 96 1.33 111 1.23 126 0.22 141 0.427 0.75 22 0.56 37 1.65 52 0.62 67 0.13 82 0.6 97 1.07 112 1.04 127 1.21 142 1.438 0.7 23 0.4 38 1.29 53 0.34 68 0.9 83 0.35 98 0.5 113 0.45 128 0.6 143 1.159 0.46 24 0.24 39 0.62 54 0.82 69 1.18 84 0.93 99 1.53 114 0.65 129 0.7 144 1.16

10 0.31 25 0.69 40 1.02 55 1.09 70 0.95 85 1.26 100 0.56 115 0.64 130 0.64 145 0.2211 0.1 26 0.55 41 0.35 56 0.36 71 0.51 86 0.71 101 1.23 116 0.44 131 1.3 146 0.3912 0.14 27 0.4 42 0.46 57 1.5 72 0.81 87 0.49 102 0.43 117 0.33 132 1.45 147 0.4913 0.73 28 0.92 43 0.8 58 0.56 73 1.31 88 1.33 103 0.36 118 1.2 133 0.56 148 0.1714 1.23 29 0.52 44 0.78 59 1.24 74 0.54 89 0.5 104 0.83 119 1.7 134 1.67 149 1.5715 1.25 30 0.54 45 0.14 60 0.57 75 1.17 90 0.45 105 1.07 120 0.41 135 1.51

Total 8.11 8.01 11.41 11.6 10.33 10.47 13.38 10.94 14.8 11.33 110

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.17 18 0.77 35 0.3 52 0.53 69 0.18 86 0.23 103 0.25 120 0.25 137 0.13 154 0.242 0.87 19 0.87 36 0.17 53 0.21 70 0.27 87 0.25 104 0.3 121 0.44 138 0.36 155 0.14

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

3 0.88 20 0.45 37 0.49 54 1.03 71 0.28 88 0.36 105 0.18 122 0.2 139 0.26 156 0.424 1.04 21 0.63 38 0.81 55 0.39 72 0.26 89 0.25 106 0.28 123 0.25 140 0.17 157 0.175 0.66 22 1.49 39 0.91 56 0.39 73 0.54 90 0.1 107 0.38 124 0.21 141 0.49 158 0.176 0.7 23 1.1 40 1.82 57 0.72 74 0.23 91 0.28 108 0.25 125 0.13 142 0.26 159 0.127 0.64 24 0.94 41 0.32 58 0.19 75 0.19 92 0.15 109 0.31 126 0.21 143 0.22 160 0.198 0.39 25 0.61 42 0.63 59 0.57 76 0.18 93 0.21 110 0.19 127 0.2 144 0.15 161 0.279 0.61 26 0.74 43 0.31 60 0.83 77 0.26 94 0.22 111 0.26 128 0.16 145 0.22 162 0.37

10 1.2 27 1.07 44 0.61 61 0.57 78 0.2 95 0.33 112 0.34 129 0.78 146 0.1 163 0.311 0.61 28 0.17 45 0.38 62 0.2 79 0.1 96 0.14 113 0.29 130 0.27 147 0.25 164 0.1612 0.46 29 0.72 46 0.44 63 0.29 80 0.22 97 0.12 114 0.24 131 0.11 148 0.23 165 0.313 0.39 30 0.18 47 0.86 64 0.28 81 0.33 98 0.26 115 0.31 132 0.3 149 0.3614 0.72 31 0.54 48 0.79 65 0.58 82 0.39 99 0.36 116 0.27 133 0.1 150 0.1915 1.02 32 0.75 49 0.75 66 0.48 83 0.17 100 0.14 117 0.31 134 0.18 151 0.3216 0.52 33 0.53 50 0.74 67 0.18 84 0.3 101 0.21 118 0.17 135 0.39 152 0.2617 0.33 34 0.79 51 0.8 68 0.25 85 0.15 102 0.12 119 0.15 136 0.3 153 0.3

Total 12.21 12.35 11.13 7.69 4.25 3.73 4.48 4.48 4.27 2.85 67.4


10 0.14 24 0.1 38 0.16 52 0.21 66 0.16 80 0.2 94 0.22 108 0.13 122 0.27 136 0.2911 0.39 25 0.31 39 0.16 53 0.17 67 0.17 81 0.24 95 0.21 109 0.13 123 0.22 137 0.2212 0.25 26 0.12 40 0.53 54 0.15 68 0.11 82 0.29 96 0.13 110 0.3 124 0.4613 0.22 27 0.11 41 0.18 55 0.27 69 0.12 83 0.12 97 0.13 111 0.12 125 0.1714 0.25 28 0.41 42 0.16 56 0.33 70 0.37 84 0.28 98 0.24 112 0.15 126 0.25

Total 3.53 2.85 2.71 2.91 2.94 2.89 3 2.59 3.41 2.55 29.4

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.35 14 0.23 27 0.14 40 0.12 53 0.33 66 0.32 79 0.39 92 0.15 105 0.16 118 0.362 0.12 15 0.12 28 0.13 41 0.27 54 0.23 67 0.21 80 0.14 93 0.16 106 0.22 119 0.33 0.31 16 0.23 29 0.3 42 0.12 55 0.28 68 0.37 81 0.23 94 0.18 107 0.23 120 0.314 0.11 17 0.16 30 0.23 43 0.29 56 0.61 69 0.19 82 0.24 95 0.11 108 0.11 121 0.25 0.17 18 0.43 31 0.12 44 0.48 57 0.14 70 0.31 83 0.1 96 0.18 109 0.26 122 0.196 0.2 19 0.19 32 0.21 45 0.28 58 0.39 71 0.14 84 0.3 97 0.1 110 0.16 123 0.277 0.2 20 0.28 33 0.16 46 0.2 59 0.21 72 0.46 85 0.17 98 0.24 111 0.458 0.21 21 0.29 34 0.32 47 0.35 60 0.14 73 0.27 86 0.31 99 0.15 112 0.269 0.12 22 0.17 35 0.13 48 0.34 61 0.35 74 0.23 87 0.17 100 0.28 113 0.17

Table 11

Table 12

10 0.12 23 0.13 36 0.16 49 0.35 62 0.26 75 0.3 88 0.17 101 0.14 114 0.1211 0.11 24 0.12 37 0.11 50 0.1 63 0.19 76 0.24 89 0.35 102 0.26 115 0.1812 0.37 25 0.26 38 0.36 51 0.18 64 0.18 77 0.26 90 0.19 103 0.23 116 0.1413 0.22 26 0.13 39 0.1 52 0.3 65 0.25 78 0.1 91 0.2 104 0.22 117 0.15

Total 2.61 2.74 2.47 3.38 3.56 3.4 2.96 2.4 2.61 1.63 27.8


10 0.3 53 0.13 96 0.23 139 0.2 182 0.2 225 0.14 268 0.22 311 0.39 354 0.13 397 0.1611 0.26 54 0.23 97 0.15 140 0.16 183 0.24 226 0.37 269 0.35 312 0.3 355 0.26 398 0.1712 0.12 55 0.16 98 0.24 141 0.21 184 0.17 227 0.13 270 0.14 313 0.26 356 0.1 399 0.2513 0.18 56 0.23 99 0.24 142 0.18 185 0.19 228 0.17 271 0.28 314 0.13 357 0.47 400 0.2614 0.22 57 0.15 100 0.21 143 0.29 186 0.19 229 0.24 272 0.28 315 0.33 358 0.15 401 0.2115 0.22 58 0.14 101 0.27 144 0.36 187 0.2 230 0.16 273 0.14 316 0.12 359 0.11 402 0.1916 0.41 59 0.18 102 0.33 145 0.31 188 0.16 231 0.26 274 0.47 317 0.19 360 0.18 403 0.1917 0.16 60 0.24 103 0.12 146 0.28 189 0.27 232 0.25 275 0.15 318 0.13 361 0.25 404 0.1518 0.14 61 0.3 104 0.23 147 0.19 190 0.2 233 0.18 276 0.17 319 0.16 362 0.2 405 0.1919 0.23 62 0.3 105 0.14 148 0.26 191 0.47 234 0.38 277 0.26 320 0.18 363 0.21 406 0.3820 0.35 63 0.24 106 0.11 149 0.31 192 0.29 235 0.16 278 0.11 321 0.15 364 0.16 407 0.1821 0.11 64 0.26 107 0.15 150 0.14 193 0.22 236 0.24 279 0.16 322 0.13 365 0.15 408 0.2422 0.19 65 0.42 108 0.31 151 0.35 194 0.33 237 0.13 280 0.35 323 0.12 366 0.14 409 0.2423 0.17 66 0.37 109 0.15 152 0.16 195 0.24 238 0.3 281 0.29 324 0.25 367 0.21 410 0.2324 0.22 67 0.29 110 0.22 153 0.15 196 0.2 239 0.12 282 0.15 325 0.43 368 0.19 411 0.1525 0.12 68 0.18 111 0.14 154 0.36 197 0.11 240 0.15 283 0.21 326 0.14 369 0.27 412 0.326 0.17 69 0.25 112 0.13 155 0.13 198 0.26 241 0.13 284 0.24 327 0.24 370 0.19 413 0.1827 0.34 70 0.16 113 0.23 156 0.13 199 0.35 242 0.27 285 0.17 328 0.29 371 0.15 414 0.1528 0.19 71 0.16 114 0.21 157 0.18 200 0.23 243 0.2 286 0.19 329 0.32 372 0.22 415 0.2129 0.18 72 0.13 115 0.2 158 0.17 201 0.16 244 0.27 287 0.14 330 0.27 373 0.21 416 0.2530 0.11 73 0.27 116 0.15 159 0.13 202 0.18 245 0.14 288 0.31 331 0.25 374 0.14 417 0.1431 0.2 74 0.36 117 0.37 160 0.13 203 0.15 246 0.21 289 0.22 332 0.2 375 0.14 418 0.3832 0.13 75 0.21 118 0.28 161 0.15 204 0.18 247 0.13 290 0.15 333 0.13 376 0.23 419 0.3333 0.13 76 0.22 119 0.26 162 0.19 205 0.26 248 0.15 291 0.11 334 0.2 377 0.15 420 0.2534 0.19 77 0.16 120 0.19 163 0.12 206 0.19 249 0.26 292 0.21 335 0.27 378 0.25 421 0.1935 0.24 78 0.19 121 0.19 164 0.2 207 0.21 250 0.31 293 0.18 336 0.2 379 0.34 422 0.2436 0.2 79 0.32 122 0.2 165 0.35 208 0.13 251 0.49 294 0.27 337 0.17 380 0.15 423 0.3337 0.31 80 0.2 123 0.15 166 0.12 209 0.18 252 0.2 295 0.16 338 0.2 381 0.24 424 0.3938 0.45 81 0.16 124 0.24 167 0.23 210 0.12 253 0.39 296 0.31 339 0.28 382 0.18 425 0.1939 0.14 82 0.27 125 0.27 168 0.32 211 0.11 254 0.19 297 0.2 340 0.41 383 0.1940 0.18 83 0.41 126 0.14 169 0.24 212 0.17 255 0.23 298 0.22 341 0.34 384 0.21

Table 13

41 0.13 84 0.18 127 0.2 170 0.14 213 0.17 256 0.22 299 0.52 342 0.11 385 0.1742 0.34 85 0.14 128 0.32 171 0.32 214 0.37 257 0.38 300 0.16 343 0.23 386 0.1543 0.23 86 0.36 129 0.17 172 0.14 215 0.21 258 0.22 301 0.32 344 0.18 387 0.14

Total 9.37 9.84 8.95 9.42 9.5 9.77 9.4 9.51 8.45 8.56 92.8


10 0.19 55 0.29 100 0.33 145 0.12 190 0.38 235 0.16 280 0.28 325 0.2 370 0.14 415 0.2111 0.17 56 0.33 101 0.16 146 0.23 191 0.13 236 0.5 281 0.35 326 0.25 371 0.19 416 0.3112 0.32 57 0.15 102 0.14 147 0.13 192 0.27 237 0.17 282 0.17 327 0.24 372 0.35 417 0.1113 0.14 58 0.42 103 0.31 148 0.19 193 0.21 238 0.21 283 0.23 328 0.19 373 0.12 418 0.2214 0.31 59 0.31 104 0.16 149 0.34 194 0.15 239 0.19 284 0.33 329 0.2 374 0.23 419 0.1615 0.21 60 0.17 105 0.23 150 0.23 195 0.3 240 0.12 285 0.13 330 0.17 375 0.17 420 0.1716 0.27 61 0.24 106 0.22 151 0.23 196 0.13 241 0.13 286 0.23 331 0.28 376 0.19 421 0.4217 0.29 62 0.23 107 0.38 152 0.25 197 0.23 242 0.33 287 0.15 332 0.11 377 0.29 422 0.1118 0.18 63 0.25 108 0.11 153 0.19 198 0.17 243 0.13 288 0.19 333 0.11 378 0.35 423 0.1519 0.32 64 0.64 109 0.31 154 0.24 199 0.13 244 0.31 289 0.26 334 0.18 379 0.13 424 0.1320 0.23 65 0.2 110 0.12 155 0.26 200 0.37 245 0.23 290 0.13 335 0.14 380 0.19 425 0.2221 0.35 66 0.3 111 0.32 156 0.22 201 0.21 246 0.13 291 0.17 336 0.2 381 0.27 426 0.2322 0.19 67 0.2 112 0.1 157 0.12 202 0.16 247 0.2 292 0.19 337 0.34 382 0.17 427 0.123 0.46 68 0.22 113 0.11 158 0.21 203 0.19 248 0.17 293 0.27 338 0.2 383 0.22 428 0.1624 0.27 69 0.21 114 0.12 159 0.33 204 0.16 249 0.2 294 0.25 339 0.23 384 0.12 429 0.325 0.22 70 0.32 115 0.2 160 0.24 205 0.27 250 0.25 295 0.25 340 0.24 385 0.2 430 0.1726 0.18 71 0.22 116 0.37 161 0.15 206 0.26 251 0.13 296 0.24 341 0.15 386 0.17 431 0.1927 0.2 72 0.32 117 0.25 162 0.24 207 0.25 252 0.22 297 0.21 342 0.21 387 0.3 432 0.3328 0.46 73 0.37 118 0.36 163 0.14 208 0.18 253 0.15 298 0.29 343 0.23 388 0.33 433 0.229 0.26 74 0.22 119 0.17 164 0.26 209 0.16 254 0.19 299 0.17 344 0.19 389 0.23 434 0.1330 0.17 75 0.28 120 0.37 165 0.27 210 0.21 255 0.18 300 0.11 345 0.15 390 0.17 435 0.3831 0.28 76 0.27 121 0.21 166 0.21 211 0.22 256 0.14 301 0.18 346 0.15 391 0.21 436 0.2632 0.15 77 0.23 122 0.23 167 0.36 212 0.1 257 0.15 302 0.25 347 0.36 392 0.34 437 0.3133 0.29 78 0.34 123 0.12 168 0.18 213 0.16 258 0.14 303 0.14 348 0.21 393 0.19 438 0.434 0.1 79 0.37 124 0.23 169 0.34 214 0.31 259 0.31 304 0.12 349 0.27 394 0.19 439 0.2235 0.19 80 0.26 125 0.14 170 0.24 215 0.39 260 0.22 305 0.12 350 0.25 395 0.19 440 0.3536 0.15 81 0.12 126 0.17 171 0.2 216 0.2 261 0.28 306 0.24 351 0.23 396 0.24 441 0.1937 0.2 82 0.22 127 0.21 172 0.16 217 0.17 262 0.17 307 0.16 352 0.17 397 0.12 442 0.1438 0.29 83 0.21 128 0.23 173 0.23 218 0.26 263 0.13 308 0.1 353 0.21 398 0.31 443 0.1839 0.14 84 0.2 129 0.13 174 0.1 219 0.44 264 0.13 309 0.18 354 0.13 399 0.35 444 0.2140 0.55 85 0.39 130 0.49 175 0.19 220 0.14 265 0.15 310 0.16 355 0.3 400 0.13 445 0.3841 0.16 86 0.31 131 0.19 176 0.26 221 0.21 266 0.29 311 0.24 356 0.18 401 0.26 446 0.17

Table 14

42 0.33 87 0.46 132 0.13 177 0.17 222 0.25 267 0.31 312 0.69 357 0.35 402 0.11 447 0.1943 0.18 88 0.3 133 0.22 178 0.18 223 0.47 268 0.17 313 0.13 358 0.16 403 0.2144 0.13 89 0.32 134 0.38 179 0.21 224 0.23 269 0.15 314 0.42 359 0.2 404 0.1645 0.13 90 0.14 135 0.13 180 0.21 225 0.19 270 0.11 315 0.13 360 0.16 405 0.43

Total 10.74 12.13 10.2 9.43 10.06 9.05 9.8 9.42 10 9.59 100


10 0.19 55 0.34 100 0.17 145 0.4 190 0.2 235 0.18 280 0.22 325 0.13 370 0.22 415 0.111 0.11 56 0.17 101 0.15 146 0.53 191 0.24 236 0.35 281 0.19 326 0.27 371 0.13 416 0.3112 0.16 57 0.21 102 0.29 147 0.27 192 0.49 237 0.12 282 0.17 327 0.28 372 0.3 417 0.2413 0.24 58 0.2 103 0.16 148 0.21 193 0.17 238 0.23 283 0.37 328 0.57 373 0.26 418 0.2214 0.26 59 0.12 104 0.13 149 0.17 194 0.21 239 0.18 284 0.19 329 0.21 374 0.25 419 0.3115 0.13 60 0.19 105 0.29 150 0.58 195 0.26 240 0.32 285 0.18 330 0.26 375 0.14 420 0.1916 0.22 61 0.17 106 0.14 151 0.15 196 0.25 241 0.1 286 0.15 331 0.3 376 0.18 421 0.2917 0.33 62 0.28 107 0.17 152 0.22 197 0.52 242 0.18 287 0.33 332 0.25 377 0.35 422 0.1518 0.3 63 0.18 108 0.32 153 0.26 198 0.17 243 0.12 288 0.17 333 0.26 378 0.34 423 0.3919 0.25 64 0.46 109 0.14 154 0.56 199 0.2 244 0.19 289 0.15 334 0.18 379 0.19 424 0.2620 0.12 65 0.31 110 0.23 155 0.27 200 0.19 245 0.19 290 0.28 335 0.34 380 0.25 425 0.1221 0.14 66 0.14 111 0.17 156 0.14 201 0.18 246 0.23 291 0.12 336 0.18 381 0.26 426 0.3422 0.28 67 0.24 112 0.32 157 0.1 202 0.24 247 0.2 292 0.1 337 0.18 382 0.18 427 0.2323 0.13 68 0.15 113 0.28 158 0.16 203 0.41 248 0.34 293 0.24 338 0.25 383 0.18 428 0.2224 0.18 69 0.37 114 0.24 159 0.23 204 0.15 249 0.28 294 0.15 339 0.1 384 0.24 429 0.3225 0.12 70 0.2 115 0.34 160 0.21 205 0.14 250 0.17 295 0.19 340 0.27 385 0.18 430 0.1726 0.44 71 0.21 116 0.12 161 0.32 206 0.17 251 0.36 296 0.14 341 0.12 386 0.2 431 0.2727 0.26 72 0.14 117 0.19 162 0.23 207 0.19 252 0.19 297 0.17 342 0.18 387 0.23 432 0.1328 0.35 73 0.24 118 0.39 163 0.2 208 0.19 253 0.19 298 0.12 343 0.21 388 0.24 433 0.2629 0.41 74 0.16 119 0.27 164 0.23 209 0.44 254 0.11 299 0.19 344 0.18 389 0.22 434 0.2530 0.19 75 0.17 120 0.19 165 0.17 210 0.29 255 0.12 300 0.31 345 0.18 390 0.22 435 0.1731 0.16 76 0.17 121 0.25 166 0.19 211 0.14 256 0.22 301 0.16 346 0.29 391 0.19 436 0.2332 0.36 77 0.12 122 0.18 167 0.18 212 0.21 257 0.25 302 0.18 347 0.27 392 0.16 437 0.2633 0.32 78 0.38 123 0.34 168 0.22 213 0.21 258 0.21 303 0.34 348 0.17 393 0.18 438 0.1534 0.33 79 0.32 124 0.18 169 0.17 214 0.17 259 0.37 304 0.28 349 0.29 394 0.2335 0.14 80 0.2 125 0.15 170 0.13 215 0.17 260 0.14 305 0.12 350 0.34 395 0.3436 0.28 81 0.12 126 0.16 171 0.22 216 0.36 261 0.35 306 0.2 351 0.18 396 0.2637 0.2 82 0.1 127 0.16 172 0.15 217 0.19 262 0.33 307 0.2 352 0.48 397 0.1338 0.16 83 0.31 128 0.13 173 0.24 218 0.34 263 0.13 308 0.27 353 0.47 398 0.5839 0.39 84 0.27 129 0.18 174 0.25 219 0.58 264 0.17 309 0.29 354 0.27 399 0.2340 0.26 85 0.23 130 0.14 175 0.22 220 0.16 265 0.33 310 0.29 355 0.5 400 0.19

Table 15

41 0.26 86 0.44 131 0.18 176 0.13 221 0.2 266 0.22 311 0.59 356 0.29 401 0.2542 0.3 87 0.14 132 0.14 177 0.1 222 0.12 267 0.17 312 0.21 357 0.23 402 0.2143 0.19 88 0.23 133 0.28 178 0.14 223 0.33 268 0.21 313 0.23 358 0.15 403 0.2444 0.27 89 0.2 134 0.2 179 0.26 224 0.13 269 0.2 314 0.2 359 0.38 404 0.1845 0.45 90 0.3 135 0.4 180 0.25 225 0.24 270 0.24 315 0.27 360 0.25 405 0.13

Total 11.19 10.27 9.82 10.48 10.45 9.55 9.89 11.98 10.24 7.3 101


10 0.18 29 0.24 48 0.32 67 0.22 86 0.45 105 0.3 124 0.26 143 0.27 162 0.16 181 0.1711 0.25 30 0.27 49 0.33 68 0.43 87 0.25 106 0.38 125 0.24 144 0.25 163 0.17 182 0.2612 0.27 31 0.26 50 0.25 69 0.19 88 0.33 107 0.31 126 0.25 145 0.2 164 0.28 183 0.2613 0.2 32 0.21 51 0.23 70 0.17 89 0.3 108 0.12 127 0.23 146 0.24 165 0.46 184 0.3114 0.27 33 0.13 52 0.22 71 0.2 90 0.19 109 0.28 128 0.19 147 0.13 166 0.19 185 0.1515 0.23 34 0.19 53 0.2 72 0.2 91 0.24 110 0.15 129 0.32 148 0.16 167 0.28 186 0.4316 0.45 35 0.35 54 0.19 73 0.22 92 0.33 111 0.15 130 0.14 149 0.21 168 0.14 187 0.2417 0.28 36 0.23 55 0.11 74 0.19 93 0.29 112 0.16 131 0.21 150 0.15 169 0.31 188 0.1518 0.21 37 0.22 56 0.21 75 0.17 94 0.21 113 0.16 132 0.14 151 0.27 170 0.21 189 0.3219 0.24 38 0.23 57 0.14 76 0.14 95 0.3 114 0.12 133 0.36 152 0.15 171 0.15 190 0.34

Total 4.47 4.53 4.55 3.92 5.1 4.36 4.5 4.31 4.34 4.73 44.8


10 0.18 32 0.19 54 0.21 76 0.15 98 0.2 120 0.24 142 0.16 164 0.18 186 0.2 208 0.1811 0.22 33 0.23 55 0.19 77 0.15 99 0.21 121 0.22 143 0.18 165 0.23 187 0.19 209 0.1912 0.29 34 0.24 56 0.19 78 0.18 100 0.45 122 0.12 144 0.16 166 0.17 188 0.21 210 0.1613 0.19 35 0.18 57 0.21 79 0.23 101 0.18 123 0.19 145 0.11 167 0.22 189 0.11 211 0.1714 0.19 36 0.22 58 0.16 80 1.11 102 0.17 124 0.18 146 0.19 168 0.25 190 0.2 212 0.3

Table 16

Table 18

15 0.1 37 0.19 59 0.18 81 0.21 103 0.53 125 0.24 147 0.16 169 0.18 191 0.25 213 0.1716 0.22 38 0.2 60 0.18 82 0.21 104 0.41 126 0.15 148 0.19 170 0.15 192 0.16 214 0.4617 0.36 39 0.24 61 0.21 83 0.15 105 0.18 127 0.19 149 0.22 171 0.16 193 0.1918 0.18 40 0.4 62 0.19 84 0.26 106 0.2 128 0.2 150 0.32 172 0.23 194 0.1919 0.19 41 0.19 63 0.2 85 0.23 107 0.15 129 0.19 151 0.2 173 0.19 195 0.2120 0.18 42 0.2 64 0.22 86 0.47 108 0.13 130 0.21 152 0.22 174 0.19 196 0.1921 0.46 43 0.2 65 0.17 87 0.17 109 0.21 131 0.17 153 0.21 175 0.2 197 0.1922 0.3 44 0.21 66 0.23 88 0.2 110 0.27 132 0.2 154 0.41 176 0.14 198 0.21

Total 4.76 4.84 4.62 5.56 5.66 4.72 4.53 4.34 4.39 3.4 46.8


10 1.65 24 0.73 38 0.82 52 0.29 66 0.13 80 0.91 94 0.78 108 1.01 122 0.9411 0.51 25 0.32 39 0.62 53 0.66 67 0.22 81 2.05 95 0.49 109 0.7 123 0.2912 0.73 26 0.73 40 0.71 54 1.05 68 0.64 82 1.24 96 1.3 110 0.16 124 0.6313 0.77 27 0.24 41 0.54 55 0.32 69 0.76 83 0.17 97 1.24 111 0.35 125 1.114 0.33 28 0.87 42 0.41 56 0.5 70 1.15 84 0.85 98 0.51 112 1.69 126 0.72

Total 10.58 7.31 8.74 7.53 7.97 13.56 12.1 12.29 10.85 10.25 101

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.53 8 1.44 15 1.35 22 1.57 29 0.39 36 1.29 43 0.79 50 0.72 57 0.35 64 0.442 0.72 9 1.65 16 0.78 23 1.09 30 0.93 37 0.33 44 0.75 51 0.77 58 0.93 65 0.123 0.44 10 1.18 17 0.33 24 1.6 31 0.29 38 0.3 45 0.59 52 0.82 59 0.61 66 0.344 1.54 11 0.51 18 0.51 25 1.11 32 1.36 39 1.38 46 0.75 53 0.59 60 0.61 67 0.785 0.92 12 0.55 19 0.34 26 1.28 33 0.52 40 0.55 47 0.43 54 0.59 61 0.796 0.23 13 1.05 20 0.87 27 0.78 34 1.26 41 0.98 48 0.21 55 0.44 62 0.517 0.61 14 1.43 21 0.12 28 0.67 35 1.02 42 0.96 49 1.24 56 0.54 63 0.51

Total 4.99 7.81 4.3 8.1 5.77 5.79 4.76 4.47 4.31 1.68 52

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.47 11 0.74 21 0.69 31 1.04 41 0.57 51 0.37 61 0.4 71 0.44 81 0.7 91 12 0.85 12 0.8 22 0.27 32 0.48 42 0.86 52 0.44 62 0.32 72 0.26 82 0.97 92 1.033 0.32 13 0.33 23 0.42 33 0.61 43 1.8 53 0.76 63 0.39 73 1.83 83 0.92 93 0.54

Table 19

Table 20

Table 21

4 0.84 14 0.64 24 0.99 34 0.47 44 0.79 54 0.88 64 0.88 74 1.41 84 1.11 94 1.335 0.43 15 0.62 25 0.93 35 1.27 45 1.28 55 1.14 65 0.69 75 0.18 85 0.69 95 1.076 0.42 16 0.39 26 0.37 36 0.5 46 0.59 56 0.46 66 0.71 76 0.2 86 1.03 96 0.67 0.68 17 0.9 27 0.24 37 0.91 47 0.68 57 0.42 67 0.72 77 0.96 87 0.3 97 0.658 0.45 18 0.93 28 0.61 38 0.73 48 0.18 58 0.57 68 1.33 78 0.58 88 0.23 98 0.239 0.28 19 0.93 29 0.49 39 0.95 49 0.75 59 1.07 69 0.76 79 0.79 89 0.84 99 1.1

10 0.76 20 0.59 30 0.98 40 0.5 50 0.46 60 0.5 70 0.61 80 0.47 90 1.25 100 0.78Total 5.5 6.87 5.99 7.46 7.96 6.61 6.81 7.12 8.04 8.33 70.7

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.48 7 0.86 13 1.18 19 0.6 25 0.52 31 1.13 37 0.7 43 0.5 49 0.97 55 0.242 0.77 8 0.44 14 1.43 20 1.04 26 0.87 32 0.5 38 0.64 44 0.8 50 0.74 56 0.223 1.04 9 0.46 15 0.68 21 0.3 27 0.17 33 0.75 39 0.79 45 0.56 51 0.21 57 0.324 1.57 10 0.93 16 0.49 22 0.78 28 0.22 34 0.95 40 0.66 46 0.23 52 0.46 58 0.145 1.14 11 0.19 17 0.77 23 0.19 29 1.09 35 0.81 41 0.71 47 0.92 53 0.376 0.17 12 0.96 18 0.75 24 0.76 30 0.76 36 0.95 42 0.52 48 1.01 54 0.34

Total 5.17 3.84 5.3 3.67 3.63 5.09 4.02 4.02 3.09 0.92 38.8

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.32 10 0.37 19 0.26 28 0.41 37 0.48 46 0.62 55 0.56 64 0.47 73 0.81 82 0.442 0.4 11 0.36 20 0.48 29 0.27 38 1.08 47 0.55 56 1.13 65 0.34 74 0.62 83 0.843 0.58 12 0.37 21 0.21 30 0.91 39 0.69 48 0.65 57 0.27 66 0.61 75 0.41 84 0.544 0.25 13 0.64 22 0.57 31 0.41 40 0.56 49 0.8 58 0.71 67 0.28 76 0.93 85 0.465 0.28 14 0.46 23 0.34 32 0.55 41 0.58 50 0.41 59 0.33 68 0.49 77 0.4 86 0.486 0.38 15 0.76 24 1.01 33 0.47 42 0.49 51 0.37 60 0.42 69 0.7 78 0.777 0.48 16 0.3 25 0.49 34 0.65 43 0.55 52 0.41 61 0.6 70 0.26 79 0.358 0.63 17 0.45 26 0.33 35 0.57 44 0.54 53 1.05 62 0.44 71 0.21 80 0.779 0.38 18 0.5 27 1.12 36 0.45 45 0.63 54 0.42 63 0.46 72 0.47 81 0.32

Total 3.7 4.21 4.81 4.69 5.6 5.28 4.92 3.83 5.38 2.76 45.2


10 0.42 30 0.39 50 0.39 70 0.59 90 0.62 110 0.6 130 0.86 150 0.56 170 0.5 190 0.58

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

11 0.32 31 0.29 51 0.21 71 0.71 91 0.21 111 0.87 131 0.49 151 1.3 171 0.5 191 0.4212 0.33 32 0.75 52 0.33 72 0.36 92 0.35 112 0.42 132 0.5 152 0.25 172 0.3 192 0.3713 0.28 33 0.24 53 0.48 73 0.56 93 0.75 113 0.77 133 0.36 153 0.38 173 0.2 193 0.3814 0.27 34 0.56 54 0.23 74 0.51 94 0.67 114 0.31 134 0.5 154 0.87 174 0.55 194 0.5715 0.37 35 0.21 55 0.21 75 0.46 95 0.39 115 0.47 135 0.62 155 0.66 175 0.59 195 0.6416 0.42 36 0.2 56 0.37 76 0.8 96 0.53 116 0.74 136 0.43 156 0.42 176 0.3517 0.21 37 0.19 57 0.66 77 0.82 97 0.52 117 0.53 137 0.29 157 0.4 177 0.2718 0.42 38 0.43 58 0.61 78 0.74 98 0.53 118 0.67 138 0.52 158 0.33 178 0.6619 0.55 39 0.26 59 0.44 79 0.29 99 0.63 119 0.62 139 0.28 159 0.6 179 0.9520 0.37 40 0.77 60 0.71 80 0.95 100 0.57 120 0.42 140 0.31 160 0.59 180 0.39

Total 7.38 7.69 9.14 11.65 11.91 12.15 9.77 10.29 9.49 7.65 97.1


10 0.61 30 0.64 50 0.31 70 0.34 90 0.65 110 0.35 130 0.73 150 0.26 170 0.6 190 0.5811 0.43 31 0.17 51 0.78 71 0.29 91 0.2 111 0.67 131 0.76 151 0.58 171 0.35 191 0.6612 0.77 32 0.78 52 0.36 72 0.49 92 0.32 112 0.5 132 0.56 152 0.48 172 0.44 192 0.4613 0.44 33 0.43 53 0.2 73 0.29 93 0.62 113 0.65 133 0.27 153 0.77 173 0.53 193 0.514 0.86 34 0.61 54 0.22 74 0.28 94 0.64 114 0.45 134 0.81 154 0.32 174 0.19 194 0.315 0.12 35 0.2 55 0.32 75 0.58 95 0.86 115 0.3 135 0.32 155 0.19 175 0.57 195 0.2716 0.38 36 0.57 56 0.47 76 0.3 96 0.43 116 0.25 136 0.42 156 0.38 176 0.58 196 0.3517 0.64 37 0.22 57 0.61 77 0.11 97 0.73 117 0.31 137 0.44 157 0.58 177 0.4 197 0.7318 0.41 38 0.65 58 1.07 78 0.53 98 0.37 118 0.52 138 0.47 158 0.58 178 0.7519 0.14 39 0.27 59 0.34 79 0.5 99 0.75 119 0.61 139 0.41 159 0.15 179 0.2920 0.34 40 0.61 60 0.43 80 0.47 100 0.35 120 0.3 140 0.52 160 0.58 180 0.68

Total 8.9 8.67 10.27 7.53 9.93 9.2 9.41 10.06 9.31 8.37 91.7

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.16 29 0.83 57 0.18 85 0.25 113 0.81 141 0.41 169 0.18 197 0.2 225 0.23 253 0.272 0.6 30 0.41 58 0.24 86 0.19 114 0.23 142 0.15 170 0.27 198 0.27 226 0.23 254 0.313 0.54 31 0.42 59 0.14 87 0.2 115 0.33 143 0.17 171 0.27 199 0.3 227 0.27 255 0.214 0.19 32 0.47 60 0.11 88 0.2 116 0.66 144 0.18 172 0.28 200 0.19 228 0.17 256 0.275 0.47 33 0.67 61 0.2 89 0.23 117 0.3 145 0.29 173 0.3 201 0.16 229 0.2 257 0.286 0.65 34 0.71 62 0.18 90 0.25 118 0.33 146 0.25 174 0.28 202 0.29 230 0.26 258 0.287 0.22 35 0.19 63 0.18 91 0.23 119 0.83 147 0.26 175 0.28 203 0.16 231 0.19 259 0.318 0.39 36 0.36 64 0.2 92 0.17 120 0.63 148 0.28 176 0.29 204 0.25 232 0.3 260 0.31

Table 25

Table 26

9 0.28 37 0.43 65 0.29 93 0.29 121 0.65 149 0.19 177 0.29 205 0.26 233 0.19 261 0.1110 0.35 38 0.31 66 0.26 94 0.18 122 0.94 150 0.2 178 0.27 206 0.31 234 0.21 262 0.2111 0.2 39 0.8 67 0.21 95 0.24 123 0.36 151 0.39 179 0.3 207 0.25 235 0.17 263 0.3212 0.22 40 0.33 68 0.34 96 0.19 124 0.7 152 0.24 180 0.23 208 0.28 236 0.22 264 0.1813 0.25 41 0.5 69 0.23 97 0.32 125 0.33 153 0.23 181 0.25 209 0.23 237 0.19 265 0.1614 0.38 42 0.4 70 0.23 98 0.2 126 0.77 154 0.18 182 0.25 210 0.22 238 0.16 266 0.1615 0.66 43 0.35 71 0.25 99 0.2 127 0.35 155 0.11 183 0.3 211 0.27 239 0.25 267 0.2716 0.63 44 0.62 72 0.23 100 0.24 128 0.55 156 0.31 184 0.17 212 0.17 240 0.18 268 0.3117 0.41 45 0.43 73 0.21 101 0.23 129 0.62 157 0.26 185 0.24 213 0.26 241 0.22 269 0.2718 0.17 46 0.22 74 0.18 102 0.31 130 0.7 158 0.22 186 0.31 214 0.25 242 0.15 270 0.2219 0.43 47 0.2 75 0.36 103 0.24 131 0.5 159 0.27 187 0.21 215 0.15 243 0.22 271 0.2520 0.88 48 0.25 76 0.24 104 0.23 132 0.66 160 0.25 188 0.2 216 0.31 244 0.27 272 0.321 0.3 49 0.26 77 0.22 105 0.2 133 0.71 161 0.36 189 0.25 217 0.24 245 0.2122 0.2 50 0.38 78 0.23 106 0.2 134 1.07 162 0.34 190 0.25 218 0.15 246 0.2923 0.43 51 0.19 79 0.3 107 0.19 135 0.98 163 0.21 191 0.23 219 0.29 247 0.324 0.31 52 0.16 80 0.21 108 0.2 136 0.6 164 0.29 192 0.31 220 0.24 248 0.2725 0.85 53 0.22 81 0.28 109 0.23 137 0.69 165 0.26 193 0.18 221 0.31 249 0.2326 0.32 54 0.18 82 0.18 110 0.18 138 0.36 166 0.27 194 0.26 222 0.22 250 0.2827 0.81 55 0.12 83 0.23 111 0.29 139 0.54 167 0.26 195 0.44 223 0.19 251 0.1628 0.6 56 0.31 84 0.23 112 0.2 140 0.42 168 0.24 196 0.18 224 0.18 252 0.58

Total 11.9 10.72 6.34 6.28 16.62 7.07 7.27 6.6 6.6 5 84.4


10 0.1 50 0.17 90 0.22 130 0.11 170 0.22 210 0.21 250 0.17 290 0.31 330 0.65 370 0.2111 0.17 51 0.16 91 0.24 131 0.15 171 0.39 211 0.23 251 0.24 291 0.11 331 0.55 371 0.1812 0.2 52 0.18 92 0.25 132 0.22 172 0.18 212 0.26 252 0.13 292 0.34 332 0.24 372 0.2513 0.2 53 0.28 93 0.26 133 0.22 173 0.22 213 0.18 253 0.27 293 0.26 333 0.51 373 0.1714 0.19 54 0.29 94 0.22 134 0.15 174 0.16 214 0.19 254 0.18 294 0.14 334 0.78 374 0.1715 0.19 55 0.17 95 0.19 135 0.26 175 0.2 215 0.19 255 0.12 295 0.17 335 0.37 375 0.2516 0.17 56 0.15 96 0.29 136 0.2 176 0.23 216 0.24 256 0.25 296 0.29 336 0.4 376 0.317 0.24 57 0.2 97 0.23 137 0.17 177 0.21 217 0.28 257 0.21 297 0.34 337 0.53 377 0.1218 0.22 58 0.3 98 0.28 138 0.53 178 0.26 218 0.17 258 0.2 298 0.16 338 0.48 378 0.1719 0.25 59 0.18 99 0.2 139 0.21 179 0.23 219 0.24 259 0.19 299 0.21 339 0.57 379 0.1420 0.11 60 0.24 100 0.27 140 0.11 180 0.15 220 0.2 260 0.35 300 0.29 340 0.47 380 0.2221 0.29 61 0.18 101 0.3 141 0.35 181 0.18 221 0.22 261 0.15 301 0.14 341 0.48 381 0.2922 0.17 62 0.17 102 0.21 142 0.18 182 0.29 222 0.3 262 0.14 302 0.15 342 0.19 382 0.1123 0.23 63 0.28 103 0.19 143 0.15 183 0.35 223 0.21 263 0.27 303 0.21 343 0.5 383 0.2724 0.22 64 0.21 104 0.23 144 0.35 184 0.2 224 0.21 264 0.16 304 0.29 344 0.45 384 0.12

Table 27

25 0.22 65 0.11 105 0.33 145 0.28 185 0.22 225 0.18 265 0.26 305 0.26 345 0.58 385 0.1226 0.21 66 0.17 106 0.2 146 0.24 186 0.13 226 0.2 266 0.11 306 0.19 346 0.61 386 0.3527 0.25 67 0.22 107 0.21 147 0.3 187 0.14 227 0.22 267 0.12 307 0.25 347 0.3 387 0.228 0.26 68 0.14 108 0.19 148 0.27 188 0.26 228 0.15 268 0.18 308 0.44 348 0.43 388 0.1329 0.17 69 0.27 109 0.21 149 0.24 189 0.13 229 0.27 269 0.16 309 0.42 349 0.19 389 0.2730 0.25 70 0.21 110 0.16 150 0.25 190 0.15 230 0.19 270 0.18 310 0.57 350 0.14 390 0.3631 0.13 71 0.25 111 0.18 151 0.26 191 0.14 231 0.22 271 0.2 311 0.33 351 0.27 391 0.1732 0.17 72 0.19 112 0.21 152 0.1 192 0.21 232 0.23 272 0.26 312 0.47 352 0.29 392 0.1433 0.17 73 0.2 113 0.22 153 0.24 193 0.25 233 0.13 273 0.19 313 0.73 353 0.1 393 0.2734 0.25 74 0.21 114 0.25 154 0.15 194 0.24 234 0.24 274 0.28 314 0.53 354 0.15 394 0.2635 0.17 75 0.19 115 0.18 155 0.14 195 0.13 235 0.21 275 0.21 315 0.53 355 0.23 395 0.2236 0.21 76 0.17 116 0.17 156 0.21 196 0.3 236 0.3 276 0.4 316 0.67 356 0.33 396 0.2537 0.22 77 0.24 117 0.19 157 0.26 197 0.12 237 0.19 277 0.23 317 0.28 357 0.13 397 0.3538 0.21 78 0.26 118 0.22 158 0.18 198 0.19 238 0.39 278 0.19 318 0.49 358 0.31 398 0.5839 0.21 79 0.22 119 0.22 159 0.23 199 0.27 239 0.26 279 0.21 319 0.81 359 0.17 399 0.3740 0.23 80 0.25 120 0.27 160 0.25 200 0.3 240 0.22 280 0.27 320 0.71 360 0.31 400 0.74

Total 8.04 8.23 8.98 9.04 8.72 8.89 8.47 12.76 16.91 10.04 100


10 0.87 33 0.61 56 0.45 79 0.91 102 0.28 125 0.24 148 0.59 171 0.87 194 0.2 217 0.3611 0.44 34 0.48 57 0.66 80 0.54 103 0.2 126 0.25 149 0.44 172 0.53 195 0.42 218 0.8412 0.41 35 0.46 58 0.45 81 0.75 104 0.15 127 0.45 150 0.27 173 0.54 196 0.33 219 0.5513 0.51 36 0.35 59 0.49 82 0.28 105 0.63 128 0.32 151 0.23 174 0.54 197 1.07 220 0.2114 0.38 37 0.47 60 0.53 83 0.55 106 0.56 129 0.38 152 0.55 175 0.55 198 0.37 221 0.7815 0.53 38 0.54 61 0.56 84 0.34 107 0.37 130 0.13 153 0.48 176 0.13 199 0.52 222 0.4716 0.48 39 0.68 62 0.4 85 0.53 108 0.17 131 0.5 154 0.36 177 0.43 200 0.71 223 0.8117 0.62 40 0.51 63 0.43 86 0.44 109 0.5 132 0.11 155 0.43 178 0.39 201 0.28 224 0.4718 0.29 41 0.54 64 0.57 87 0.42 110 0.38 133 0.47 156 0.71 179 0.62 202 0.3 225 0.3319 0.43 42 0.55 65 0.37 88 0.11 111 0.37 134 0.21 157 0.19 180 0.43 203 0.9120 0.4 43 0.26 66 0.29 89 0.35 112 0.78 135 0.62 158 0.44 181 0.14 204 0.3421 0.99 44 0.55 67 0.23 90 0.57 113 0.5 136 0.25 159 0.18 182 0.52 205 0.5622 0.55 45 0.57 68 0.51 91 0.46 114 0.4 137 0.45 160 0.22 183 0.32 206 0.3723 0.36 46 0.27 69 0.65 92 0.64 115 0.38 138 0.39 161 0.28 184 0.44 207 0.79

Total 11.2 11.86 11.12 10.4 9.72 9.36 10.84 10.89 11.54 8.98 106

Table 28

Table 29

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.67 21 0.97 41 0.48 61 0.21 81 0.39 101 0.69 121 0.21 141 0.56 161 0.79 181 0.622 0.49 22 0.49 42 0.79 62 0.33 82 1.39 102 0.25 122 0.43 142 0.7 162 0.33 182 0.263 0.34 23 0.51 43 0.28 63 0.36 83 0.73 103 0.68 123 0.5 143 0.69 163 0.56 183 0.94 0.76 24 0.3 44 0.32 64 0.54 84 0.3 104 0.86 124 0.49 144 0.15 164 0.18 184 0.65 0.61 25 0.45 45 0.79 65 0.33 85 0.42 105 0.32 125 0.41 145 0.85 165 0.22 185 0.346 0.25 26 0.79 46 0.26 66 0.33 86 0.58 106 0.95 126 0.88 146 0.16 166 0.37 186 0.287 0.29 27 0.69 47 0.6 67 0.77 87 0.35 107 0.71 127 0.59 147 0.35 167 0.46 187 0.188 0.76 28 0.24 48 0.51 68 0.4 88 0.42 108 0.83 128 0.59 148 0.41 168 0.48 188 19 0.46 29 0.65 49 0.77 69 0.24 89 0.33 109 0.26 129 0.32 149 1.02 169 0.39 189 0.26

10 0.19 30 0.86 50 1.07 70 0.59 90 0.35 110 0.34 130 0.46 150 0.31 170 0.27 190 0.611 0.45 31 0.22 51 0.46 71 0.28 91 0.6 111 0.68 131 0.91 151 0.23 171 0.4 191 0.3212 0.87 32 0.15 52 0.23 72 0.14 92 0.36 112 0.33 132 0.52 152 0.58 172 0.79 192 0.1713 0.47 33 0.15 53 0.42 73 1.04 93 0.26 113 0.62 133 0.24 153 0.59 173 0.5 193 0.714 0.45 34 0.33 54 0.31 74 0.41 94 0.55 114 0.16 134 0.21 154 0.35 174 0.28 194 0.4715 0.48 35 0.61 55 0.81 75 0.2 95 0.11 115 0.89 135 0.41 155 0.85 175 0.39 195 0.1416 0.34 36 0.54 56 0.4 76 0.26 96 0.58 116 0.72 136 0.21 156 0.38 176 0.29 196 0.4117 0.58 37 0.23 57 0.3 77 0.31 97 0.24 117 0.6 137 0.75 157 0.21 177 0.28 197 0.5818 0.3 38 0.33 58 0.25 78 0.31 98 0.25 118 0.4 138 0.23 158 0.17 178 0.13 198 0.2619 0.52 39 0.49 59 0.53 79 0.31 99 0.64 119 0.93 139 0.26 159 0.36 179 0.77 199 0.4620 0.55 40 0.56 60 0.29 80 0.74 100 0.75 120 0.35 140 0.28 160 0.71 180 0.38 200 0.18

Total 9.83 9.56 9.87 8.1 9.6 11.57 8.9 9.63 8.26 8.73 94.1

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.41 22 0.24 43 0.4 64 0.54 85 0.64 106 0.15 127 0.58 148 0.33 169 0.36 190 0.362 0.71 23 0.21 44 0.65 65 0.19 86 0.56 107 0.32 128 0.39 149 0.33 170 1.58 191 0.763 0.47 24 0.29 45 0.32 66 0.36 87 0.73 108 0.46 129 0.47 150 0.33 171 0.58 192 0.684 0.56 25 0.75 46 0.67 67 0.15 88 0.35 109 0.75 130 0.29 151 0.25 172 0.49 193 0.285 0.3 26 0.38 47 0.51 68 0.45 89 0.52 110 0.72 131 0.62 152 0.3 173 0.42 194 0.346 0.31 27 0.18 48 0.33 69 0.45 90 0.17 111 0.28 132 0.38 153 0.54 174 0.71 195 0.677 0.56 28 0.38 49 0.23 70 1.46 91 0.25 112 0.41 133 0.82 154 0.56 175 0.44 196 0.678 0.45 29 0.5 50 0.82 71 0.52 92 0.54 113 0.39 134 0.1 155 0.66 176 0.31 197 19 1.03 30 0.32 51 0.37 72 0.69 93 0.46 114 0.34 135 0.51 156 0.84 177 0.38 198 0.66

10 0.23 31 0.74 52 0.39 73 0.56 94 0.4 115 0.59 136 0.21 157 0.31 178 0.68 199 0.2511 0.68 32 0.62 53 0.29 74 0.64 95 0.15 116 0.31 137 1.11 158 0.66 179 0.61 200 0.7412 0.38 33 0.2 54 0.87 75 0.33 96 0.37 117 0.71 138 0.23 159 0.89 180 0.23 201 0.3713 0.48 34 0.29 55 0.49 76 0.34 97 0.49 118 0.72 139 0.67 160 0.53 181 0.55 202 0.3414 0.73 35 0.34 56 0.3 77 0.35 98 0.27 119 0.75 140 0.83 161 0.47 182 0.3915 1.03 36 0.42 57 0.5 78 0.17 99 0.91 120 0.29 141 0.26 162 0.61 183 0.4816 0.16 37 0.41 58 0.43 79 0.13 100 0.41 121 0.33 142 0.32 163 0.63 184 0.6117 0.33 38 0.49 59 0.59 80 0.73 101 0.27 122 0.64 143 0.63 164 0.38 185 0.5718 0.87 39 0.27 60 0.63 81 0.79 102 0.41 123 0.5 144 0.21 165 0.46 186 0.2219 0.51 40 0.38 61 0.4 82 0.3 103 0.23 124 0.56 145 0.48 166 0.69 187 0.8620 0.38 41 0.94 62 0.45 83 0.58 104 0.52 125 0.49 146 0.48 167 0.51 188 0.7421 0.61 42 0.57 63 0.31 84 0.31 105 0.58 126 0.53 147 0.49 168 0.52 189 0.44

Total 11.19 8.92 9.95 10.04 9.23 10.24 10.08 10.8 11.65 7.12 99.2

Table 30


10 0.45 45 0.28 80 0.23 115 0.26 150 0.18 185 0.11 220 0.22 255 0.19 290 0.23 325 0.1211 0.3 46 0.25 81 0.56 116 0.31 151 0.18 186 0.22 221 0.15 256 0.32 291 0.21 326 0.1812 0.39 47 0.31 82 0.47 117 0.17 152 0.24 187 0.28 222 0.26 257 0.3 292 0.13 327 0.1913 0.31 48 0.37 83 0.28 118 0.19 153 0.27 188 0.29 223 0.25 258 0.18 293 0.26 328 0.1214 0.56 49 1.11 84 0.35 119 0.18 154 0.25 189 0.12 224 0.21 259 0.2 294 0.25 329 0.2715 0.3 50 0.35 85 0.32 120 0.23 155 0.1 190 0.26 225 0.12 260 0.16 295 0.13 330 0.2316 0.22 51 0.52 86 0.59 121 0.25 156 0.18 191 0.41 226 0.24 261 0.18 296 0.13 331 0.1617 0.58 52 0.37 87 0.17 122 0.2 157 0.17 192 0.25 227 0.17 262 0.27 297 0.34 332 0.2118 0.32 53 0.47 88 0.45 123 0.18 158 0.34 193 0.17 228 0.21 263 0.17 298 0.21 333 0.1419 0.87 54 0.59 89 0.23 124 0.21 159 0.12 194 0.16 229 0.4 264 0.31 299 0.14 334 0.220 0.48 55 0.21 90 0.25 125 0.28 160 0.19 195 0.25 230 0.22 265 0.26 300 0.11 335 0.221 0.45 56 0.34 91 0.33 126 0.2 161 0.17 196 0.22 231 0.19 266 0.27 301 0.25 336 0.1522 0.31 57 0.94 92 0.76 127 0.17 162 0.18 197 0.14 232 0.17 267 0.22 302 0.19 337 0.3423 0.71 58 0.73 93 0.37 128 0.21 163 0.29 198 0.16 233 0.24 268 0.22 303 0.15 338 0.1824 0.32 59 0.51 94 0.39 129 0.11 164 0.13 199 0.1 234 0.24 269 0.19 304 0.17 339 0.2625 0.15 60 0.24 95 0.3 130 0.15 165 0.2 200 0.26 235 0.18 270 0.26 305 0.21 340 0.1926 0.13 61 0.48 96 0.12 131 0.25 166 0.3 201 0.2 236 0.12 271 0.12 306 0.21 341 0.1827 0.26 62 0.21 97 0.39 132 0.23 167 0.31 202 0.22 237 0.21 272 0.2 307 0.26 342 0.1428 0.32 63 0.64 98 0.2 133 0.28 168 0.19 203 0.22 238 0.15 273 0.26 308 0.2229 0.52 64 0.64 99 0.25 134 0.2 169 0.24 204 0.5 239 0.25 274 0.2 309 0.1430 0.4 65 0.35 100 0.24 135 0.2 170 0.12 205 0.23 240 0.14 275 0.22 310 0.1831 0.24 66 0.63 101 0.41 136 0.24 171 0.18 206 0.14 241 0.17 276 0.27 311 0.1632 0.19 67 0.34 102 0.27 137 0.11 172 0.27 207 0.18 242 0.12 277 0.22 312 0.1233 0.27 68 0.38 103 0.26 138 0.19 173 0.13 208 0.17 243 0.19 278 0.2 313 0.1734 0.32 69 0.42 104 0.28 139 0.2 174 0.12 209 0.25 244 0.16 279 0.18 314 0.1635 0.88 70 0.42 105 0.3 140 0.28 175 0.24 210 0.25 245 0.16 280 0.28 315 0.17

Total 14.89 16.95 12.11 9.36 7.08 7.79 6.94 7.6 6.63 5.18 94.5

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.27 42 0.17 83 0.12 124 0.12 165 0.15 206 0.31 247 0.13 288 0.12 329 0.17 370 0.172 0.17 43 0.19 84 0.14 125 0.21 166 0.14 207 0.14 248 0.1 289 0.16 330 0.26 371 0.193 0.17 44 0.22 85 0.18 126 0.16 167 0.11 208 0.14 249 0.15 290 0.2 331 0.25 372 0.194 0.21 45 0.18 86 0.18 127 0.11 168 0.27 209 0.2 250 0.21 291 0.17 332 0.16 373 0.225 0.14 46 0.14 87 0.24 128 0.13 169 0.12 210 0.17 251 0.16 292 0.16 333 0.15 374 0.21

Table 31

Table 32

6 0.18 47 0.24 88 0.2 129 0.37 170 0.29 211 0.18 252 0.23 293 0.1 334 0.16 375 0.167 0.2 48 0.12 89 0.23 130 0.13 171 0.15 212 0.18 253 0.11 294 0.27 335 0.21 376 0.28 0.28 49 0.29 90 0.26 131 0.14 172 0.17 213 0.3 254 0.94 295 0.23 336 0.14 377 0.189 0.2 50 0.12 91 0.18 132 0.15 173 0.18 214 0.38 255 0.15 296 0.16 337 0.25 378 0.17

10 0.22 51 0.34 92 0.16 133 0.18 174 0.22 215 0.22 256 0.27 297 0.27 338 0.19 379 0.2111 0.11 52 0.36 93 0.3 134 0.18 175 0.12 216 0.2 257 0.1 298 0.2 339 0.16 380 0.1212 0.22 53 0.12 94 0.29 135 0.25 176 0.3 217 0.3 258 0.27 299 0.1 340 0.2 381 0.2413 0.12 54 0.2 95 0.21 136 0.13 177 0.17 218 0.13 259 0.15 300 0.17 341 0.15 382 0.1214 0.18 55 0.19 96 0.26 137 0.21 178 0.18 219 0.19 260 0.19 301 0.35 342 0.23 383 0.1815 0.16 56 0.12 97 0.15 138 0.17 179 0.31 220 0.16 261 0.18 302 0.22 343 0.26 384 0.2516 0.23 57 0.2 98 0.19 139 0.25 180 0.14 221 0.18 262 0.15 303 0.17 344 0.25 385 0.217 0.16 58 0.16 99 0.25 140 0.15 181 0.28 222 0.21 263 0.26 304 0.26 345 0.16 386 0.2518 0.27 59 0.23 100 0.24 141 0.13 182 0.17 223 0.18 264 0.13 305 0.13 346 0.22 387 0.2719 0.16 60 0.21 101 0.16 142 0.19 183 0.33 224 0.13 265 0.21 306 0.13 347 0.18 388 0.2920 0.17 61 0.15 102 0.21 143 0.37 184 0.23 225 0.22 266 0.11 307 0.23 348 0.2 389 0.1121 0.29 62 0.2 103 0.33 144 0.18 185 0.21 226 0.18 267 0.17 308 0.13 349 0.12 390 0.2522 0.24 63 0.26 104 0.2 145 0.17 186 0.48 227 0.18 268 0.18 309 0.52 350 0.22 391 0.2623 0.15 64 0.23 105 0.26 146 0.13 187 0.13 228 0.13 269 0.12 310 0.17 351 0.2 392 0.1624 0.15 65 0.19 106 0.22 147 0.26 188 0.15 229 0.16 270 0.14 311 0.16 352 0.22 393 0.1925 0.27 66 0.24 107 0.17 148 0.22 189 0.43 230 0.18 271 0.19 312 0.17 353 0.17 394 0.1326 0.22 67 0.22 108 0.2 149 0.15 190 0.17 231 0.1 272 0.13 313 0.17 354 0.25 395 0.2727 0.11 68 0.15 109 0.27 150 0.32 191 0.16 232 0.22 273 0.12 314 0.22 355 0.17 396 0.1228 0.2 69 0.19 110 0.11 151 0.13 192 0.17 233 0.14 274 0.11 315 0.24 356 0.26 397 0.2129 0.17 70 0.2 111 0.29 152 0.21 193 0.33 234 0.17 275 0.16 316 0.17 357 0.21 398 0.1130 0.23 71 0.2 112 0.23 153 0.11 194 0.14 235 0.18 276 0.12 317 0.22 358 0.17 399 0.3131 0.2 72 0.17 113 0.25 154 0.26 195 0.2 236 0.2 277 0.16 318 0.19 359 0.32 400 0.1532 0.12 73 0.15 114 0.21 155 0.14 196 0.32 237 0.31 278 0.14 319 0.18 360 0.15 401 0.1733 0.19 74 0.18 115 0.26 156 0.21 197 0.26 238 0.29 279 0.29 320 0.2 361 0.22 402 0.2134 0.14 75 0.17 116 0.28 157 0.31 198 0.24 239 0.16 280 0.15 321 0.15 362 0.1735 0.11 76 0.23 117 0.12 158 0.18 199 0.1 240 0.33 281 0.15 322 0.18 363 0.2736 0.16 77 0.27 118 0.23 159 0.19 200 0.21 241 0.15 282 0.19 323 0.19 364 0.2337 0.15 78 0.29 119 0.24 160 0.1 201 0.21 242 0.19 283 0.16 324 0.16 365 0.2938 0.22 79 0.15 120 0.24 161 0.21 202 0.26 243 0.26 284 0.13 325 0.26 366 0.2639 0.15 80 0.2 121 0.31 162 0.25 203 0.14 244 0.14 285 0.22 326 0.21 367 0.1540 0.16 81 0.22 122 0.15 163 0.23 204 0.15 245 0.22 286 0.2 327 0.45 368 0.2241 0.2 82 0.23 123 0.14 164 0.2 205 0.22 246 0.17 287 0.17 328 0.17 369 0.18

Total 7.65 8.29 8.86 7.89 8.71 8.18 7.6 8.31 8.4 6.47 80.36

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.12 18 0.21 35 0.44 52 0.4 69 0.24 86 0.61 103 0.59 120 0.21 137 0.68 154 0.852 0.34 19 0.22 36 0.22 53 0.19 70 0.35 87 0.41 104 0.68 121 1.76 138 0.36 155 1.233 0.1 20 0.16 37 0.19 54 0.43 71 0.14 88 0.23 105 0.65 122 1.25 139 0.43 156 0.634 0.14 21 0.19 38 0.24 55 0.27 72 0.17 89 0.37 106 0.91 123 0.47 140 0.78 157 0.495 0.24 22 0.2 39 0.2 56 0.32 73 0.36 90 0.48 107 0.33 124 0.59 141 0.93 158 0.76 0.15 23 0.42 40 0.34 57 0.4 74 0.69 91 0.4 108 0.7 125 0.65 142 0.47 159 0.397 0.5 24 0.25 41 0.2 58 0.26 75 0.44 92 0.52 109 0.49 126 0.23 143 1.04 160 0.428 0.25 25 0.26 42 0.16 59 0.38 76 0.2 93 0.33 110 0.25 127 0.63 144 0.43 161 0.59

Table 33

9 0.3 26 0.25 43 0.28 60 0.8 77 0.65 94 0.54 111 0.65 128 0.75 145 0.4810 0.12 27 0.22 44 0.24 61 0.27 78 0.14 95 0.49 112 0.91 129 0.15 146 0.5411 0.19 28 0.12 45 0.36 62 0.77 79 0.59 96 0.71 113 0.83 130 0.84 147 0.4612 0.34 29 0.21 46 0.33 63 0.15 80 0.45 97 0.79 114 0.32 131 0.22 148 0.5413 0.13 30 0.21 47 0.85 64 0.22 81 0.21 98 0.77 115 0.6 132 0.41 149 0.4914 0.26 31 0.2 48 0.24 65 0.55 82 0.62 99 0.61 116 0.45 133 0.89 150 0.315 0.29 32 0.76 49 0.2 66 0.15 83 0.34 100 0.83 117 0.64 134 0.14 151 0.2216 0.23 33 0.1 50 0.26 67 0.22 84 0.27 101 0.63 118 0.46 135 0.32 152 0.8817 0.18 34 0.1 51 0.42 68 0.15 85 0.8 102 0.28 119 0.62 136 0.36 153 0.63

Total 3.88 4.08 5.17 5.93 6.66 9 10.08 9.87 9.66 5.3 69.6


10 0.23 27 0.9 44 0.58 61 0.68 78 0.71 95 0.39 112 0.25 129 0.24 146 0.42 163 0.4311 0.55 28 0.59 45 0.32 62 0.3 79 0.62 96 1.2 113 0.36 130 1.08 147 0.32 164 0.2612 0.42 29 0.47 46 1.03 63 0.59 80 0.53 97 0.33 114 0.34 131 0.22 148 0.38 165 0.5813 0.51 30 0.51 47 0.77 64 0.71 81 0.43 98 0.33 115 0.45 132 0.42 149 0.54 166 0.4714 0.58 31 0.37 48 0.55 65 0.53 82 0.39 99 0.31 116 0.38 133 0.29 150 0.41 167 0.4815 0.38 32 0.19 49 0.74 66 0.32 83 0.45 100 0.76 117 0.56 134 0.39 151 0.15 168 0.5316 0.3 33 0.5 50 0.65 67 0.45 84 0.84 101 0.32 118 0.35 135 0.54 152 0.14 169 0.1717 0.5 34 0.93 51 0.72 68 0.64 85 0.73 102 0.7 119 0.34 136 0.18 153 0.22

Total 7.59 8.19 9.89 9.19 9.98 10.01 7.72 7.74 7.01 5.7 83

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.4 7 0.68 13 0.56 19 0.68 25 0.26 31 0.5 37 0.3 43 0.13 49 0.11 55 0.482 0.39 8 0.58 14 0.72 20 0.25 26 0.3 32 0.23 38 0.13 44 0.45 50 0.86 56 0.363 0.55 9 0.46 15 0.38 21 0.2 27 0.24 33 0.25 39 0.19 45 0.14 51 0.244 0.28 10 0.6 16 0.69 22 0.22 28 0.7 34 0.23 40 0.63 46 0.64 52 0.25 0.7 11 0.82 17 0.1 23 0.29 29 0.16 35 1.3 41 0.21 47 0.2 53 0.456 0.49 12 0.75 18 0.1 24 0.23 30 0.19 36 0.35 42 0.2 48 0.18 54 0.26

Total 2.81 3.89 2.55 1.87 1.85 2.86 1.66 1.74 2.12 0.84 22.2

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total

Table 34

Table 35

Table 36

1 1.32 7 0.26 13 0.33 19 0.74 25 0.62 31 0.86 37 1.61 43 0.96 49 0.74 55 0.822 0.89 8 0.49 14 0.78 20 0.11 26 0.94 32 0.79 38 0.98 44 1.26 50 1.4 56 0.883 1.39 9 0.29 15 0.17 21 0.14 27 0.55 33 0.75 39 0.86 45 1.7 51 0.59 57 0.224 1.48 10 0.17 16 0.11 22 0.31 28 1.27 34 1.2 40 0.56 46 0.81 52 1.18 58 0.855 0.93 11 0.67 17 0.14 23 0.4 29 0.58 35 0.61 41 1.09 47 1.92 53 1.366 0.63 12 0.21 18 0.28 24 0.15 30 1 36 0.95 42 0.36 48 1.34 54 1.85

Total 6.64 2.09 1.81 1.85 4.96 5.16 5.46 7.99 7.12 2.77 45.9

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.73 6 0.92 11 0.79 16 0.88 21 0.82 26 0.94 31 0.22 36 0.46 41 0.12 46 0.392 0.85 7 0.79 12 0.69 17 0.89 22 0.62 27 1.4 32 0.56 37 1.02 42 2.083 1.14 8 0.71 13 1.33 18 1.51 23 0.64 28 0.76 33 1.26 38 0.73 43 0.74 0.86 9 0.79 14 0.9 19 0.82 24 0.54 29 1.09 34 1.44 39 0.76 44 0.115 1.21 10 0.98 15 0.52 20 0.53 25 1.48 30 0.12 35 0.9 40 0.48 45 1.04

Total 4.79 4.19 4.23 4.63 4.1 4.31 4.38 3.45 4.05 0.39 38.5


10 0.54 25 1.08 40 0.54 55 1.14 70 0.95 85 0.79 100 1.05 115 0.6 130 1.21 145 0.9911 1.93 26 0.52 41 0.49 56 0.44 71 0.89 86 0.67 101 0.13 116 0.42 131 1.04 146 0.6512 0.91 27 1.55 42 0.81 57 0.48 72 0.5 87 0.52 102 0.49 117 0.98 132 1.4113 0.56 28 0.77 43 0.71 58 0.56 73 0.5 88 0.54 103 0.65 118 0.57 133 0.8214 0.73 29 0.82 44 0.59 59 0.56 74 0.47 89 0.18 104 0.97 119 1.09 134 0.6415 0.66 30 0.19 45 0.83 60 0.17 75 0.97 90 0.92 105 0.59 120 1.05 135 0.58

Total 15.13 13.6 10.96 9.1 10.94 11.11 11.08 10.44 10.71 7.71 111

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.33 6 0.49 11 0.4 16 1.06 21 0.47 26 0.72 31 1.32 36 1.26 41 0.49 46 1.582 0.42 7 0.45 12 1.01 17 0.98 22 0.19 27 1.05 32 0.34 37 0.78 42 0.79 47 0.363 0.48 8 0.65 13 0.7 18 0.35 23 0.36 28 1.01 33 0.11 38 0.86 43 0.11 48 1.324 0.4 9 0.9 14 0.73 19 0.76 24 1.28 29 1.08 34 0.91 39 0.76 44 1.15 0.4 10 0.71 15 0.91 20 0.55 25 0.64 30 0.53 35 1.51 40 1.56 45 1.66

Total 2.03 3.2 3.75 3.7 2.94 4.39 4.19 5.22 4.15 3.26 36.8

Table 37

Table 38

Table 39


10 0.47 24 1.33 38 0.78 52 0.13 66 1.18 80 1.84 94 0.46 108 1.31 122 1.0511 1.59 25 1.19 39 0.96 53 0.13 67 1.36 81 1.66 95 0.82 109 0.78 123 1.1212 0.62 26 1.2 40 0.56 54 0.16 68 0.6 82 0.82 96 0.51 110 0.35 124 0.3913 0.79 27 0.48 41 0.74 55 0.49 69 1.4 83 1.06 97 1.06 111 1.88 125 1.0414 0.54 28 1.03 42 0.76 56 0.78 70 0.9 84 0.59 98 1.37 112 0.63 126 1.13

Total 11.58 11.72 10.77 8.62 11.64 15.36 11.02 12.57 13.67 6.98 114

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.53 15 0.72 29 0.13 43 0.89 57 0.76 71 0.71 85 0.57 99 0.55 113 1.28 127 0.782 0.88 16 1.28 30 1.27 44 1.12 58 0.77 72 0.47 86 0.63 100 0.64 114 0.91 128 0.513 1.07 17 0.78 31 0.94 45 0.49 59 0.99 73 1.08 87 0.91 101 1.39 115 2.14 129 1.184 0.75 18 0.2 32 1.3 46 0.73 60 0.78 74 1.46 88 0.31 102 0.6 116 0.51 130 0.685 0.48 19 0.85 33 0.64 47 0.92 61 0.83 75 0.54 89 1.1 103 0.86 117 0.75 131 1.966 0.77 20 1.08 34 1.54 48 0.6 62 0.93 76 0.53 90 0.8 104 0.72 118 0.927 0.62 21 0.69 35 0.64 49 1.4 63 0.57 77 0.48 91 1.31 105 0.83 119 1.828 0.94 22 0.93 36 1.1 50 0.72 64 0.71 78 0.97 92 1.4 106 1.15 120 0.679 1.09 23 0.86 37 1.2 51 0.81 65 0.48 79 1.1 93 0.37 107 0.77 121 1.34

10 1.3 24 0.26 38 1.09 52 0.85 66 1.07 80 0.31 94 0.89 108 0.71 122 0.5311 0.59 25 0.5 39 0.56 53 1.01 67 0.76 81 1.23 95 0.77 109 0.43 123 0.3212 0.93 26 0.49 40 0.7 54 0.94 68 0.56 82 0.88 96 0.99 110 1.05 124 0.1813 1.29 27 0.47 41 0.15 55 0.2 69 0.69 83 0.49 97 0.51 111 1.7 125 0.6914 0.6 28 0.82 42 0.77 56 0.8 70 0.96 84 1.5 98 1.41 112 0.55 126 0.56

11.84 9.93 12.03 11.48 10.86 11.75 11.97 11.95 12.62 5.11 110

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.56 20 0.51 39 0.12 58 0.51 77 0.33 96 0.33 115 1.18 134 0.31 153 0.62 172 0.382 0.32 21 0.69 40 0.71 59 0.23 78 0.34 97 0.49 116 0.51 135 0.56 154 0.27 173 0.273 1.1 22 0.3 41 0.66 60 0.28 79 0.97 98 0.82 117 0.48 136 0.2 155 0.31 174 0.534 0.14 23 0.31 42 0.35 61 0.16 80 0.42 99 0.64 118 0.55 137 0.6 156 0.83 175 0.495 0.51 24 1.05 43 0.5 62 0.3 81 0.21 100 0.59 119 0.29 138 0.7 157 0.47 176 0.12

Table 40

Table 41

Table 42

6 0.62 25 0.51 44 0.11 63 0.18 82 0.28 101 0.79 120 1.13 139 0.44 158 0.3 177 0.427 1.04 26 0.91 45 0.17 64 0.31 83 0.47 102 0.22 121 0.59 140 0.25 159 0.56 178 0.38 1.83 27 0.17 46 0.29 65 0.45 84 0.47 103 0.5 122 0.75 141 0.34 160 0.96 179 0.629 0.73 28 1.23 47 0.36 66 0.9 85 0.7 104 0.4 123 0.41 142 0.24 161 0.42 180 0.9

10 1.21 29 1.37 48 0.18 67 0.36 86 0.36 105 0.4 124 0.3 143 1.05 162 0.42 181 0.2811 0.15 30 0.99 49 0.39 68 0.23 87 0.32 106 0.6 125 0.29 144 0.43 163 0.4 182 0.4312 0.92 31 0.14 50 0.94 69 0.28 88 0.4 107 0.44 126 1 145 0.37 164 0.37 183 0.6513 1.16 32 0.61 51 0.54 70 0.37 89 0.41 108 0.43 127 0.42 146 0.53 165 0.27 184 0.9114 0.38 33 0.81 52 0.27 71 0.85 90 0.4 109 0.32 128 0.52 147 0.32 166 0.14 185 0.415 0.34 34 0.21 53 0.96 72 0.22 91 1.34 110 0.64 129 0.17 148 0.38 167 0.4216 1.58 35 0.36 54 0.62 73 0.49 92 0.24 111 0.17 130 0.21 149 0.5 168 0.3817 0.57 36 0.8 55 0.13 74 0.2 93 0.69 112 0.45 131 0.28 150 0.48 169 0.3218 0.3 37 0.18 56 0.4 75 0.48 94 0.61 113 1.09 132 0.47 151 0.31 170 0.5119 0.94 38 0.29 57 0.28 76 0.75 95 1.19 114 0.55 133 0.49 152 0.39 171 0.25

Total 14.4 11.44 7.98 7.55 10.15 9.87 10.04 8.4 8.22 6.7 94.8


10 0.46 23 0.51 36 0.7 49 0.45 62 0.65 75 1.74 88 0.67 101 1.03 114 0.56 127 0.5211 0.6 24 0.58 37 0.83 50 1.23 63 0.86 76 0.66 89 0.95 102 0.21 115 0.5412 0.75 25 1.19 38 0.48 51 0.86 64 1.11 77 0.44 90 0.51 103 1.88 116 0.4313 0.65 26 0.6 39 1.07 52 0.66 65 0.69 78 1.37 91 1.22 104 0.36 117 1.45

Total 7.47 9.44 10.69 10.45 9.32 12.66 11.36 11 10.16 6.31 98.9

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.59 7 1.11 13 0.55 19 0.59 25 0.94 31 0.36 37 0.25 43 1.38 49 0.72 0.68 8 0.45 14 0.44 20 0.68 26 1.08 32 0.54 38 0.43 44 0.11 50 0.613 0.89 9 1.3 15 1.09 21 0.51 27 0.64 33 0.89 39 1.11 45 1.43 51 0.324 0.67 10 0.38 16 1.14 22 1.9 28 0.82 34 0.85 40 0.51 46 0.94 52 0.225 0.53 11 0.68 17 0.38 23 0.79 29 1.13 35 1.41 41 0.69 47 1.37 53 0.366 0.37 12 0.38 18 0.13 24 0.2 30 0.93 36 0.78 42 0.34 48 1.45 54 0.3

Total 3.73 4.3 3.73 4.67 5.54 4.83 3.33 6.68 2.51 39.3

Table 43

Table 44

vertical section of the gate view from outside


10 1.28 31 1.32 52 0.52 73 0.53 94 0.47 115 0.51 136 0.4 157 0.53 178 0.62 199 111 0.68 32 0.34 53 0.39 74 0.34 95 0.87 116 0.16 137 0.52 158 0.67 179 0.61 200 1.4312 0.49 33 0.49 54 0.43 75 0.45 96 0.46 117 0.43 138 0.42 159 0.7 180 0.71 201 0.6713 1.05 34 0.47 55 0.65 76 0.73 97 0.38 118 0.41 139 0.4 160 0.5 181 1.15 202 1.0614 0.92 35 0.28 56 0.66 77 0.44 98 0.35 119 0.43 140 0.44 161 0.76 182 1.22 203 1.1815 0.77 36 0.74 57 0.38 78 0.36 99 0.46 120 0.54 141 0.48 162 0.35 183 1.19 204 0.8616 0.3 37 0.47 58 0.47 79 0.36 100 0.39 121 0.43 142 0.11 163 0.71 184 0.2717 0.8 38 0.41 59 0.72 80 0.11 101 0.38 122 0.35 143 0.86 164 0.52 185 1.0918 0.32 39 0.42 60 0.53 81 0.42 102 0.46 123 0.34 144 0.66 165 0.73 186 0.3919 1.27 40 0.36 61 0.48 82 0.37 103 0.26 124 0.38 145 0.59 166 0.68 187 0.7920 0.45 41 0.45 62 0.72 83 0.85 104 0.45 125 0.5 146 0.32 167 0.73 188 0.3221 0.65 42 0.43 63 0.75 84 0.46 105 0.71 126 0.99 147 0.44 168 0.89 189 0.75

Total 14.41 12.29 11.95 10.98 10.53 9.1 9.96 14.07 15.95 14.68 124

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.92 22 1.06 43 0.4 64 0.77 85 1.53 106 0.47 127 0.38 148 0.56 169 0.312 0.96 23 0.33 44 0.48 65 0.64 86 0.62 107 0.8 128 0.46 149 0.453 1.22 24 0.24 45 0.35 66 0.75 87 0.89 108 0.54 129 0.35 150 1.454 0.78 25 0.45 46 0.44 67 0.9 88 0.88 109 0.28 130 0.57 151 0.35 0.76 26 0.29 47 0.55 68 1.24 89 0.79 110 0.64 131 0.22 152 1.186 0.79 27 0.41 48 0.38 69 0.59 90 0.96 111 0.56 132 0.69 153 0.637 0.44 28 0.61 49 0.46 70 1.11 91 0.99 112 0.52 133 0.5 154 1.128 0.91 29 0.48 50 0.46 71 1.23 92 0.75 113 0.6 134 0.79 155 0.759 0.65 30 0.5 51 0.79 72 0.93 93 0.9 114 0.55 135 1.15 156 0.45

10 1.02 31 0.41 52 0.59 73 0.72 94 0.92 115 0.65 136 0.98 157 0.811 0.41 32 0.55 53 0.81 74 0.46 95 0.74 116 0.7 137 1.25 158 0.8112 0.72 33 0.46 54 0.51 75 0.55 96 0.79 117 0.52 138 1.29 159 0.9713 0.8 34 0.2 55 0.59 76 0.86 97 1.43 118 0.55 139 0.28 160 0.9314 0.35 35 0.42 56 0.45 77 0.78 98 0.99 119 0.5 140 1.06 161 0.6515 0.61 36 0.47 57 1.08 78 0.74 99 0.87 120 0.46 141 0.49 162 0.5916 0.82 37 0.45 58 0.73 79 0.68 100 1.73 121 0.61 142 1.17 163 0.7617 0.34 38 0.38 59 0.16 80 0.69 101 1.19 122 0.45 143 0.35 164 0.8318 0.69 39 0.11 60 1.12 81 0.81 102 0.62 123 0.56 144 0.95 165 0.8919 0.27 40 0.19 61 0.67 82 0.81 103 0.91 124 0.51 145 1.35 166 0.1620 1.11 41 0.17 62 0.38 83 0.79 104 0.95 125 0.49 146 0.78 167 0.6921 4.05 42 0.8 63 0.96 84 0.8 105 0.69 126 0.39 147 0.7 168 0.56

Total 18.62 8.98 12.36 16.85 20.14 11.35 15.76 15.53 0.31 120

vertical section of the gate view from inside

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.31 11 0.46 21 0.58 31 0.45 41 0.692 0.68 12 0.33 22 0.46 32 0.2 42 0.563 0.51 13 0.35 23 0.72 33 0.7 43 0.934 0.83 14 0.24 24 0.18 34 0.36 44 0.555 0.94 15 0.36 25 0.21 35 0.68 45 0.566 0.16 16 0.55 26 0.51 36 0.54 46 0.77 0.54 17 0.63 27 0.68 37 0.77 47 0.78 0.68 18 0.96 28 0.65 38 0.71 48 0.719 0.54 19 0.42 29 0.55 39 0.48 49 0.77

10 0.43 20 0.16 30 0.64 40 0.86Total 5.62 4.46 5.18 5.75 6.17 27.18

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.57 12 1.42 23 1.68 34 0.55 45 0.212 0.35 13 0.63 24 0.67 35 0.35 46 0.563 1.04 14 0.34 25 1.21 36 0.35 47 0.524 1.36 15 0.48 26 0.75 37 0.33 48 0.25 0.5 16 0.59 27 0.64 38 0.5 49 0.996 0.82 17 0.7 28 0.54 39 0.33 50 1.067 1.02 18 0.94 29 0.79 40 0.12 51 0.588 0.77 19 0.48 30 0.56 41 0.519 0.94 20 1.27 31 0.48 42 0.1

10 1.4 21 1.1 32 0.32 43 0.5211 1.59 22 0.58 33 0.22 44 0.73

Total 10.36 8.53 7.86 4.39 4.12 35.26

eastern side of the gate

western side of the gate

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.59 9 1.41 17 0.45 25 1.5 33 1.712 0.49 10 0.66 18 0.66 26 0.48 34 0.583 2.15 11 0.99 19 1.55 27 0.24 35 0.564 1.84 12 1.04 20 0.43 28 1.21 36 1.525 0.13 13 1.19 21 0.71 29 0.19 37 0.336 0.13 14 2.36 22 0.21 30 2.38 38 1.747 1.03 15 1.39 23 0.46 31 0.138 1.34 16 0.48 24 1.26 32 0.44

Total 7.7 9.52 5.73 6.57 6.44 35.96

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.26 7 0.14 13 0.38 19 0.66 25 0.332 0.11 8 0.69 14 0.57 20 0.28 26 0.733 0.14 9 0.49 15 0.77 21 0.3 27 0.624 0.64 10 0.59 16 0.52 22 0.3 28 1.165 0.16 11 0.49 17 0.63 23 0.3 29 0.696 0.57 12 0.86 18 0.5 24 0.57 30 0.72

Total 2.88 3.26 3.37 2.41 4.25 16.17

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.49 9 0.54 17 0.39 25 0.48 33 0.62 0.71 10 0.33 18 0.47 26 0.98 34 0.793 0.64 11 0.72 19 0.27 27 0.34 35 0.974 0.92 12 0.59 20 0.38 28 0.76 36 0.665 0.53 13 0.54 21 0.53 29 0.66 37 0.756 0.54 14 0.37 22 0.74 30 0.41 38 0.437 0.5 15 0.36 23 0.84 31 0.44 39 0.358 0.47 16 0.67 24 0.11 32 0.87

Total 4.8 4.12 3.73 4.94 4.55 22.14

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.98 12 0.27 23 0.77 34 0.79 45 0.952 0.72 13 0.91 24 0.6 35 0.66 46 1.073 1.27 14 0.99 25 0.55 36 0.79 47 0.754 1.8 15 0.38 26 0.6 37 1.7 48 0.325 0.66 16 1.06 27 0.89 38 0.79 49 1.36 0.85 17 0.3 28 0.91 39 1.07 50 0.457 1.06 18 0.54 29 0.64 40 1.06 51 0.638 0.43 19 0.5 30 0.41 41 0.45 52 1.269 0.35 20 0.5 31 0.78 42 1.1610 0.39 21 1.5 32 0.5 43 1.34

Table 4

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

11 1.12 22 0.63 33 0.69 44 1.14Total 9.63 7.58 7.34 10.95 6.73 42.23

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.74 8 0.45 15 0.69 22 0.85 29 1.432 1.72 9 0.92 16 0.64 23 0.25 30 0.443 0.77 10 0.57 17 1.12 24 0.22 31 1.944 0.52 11 0.44 18 1.87 25 0.86 32 0.535 0.73 12 0.92 19 0.33 26 0.25 33 1.046 0.38 13 0.46 20 0.74 27 0.83 34 1.147 1.38 14 0.56 21 0.42 28 0.17

Total 6.24 4.32 5.81 3.43 6.52 26.32

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.01 8 1.67 15 1.48 22 0.22 29 1.322 1.27 9 1.65 16 1.07 23 0.96 30 0.543 1.01 10 0.17 17 0.86 24 1 31 1.224 2.01 11 0.48 18 0.4 25 0.255 1.6 12 0.96 19 0.96 26 0.856 0.41 13 0.56 20 2.11 27 0.37 0.9 14 0.87 21 0.48 28 0.59

Total 8.21 6.36 7.36 4.17 3.08 29.18

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.26 10 0.49 19 0.93 28 1.24 37 0.542 0.66 11 0.98 20 0.54 29 0.62 38 1.263 0.62 12 0.84 21 0.86 30 0.83 39 0.464 1.34 13 0.69 22 0.85 31 0.3 40 0.775 0.31 14 1.58 23 0.64 32 0.96 41 0.776 0.73 15 0.68 24 1.12 33 1.19 42 0.547 1.41 16 0.41 25 1.23 34 0.49 43 1.038 1.69 17 0.53 26 1 35 1.279 0.57 18 1.48 27 1.12 36 1.54

Total 8.59 7.68 8.29 8.44 5.37 38.37

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.88 10 0.65 19 1.4 28 0.84 37 1.112 1.04 11 1.12 20 1 29 1 38 1.433 0.6 12 0.67 21 0.76 30 0.87 39 2.084 0.54 13 0.65 22 0.76 31 1.65 40 1.555 0.49 14 1.18 23 0.5 32 1.34 41 0.52

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

6 0.71 15 0.43 24 0.73 33 1.47 42 1.337 0.74 16 0.52 25 0.92 34 1.02 43 0.728 0.64 17 1.25 26 1.54 35 1.519 0.39 18 1.16 27 1.34 36 0.95

Total 6.03 7.63 8.95 10.65 8.74 42

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.54 10 0.57 19 0.86 28 0.72 37 0.822 1.31 11 0.83 20 1.24 29 1.42 38 0.83 0.8 12 1.16 21 1.42 30 0.82 39 1.484 0.49 13 0.78 22 0.89 31 2.04 40 1.845 1.18 14 1.11 23 0.89 32 1.08 41 0.46 1.79 15 1.48 24 1.34 33 0.857 1.53 16 1.03 25 1.81 34 0.888 1.6 17 1.19 26 0.84 35 1.339 0.77 18 1.3 27 1.11 36 0.4

Total 10.01 9.45 10.4 9.54 5.34 44.74

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.65 7 0.77 13 1.55 19 0.6 25 2.212 1.22 8 0.83 14 0.7 20 0.54 26 1.933 1.25 9 1.65 15 0.96 21 0.87 27 0.84 1.09 10 0.92 16 1.39 22 1.535 0.89 11 1.33 17 1.44 23 1.246 1.21 12 1.14 18 0.86 24 0.96

Total 6.31 6.64 6.9 5.74 4.94 30.53

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.19 5 1.31 9 1.092 0.37 6 1.14 10 2.213 0.88 7 0.82 11 0.424 1.12 8 0.58 12 0.2

Total 2.56 3.85 3.92 10.33

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.98 5 2.38 9 1.77 13 1.46 17 1.022 1.17 6 1.47 10 1.19 14 1.71 18 0.873 1.45 7 0.23 11 0.95 15 0.76 19 0.694 1.13 8 0.61 12 1.52 16 0.76 20 1.25

Total 4.73 4.69 5.43 4.69 3.83 23.37

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total

Table 12

Table 13

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

1 0.65 8 0.97 15 1.17 22 1.44 29 1.122 0.66 9 2.64 16 1.69 23 1.94 30 0.983 0.8 10 1.67 17 1.33 24 1.69 31 0.994 0.35 11 0.59 18 0.94 25 1.31 32 1.075 0.64 12 0.86 19 0.71 26 1.19 33 0.936 0.87 13 0.8 20 1.16 27 1.7 34 1.497 1.01 14 1.55 21 1.9 28 1.06

Total 4.98 9.08 8.9 10.33 6.58 39.87

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.13 8 1.14 15 1.27 22 0.34 29 1.452 0.45 9 1.75 16 1.81 23 0.27 30 0.523 1.32 10 1.76 17 2.05 24 1 31 0.44 0.95 11 1.12 18 1.05 25 0.85 32 0.145 0.44 12 1.75 19 1.29 26 1.126 1.38 13 1.8 20 0.44 27 0.717 0.64 14 0.83 21 1.74 28 0.21

Total 6.31 10.15 9.65 4.5 2.51 33.12


Total 1.24 2.41 1.66 2.48 4.78 12.57

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.82 6 0.73 11 0.97 16 0.42 21 2.322 2.11 7 2.47 12 0.99 17 1.45 22 3.573 0.86 8 1.11 13 1.71 18 1.414 0.92 9 0.33 14 2.51 19 1.865 2.54 10 1.58 15 1.29 20 1.44

Total 7.25 6.22 7.47 6.58 5.89 33.41

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.73 8 1.34 15 1.44 22 0.35 29 0.512 3.35 9 1.75 16 1.35 23 1.28 30 0.93 1.95 10 1.42 17 0.4 24 0.8 31 0.974 3.74 11 2.33 18 1.06 25 0.45 0.35 12 1.87 19 0.52 26 1.236 1.35 13 1.79 20 0.24 27 0.317 1.03 14 0.37 21 2.51 28 1.17

Total 13.5 10.87 7.52 5.54 2.38 39.81

Table 14

Table 15

Table 16

Table 17


Total 8.92 7.85 8.28 9.68 9.45 44.18


Total 5.56 10.83 10.24 8.94 9.54 45.11

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.48 12 0.67 23 1.15 34 1.16 45 1.692 0.68 13 0.51 24 1.22 35 1.03 46 1.993 0.64 14 1.46 25 0.89 36 1.29 47 1.184 0.78 15 1.33 26 1.03 37 1.86 48 1.025 1.17 16 1.04 27 0.84 38 1.27 49 1.356 1.08 17 0.46 28 1.92 39 0.75 50 2.237 0.69 18 2.14 29 1 40 1.2 51 1.518 0.63 19 0.57 30 1.11 41 1.2 52 3.049 1.23 20 0.24 31 1.22 42 0.96 53 0.9910 0.96 21 0.91 32 0.81 43 1.2511 1.48 22 1.12 33 0.72 44 1.05

Total 9.82 10.45 11.91 13.02 15 60.2


Table 20

Table 21

Table 18

Table 19

5 0.42 16 1.5 27 0.45 38 1.67 49 0.46 1.62 17 0.59 28 1.43 39 0.45 50 1.177 0.5 18 1.11 29 0.44 40 0.5 51 1.428 1.36 19 1.44 30 1.95 41 0.5 52 0.419 0.14 20 1.61 31 1.26 42 0.41 53 1.7210 1.67 21 1.01 32 0.77 43 1.22 54 1.111 0.45 22 2.56 33 1.61 44 0.8

Total 10.95 15.38 12.27 10.44 8.54 57.58


Total 9.34 3.07 8.75 12.96 10.84 44.96

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.89 9 0.29 17 0.79 25 1.46 33 2.072 1.07 10 1.29 18 1.56 26 1.81 34 1.063 1.32 11 0.18 19 0.83 27 1.72 35 1.184 1.28 12 0.76 20 1.14 28 0.46 36 0.855 1.13 13 1.3 21 0.95 29 1.46 37 1.336 1.85 14 0.78 22 1.57 30 1.897 0.28 15 1.4 23 0.9 31 0.998 0.52 16 0.75 24 1.29 32 1.66

Total 8.34 6.75 9.03 11.45 6.49 42.06

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.27 9 1.04 17 1.6 25 1.46 33 1.162 1.13 10 1.17 18 0.91 26 0.2 34 1.083 1.25 11 1.76 19 1.01 27 1.75 35 0.84 1.13 12 1.38 20 1.1 28 0.71 36 1.395 1.13 13 1.2 21 1.16 29 1.176 0.81 14 1.93 22 1.6 30 1.37 0.87 15 1.82 23 2.44 31 1.658 1.26 16 1.36 24 1.4 32 0.75

Total 8.85 11.66 11.22 8.99 4.43 45.15

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.18 6 0.68 11 1.82 16 1.83 21 0.722 1.1 7 1.4 12 0.61 17 1.553 0.16 8 1.26 13 1.47 18 1.14 0.87 9 1.98 14 1.63 19 1.235 1.68 10 0.75 15 2.03 20 0.9

Total 3.99 6.07 7.56 6.61 0.72 24.95

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.76 8 1.94 15 1.24 22 0.76 29 0.922 0.6 9 0.42 16 1.38 23 1.21 30 0.873 0.74 10 0.62 17 0.67 24 0.68 31 0.784 0.34 11 0.64 18 0.92 25 0.82 32 3.995 0.48 12 1.82 19 1.71 26 2.26 33 0.776 0.4 13 1.59 20 0.63 27 0.76 34 0.97 0.33 14 1.47 21 0.8 28 1.59

Total 4.65 8.5 7.35 8.08 8.23 36.81

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 2.51 7 0.88 13 1.82 19 1.4 25 0.512 1.12 8 0.69 14 0.87 20 1.93 26 0.633 0.91 9 2 15 1.05 21 1.06 27 1.064 1.36 10 1.09 16 1.58 22 1.04 28 0.45 1.44 11 0.48 17 2.23 23 0.746 0.69 12 0.98 18 0.76 24 0.9

Total 8.03 6.12 8.31 7.07 2.6 32.13


Total 6.83 4.16 5.18 5.23 2.97 24.37


Table 28

Table 29

Table 26

Table 27

5 1.19 13 0.64 21 0.54 29 0.63 37 1.026 0.39 14 0.69 22 0.38 30 0.86 38 0.717 1.84 15 0.67 23 0.3 31 0.44 39 0.398 0.47 16 1.06 24 0.17 32 0.74

Total 6.16 5.9 4.15 4.5 3.97 24.68


Total 3.27 2.04 2.59 2.34 2.39 12.63

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.9 8 0.75 15 0.91 22 0.65 29 0.692 0.77 9 0.62 16 0.48 23 1.04 30 1.023 1.05 10 0.6 17 1.2 24 0.81 31 1.184 0.75 11 1.27 18 0.62 25 0.83 32 1.825 1.17 12 0.64 19 1.67 26 1.496 0.65 13 0.63 20 0.51 27 1.987 0.82 14 0.82 21 2.31 28 0.56

Total 6.11 5.33 7.7 7.36 4.71 31.21

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.18 3 0.76 5 0.57 7 1.34 9 0.542 1.08 4 0.34 6 0.88 8 1.31

Total 2.26 1.1 1.45 2.65 0.54 8

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 2.01 4 1.06 7 0.942 2.66 5 1.16 8 1.083 1.01 6 0.14 9 0.84

Total 5.68 2.36 2.86 10.9

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.5 13 1.18 25 1.36 37 1.23 49 0.892 1.54 14 0.43 26 1.4 38 0.84 50 1.023 0.7 15 2.03 27 1.4 39 1.01 51 0.73

Table 30

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 34

4 0.95 16 2 28 0.49 40 0.6 52 1.325 1 17 2 29 1.34 41 0.56 53 1.916 1 18 0.56 30 0.94 42 1.02 54 0.747 1 19 0.46 31 0.33 43 0.72 55 0.88 0.95 20 0.83 32 2.16 44 1.21 56 0.269 0.8 21 3.55 33 1.3 45 0.310 0.72 22 0.96 34 1.3 46 1.311 1.56 23 0.63 35 1.3 47 1.1612 0.85 24 0.74 36 0.5 48 0.11

Total 11.57 15.37 13.82 10.06 7.67 58.49

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.51 3 0.56 5 0.39 7 0.432 0.91 4 0.55 6 0.5

Total 1.42 1.11 0.89 0.43 3.85

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.14 6 0.48 11 0.26 16 0.37 21 0.542 0.6 7 0.84 12 0.52 17 0.57 22 0.533 0.2 8 0.43 13 1.21 18 0.31 23 0.464 0.66 9 0.53 14 0.58 19 0.68 24 0.995 0.21 10 0.65 15 0.67 20 0.77 25 1.22

Total 1.81 2.93 3.24 2.7 3.74 14.42

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.35 16 0.68 31 0.58 46 0.67 61 0.772 0.28 17 1.13 32 0.64 47 0.8 62 0.463 0.51 18 0.74 33 0.21 48 0.75 63 0.874 0.34 19 1.1 34 1.07 49 0.49 64 0.55 1.18 20 0.84 35 0.62 50 0.6 65 0.436 0.52 21 0.66 36 0.3 51 0.7 66 0.437 0.24 22 1.3 37 0.54 52 1 67 1.288 0.45 23 0.41 38 1.45 53 0.47 68 19 0.56 24 0.65 39 0.25 54 1.08 69 0.3510 0.47 25 0.71 40 1.13 55 4.19 70 1.3211 0.36 26 0.39 41 1.13 56 0.9 71 0.5512 1.19 27 0.12 42 0.36 57 0.3913 0.82 28 0.55 43 0.54 58 0.514 0.82 29 0.12 44 0.5 59 0.2215 0.23 30 0.89 45 1.33 60 0.85

Total 8.32 10.29 10.65 13.61 7.96 50.83

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total

Table 38

Table 39

Table 40

Table 37

1 0.79 10 0.49 19 0.33 28 0.44 37 0.632 0.81 11 0.69 20 0.72 29 1.43 38 0.793 0.3 12 0.64 21 1.04 30 0.72 39 0.834 1.16 13 0.84 22 0.22 31 0.72 40 0.925 1.03 14 0.78 23 0.4 32 0.29 41 0.46 1.15 15 1.36 24 1.23 33 0.68 42 1.577 1.3 16 0.86 25 1.39 34 1.14 43 0.228 0.37 17 0.45 26 0.89 35 0.5 44 1.89 0.91 18 1.31 27 1.47 36 0.57 45 0.82

Total 7.82 7.42 7.69 6.49 7.98 37.4

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.86 8 1.45 15 0.8 22 1.8 29 1.312 1.04 9 0.43 16 1.31 23 0.62 30 0.793 1.64 10 1.27 17 0.91 24 1.52 31 1.684 1.45 11 1.77 18 1.58 25 0.5 32 0.665 0.92 12 1.27 19 0.76 26 1.566 1.03 13 1.3 20 1.34 27 1.277 0.34 14 1.89 21 0.81 28 0.96

Total 8.28 9.38 7.51 8.23 4.44 37.84

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.84 5 0.93 9 0.19 13 1.282 1.03 6 1.57 10 1.033 1.44 7 1.7 11 0.194 1.61 8 0.75 12 0.87

Total 5.92 4.95 2.28 1.28 14.43

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.87 48 0.54 95 1.95 142 1.74 189 0.762 0.62 49 0.39 96 2.01 143 0.28 190 0.723 1.33 50 0.62 97 1.31 144 0.77 191 0.774 0.81 51 0.86 98 0.91 145 0.81 192 0.755 1.28 52 0.15 99 0.9 146 2.14 193 0.736 0.55 53 1.57 100 1.81 147 0.35 194 0.287 1.04 54 1.25 101 1.36 148 0.88 195 0.728 0.69 55 1.1 102 1.63 149 0.51 196 0.179 0.55 56 0.83 103 0.83 150 1.4 197 0.6710 0.97 57 1.22 104 0.8 151 0.99 198 0.6111 0.83 58 1.73 105 0.59 152 0.3 199 0.5412 0.59 59 1.74 106 0.91 153 0.26 200 0.5413 1.04 60 0.79 107 0.18 154 0.21 201 0.514 1.25 61 1.13 108 0.99 155 1.2 202 0.4915 1.14 62 1.05 109 0.46 156 0.22 203 0.6916 0.37 63 0.67 110 0.91 157 0.45 204 0.5317 0.46 64 1.06 111 1.04 158 0.95 205 0.49

Table 41

Table 42

Vertical section of the gate: View from outside

18 0.91 65 0.79 112 0.77 159 0.82 206 0.5719 0.46 66 0.95 113 0.56 160 0.68 207 0.620 1.01 67 1.3 114 0.65 161 0.7 208 0.5621 0.66 68 0.98 115 0.11 162 0.61 209 0.6522 1.2 69 0.71 116 0.58 163 0.65 210 0.6823 1.73 70 1.21 117 0.11 164 0.68 211 1.1524 0.57 71 1.2 118 0.58 165 0.63 212 0.725 0.89 72 1.43 119 0.66 166 0.58 213 0.6926 1.09 73 0.75 120 0.55 167 0.7 214 0.927 0.91 74 1.19 121 0.46 168 0.69 215 1.0728 1.46 75 1.08 122 0.15 169 0.7 216 0.5529 1.33 76 1.06 123 0.38 170 0.75 217 0.4230 0.93 77 1.25 124 0.31 171 0.77 218 1.1531 1.76 78 1.9 125 0.35 172 1 219 0.2232 1.1 79 1.09 126 0.53 173 0.97 220 0.5533 1.19 80 1.31 127 0.55 174 0.49 221 0.5834 1.08 81 0.59 128 0.58 175 0.2 222 1.4735 0.6 82 1.79 129 0.58 176 0.33 223 0.7736 1.2 83 0.95 130 0.28 177 1.12 224 1.9837 0.59 84 1.54 131 0.69 178 1.5 225 2.4338 1.09 85 1.03 132 0.51 179 1.35 226 1.7339 0.64 86 1.14 133 0.63 180 1.34 227 0.8340 0.15 87 1.39 134 0.64 181 0.96 228 2.0441 0.43 88 0.89 135 0.97 182 1.92 229 2.0542 0.45 89 0.59 136 1.06 183 0.91 230 1.3743 0.46 90 1.04 137 0.53 184 0.23 231 0.9844 2.24 91 0.93 138 0.4 185 0.82 232 0.8145 0.45 92 1.2 139 0.22 186 0.53 233 1.2246 1 93 1.36 140 0.26 187 0.3647 0.44 94 2 141 0.11 188 0.32

Total 42.41 51.34 33.35 36.77 38.68 202.55

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.24 48 0.53 95 1.01 142 1.01 189 0.552 0.9 49 0.35 96 0.74 143 0.44 190 1.113 1.38 50 0.51 97 0.69 144 2.53 191 0.554 1.41 51 1.12 98 0.74 145 1.4 192 1.145 0.61 52 1.12 99 0.65 146 0.43 193 0.566 1.39 53 0.51 100 0.49 147 1.12 194 0.617 1.52 54 0.79 101 0.59 148 1.03 195 0.628 1.32 55 1.24 102 0.92 149 0.74 196 0.649 1.77 56 0.69 103 0.64 150 1.6 197 0.7810 1.81 57 0.55 104 1.17 151 1.35 198 1.0811 1.41 58 0.12 105 0.62 152 0.23 199 1.5212 0.93 59 0.6 106 0.53 153 0.25 200 0.7513 0.48 60 0.18 107 0.57 154 0.3 201 0.3714 1.85 61 0.78 108 1.16 155 0.12 202 0.1215 1.15 62 0.84 109 0.16 156 0.2 203 0.5416 1.76 63 0.9 110 0.21 157 0.13 204 0.7317 0.96 64 0.84 111 1.16 158 1.05 205 1.1218 2.4 65 0.99 112 0.73 159 0.8 206 0.4619 1.62 66 0.16 113 0.16 160 1.35 207 1.04


20 1.43 67 1.14 114 0.5 161 0.79 208 1.0221 0.59 68 0.46 115 0.82 162 0.63 209 1.3822 0.15 69 0.74 116 0.68 163 0.92 210 0.7423 0.8 70 1.52 117 0.29 164 0.66 211 1.5324 1.03 71 0.25 118 1.25 165 0.36 212 0.9425 0.81 72 1.23 119 0.56 166 1.37 213 1.1526 1.38 73 0.32 120 0.63 167 0.36 214 1.4327 0.55 74 0.84 121 1.03 168 0.61 215 0.9428 1.09 75 0.56 122 1.42 169 0.6 216 1.1629 0.99 76 1.02 123 0.69 170 0.58 217 0.6530 0.67 77 1.04 124 0.69 171 0.88 218 1.2831 0.64 78 1.18 125 0.69 172 0.57 219 1.3332 1.28 79 1.34 126 0.48 173 0.66 220 1.9833 0.63 80 1.67 127 0.59 174 0.58 221 0.5334 0.63 81 1.85 128 0.68 175 2.21 222 1.5335 0.57 82 1.07 129 0.74 176 0.38 223 1.536 1.96 83 1.19 130 0.81 177 0.48 224 1.137 0.57 84 0.75 131 0.93 178 0.69 225 0.4638 0.58 85 1.19 132 0.51 179 1.01 226 1.0439 1.21 86 1.46 133 0.44 180 0.41 227 0.9640 0.33 87 0.31 134 1.47 181 0.31 228 0.6841 1.39 88 0.18 135 2.47 182 0.53 229 0.4942 0.48 89 0.31 136 0.83 183 0.57 230 0.8143 0.38 90 1.07 137 0.77 184 1.1144 0.48 91 0.79 138 0.18 185 1.1445 0.99 92 1.09 139 0.12 186 0.2946 1.57 93 0.6 140 0.38 187 1.1947 0.53 94 1.07 141 0.68 188 0.58

Total 48.09 37.99 33.59 35.97 38.92 194.56

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.17 20 2.06 39 0.1 58 0.45 77 1.272 0.35 21 0.96 40 0.67 59 1.12 78 0.213 1.04 22 0.68 41 0.38 60 0.15 79 0.524 1.42 23 0.98 42 0.34 61 0.27 80 0.995 1.12 24 1.2 43 0.23 62 0.28 81 0.566 0.86 25 1.05 44 0.35 63 0.2 82 1.237 1.07 26 0.75 45 0.2 64 0.23 83 0.888 1.42 27 2.42 46 0.22 65 0.49 84 0.339 1.95 28 0.17 47 0.25 66 0.29 85 0.5910 0.96 29 1.21 48 1.36 67 0.24 86 0.2811 1.57 30 0.23 49 0.36 68 0.87 87 0.2812 0.96 31 1.36 50 0.38 69 0.34 88 0.5813 1.27 32 0.13 51 0.26 70 0.37 89 1.414 1.69 33 0.22 52 0.14 71 0.2 90 0.8515 1.46 34 0.26 53 0.24 72 0.65 91 0.8116 1.17 35 0.24 54 0.68 73 0.76 92 0.917 0.92 36 0.27 55 0.19 74 0.8718 1.25 37 0.15 56 0.26 75 0.9119 1.29 38 0.25 57 0.31 76 0.15

Total 21.94 14.59 6.92 8.84 11.68 63.97

Eastern side of the gate

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.67 18 0.95 35 0.28 52 0.4 69 2.422 0.85 19 0.4 36 0.17 53 0.13 70 1.363 1.22 20 0.16 37 0.27 54 0.11 71 0.324 0.58 21 1.18 38 0.21 55 0.18 72 1.925 1.21 22 0.12 39 0.27 56 0.59 73 2.036 1.77 23 0.42 40 0.12 57 0.21 74 2.157 0.57 24 1.1 41 0.33 58 0.26 75 1.58 1.1 25 0.12 42 0.19 59 0.15 76 1.269 0.56 26 0.16 43 0.34 60 0.41 77 110 0.82 27 0.35 44 0.18 61 1.09 78 0.9611 0.63 28 0.12 45 0.13 62 1.05 79 0.6112 0.21 29 0.11 46 0.19 63 1.21 80 1.3613 0.41 30 0.91 47 0.15 64 1.01 81 1.5314 0.13 31 0.18 48 0.31 65 1.1 82 1.0415 1.02 32 0.18 49 0.98 66 0.52 83 1.7616 0.23 33 0.14 50 0.55 67 1.87 84 0.9917 0.22 34 0.64 51 0.79 68 2.11 85 0.99

Total 12.2 7.24 5.46 12.4 23.2 60.5

Western side of the gate

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.21 6 0.37 11 1.17 16 2.19 21 0.852 1.33 7 1.17 12 1.06 17 0.95 22 1.073 1.04 8 1.08 13 1.28 18 0.84 1.62 9 0.77 14 1.72 19 0.685 1.81 10 1.45 15 1.58 20 0.72

Total 7.01 4.84 6.81 5.34 1.92 25.92


10 0.57 20 1.22 30 0.95 40 1.48 50 0.71Total 9.5 9.39 8.05 8.22 9.09 44.25


10 1.19 24 0.39 38 0.32 52 0.59 66 0.4411 2.08 25 0.91 39 1.12 53 1.16 67 1.112 0.75 26 0.94 40 1.18 54 0.47 68 1.9613 1.78 27 0.89 41 0.43 55 1.38 69 0.6514 0.57 28 0.92 42 0.65 56 0.46 70 0.77

Total 15.16 12.92 11.97 12.72 12.1 64.87


10 0.58 24 0.63 38 1.56 52 2.01 66 1.51

Table 4

Table 3

Table 2

Table 1

11 0.24 25 2.22 39 0.46 53 0.44 67 0.5312 1.18 26 0.54 40 0.91 54 0.25 68 1.0713 0.39 27 0.84 41 0.44 55 1.8514 1.71 28 0.29 42 0.8 56 0.93

Total 13.27 11.89 14.03 13.07 10.87 63.13


10 0.59 24 1.2 38 1.19 52 2.38 66 0.9211 1.35 25 0.32 39 0.79 53 0.32 67 1.2312 0.8 26 1.2 40 0.68 54 1.39 68 0.7713 2.23 27 1.85 41 0.49 55 0.5 69 1.2914 0.43 28 0.61 42 1.03 56 0.34 70 1.28

Total 15.61 13.52 12.76 13.71 14.15 69.75

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.51 12 1.31 23 1.17 34 1.33 45 0.362 1.36 13 1.29 24 1.52 35 1.26 46 1.023 0.78 14 1.02 25 0.18 36 2.01 47 0.924 1.28 15 1.78 26 1 37 1.17 48 1.15 1.29 16 0.85 27 2.22 38 1.72 49 1.126 1.29 17 1.49 28 2.22 39 0.87 50 1.427 0.75 18 0.48 29 0.96 40 1.868 0.93 19 1.71 30 2.6 41 1.399 0.95 20 2.31 31 2.57 42 1.1

10 1.13 21 0.86 32 0.8 43 0.8711 0.69 22 1.04 33 1.6 44 1.34

Total 11.96 14.14 16.84 14.92 5.94 63.8


10 0.4 22 0.8 34 1.46 46 0.33 58 1.2711 0.27 23 0.71 35 0.45 47 0.1812 0.29 24 0.86 36 0.72 48 2.45

Total 10.83 12.53 10.98 11.61 9.35 55.3

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.36 13 0.7 25 0.56 37 0.7 49 1.072 0.7 14 1.03 26 0.77 38 0.94 50 1.123 0.96 15 1.43 27 1.88 39 1.51 51 0.874 0.32 16 0.86 28 0.83 40 0.46 52 1.565 1.41 17 0.79 29 0.84 41 1.31 53 1.346 1.01 18 1.09 30 0.6 42 0.74 54 1.117 0.89 19 0.81 31 1.3 43 1.558 1.24 20 2.1 32 1.51 44 0.859 0.44 21 0.64 33 0.92 45 1.26

10 2.17 22 0.65 34 1.16 46 0.3211 0.75 23 0.52 35 1.68 47 1.1112 0.51 24 0.83 36 1.19 48 1.8

Total 10.76 11.45 13.24 12.55 7.07 55.07


Total 8.51 9.63 10.17 7.76 7.48 43.55


10 1.34 20 1.22 30 1.23 40 1.26Total 10.18 10.66 10.29 13.53 7.71 52.37

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.45 14 0.79 27 1.02 40 1.78 53 1.062 0.52 15 0.87 28 1.61 41 0.28 54 1.293 0.98 16 1.59 29 0.82 42 0.74 55 0.764 0.78 17 0.58 30 2.07 43 0.44 56 1.415 0.91 18 0.93 31 0.9 44 1 57 1.716 0.31 19 0.93 32 1.63 45 1.38 58 1.487 1.5 20 1.05 33 0.6 46 1.28 59 0.98 1.16 21 0.94 34 0.27 47 1.07 60 1.449 0.91 22 1.51 35 0.61 48 0.4 61 1.02

Table 11

Table 9

Table 10

10 1.08 23 1.07 36 0.43 49 1.68 62 1.711 0.88 24 0.85 37 1 50 0.35 63 1.1712 1.21 25 1.37 38 1.75 51 0.85 64 1.7113 1 26 1.01 39 1.35 52 1.42

Total 12.69 13.49 14.06 12.67 15.65 68.56


Total 13.61 11.76 9.46 10.56 10.75 56.14

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.16 15 1.55 29 0.75 43 1.77 57 1.392 0.62 16 1.11 30 2.18 44 0.69 58 0.973 0.67 17 1.06 31 0.57 45 0.79 59 1.194 1.34 18 0.66 32 1 46 0.875 1.28 19 1.17 33 0.87 47 0.676 0.81 20 0.91 34 0.93 48 1.177 1.24 21 1.08 35 3.07 49 0.868 0.68 22 1.1 36 0.9 50 2.199 1.41 23 1.07 37 1 51 1.15

10 1.29 24 0.22 38 0.69 52 2.1711 2.52 25 1.32 39 0.65 53 0.9912 0.78 26 1.04 40 2.04 54 0.813 0.76 27 0.56 41 0.89 55 1.1414 0.4 28 0.84 42 0.6 56 0.95

Total 14.96 13.69 16.14 16.21 3.55 64.55


10 1.39 20 0.42 30 0.73 40 2.19Total 12.76 10.39 13.64 12.9 10.79 60.48

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.69 7 2.85 13 3.41 19 1.53 25 1.472 1.73 8 1.57 14 1.51 20 1.11 26 2.13

Table 13

Table 14

Table 15

Table 12

3 3.04 9 2.32 15 0.87 21 2.52 27 2.584 0.8 10 1.62 16 1.4 22 1.24 28 1.95 2.24 11 2.66 17 2.52 23 1.22 29 1.956 1.35 12 1.33 18 1.09 24 0.88

Total 10.85 12.35 10.8 8.5 10.03 52.53

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.25 8 1.09 15 1.57 22 3.23 29 1.922 1 9 1.41 16 2.58 23 1.48 30 3.033 1.78 10 1.19 17 1.86 24 1.89 31 2.334 1.07 11 0.94 18 1.96 25 3.45 32 2.395 0.69 12 2.01 19 2.21 26 2.18 33 1.566 0.79 13 1.85 20 2.84 27 1.197 1.5 14 2.88 21 1.63 28 1.5

Total 8.08 11.37 14.65 14.92 11.23 60.25

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.4 10 2.94 19 2.09 28 1.03 37 0.422 1.8 11 0.32 20 3.92 29 0.99 38 2.223 1.52 12 1.35 21 0.83 30 1.41 39 1.844 2.12 13 1.4 22 1.99 31 1.45 40 3.335 1.58 14 2.81 23 1.27 32 2.08 41 2.956 0.98 15 0.96 24 1.34 33 1.33 42 0.727 2.02 16 2.04 25 1.32 34 1.518 2.96 17 1.03 26 2.39 35 2.59 1.39 18 1.7 27 0.47 36 1.03

Total 15.77 14.55 15.62 13.33 11.48 70.75


Total 11 10.62 15.39 15.22 14.45 66.68

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 2.76 6 1.59 11 2.86 16 2.04 21 1.572 5.55 7 3.07 12 3.27 17 1.23 22 2.923 1.95 8 3.05 13 4.57 18 2.834 1.63 9 1.07 14 1.81 19 35 1.47 10 1.63 15 2.75 20 1

Total 13.36 10.41 15.26 10.1 4.49 53.62

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 3.29 4 1.83 7 3.01 10 0.94 13 2.052 1.81 5 1.17 8 2.84 11 2.77 14 0.97

Table 16

Table 17

Table 18

Table 19

Table 20

3 3.07 6 0.25 9 1.81 12 1.52 15 1.7816 2.54

Total 8.17 3.25 7.66 5.23 4.8 29.11

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.42 9 1.2 17 1.61 25 0.83 33 1.282 1.76 10 1.19 18 1.2 26 1.11 34 0.693 1.24 11 0.21 19 1.36 27 1.18 35 0.344 2.73 12 1.19 20 0.81 28 0.66 36 0.725 0.51 13 1.25 21 1.83 29 1.15 37 0.866 0.98 14 0.76 22 0.91 30 0.86 38 0.647 1.46 15 1.16 23 2.09 31 0.32 39 1.368 1.06 16 1.37 24 1.29 32 0.97 40 0.86

Total 10.16 8.33 11.1 7.08 6.75 43.42

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.25 5 1.44 9 1.642 1.6 6 1.09 10 1.193 1.06 7 1.22 11 1.364 1.02 8 0.88 12 1.15

Total 4.93 4.63 5.34 14.9

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.1 8 1.5 15 0.12 0.5 9 1.3 16 0.93 0.8 10 1.7 17 1.54 1.1 11 1.1 18 0.65 1.1 12 2.2 19 1.16 1.3 13 17 1.6 14 1.2

Total 6.5 10 4.2 20.7

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.11 10 0.61 19 1.27 28 1.95 37 1.312 1.44 11 1.85 20 0.68 29 1.19 38 1.073 0.85 12 0.7 21 1.01 30 1.17 39 1.524 1.36 13 1.34 22 1.17 31 0.66 40 0.215 0.92 14 0.93 23 0.92 32 1.17 41 1.566 0.79 15 1.57 24 1.02 33 1.13 42 0.77 0.86 16 0.48 25 0.54 34 1.138 0.96 17 1.46 26 1.54 35 19 0.8 18 0.57 27 0.9 36 1.29

Total 9.09 9.51 9.05 10.69 6.37 44.71


Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 22

Table 21

5 0.42 13 2.18 21 1.69 29 2.54 37 1.686 1.81 14 0.83 22 1.51 30 1.78 38 1.747 1.92 15 1.03 23 1.8 31 2.47 39 1.648 0.71 16 1.85 24 0.72 32 1.92

Total 9.25 9.06 9.07 15.75 10.33 53.46


Total 9.83 11.04 7.72 7.63 6.45 42.67

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.26 9 1.47 17 1.29 25 1.15 33 1.292 1.47 10 0.68 18 1.11 26 4.42 34 0.83 1.25 11 0.55 19 0.8 27 1.53 35 1.444 0.99 12 1.42 20 1.91 28 1.15 36 1.655 1.41 13 1.32 21 1.21 29 1.45 37 1.366 1.98 14 1.08 22 0.86 30 1.19 38 3.687 0.82 15 2.49 23 1.26 31 3.588 1.78 16 1.96 24 2.41 32 2.4

Total 10.96 10.97 10.85 16.87 10.22 59.87

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.18 9 1.33 17 2 25 1.8 33 1.142 1.41 10 1.14 18 0.85 26 0.78 34 3.433 0.69 11 1.3 19 2.63 27 1.35 35 2.554 1.32 12 1.06 20 1.14 28 1.81 36 1.375 1.12 13 1.59 21 1.1 29 2.82 37 1.76 1.77 14 1.27 22 6.42 30 3.21 38 3.987 1.35 15 2 23 0.86 31 1.418 2.16 16 1.99 24 1.65 32 2.8

Total 11 11.68 16.65 15.98 14.17 69.48

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.77 8 1.32 15 3.44 22 0.83 29 1.042 1.86 9 2.91 16 2.82 23 2.15 30 1.983 1.35 10 0.98 17 1.64 24 2.13 31 2.334 3.91 11 1.91 18 1.02 25 1.395 1.2 12 2.04 19 2.01 26 2.136 1.4 13 2.56 20 1.31 27 1.897 1.98 14 1.86 21 1.34 28 1.32

Total 12.47 13.58 13.58 11.84 5.35 56.82

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 30

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 2.1 8 1.04 15 1.17 22 1.67 29 1.32 1.72 9 3.69 16 1.2 23 1.18 30 2.193 3.85 10 2.03 17 1.03 24 1.25 31 1.44 1.63 11 2.19 18 1.74 25 1.22 32 1.395 2.46 12 1.55 19 2.22 26 2.18 33 3.46 1.54 13 2.09 20 1.94 27 1.52 34 0.737 2.67 14 0.8 21 0.82 28 1.51 35 1.4

Total 15.97 13.39 10.12 10.53 11.81 61.82


Total 10.48 10.43 11.25 12.52 9.34 54.02

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.42 8 1.58 15 1.45 22 2.4 29 1.832 0.98 9 1.78 16 1.5 23 0.87 30 2.083 1.44 10 1.02 17 2.27 24 1.37 31 1.214 1.85 11 1.55 18 1.78 25 1.41 32 1.335 0.82 12 1.56 19 0.82 26 1.79 33 1.76 2.48 13 2.03 20 0.83 27 1.02 34 2.997 0.85 14 1.7 21 1.46 28 0.95 35 1.09

Total 9.84 11.22 10.11 9.81 12.23 53.21

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.77 8 0.31 15 1.05 22 1.31 29 1.172 1.03 9 1.68 16 1.02 23 1.9 30 1.233 1.68 10 0.74 17 1.4 24 1.48 31 1.564 1.93 11 1.3 18 0.7 25 1.76 32 15 1.21 12 1.18 19 0.9 26 2.1 33 1.666 2.06 13 1.92 20 1.21 27 1.53 34 1.187 2.01 14 1.08 21 1.19 28 1.92

Total 11.69 8.21 7.47 12 7.8 47.17


Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 34

9 1.61 20 0.81 31 0.65 42 0.6610 1.27 21 0.71 32 1.03 43 1.2811 1.33 22 1.1 33 1.16 44 2.07

Total 14.15 13.16 16.21 14.13 7.83 65.48


10 1.45 21 0.94 32 1.59 43 2.0611 0.79 22 1.4 33 0.51 44 1.62

Total 14.95 11.81 10.28 18.47 7.15 62.66

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1 12 0.87 23 1.94 34 2.26 45 1.362 0.85 13 0.6 24 1.01 35 1.17 46 1.133 1 14 1.09 25 1.6 36 2.4 47 1.444 1.65 15 0.97 26 1.92 37 0.95 0.48 16 1.98 27 0.99 38 2.026 0.31 17 0.53 28 1.25 39 1.927 0.92 18 0.89 29 2.15 40 1.488 1.35 19 0.53 30 2.01 41 1.389 0.92 20 1.78 31 1.22 42 1.86

10 1.55 21 0.83 32 2.22 43 1.711 1.13 22 0.92 33 0.87 44 2.37

Total 11.16 10.99 17.18 19.46 3.93 62.72

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.84 10 1.44 19 1.72 28 1.67 37 1.222 1.18 11 1.02 20 1.56 29 1.6 38 2.663 1.57 12 2.07 21 1.62 30 0.48 39 0.434 1.1 13 1.27 22 2.39 31 1.55 40 2.915 0.24 14 0.91 23 0.59 32 1.49 41 1.636 1.54 15 1.47 24 1.07 33 1.17 42 1.257 1.17 16 1.64 25 1.2 34 1.08 43 1.448 2.68 17 3.25 26 0.64 35 0.33 44 1.829 0.2 18 1.12 27 0.85 36 2.8

Total 11.52 14.19 11.64 12.17 13.36 62.88


Table 35

Table 36

Table 37

Table 38

6 2.99 15 1.53 24 1.51 33 1.69 42 2.877 0.99 16 2.45 25 1.59 34 1.96 43 1.128 2.16 17 1.38 26 1.27 35 1.819 0.92 18 1.08 27 1.06 36 0.98

Total 14.23 13.78 12.08 13.77 11.68 65.54

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.84 9 1.37 17 1.09 25 1.89 33 1.512 2.16 10 1.28 18 1.16 26 1.62 34 1.083 2.37 11 2.14 19 1.64 27 1.17 35 1.554 1.55 12 1.58 20 1.12 28 1.71 36 1.695 0.58 13 1.14 21 1.35 29 2.71 37 4.476 1.09 14 2.29 22 0.14 30 2.017 1.19 15 1.81 23 1.12 31 28 1.32 16 1.54 24 1.83 32 2.06

Total 12.1 13.15 9.45 15.17 10.3 60.17

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.78 7 4.83 13 2.47 19 1.97 25 1.472 3.02 8 2.18 14 2.08 20 1.55 26 3.443 3.42 9 0.48 15 1.42 21 2.114 1.62 10 1.81 16 2.18 22 2.485 2.17 11 1.63 17 1.77 23 3.746 2.42 12 2.56 18 1.24 24 1.8

Total 14.43 13.49 11.16 13.65 4.91 57.64

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.02 7 2.51 13 2.47 19 1.89 25 1.322 1.73 8 1.14 14 2.14 20 0.88 26 1.653 1.23 9 2.14 15 2.67 21 8.51 27 1.794 1.43 10 1.96 16 2.4 22 5 28 2.075 0.89 11 2.15 17 2.07 23 3.35 29 1.796 1.19 12 4.45 18 3.37 24 1.63 30 2.6

Total 7.49 14.35 15.12 21.26 11.22 69.44

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.98 9 1.15 17 1.19 25 1.49 33 1.022 1.36 10 1.84 18 1.91 26 1.57 34 2.233 1.23 11 0.27 19 1.3 27 0.63 35 0.524 1.09 12 3.17 20 0.59 28 1.79 36 1.45 1.57 13 1.56 21 0.97 29 0.39 37 1.96 1.27 14 0.2 22 2.29 30 2.547 1.11 15 1.21 23 1.32 31 1.878 1.12 16 0.32 24 0.86 32 1.59

Total 9.73 9.72 10.43 11.87 7.07 48.82

Table 39

Table 42

Table 41

Table 40

Table 43


Total 11.02 7.73 8.68 4.65 5.22 37.3

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 0.4 7 1 13 1.29 19 2.11 25 1.832 1.14 8 0.73 14 0.38 20 0.1 26 0.633 1 9 0.34 15 0.89 21 1.274 1.17 10 0.62 16 0.45 22 0.295 0.72 11 1.13 17 1.16 23 0.696 1.39 12 1.45 18 0.34 24 1.4

Total 5.82 5.27 4.51 5.86 2.46 23.92

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 2.81 10 1.34 19 0.36 28 1.12 37 1.762 0.54 11 0.87 20 0.47 29 0.76 38 0.583 4.95 12 0.76 21 5.7 30 0.34 39 1.064 1.13 13 0.71 22 0.63 31 0.39 40 0.765 1.24 14 0.67 23 0.62 32 3.09 41 0.766 0.58 15 0.63 24 0.7 33 4.567 0.49 16 0.61 25 0.73 34 1.398 1.46 17 0.55 26 0.75 35 0.599 0.43 18 0.51 27 0.95 36 2.92

Total 13.63 6.65 10.91 15.16 4.92 51.27

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Total1 1.94 10 2.34 19 0.74 28 0.56 37 1.332 1.19 11 2.37 20 0.67 29 0.61 38 5.33 0.98 12 0.57 21 0.62 30 0.64 39 0.984 1.67 13 1.27 22 0.59 31 0.7 40 4.525 0.52 14 0.76 23 0.52 32 0.79 41 2.36 1.33 15 0.65 24 0.54 33 0.82 42 1.197 2.35 16 1.41 25 0.45 34 1.378 2.06 17 0.98 26 0.46 35 19 2.19 18 0.75 27 0.5 36 1.35

Total 14.23 11.1 5.09 7.84 15.62 53.88

Table 44


vertical section of the gate: view from outside

1

ADDITIONAL INFROMATION

Nomination Dossier of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vietnam)

Ref. GB/MA 1358

For the Questions of ICOMOS

(Letter of the Director of ICOMOS, dated on 27 September 2010)

1- Map showing the location of the Nen Vua site (excavation in 2004) and

excavated trenches in 2008 and 2010

(Separated maps are attached)

2- Justifications for the question 2 of the ICOMS

a/ Justification for the boundary of the nominated areas

The nominated area of the Ho Citadel includes: the Inner Wall (142.2 hectares), La

Thanh Outer Wall (9.0 hectares) and Nam Giao Altar (4.3 hectares)

The nominated area was zoned in such a way that it ensures the protection of the

authentic and original elements of the property (defined in the Law on Cultural Heritage of

Vietnam as protected Zone 1 of the site). The nominated components of the Ho Citadel

accordingly include the following:

The Inner Citadel

The zoned area, deemed sufficient for the protection of the whole structure of Inner Citadel, includes: the moat system, the transitional land between the citadel wall and the

moats, the wall and the gates of the citadel, the whole area within the citadel wall (including

roads, lakes and places with architectural foundations). To the four directions, we define the

zoned area as follows:

2

+ To the south: the nominated area is delimited from the traffic route of Xuan Giai

Hamlet (Vinh Tien Commune) inwards and encompasses the whole system of moats, the

land between the moat and the citadel wall, the southern wall and gate.

+ To the north: the nominated area is delimited from the traffic route of Xuan Ang

Hamlet (Vinh Long Commune) and the road leading to the Tay Giai Hamlet (Vinh Tien

Commune) inwards and encompasses the whole system of moats, the land between the moat and the citadel wall, the northern wall and gate.

+ To the east: the nominated area is delimited from the traffic route of Dong Mon

Hamlet (Vinh Long Commune) inwards and encompasses the whole system of moats, the land between the moat and the citadel wall (where some households of the ancient village

of Dong Mon are located), and the eastern wall and gate.

+ To the west: the nominated area is delimited from the traffic route of Tay Giai

Hamlet (Vinh Tien Commune) inwards and encompasses the whole system of moats, the

land between the moat and the citadel wall, and the western wall and gate.

In the foreseeable future, when there are further findings in archaeological research that reveal other structures related to the Inner Wall, we will consider expanding the

nominated area accordingly.

Outer Wall (La Thanh)

The current section of La Thanh under nomination is around 2 kilometres in length

and 37 metres in width, covering an area of 9.0 hectares, represents a dyke-like earthwork.

The boundary of the zoned area extends five metres from the foot of the dyke into the

agricultural land nearby. This boundary is believed to be adequate to protect the foot and the body of the dyke itself.

Moreover, the zoned area around La Thanh Outer Wall is located about 400 metres

to the east of the residential area of Beo village which lies completely within the agricultural land of Vinh Long Commune, about 2 kilometres to the northwest of the Buoi river.

Therefore, this zoned area is sufficient to guarantee the integrity of the property and

prevent it from any threat of damage or encroachment.

In the foreseeable future, when there are further findings in archaeological research of the Outer Wall, we will consider expanding the nominated area of this component accordingly.

3

Nam Giao Altar

The nominated area of Nam Giao Altar is 4.3 hectares

The zoning for protection of Nam Giao Altar was based on the results from

exploratory surveys and archaeological excavations conducted between 2004 and now. All

the vestiges of architectural foundations discovered during the excavations show that the

axis of the property tilts about 45 degree to the southwest.

From the central foundation of the altar, the zoning is identified as follows in the four

directions:

- To the north - northeast: the nominated area is bound by the side of Mount Don

Son downwards to embrace the whole outermost wall of the altar and the highest terrace of

the altar. This area is marked by the erected milestones and coordinates

- To the south - southwest: The boundary of the nominated area is delimited from

the traffic route inwards. Between the road and the altar is the rice paddy of Vinh Thanh

Commune and Vinh Loc Town. This boundary is wide enough to encompass the whole

adjacent terrace of the altar where vestiges of ancient structures have been found.

- To the west - southwest: The boundary of the nominated area is defined 15 metres

outwards from the fortified foundation of the wall in the terrace floor in this direction. This

boundary is sufficient to embrace the whole floor foundation and the outermost terrace of

the ancient structure.

- To the east - southeast: The boundary of the nominated area is also defined 15

metres outwards from the fortified foundation of the wall in the terrace floor in this

direction. This boundary is sufficient to embrace the whole floor foundation and the

outermost terrace of the ancient structure.

In the foreseeable future, when there are further findings in archaeological research

of the Nam Giao Altar, we will consider expanding the nominated area of this component accordingly.

4

b/ How the Tran Khat Chan Temple is related to the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

The Tran Khat Chan Temple, located to the northeast of Mount Don Son, belongs

administratively to Cao Mat Hamlet, Vinh Thanh Commune, which is about 2.5 kilometres to

the southeast of the Ho Citadel.

Dong Khanh Dia Du chi (Dong Khanh Gazetteer), a substantial work written under the

Nguyen Dynasty (19th century), had this to say about the Temple: “Mount Don Son, situated

in the northwest of Vinh Loc District, is one that rose up from an extension of the An Ton

mountain range with two towering peaks. The village around this mountain was the

homeland of Tran Khat Chan – a famous general of the Tran Dynasty” (2003:1132)

Another document, the Geography of Vinh Loc District of Thanh Hoa, written by Luu

Cong Dao in the 15th reigning year of Emperor Gia Long 1816, provides a more detailed

description of the distance between the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and Mount Don Son

where the Tran Khat Chan Temple is located: “A big road runs directly from the Southern Gate of the Citadel to the foot of Mount Don Son. This road, which is around several miles in

length, is named Hoa Nhai Road or more commonly known as Cai Hoa Road (literally the Big Flower Road) because it was paved with stone slabs with flowery lines on their surfaces”.

According to historical records, Tran Khat Chan was born under the Tran Dynasty in

Ha Lang Commune, Vinh Ninh District (current Ha Luong Village, Vinh Ninh Commune, Vinh

Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province). Tran Khat Chan was a famous general who had the merit

of defeating the invading troops of Chiem Thanh who attacked Dai Viet from the south after

beheading their king Che Bong Nga in 1390. In recognition of his resounding victory, the

court granted him the title of Senior General, taking charge of the Long Tiep Army – the royal

guards.

In the spring of 1397, Ho Quy Ly ordered Minister of the Interior and Court

Astronomer Do Tinh to build the An Ton Citadel. Tran Khat Chan headed the construction

army and helped protect and supervise the construction of the citadel. He pitched his military camps at the foot of Mount Don Son. The Tran court officials at that time were so

angered by Ho Quy Ly’s abuse of power that many generals, headed by Tran Khat Chan, Tran

Hang and Tran Nhan Don intended to assassinate Ho Quy Ly (Luu Cong Dao1816: historical

personage).

On the fourth lunar month of 1399, the king decided to conduct an oath-swearing

ceremony in Mount Don Son. The generals masterminded a plan to murder Quy Ly, but the

5

attempt ended in failure and Tran Khat Chan was subsequently executed together with 370

other people during the final oath-swearing ceremony of the Vietnamese feudalist history.

Official historical documents described this incident as follows: “Ho Quy Ly was observing the ceremony from the watch tower of Tran Khat Chan’s house, as if he were a king. As Pham To Thu, nephew of Kha Vinh, and assassin Pham Nguu Tat drew out their

swords and were about to go up the tower to kill Quy Ly, Khat Chan raised his eyebrows in disapproval, indicating that it was not the right time. Sensing danger around, Ho Quy Ly rose and left the tower, escorted by body guards. Nguu Tat then threw his swords on the ground

and lamented: “We will all be put to death then”. As the assassination plot did not work out, Ton That Hang, Nhat Don, Tran Khat Chan and Pham Kha Vinh, Ha Duc Lan, Luong Nguyen Buu, Pham Ong Thien, Pham Nguu Tat together with their confidants and family member

who numbered 370 in total were all executed” (DVSKTT 1971: Vol. II, 225).

After the execution of Tran Khat Chan, he was buried by his admirers right on the top

of Mount Don Son, possibly at the rear of the current temple. He was sanctified by the

people who built many temples around the country in his honour. In Thanh Hoa alone, there

are as many as 72 temples of Tran Khat Chan, as recorded by a historical document on Thanh

Hoa compiled under the Nguyen Dynasty. Many couplets in the current temple describe this historical event and Tran Khat Chan’s popularity among the local people.

In terms of construction time, Tran Khat Chan Temple was built later than the Citadel

of the Ho Dynasty. The Complete Annals of the Great Viet wrote that towards the year 1474, under the fifth reigning year, King Le Thanh Tong of the Le Dynasty issued an edict ‘in honour of loyal exemplars’ which mentioned particularly the name of Tran Khat Chan as a noble

general (op.cit., 252).

It is possible that the Tran Khat Chan Temple could have been built by the people out

of their respect for the general before it was officially built by the Early Le Dynasty (15th

Century) to commemorate a national hero.

The current temple bears the traces of the architectural styles of later dynasties,

namely the Restored Le (16th – 17th centuries) and the Nguyen Dynasty (19th – 20th

centuries). Apart from the immoveable properties, the temple also owns a wide range of

historically valuable artifacts of tangible and intangible values, relating to the historical

figures of Tran Khat Chan, Ho Quy Ly and the Ho Citadel.

6

c/ The origin, natal place and the tomb of Ho Quy Ly

According to the Dai Viet Su ki Toan thu (DVSKTT- Complete Annals of the Great Viet),

Ho Quy Ly, courtesy name Ly Nguyen, acceded to the throne in 1400. His forefather was Ho

Hung Dat, who came from Zhejiang, China. During the Later Han Dynasty (947-958), Ho Hung

Dat by an order of the court began to serve as the Governor of Dien Chau District. He

sojourned in Bao Dot village of the district and became a chieftain. During the Ly Dynasty, a member of the Ho clan was married to Princess Nguyet Dich and gave birth to Princess

Nguyet Doan. One of the great grandsons of Ho Hung Dat, of the 12th generation, by the

name of Ho Liem moved to Dai Lai Village in Thanh Hoa. He became the adopted son of

General Le Huan, thereby changing his family name from Ho to Le. Ho Quy Ly was a

grandson of the fourth generation of Le Liem, and following his accession to the throne, he

regained the Ho family name (DVSKTT 1971: 224)

In the family genealogy as well as in official historical records, there is no detailed

account of the life of Ho Liem - the forefather of the Ho clan in the village of Dai Lai (now Ha

Dong, Ha Phong Communes of Ha Trung District in Thanh Hoa Province). In 1400, Ho Quy Ly

inquired into his paternal and maternal genealogy and came to know that his grandmother

was of the Chu family and his mother was of the Pham family (op.cit., 299). His grand-mother had two daughters who were both married to King Tran Minh Tong: one of them

gave birth to Tran Nghe Tong and was then titled Minh Tu Qeen Mother; the other gave

birth to Tran Due Tong and was given title Don Tu Queen. (op.cit. 180)

The village of Dai Lai, where the Ho clan (at that time known under the Le family

name) had resided, gradually became a strategic location in the political arena of Ho Quy Ly

after the noblemen of the Tran Dynasty and their troops met near Dai Lai River to discuss the

restoration of the Tran Dynasty in 1370.

Ancient historical books described in significant detail that in 1397, with a plot

carefully arranged, Ho Quy Ly forced King Tran Thuan Tong to his natal province of Thanh

Hoa: “In the winter of 1397, Quy Ly forced the king to move to Thanh Hoa. Before that, the king had paid homage to the ancestral tombs in Yen Sinh. Quy Ly then forced the king to take

up lodgings in Bao Thanh Palace in Dai Lai Village” (op.cit. p.222). Bao Thanh Palace, also

known as Ly Palace, was located to the southwest of Mount Dai Lai (currently in Kim Phat

Hamlet, Ha Dong Commune, Ha Trung District, Thanh Hoa Province). Excavations conducted

7

in this area by the Institute of Archaeology during the 1978, 1980, 1981 and 1984-1085 have

unearthed vestiges of palaces that are dated back to the Tran and the Ho Dynasties.

During his regal reign, Ho Han Thuong (son of Ho Quy Ly) was very careful and

considerate about the worshiping of his ancestors and forefathers. He was also keen on

tracing the origin of his maternal side and constructed many temples in their honour. In

1401, the court-devised family registration records described the Ho clan as having two branches: one in Dien Chau and the other in Thanh Hoa (op.cit. p.230). In 1403, Ho Han

Thuong ordered the construction of temples in Thien Xuong (Thanh Hoa) for the worshiping

of his paternal grandfather; he also built a temple in Bao Dot tomb in Linh Nguyen District of

Nghe An in honour of his ancestors. In the capital citadel, he set up Dong Thai Mieu (Eastern

Royal temple of the Ancestors) in commemoration of the Ho clan and Tay Thai Mieu

(Western Royal temple of the Ancestors) to honour his maternal grandfather Tran Minh

Tong and Tran Nghe Tong (op.cit. p.235)

After the collapse of the Ho Dynasty, Ho Quy Ly and his sons Ho Nguyen Trung and

Ho Han Thuong, together with other relatives of the clan, were all captured and taken to

China. The capital city was occupied and the country fell under the domination of Chinese

Ming Dynasty. The descendants of the Ho clan in Dai Lai scattered and there is no record of how they survived and progressed.

The missing information about Ho Quy Ly’s descendants will hopefully be filled in the

foreseeable future through field survey and research efforts.

The exact location of Ho Quy Ly’s tomb has yet been identified. According to the

historical records of the Chinese Ming Dynasty and the findings of some researchers

(including Prof. Dr. Ho Hoang Mat – a Vietnamese American; Prof. Wada Masahiko from Japan; Vietnamese archaeologist Do Dinh Truat), Ho Quy Ly could have died in 1420 and

buried in Nanjing. His son Ho Nguyen Trung, who was then serving as an official under the

Ming Dynasty, reburied him in Mount Zhongshan, about 10 km from today’s Nanjing.

The question of where the exact tomb of Ho Quy Ly will be identified as a research

plan with cooperation of international experts.

8

d/ The link between Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Dong Son culture

Research and survey on archaeology and folklore in the nominated area and the

Buffer zone of the Ho Citadel have suggested that this region was inhabited long ago, at least

from the time of the Dong Son Culture and continued until it became the capital city of the Ho Dynasty.

1. Research on folklore (from the archives of the Conservation Centre of the Ho Citadel and the Hong Duc University):

The legends about the land, people and culture of Dong Son before and after the

advent of the Ho can be classified as follows:

a- Pre-Ho Dynasty legends

These legends mainly describe the formation of ancient riverside and mountainside

villages, the number of residents and their origins;

Some also give accounts on historical figures from the post-Dong Son period to the

10th century in Vietnam, such as Chieftain Cao Son; Trinh Ra, the deity of the Beo Village; the village deities of Tho Son Trang and Yen Ton Thuong, etc.

b- Legends about the Ho Dynasty

These legends abound in number and are directly related to the historical figures and events during the Ho Dynasty. They fall into the following types:

- legends about the construction of the Western Capital: The story of Lady Binh Khuong, the Hoa Nhai and Cong Da roads, Outer Wall, royal piers, etc.

- legends about historical figures: Tran Khat Chan, Mr. Tu Nua, the Lady Cave, etc.

- legends about the formation and division of administrative units and places: Mount An Ton, Mount Don Son, the villages of Thang Hao, Bai Xuan Hoa, Tho Son Trang; famous

places like Cau May road, Bai Dan dune, etc.

- legends about religious matters: Ho Cong Grotto; Tuong Van pagoda, Du Anh pagoda, etc.

9

2. Archaeological Surveys

Archaeological surveys offer authentic evidences about the inhabited nature of the

region since the days of yore, at least from the time of the Dong Son culture and continued

until it became the site of the national capital under the Ho Dynasty.

a- Archaeological sites of the Dong Son Culture discovered within and adjacent to

the buffer zone of the Ho Citadel:

- Doi Trac Site: discovered in 1998 in Beo village of Vinh Long Commune. Artifacts

unearthed include terracotta, stone tools and bronze objects typical of Dong Son culture,

such as axes, drums and urns (Nguyen Thi Hien et. al. 1999: 270).

- Pha Cong Site: discovered by the French in 1937 in the area of Pha Cong, now Vinh

Khang Commune. Artifacts unearthed include terracotta, stone tools and a collection of

bronze objects (Olov R. T. Janse 1958: 88-89).

- Dan Ne Site, also known as Dong Co Site, excavated in 2008 in the immediate

vicinity of the right bank of the Ma river,, to the south of the buffer zone of the property (Bui Van Liem 2008: 117).

- Mount Sen site: excavated in 2006 in Vinh An Commune, Vinh Loc District. Artifacts

unearthed include the terracotta artifacts, stone tools and a collection of bronze objects of the Dong Son culture (Nguyen Xuan Manh 2008:119).

Furthermore, bronze drums of the Dong Son period accidentally found within the site

of the Ho Citadel and Vinh Loc District can be added here, such as the Vinh Ninh bronze drum (found in 1963); Vinh Hung bronze drum (found in 1966). These drums are currently

preserved in the Museum of Thanh Hoa (Department of Culture and Information of Thanh

Hoa 2004: 20-22).

b- Archaeological sites and artifacts of the post-Dong Son period found in the


- Brick Tombs Complex in Mount Tho Don, Vinh Yen Commune to the west of the Citadel, discovered in 2005. Initial surveys suggest that this complex of brick tombs date

back to the Six Dynasties (Liu Chao) period (280-589 A.D.) after the Dong Son Culture period

(Management Board of Thanh Hoa Relics and Scenic Spots 2005).

10

- Reddish bricks of the Han – Six Dynasties period (1st to 6th centuries) with diamond -

shaped decorations found in excavation pit No. 1 in 2008 in the area of the Southern Gate of

the Ho Citadel (Institute of Archaeology 2009).

- During the excavation in, archaeologists have found two pieces of Han typed brick.

Therefore, it is clear that from the Dong Son culture (dating back to 2000 years ago)

to the time of the Ho Dynasty, the area of Vinh Loc District was a long-established inhabited

land. The history of formation and presence of the ancient Vietnamese villages from Dong

Son time to the Ho Dynasty period is an uninterrupted process, as evidenced in the

archaeological findings and the folklore in the region.

However, a lot of historical and archaeological questions relating to the periods

before and after the Ho Dynasty remain unanswered, and they are subject for further

research as scheduled in the Management Plan to be implemented in the foreseeable

future.

e/ Why didn’t the submitting country include in the nomination dossier the Hoa

Nhai road that runs from the Southern Gate to the Nam Giao Altar?

According to old historical documents, in the eighth lunar month of 1402, “Ho Han

Thuong ordered the construction of Nam Giao Altar in Mount Don Son for worshiping the

Heaven”. The Ho Dynasty subsequently decided to build a road that connected the Southern

Gate directly with the Nam Giao Altar. This road, as recorded in history, was known by the

names of Cai Hoa, Hoa Nhai or Hoe Nhai (Luu Cong Dao 1816)

Archaeological excavation conducted in 2008 at the Southern Gate revealed a part of

this ancient road which running from inside to outside of the Inner Citadel. Detailed

description of the road and its building techniques is reported in the Annex II of the

Nomination Dossier (2010: Annex II, 18-39). This road is buried at the depth of about 0.5 to 0.6 meter below the current surface.

The excavations have testified to the presence and authenticity of the Hoa Nhai road.

However, as this road extends over 2 kilometres from the Southern Gate to Mount Don Son and has not been excavated comprehensively, the understanding and knowledge of the road

is currently incomplete and inadequate. Also, as it is about 0.5 to 0.6 meter below the

11

surface of the new road (National Highway 45 that passes Vinh Loc District), it is fairly well-

protected and possible threats have been minimized. Given the current limited technical

resources, the road could be subjected and exposed to higher risks and threats should it be excavated.

Our decision not to include the entire road into the nominated area of the property

was due in one hand to the insufficient archaeological research and excavation of the road and in another hand to the current well preserved condition of the property. Moreover, we

would also like to note that 160 metres of this road that leads from the Southern Gate

toward Mount Don Son has already been included in the core zone of the Inner Citadel.

Therefore, we would consider including the remaining section of the road in the

nomination dossier as an expansion of the nominated area once sufficient archaeological

excavation has been conducted and protective measures have been prepared.

d/ The link between the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Dong Son culture

Research and survey on archaeology and folklore in the nominated area and the

Buffer zone of the Ho Citadel have suggested that this region was inhabited long ago, at least

from the time of the Dong Son Culture and continued until it became the capital city of the Ho Dynasty.

1. Research on folklore (from the archives of the Conservation Centre of the Ho

Citadel and the University of Hong Duc):

The legends about the land, people and culture of Dong Son before and after the

advent of the Ho can be classified as follows:

a- Pre-Ho Dynasty legends

These legends mainly describe the formation of ancient riverside and mountainside

villages, the number of residents and their origins;

Some also give accounts on historical figures from the post-Dong Son period to the

10th century in Vietnam, such as Chieftain Cao Son; Trinh Ra, the deity of the Beo Village; the

village deities of Tho Son Trang and Yen Ton Thuong, etc.

b- Legends about the Ho Dynasty

12

These legends abound in number and are directly related to the historical figures and

events during the Ho Dynasty. They fall into the following types:

- legends about the construction of the Western Capital: The story of Lady Binh

Khuong, the Hoa Nhai and Cong Da roads, Outer Wall, royal piers, etc.

- legends about historical figures: Tran Khat Chan, Mr. Tu Nua, the Lady Cave, etc.

- legends about the formation and division of administrative units and places: Mount

An Ton, Mount Don Son, the villages of Thang Hao, Bai Xuan Hoa, Tho Son Trang; famous

places like Cau May road, Bai Dan dune, etc.

- legends about religious matters: Ho Cong Grotto; Tuong Van pagoda, Du Anh

pagoda, etc.

2. Archaeological Surveys

Archaeological surveys offer authentic evidences about the inhabited nature of the

region since the days of yore, at least from the time of the Dong Son culture and continued

until it became the site of the national capital under the Ho Dynasty.

a. Archaeological sites of the Dong Son Culture discovered within and adjacent to the buffer zone of the Ho Citadel:

- Doi Trac Site: discovered in 1998 in Beo village of Vinh Long Commune. Artifacts unearthed include terracotta, stone tools and bronze objects typical of Dong Son culture,

such as axes, drums and urns (Nguyen Thi Hien et. al. 1999: 270).

- Pha Cong Site: discovered by the French in 1937 in the area of Pha Cong, now Vinh Khang Commune. Artifacts unearthed include terracotta, stone tools and a collection of

bronze objects (Olov R. T. Janse 1958: 88-89).

- Dan Ne Site, also known as Dong Co Site, excavated in 2008 in the immediate vicinity of the right bank of the Ma river,, to the south of the buffer zone of the property (Bui Van Liem 2008: 117).

- Mount Sen site: excavated in 2006 in Vinh An Commune, Vinh Loc District. Artifacts unearthed include the terracotta artifacts, stone tools and a collection of bronze objects of

the Dong Son culture (Nguyen Xuan Manh 2008:119).

Furthermore, bronze drums of the Dong Son period accidentally found within the site of the Ho Citadel and Vinh Loc District can be added here, such as the Vinh Ninh bronze

13

drum (found in 1963); Vinh Hung bronze drum (found in 1966). These drums are currently

preserved in the Museum of Thanh Hoa (Department of Culture and Information of Thanh

Hoa 2004: 20-22).

b. Archaeological sites and artifacts of the post-Dong Son period found in the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty:

- Brick Tombs Complex in Mount Tho Don, Vinh Yen Commune to the west of the

Citadel, discovered in 2005. Initial surveys suggest that this complex of brick tombs date

back to the Six Dynasties (Liu Chao) period (280-589 A.D.) after the Dong Son Culture period

(Management Board of Thanh Hoa Relics and Scenic Spots 2005).

- Reddish bricks of the Han – Six Dynasties period (1st to 6th centuries) with diamond -

shaped decorations found in excavation pit No. 1 in 2008 in the area of the Southern Gate of

the Ho Citadel (Institute of Archaeology 2009).

- During the excavation in, archaeologists have found two pieces of Han-typed brick.

Therefore, it is clear that from the Dong Son culture (dating back to 2000 years ago)

to the time of the Ho Dynasty, the area of Vinh Loc District was a long-established inhabited

land. The history of formation and presence of the ancient Vietnamese villages from Dong

Son time to the Ho Dynasty period is an uninterrupted process, as evidenced in the archaeological findings and the folklore in the region.

However, a lot of historical and archaeological questions relating to the periods

before and after the Ho Dynasty remain unanswered, and they are subject for further research as scheduled in the Management Plan to be implemented in the foreseeable

future.

14

References

Ban Quản lý Di tích và Danh thắng Thanh Hóa 2005. Báo cáo khảo sát khu mộ gạch xã Vĩnh Yên (Thanh Hoa Management Board of Sites and Beauty Spots 2005. Report of the exploration of the Brick grave site in Vinh Yen Commune), document of Thanh Hoa Provincial Museum.

Bùi Văn Liêm, Nguyễn Ngọc Quý, Nguyễn Đăng Cường, Nguyễn Hữu Toản, Bùi Thị Tuyết 2008. Khai quật di tích núi và đền Đồng cổ (Thanh Hóa) [Excavation of the mountain and temple of Dong Co (Thanh Hoa)]. New Discoveries in Archaeology in 2007, Encyclopedia Publishing House, Hanoi 2008, p.117.

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Thanh Hoa-Vietnam, Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the World Heritage List, Annex III: Archaeological Research, Hanoi 2010, pp. 18-39.

Đại Việt Sử ký toàn thư 1971. tập II, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội (Complete Annals of the Great Viet, 1971 Print. Vol.2. Social Sciences and Humanities Publishing House, Hanoi)

Department of Culture and Information of Thanh Hoa, Antiques of the Dong Son Culture found in Thanh Hoa, Thanh Hoa Publishing House, 2004. pp.20-22.

Đồng Khánh địa dư chí - tỉnh Thanh Hoá, Viện nghiên cứu Hán Nôm, Nxb Thế giới, 2003, tr. 1132 (Dong Khanh Gazetteer, Thanh Hoa Province, published by the Institute for Sino-Nom Studies, Thegioi Publishers, 2003. p.1132).

Institute of Archaeology 2009. Báo cáo khai quật Cửa Nam Thành Nhà Hồ năm 2008 [Report on the excavation of the area around the Southern Gate of the Ho Citadel in 2008], Document of the Institute of Archaeology.

Lưu Công Đạo 1816. Thanh Hoá Vĩnh Lộc huyện chí, năm Bính Tý, Gia Long thứ 15- 1816 (Geography of Vinh Loc District of Thanh Hoa, written by Luu Cong Dao in the 15th reigning year of Emperor Gia Long, 1816), The Chinese and Nom Archives, code: VHv.1371, Translation document of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel.

Nguyễn Thị Hiền, Phạm Văn Chấy 1999. Phát hiện thêm một trống đồng và hai thạp đồng tại Đồi Trác, xã Vĩnh Long, huyện Vĩnh Lộc(Thanh Hóa) [Further discovery of one bronze drum and two bronze urns in Doi Trac, Vinh Long Commune, Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province, New Discoveries of Archaeology in 1998, Social Sciences and Humanities Publishing House, Hanoi 1999, p.270.

Nguyễn Xuân Mạnh, Bùi Hữu Tiến, Trần Văn Tùy, Nguyễn Thị Tấn 2008. Kết quả khảo sát khai quật di tích Núi Sen (Vĩnh Lộc, Thanh Hóa) lần thứ nhất năm 2006 [Findings of the First Survey and Excavation of Mount Sen (Vinh Loc, Thanh Hoa), 2006], New Discoveries of Archaeology in 2007, Encyclopedia Publishing House, Hanoi 2008, p.119.

Olov R. T. Janse Archaeological Research in Indo-China, Volum III, Bruges, St-Catherine, press LTD, 1958, page.88-89.

15

3- The responsibilities of the Management Board (currently the Conservation

Centre) towards the Outer Wall

Previously, the Outer Wall was placed under the administrative management and

protection of the authorities in Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc Communes in accordance with the

provisions of the Law on Land and Law on Dykes. Also, as a vestige of the Ho Dynasty, it has

been protected and safeguarded by the local people.

In 2007 the Steering Committee for the Preparation of the Nomination Dossier for

the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty started to develop the “Regulation for the Management,

Protection and Promotion of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Vicinity”. Under that Regulation, the Outer Wall was officially recognized as a relic in the vicinity of the Ho Citadel

and hence was managed in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

The Chairman of the Thanh Hoa’s People’s Committee subsequently signed Decision

2298/QĐ-UBND, dated 02/8/2007 on the promulgation of the Regulation for the

Management, Protection and Promotion of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Vicinity.

The Regulation has this to say about the Outer Wall:

“The Outer Wall shall be managed and protected intact in accordance with the Law

on Cultural Heritage. The section of the Outer Wall that lies in the communes of Vinh Long

and Vinh Phuc is fairly easily recognizable and therefore must be managed and protected.

The Department of Culture and Information (now the Department of Culture, Sports

and Tourism) is to work with the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District and other relevant

agencies and the People’s Committee of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc Communes in the area of

the Outer Wall to formulate a scientific dossier for the appropriate management and

protection of the Outer Wall in accordance with the Law on Cultural Heritage” (Item 1, Article 6 of the Regulation)

Since the Management Board of the Ho Citadel was established in July 2007, it has

worked closely with the People’s Committees of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc Communes to manage and protect the part of the Outer Wall that lies in these two communes, based on

the Regulation for the Management, Protection and Promotion of the Citadel of the Ho

Dynasty and its Vicinity.

Based on the fairly intact condition of the section of the Outer Wall in Vinh Long

Commune, the Management Board of the Ho Citadel started zoning for protection of the

16

relic over an area of 9.0 hectares with a total length of over 2000 metres. This section of the

Outer Wall is about 2.5 kilometres to the northeast of the Inner Wall.

The relic is located in the middle of a wide farming land plot, relatively distant from

households in the villages of the commune. This explains why this part of the Outer Wall has

been preserved intact after more than 600 years.

The location of this part of the Outer Wall has been marked on the map and there

are landmarks around to guarantee its protection. Interpretation panels have also been

erected nearby to inform the local people of its significance so that they will also take part in

the safeguarding of the relic. What is more, following the Decision 3341/QĐ-UBND dated 21/9/2010 issued by the Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province on the

establishment of the Conservation Centre of the Ho Citadel on the basis of the Management

Board, the provincial authorities have asked the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District to

transfer, on the basis of legal procedures, the 9.0-hectare Outer Wall section to the

management of the Conservation Centre in 2011.

As a result, by 2011, the Conservation Centre for the Ho Citadel will have taken whole

control of the part of the Outer Wall that has been zoned, as has been the case in the Nam

Giao Altar and the Inner Citadel. The remaining sections of the Outer Wall in Vinh Long and

Vinh Phuc Communes will be jointly managed by the Conservation Centre and the local

authorities in accordance with the Law on Cultural Heritage and the Regulation for the

Management, Protection and Promotion of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Vicinity (issued after Decision 2298/QĐ-UBND dated 02/8/2010 by the Chairman of the People’s

Committee of Thanh Hoa Province.

CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY MANAGEMENT PLAN

HANOI - 2010

@ Conservation Center for Ho Citadel Presided Agency:

The People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province

Steering Committee for the Preparation of Nomination Dossier for Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Head of the Steering Committee:

Mr: Vuong Van Viet - Vice Chairman, the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province

Members:

Prof. Luu Tran Tieu. Chairman, NCCH Ass. Prof. Nguyen Quoc Hung, Deputy Director, Dep. of Cultural Heritage Mr. Ngo Hoai Chung, Director, DOCST of Thanh Hoa province Mr. Ngo Dinh Chen, Deputy Director, Dept. of Finance of Thanh Hoa province Mr. Ngo Tien Ngoc, Deputy Director, Dept. of Planning and Investment of Thanh Hoa province Mrs. Nguyen Thi Thuy, Deputy Director, Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment of Thanh Hoa province Mr. Le Ba Y, Vice Chairman, the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District

Written and compiled by

Le Thi Lien - Dr. in Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology; Do Quang Trong - Dr. in Archaeology, Director of Conservation Center for Ho Citadel Nguyen Xuan Toan - BA. in History, Conservation Center for Ho Citadel

Consultancy National institutions and experts

Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism National Council of Cultural Heritage Viet Nam National Commission for UNESCO IA IVIDES VIAP

International institution and experts

World Heritage Center ICOMOS Dr. Christopher Young (Head, International Advice, English Heritage) Prof. William Logan (Deakin University, Melbourne) Prof. Ian LILLEY (IPPA Secretary - General) Dr. Helaine Silverman (NAC)

Technical assistance

Le Hoang Bach, designer Nguyen Mai Huong Nguyen Thanh Van Truong Hoai Nam Nguyen Duc Binh Hoang Minh Tuan

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan I

CONTENTS CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION

I IV VI

CHAPTER 1- THE CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

1.1 General Information 1.2 Natural setting and environment 1.3 Current land use 1.4 Description of the property 1.5 History and cultural significance of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

1 2 4 9

11 28

CHAPTER 2- STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY

2.1. Present state of conservation 2.2. Factors affecting the property

35

36 40

CHAPTER 3- CURRENT PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

3.1. Ownership 3.2. Protective decisions 3.3. National laws 3. 4. Protection measures 3.5. Current planning 3.6. Administrative agencies 3.7. Financial sources and levels 3.8. Human resource

45 46 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

CHAPTER 4- SCOPE, STATUS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN

4.1. Major issues and the role of the Management Plan 4.2 Scope and Status of the Plan 4.3. Long-term Objectives 4.4. Objective for the first 5 years (2010-2015)

55 56 58 60 62

CHAPTER 5- DATA AND RESEARCH

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Establishing GIS database 5.3 Research strategy 5.4 Responsibility of the Conservation Center in archaeological

66 67 68 71 73

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan II

research 5.5 Responsibilities of external institutions and agencies

74

CHAPTER 6: BOUNDARIES, ZONES AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Zone 1 6.3 Zone 2 6.4 Zone 3 6.5 Zone 4 6.6 Zone 5

76 77 82 88 93 99

103

CHAPTER 7 – CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE PROPERTY’S VALUES

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Recommend conservation measures for the nominated sites 7.3 Recommend conservation measures for the Buffer Zone 7.4 Maintenance of the property 7.5 Security within the property

107

108 109

`120 124 128

CHAPTER 8 - ACCESS AND TOURISM

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Evaluation of tourist resources – sustainable tourism development 8.3 Interpretation, education and publication 8.4 Development of tourism infrastructure 8.5 Nam Giao Altar site and related activities

131 132 133

137 138 139

CHAPTER 9- COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

9.1 Introduction 9.2. Developing the “Heritage toward the Community” Program 9.3 Ensuing activities

141

142 144 145

CHAPTER 10- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1Action plan 10.2 Adoption and endorsement of the plan 10.3 Roles of governmental authorities and related institutions 10.4 Roles of local communities 10.5 Training and capacity development

148 149 151 151 157 158

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan III

10.6 Funding arrangement 10.7 Monitoring 10.8 Revision of the plan

159 160

1162 ABBREVIATIONS 163 ACTION PLAN 164 KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 172 LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES 174 TECHNICAL REPORTS 175 REFERENCES 179 MAPS 188 FIGURES 197 APPENDICES

Climate Index Law on Cultural Heritage Decree 92/2002/ND-CP Decision on the ranking of 62 sites as national heritage Decision On the Establishment of Management Board for the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage Decision on Promulgation of Regulation Regulation Minutes Decision on the Establishment of Conservation Center for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

205 205 216 234 259 263

265 266 274 283

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan IV

PREFACE

The Management Plan of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is developed in order to map out a strategy to protect the entire property (Nominated area and Buffer zone) and promote its values to succeeding generations. The Plan provides a framework to ensure the effective and comprehensive management of the property in the future, one that satisfies the requirements of UNESCO relating the nomination of the Citadel for inscription on the List of World Heritage.

The Management Plan serves a multiple role of protecting and enhancing the outstanding universal value of the property, devising intended measures to deal with a variety of issues, such as the conservation and protection of the natural and cultural landscape, the examination and interpretation of the site and its potential for tourism development; the role of heritage education; the role and participation of the local community and how they can benefit from and hence take responsibility for the property for the sake of sustainable economic, cultural and social development on a national and global scale.

The objectives and content of the Management Plan have been developed and finalized in the last three years, based on both research findings and management experience and the legal system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, particularly the Law on Cultural Heritage which was amended in 2009.

With a long vision of 30 years, the Management Plan sets out concrete goals that can be achieved after each of the five-year periods. It is necessary to divide the plan into different five-year periods because it allows the managers to

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan V

identify and redress any problems that emerge and complement the plan accordingly.

The development of the Management Plan has been facilitated and mediated by the Department of Cultural Heritage (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism) and the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province, represented by its Steering Committee for the Preparation of the Nomination Dossier for Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. Experts from the Vietnamese Association of Historical Sciences, the National Council for Cultural Heritage, the Institute of Archaeology, the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences, the National Commission for UNESCO have worked closely with the Conservation Center of the Ho Citadel to conduct various surveys and organize different scientific workshops during the past two years. The participation of the local community in the protection and conservation of the site, with their valuable ideas, has enabled the managers to harness the contribution of the local people. During the formulation of the plan, the invaluable feedbacks and advice from international experts and UNESCO have also been useful for us in making the plan suitable to the goals of UNESCO and the objectives set out in the Convention on the World Cultural Heritage of 1972 as well as the 1990 Charter on the protection and management of archaeological sites. The national experts of the working group who are directly involved in the formulation of the plan have worked whole-heartedly to give the Plan its current complete form.

We hope that the Management Plan will serve as a truly effective tool for the managers, researchers and the local community in the protection and promotion of the values of the Ho Citadel together with its unique natural landscape.

Vuong Van Viet

Vice-Chairman, the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan VI

INTRODUCTION

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan presented here is intended to be a legal framework, guiding the management and exploitation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in accordance with the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO 1972); the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 1972 of the World Heritage Centre with regard to nominated property to the World Heritage Site List; and the Law on Cultural Heritage of the Government of Vietnam.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan was developed recently by the property’s Management Board (It is now upgraded in to Conservation Center for Ho Citadel - CCHC) and the working group, in consultation with international experts from UNESCO and the English Heritage. The contents of this Plan are based mainly on the results of the research accomplished in history, archaeology and other related fields.

To ensure the effectiveness and success of the Plan, consultations with and the recommendations from national and international specialists, from UNESCO in particular, should be continued during the implementation of the Plan.

A vision of the Management Plan

The management plan was drawn up by the Management Board of the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee (PPC) in consultation with national institutions and specialists to manage the Nominated Site and its Buffer Zone in a sustainable manner. The intention is to:

Conserve, enhance and present the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property locally and internationally.

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan VII

Balance the needs of conservation, access, and interests of the local community including the achievement of sustainable economic growth through tourism at the site and other site-compatible activities.

To engage with and bring benefits to the local communities around the Nominated Site; to attract visitors to the area; to develop opportunities for education and learning; to create the opportunities for the people to generate income that adds value to the local economy which is partly reinvested in the running of the Nominated Site.

The objectives of the Management Plan

The overall objectives of the Management Plan for the protection and promotion of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty are:

1. to manage and conserve the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its environment in a way that will simultaneously protect, conserve and promote the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property;

2. to indicate a sustainable approach to the future management of the site, aiming to achieve a balance between conservation of the site itself and of its environmental and cultural landscape so as to set a foundation for sustainable development of social economy and sustainable tourism development;

3. to identify the needs for continuing conservation research of the property;

4. to improve the community’s awareness and knowledge of the cultural heritage manifested in the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty;

5. to promote cultural and educational values of this heritage among the local people and visitors;

CHAPTER 1. THE CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan 1

CHAPTER 1

THE CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY



1.1. General Information

1.1.1. “Citadel of the Ho Dynasty” or “Ho Citadel” in short writing is a stone walled citadel that was built on a basin between the Ma and the Buoi river (Longitude E 105021’10”; Latitude N 20004’43”). Coming from Hanoi, f one takes highway No. 1A to Thanh Hoa city (150km), then continues on the provincial highway No.45 from Thanh Hoa city to the site in Vinh Loc district (45km). The site can also be reached by boat from the South China Sea into the Len or Ma River towards the mountainous districts of Quan Hoa and Ba Thuoc (Map 1, 2).

1.1.2 The land where the citadel is located belongs to different villages, like Tay Giai, Xuan Giai (Vinh Tien commune) and Dong Mon (Vinh Long commune), Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Therefore it is also under the administrative responsibilities of these villages. Throughout its history, the citadel was renamed several times. During the late Tran period it was called “An Ton Citadel”; when it became the capital of the Dai Viet state (1397 to 1400), it was named as “Tay Do” or the “Western Capital”. It was then renamed as “Dai Ngu” (1400 to 1407) during Ho dynasty. When the Ming from China occupied Vietnam, it was named as “Thanh Hoa Thanh Phu” or “Thanh Hoa prefecture citadel”). Other names were also used, such as “Tay Kinh” or “the Western imperial citadel”, which was used to differentiate it from the Thang Long citadel (Dong Kinh or Eastern citadel); “Thach Thanh” or ‘Stone citadel”, because it was made of stone; “Tay Giai Citadel”, because it was located adjacent to the Tay Giai village.

1.1.3 The heritage of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (henceforth the Ho Citadel) is currently protected in accordance with the Law on Cultural Heritage and other relevant legal documents of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Thanh Hoa Province People’s Committee. The protected area of the heritage is not only the stone-walled citadel itself but also includes its related archaeological remains which contribute to a fully-constituted entity of an East Asian type of a capital city. So far, two more important archaeological sites are included in the nominated property, which are the La Thanh Outer Wall and the Nam Giao Altar.



1.1.4 The Ho Citadel nominated property is enclosed by a large Buffer Zone.The Buffer Zone is planned to preserve the natural and cultural environment of the heritage, which includes significant elements that represent the idea and architectral design of the builders of the Western Capital. The Buffer Zone includes an extensive area belonging to different communities each having its own administration. These communes are Vinh Long; Vinh Tien; Vinh Quang; Vinh Khang; Vinh Ninh and Vinh Loc town of Vinh Loc district (Map 3).

1.1.5 The natural landscape of the Ho Citadel seems to be perfectly selected according to the elements of the fengshui concept. Considering the Inner Citadel to be the center, in the North, there is a mountain range, including Mount Tuong Son, the Ma river is in the West, the Buoi River in the East, and the junction of the Ma and the Buoi River in the South. Other mountains scattered in this area seems also to be parts of the fengshui concept. These are Mount An Ton in the West, Mount Hac Khuyen in the East, Mount Don Son in the South.

1.1.6 The Ho Citadel is well-known not only by its physical existence, but also because it is mentioned by various sources in the historical records of Vietnamese chronicles. In recent years, systematic studies in archaeology have brought to light further understanding on various architectural components of this capital city. The surveys of the Buffer Zone give a deeper understanding of the rich sources of natural and cultural heritage, and the tradition of local people.



Google map showing the image of the Ho Citadel

1.2. Natural setting and environment

1.2.1 The Ho Citadel is located in a delta in the north-west of Vinh Loc district, at an average height of 12.5m above sea level. This is a beautiful natural landscape that represents the charming sense of mountain and water. The terrains of surrounding areas as well as the Inner Citadel itself are even and flat, and used



for cultivation. The land is composed of rice fields and secondary crop fields, of which the crop season is from May to October. Some villages are closely located to the gates of the Citadel. To its north are the fields of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long communes. To its south are Xuan Giai hamlet - meaning Spring Street hamlet and Vinh Loc town. To the east is the Dong Mon hamlet- meaning East Gate hamlet (Vinh Long commune). To the west is the Tay Giai hamlet - meaning West Street hamlet (Vinh Tien commune). Some names of these villages indicate the ancient architectural components which may relate to the Citadel.

Land scape of Vinh Loc plain

1.2.2. At the outer border of the area there are isolated mountains or mountain ranges, which were considered as an important geomantic feature for the Citadel. A mountain range, with Mount Tuong Son (Mount Elephant) as the highest peak, lies north of the property. In the south stands Mount Don Son. To



the east is Mount Hac Khuyen (or Mount Black Dog), on the banks of the Buoi River. The western side of the Citadel is protected by Mount An Ton and the Ma river. The Ma and Buoi rivers flow together at the south of Mount Don Son. At the far end of the area one can see many karts hills created by tectonic movements dating back to the creation of the Himalayas.

Mount Tho Tuong, view from the Southern Gate



1.2.3. Climate:

This area falls within the climate zone of northern Central Vietnam, with monsoon winds and cold weather in winter, and hot, dry weather in summer. Hydro meteorological records for the Vinh Loc area held by the Center for Hydrometeorology of Thanh Hoa province show that the average temperature from 1995-2009 fluctuated between 23.8 and 25.3ºC degrees. The monthly highest and lowest temperatures in each year did not see a big change (Appdix I- Tables1-3). The rainfall is lowest during December - January, and highest during July-August (Appdix I- Tables 4). The situation of humidity was similar (Appdix I- Tables 5). The Tropical low pressure is happened mainly in August and September (Appdix I- Tables 6).

1.2.4. Hydrography and water resources

The Ma River originates from Northern Vietnam and runs through Thanh Hoa province for 242km. This is the biggest river system in Thanh Hoa province. It runs for bout 7km along the Buffer Zone. Hydraulic observations at the Cam Thuy Gauging Station show that in 1975 Hmax = 21.75m, which means water discharge at 52.6m3/s. The water levels during 1995-2009 are shown in Appdix I- Tables 7-8. In 2007 Hmax = 21.87m (Appdix I- Table 12). Flood season runs from June to October, with the largest water discharge in August and September.

The Buoi River is 130km long and one of the tributaries of the Ma River. It originates in Hoa Binh province, flowing to Thanh Hoa province via Thach Thanh district and joining the Ma River at Vinh Khang commune south of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. This river also has other names, such as the Bao and the Bai Giang. The Buoi flows though the territory of Vinh Long, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Phuc and Vinh Khang communes, covering whole buffer zone. Like the Ma, the Buoi River was also used as a natural outer moat defending Tay Do Imperial City. The water levels of the Buoi river during 1995-2009 are shown in Appdix I- Tables 9 and 10, which is much lower in comparison with the Ma river. The highest floods recorded on the Buoi river are observed from Appdix I- Table 11.



Like at any other places around the world, possible impacts from climate changes should be considered. The most likely problem in northern Vietnam is an increase in temperature and in the number of tropical low-pressure events, like more storms and heavy rain falls, which cause more frequent floodings in the heritage area. It is thus necessary to take precautions against erosion and landslide in the property. We therefore are developing a natural disaster management plan based on the recorded data.

1.2.5 Geology

The Buffer Zone of the heritage area consists of three principal geological formations:

- Early Triassic sandstones and tuffs about 225 million years old, The sandstone contains fossils of Entolium and Gervillia mollusks. - Middle Triassic limestones nearly 200 million years old and containing fossils of the mollusks Entolium, Velopecten, Hoernesia and especially Pseudomonotis and Lima, as well as other Brachiopods. - Quaternary marine-transgression sediments about 12,000 to 3,000 years old, including clay, clay-flour and argillaceous sand containing fossils of Corbula, Turitella, Streblus, Elphidium, Gramostocum molluscks which lived in shallow marine and brackish conditions. These sediments form the surface of the plain where Vinh Ninh, Vinh Khang, Vinh Phuc, Vinh Tien, Vinh Long, Vinh Yen and Vinh Quang communes are located today.

Due to these geological features, the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is imbedded in a distinctive and very beautiful landscape.. Another important fact is that this area has a stable soil texture with good adhesive force and load intensity which provided the building material for the citadel. However, precautions should be taken in terms of potential landslides, collapses or earthquakes. The Ma River, is in the zone of earthquake risk level 7 (around 5.5 richter scale). Therefore the conservation of the site should be planned with consideration of this factor.



Location of Hoa Nhai road leading to Mount Don Son, view from the Southern Gate

1.3 Current land use

1.3.1 Until recently, there had been no detailed land-use survey for the whole area, including the Buffer Zone and Nominated Property. A detailed study has now been conducted for the development of the Management Plan for the protection, reconstruction and promotion of the cultural values of the Citadel of



the Ho Dynasty complex. Although the survvey has not yet covered the whole protected area, the status of land use within and surrounding the Nominated property is recorded, including land for historical sites, habitation, administrative headquarters, transportation, canals, agricultural production and cemetary.

1.3.2 A survey has been made of land use inside the Ho Citadel and the areas that extend from the stone walls, 300m to the north (adjacent to Cam Bao village), 500m to the east (Dong Mon hamlet), 500m to the west (Tay Giai hamlet), 156 m to the south (Xuan Giai hamlet), in a total area of 480ha.

Summary table of current status of land use (Inner Citadel and adjacent area)

No. Land category Scale Area (ha) Proportion ( %)

1 Land for housing 31,2 6,5 2 Land for monumental sites 79,0 16.1

3 Land for administrative headquarters 0.37 0.1

4 Land for public works 1.44 0.3 5 Land for school/education 1.45 0.3 6 Hilly land 0.32 0.1 7 Agricultural land 243.3 51,1 8 Land for cash crop 7.4 1.5

9 Pond, lake, river and water surface 10.3 2.1

10 Land for cemetery/graveyard 6.6 1.4 11 Land for transportation 4.5 0.9 12 Land for other purposes 93,0 19,6

Total 480 100.0

1.3.3 The land use survey will be completed across the whole Buffer Zone in the first 5 year plan.



1.4. Description of the property

1.4.1 The current heritage complex of the Ho Citadel includes three protected components:

1) The Inner Citadel: 142.2 ha

2) Nam Giao Altar: 4.3 ha

3) La Thanh Outer Wall: 9.0 ha

Total Nominated Area: 154.9 ha

They are surrounded by a Buffer Zone that encompasses all the natural and historical elements related to the establishment and development of the site.

Buffer Zone: 5078 ha

1.4.2. The Inner Citadel

The citadel (also called as Ho Citadel by the local people) is located in the central of the plain formed by the Ma and Buoi rivers. It is distinguished by the huge stone walls that were perfectly designed and firmly constructed on a square platform. Its main façade faces southeast, slanting 45 degrees north. In perimeter, the wall of the Ho Citadel is of 3513.4 meters which bordered the inner area of 769,086m2 (approximately equivalent to 77ha) (Kikuchi Sheiichi 2005). The main architectural components of the citadel, which are visible now, include the citadel wall and moat system, the stone gates and the remains of the water ponds. In addition, the underground archaeological vestiges are of great potentiality for research and conservation.



A part of the stone wall

- Citadel wall: The walls were built by the alignment of three vertical layers attached to each other by a special technique of construction: The outer layer “was made of huge cubes of karstic stones which were carefully shaped and skillfully linked to each other” (Louis Bezacier 1954). The foundation of the stone walls is made of very huge cubic stones which are even larger than the thickness of the walls. The middle part of the wall was made with the stones that overlap one another alternately. They are firmly linked together by tenons that were fixed as deep as 4 ms towards the core of the walls. All the spaces between the stones were stuffed with a mixture of smashed stone and soil. The inner layer is an earthen rampart, of which the soil was mixed with gravels and was well rammed.



It is estimated that more than 100.000 m3 of soil, and more than 20.000 tons of stones have been exploited and moved to the site for its construction (Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009: 70).

- The moat system: the walls are surrounded by a moat system, as seen in various other East Asian citadels. It was clearly visible in 19th century. Nowadays, it is partly filled up. Its vestiges are observed from the rice field, which is 0.8m lower than the surrounding area and 19.18ms in the widest area in the western part.

- Citadel gates

There are four gates on the walls of the Ho Citadel – the South, North, East and West gates. The gateways are vaulted and have a fairly similar method of construction to the walls, having large size stones placed at the foot of the gate as a consolidating base and smaller stones on top, forming the main body of the gate. The vault is composed of wedgelike (voussoir) stones, which were sophisticatedly designed by artisans. These gates seemed to have been perfectly and accuratedly constructed. They represent typical characteristics of the citadel. The South Gate opening has three entrances and is the largest gate, whereas the other three gates have only one entrance.

The existence of an enormous and magnificent wooden watchtower above the South gate is evidenced by the remains of a platform with a balcony rail, and pits for pillar bases, that were deeply carved into the platform. It is further proved by materials such as bricks, tiles, architectural decorations made of terracotta and stones found in the excavation trenches during 2008 in the South Gate area. Vestiges of a watchtower are also observed on the top of Northern gate.



Main entrance of Southern Gate

- Road network

As reported in historical records, the road patterns within the citadel were well arranged for comfortable transportation. Vestiges of roads for transportation of building stone are found in the area from Tay Giai to Tho Don villages, which is close to the west of the citadel. Vestiges of the Cai Hoa (Magnificent Great Road) that was paved with stone are unearthed from the 2008 excavation in the area of the South Gate. It supports the historical documents stating that the road



played a key role, as the main causeway through the citadel leading to Don Son Mountain. Remains of a stone paved courtyard, contiguous to the South Gate and the main road, have been also found inside and outside the citadel wall. Historical sources recorded that this courtyard was the location where popular residents could attend to the holding of festivals.

- Archaeological remains of architectural monuments inside the Citadel

Literary sources have recorded the names of significant palaces within the imperial area, for instance: Hoang Nguyen Palace (palace for the King to hold the court), Nhan Tho Palace (residence of the King’s Highest Father), Dong Palace – Eastern Palace – (residence of the King), Phu Cuc Palace (residence of the Queen), Dong Thai Mieu – East Royal Temple (temple for worshiping Ho’s ancestors), Tay Thai Mieu – West Royal Temple (temple for worshipping Tran’s ancestors – the king’s maternal side, such as kings Tran Minh Tong and Tran Nghe Tong), and Xa Tac Altar – for honoring the Gods of Land and Cereals. A network of stone-paved paths linked all these different palaces and temples together (Dai Viet Chronicles). Popular stories also retain the name and location of other structures with various functions, mentioning some that served for the daily lives of the residents living in the Citadel, such as Ao Vang, Doi Den, or Nha Nguc…, presumably meaning treasure, light tower, and prison… Archaeological remains of architectural foundation and related building material unearthed in the so called Nen Vua (meaning Foundation of the King) near the central area of the citadel indicate that these structures are still well preserved under the ground.

- The lakes inside the Citadel

Historical documents dating back to the 19th century tell about the vestiges of Mount Tho Ky and Duc Thuy Lake (Lưu Công Đạo 1816). Folk stories also explain the remains of lakes. The vestiges of four large lakes at the corners of the citadel are still visible today. They are Duc Thuy lake at the northwest corner, Boi Chai (Boat Racing) lake at the southwest corner, Ban Nguyet (Half Moon) lake at the northeast corner, Duc Tuong (Elephant bathing) lake at the southeast corner.



1.4.3. La Thanh Outer Wall

La Thanh Outer wall

La Thanh Outer Wall was erected in September 1399. It is the outer defence that served for the protection of the buildings and the residences within the capital. La Thanh is about 10km long, located between one or three km away from the citadel wall. The outer wall encircled the capital which was bounded by the Mounts of Don Son (Vinh Thanh commune), Hac Khuyen – Black Dog (Vinh Long commune), Kim Nguu and Tuong Son – Yellow Buffalo and Elephant (Vinh Quang commune) and by the Buoi and Ma rivers. The Outer Wall



integrates in harmony within the natural setting of the citadel and is very well adapted to the surrounding topography. The protection system made use, for the most part, of the natural setting. Only some parts were man-made for connecting them together or were reinforced with pounded-earth and bamboo brushwood fences.

Due to the change of the river flow, natural impacts and human activities, many parts of La Thanh outer wall are no longer visible. However, well preserved remains of the rampart can be seen in the fields of Vinh Phuc (to the southeast) and of Vinh Long (to the northeast), and are over 3kms long. The most integral remaining part of the outer wall in Vinh Long field has been protected as part of the nominated property. It has a trapezeoidal cross-section. The outer side is an abrupt slope while its inner side is only slightly slanted, with steps that are 1.5m each in height. The rampart was built with earth taken from two sides or with laterite soil from the adjacent mounts.

1.4.4. Nam Giao Altar

The successor of Ho Quy Ly -King Ho Han Thuong - ordered in August 1402 the building of the Nam Giao Altar on Mount Don Son. It was during this year that the first Heaven-worshiping Ceremony of the Ho Dynasty took place on this new altar.

Ongoing archaeological excavations since 2004 have unearthed the foundation of Nam Giao Altar on the slope in between the two mountain peaks, which were considered as symbolizing two arms of a throne - an element of Fengshui principles. The site covers a surface of about 1.5ha, including some terraced floors.

So far the archaeological evidences show that the altar had at least four surrounding circuits of walls, of which three sets of stone foundations have been unearthed. All the circuits are centered on the same point but have different shapes. The plan of the innermost wall was polygonal with two beveled edges at the northwest and southeast corners. The second circuit was rectangular in plan surrounding the polygonal wall. The third outer circuit has only been partly



excavated. It encircled all the terraced levels of the altar with straight walls and with two symmetrical curved sections at the northwest and southeast corner.

Archaeological site of Nam Giao Alta

The Nam Giao Altar was also well planned with drainage systems, paved paths in between the walls, doorway connecting the areas and a central axis running from the foot of the mountain to the main worshiping area. Remains of



asquare water well have been unearthed in the lower southeast corner of the Altar. A large quantity of building materials, including brick, tile, stone blocks, terracotta decorative components, and ceramics, proves that the ceremonial architectures were magnificently roofed and decorated.

1.4.5. The Buffer Zone

The Buffer Zone encompasses some 5485 ha. It takes in extensive land belonging administratively to different communes: Vinh Long; Vinh Tien; Vinh Quang; Vinh Khang; Vinh Ninh and Vinh Loc town. Its natural setting is typical with hilly areas concentrated on the northern side and mainly scattered on the eastern and southern areas. The vast lands of the plain surround the Inner Citadel and alternate between the mountains. The Ma and Buoi rivers while flanking the east and the west borders of the Buffer Zone, provide good places for landing and alluvial ground for agricultural cultivation. Natural and cultural heritage is richly preserved in the Buffer Zone. There are a number of different areas within the Buffer Zone.

1.4.5.1 Mountainous landscape with Cavern and cave beauty spots:

The beautiful landscape of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is represented firstly with the mountains. There are several mountains that were selected to represent elements of fengshui principles:

Mount Don Son (also called Mount Dun): is located in Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, which is 2.5km to the Southeast of the Inner Citadel. It is considered as “Tien an” (Frontal table) of fengshui theory for the Inner Citadel. The mountain has two peaks with the height of 71m and 49m from sea level. The Nam Giao altar was built on the Northeastern slope of the Mount.

Mount Tho Tuong (also called as Mount Voi) is 1.5km from the Northern gate of the Inner Citadel. Its peak is 117m high from sea level. It is considered as “Hau cham” (Rear Pillow) of the Inner Citadel based on fengshui theory.



Mount An Ton

Mount An Ton is 2km from the Western gate of the Inner Citadel. The Mount has 2 highest peaks of 122m and 114m from sea level. Some theories and documentations considered that the rocks used to build the Inner Citadel were exploited from this mountain.

In addition, several other mountains, such as the Mount Eo Le, 3kms to the Northwestern, the Cam Vien mountain range, 3.5kms to the Southeastern…



contribute beautiful scenery for the Buffer Zone by their “overlapped tray” type transversal bedding rock structure.

Scenery of Mount Tien Si and lake

1.4.5.2 Cavern, cave beauty spots:

The rocky mountain range in the Buffer Zone is considered as “Ha Long Bay on land”, of which limestone mountains create particularly



interesting natural caves, caverns. They were related to the history of Ho Dynasty and become typical scenic spots.

Ho Cong Cavern is located on Mount Xuan Dai, Vinh Ninh Commune, about 4.5 km to the Southwest of the Inner Citadel. According to the legend it was a place of refining fairy medicine made by Ho Cong and Dong Tu. Located at the height of about 50-60m from the plain, natural landscape of mountain, river and green field creates miraculous scenery for the cavern, which was named as “Thirty six caverns of Nam country, Ho Cong is the first”. Around 20 Sino-Nom inscriptions preserved on the wall of the cavern were of many poets, writers who visited and praised its beautiful scenery. Kings Le Thanh Tong (1460-1497), Le Hien Tong (1498-1504) and Lord Trinh Sam (1767-1782) were particularly included.

Nang Cave (or Ngoc Thanh cavern) is located on Mount An Ton, at the height of about 20m from the plain. According to legend, Ho Quy Ly detained King Tran Thieu De and his two concubines in this place.

Eo Le Cavern (or Le Son Cavern) is located on Mount Eo Le, at the height of about 50m from the plain. Ma River is bending below.



Ho Cong cave on Mount Xuan Dai

1.4.5.3. River, Lake and beauty spots

These contribute not only for the colorful picture of the natural landscape but also preserve history and legend related to the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

Ma River: Rising from Dien Bien Phu (Northern Vietnam) and flowing through Laos, Ma River flows into Thanh Hoa territory at Muong Lat district and through Ba Thuoc, Cam Thuy districts to Vinh Loc district. In Vinh Loc



district, it flows through Vinh Quang, Vinh Yen, Vinh Tien, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Ninh, Vinh Khang communes, serving as the natural border line for the northwest and southwest sides of Buffer Zone. Historically, several events of the Tran-Ho dynasties happened on this river section which was also called as Loi Giang River. The Ho Dynasty used Ma River firstly as a natural outer defensive moat for the protection of the Imperial City. It was then used as a waterway to carry materials, and for commercial exchange. It was also a place of sightseeing for the king and the royal family. Geographical names such as Ben Da (stone landing place), Ben Ngu (Royal landing place) and Ben Giang (Giang landing place) still exist until now.

Buoi River is a tributary of the Ma River which is about 130 km long. Originating from Hoa Binh province, it flows to Thanh Hoa via Thach Thanh district and joins Ma River at Vinh Khang Commune in the South of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. This river also has other name as Bao or Bai Giang River. Buoi River borders the east and southeastern side of the Buffer Zone. Like the Ma River, it was also used as natural outer defensive moat for the protection of the Imperial City.



Ma river landscape

Mau An Ton (it has other names as My Dam, My Xuyen or Mau Re lake). It is about 1.5 km to the Northwest of the Inner Citadel. According to legend, the lake is the remain part of a canal digged by the Ho Dynasty for connecting the Tay Do Imperial city with Ma River. Now the lake is preserved with length of about 2 km, width of 100 m and variety of original creatures.

1.4.5.3 Standing monuments and traditional architectures

A number of standing monuments and traditional architectures are well preserved in the traditional villages and on the mountains scattered in the Buffer Zone.



Buddhist pagodas are generally located in the beautiful scenery of the mountains or river banks. Their architectural and religious elements add more cultural values for the Buffer Zone and have been recognized as cultural heritage at national level.

Giang Pagoda (or Tuong Van Pagoda) is about 2.5 km to the Southeast of the Inner Citadel. The Pagoda was built on the foot of Don Son Mountain during the Tran Due Ton reign (1372 - 1377).

Nhan Lo Pagoda (or Gio Pagoda), is about 2.5 km to the Southwest of the Inner Citadel. The Pagoda is located in a beautiful place along the bank of Ma River. According to legend, the Pagoda was built in Tran Dynasty to serve as worshiping place of the mandarins and soldiers in Tay Do Imperial City.

Du Anh Pagoda (or Thong pagoda) was built at the foot of rocky ramp in the west of Xuan Dai Mountain, 4.5km to the Southwest of the Inner Citadel. Legend said that Princess Du Anh (Tran dynasty) went sightseeing and found this charming landscape. She ordered the building of the pagoda in 1270 and it was named after her.

Linh Giang Pagoda is about 2km to the Southwest of the Inner Citadel. The pagoda is situated next to Ben Ngu (Royal landing place) on the Ma river, where Tran-Ho Kings and the mandarins traveled for pleasure. The pagoda was rebuilt several times and now preserves architectural appearance of the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945).



Tam Tong temple

Temples are other type of religious architectures, where the heroes who made great contribution to the area or country are worshipped. In the Buffer Zone of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, most of the existed temples are related to Tran Khat Chan, a general of the Tran dynasty who contributed to the construction of the citadel and was killed by Ho Quy Ly. These include Tran Khat Chan Temple, which was built on North Eastern side of Don Son mountain in 16th century, about 2.5 km to the Southeast of the Inner Citadel; Tam Tong Temple which is about 400m to the South of the Inner Citadel; Ha Luong Temple, which is located in Ha Luong village, 3,5 km to the Southwest of the Inner Citadel. In this temple, both Tran Khat Chan and Luu Hung Hieu, who were born in Ha Luong village is worshipped.

Binh Khuong Temple is situated adjacent to the Eastern wall of the Internal Citadel. The legend said that Binh Khuong Lady is the wife of Tran Cong Sy, who directing the construction of the eastern wall of Tay Do Citadel. The wall once collapsed, her husband was then killed. She broke her head to the stone wall. She was then worshiped at the same place.



Communal houses are well preserved with wooden architectural tradition and the local belief in the tutelary god of the Vietnamese villages. Several valuable examples of the communal houses exist in the Buffer Zone, including Yen Ton Thuong communal house of Yen Ton Thuong village, which was located in the foot of the An Ton Mount, 2.5km to the west of the Inner Citadel; Dong Mon communal house of Dong Mon village, which is about 150m to the east of the Eastern gate of the Inner Citadel; Tay Giai communal house of Tay Giai village, which is about 2 km to the northwest of the Inner Citadel; Phu Luu communal house of Phu Luu village, which was about 2 km to the northwest of the Inner Citadel.

Traditional house of Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung



Several traditional villages originated at the same period as the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, even earlier or later. In some villages, place names are typical features that related to the Citadel of the Ho dynasty. Archaeological remains and artifacts are also found in some villages, which indicate a great potential for buried cultural heritage. Typical villages include Tay Giai village located outside the west wall of the Inner Citadel; Xuan Giai village located outside the south wall of the Inner Citadel; Dong Mon village located outside the east wall of the Inner Citadel; Trac village located in Vinh Long commune; on the right bank of Buoi River. Vestiges of Dong Son culture (from 8th-7th BC to 1st-2nd AD) have been found from this village.

Traditional houses represent typical architectural tradition and way of life of the local people. One example is the house of Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung in Tay Giai village, Vinh Tien commune. It is 200m away from the western gate of the Inner Citadel. The house was built in 1810. In 2002, JICA of Japan provided finance support for the research, preservation and restoration of this traditional house. In 2004, it was recognized by UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage program as one of the most typical ancient houses of Vietnam. In addition, there are many traditional houses being preserved in the villages of the Buffer Zone, which are datable to the 19th - early 20th centuries).

The presence of the Church architecture reflects a new development in the history of Vietnamese architecture and belief. One Christian church is located in Nhan Lo village, which is 2,5 km to the Southwest of the Inner Citadel. The Church was built in 1866 and named as Xu Nhan Lo church. It was rebuilt several times in 1877, 1881. In 1998, the church was restored as at present.



1.5. History and cultural significance of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

1.5.1 History

According to the Vietnamese Chronicles, the Ho Citadel was built from January to March of 1397, by the order of Ho Quy Ly, a Prime Minister of the Tran Dynasty (1225-1400). The Ho Citadel officially became capital of the Tran dynasty between 1398 and 1399, and of the Ho dynasty from 1400 to 1407.

The decision to move the capital from Thang Long Citadel (Hanoi) to a new location was the result of many reasons. One reason was to prevent the situation of Dai Viet state falling into a profound and widespread crisis during the late 14th century and to avoid the attacks of the foreign aggressors. It was also considered that the new location was favorable to transportation both on land and by water, and that the diversified terrain with mountains and rivers, provided advantageous conditions for keeping control throughout the state from north to south.

A terracotta dragon head (excavation in Southern Gate - 2008)



The Ho dynasty accelerated economic reform by building streets, opening the One Thousand Miles route connecting the Citadel with Hoa Chau Citadel (in present Hue area) and digging canals that reached as far as the seaport, which led to more convenient traffic for boats and ships, thereby giving the citadel the status of a central capital.

After being occupied by the Chinese Ming army, the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (or Western Imperial Citadel) lost its status. It was then used as a military citadel from 1407 to 1427, and then variously as a district administrative citadel, a military citadel of the Restored Le dynasty or being abandoned during 15th -18th centuries.

The Inner Citadel and its historical landscape



1.5.2 Cultural significance of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

The almost intact appearance of the Ho Citadel and its well preserved cultural and natural landscape represent great cultural significance and values that make it possible for the proposed statement of Outstanding Universal Value of the nomination to the World Heritage List.

The Nominated Property comprises the Inner Citadel, part of the Outer Wall of the city and the Nam Giao altar, which is the principal surviving parts of the Imperial Citadel, built in 1397 in Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province. This capital city was an attempt to re-establish the Vietnam state in accordance with the principles of pragmatic Confucianism.

It is a notable physical representation of the harmony of the cultures in the past; it reflects important exchanges of Oriental cultural values, specially the practice of Confucianism. It demonstrates the employment of architecture to show royal thinking in an East Asian style and the will to carry out reforms following general trends of the era; it exploits the elements of natural scenery together with talented creation, based on traditional knowledge of construction from East Asia, South East Asia and Vietnam, in terms of space management and architectural elements designs for a centralized monarchy imperial city in the late 14th and early 15th Century.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is the notable evidence of monarchical power in Vietnam in the late 14th and early 15th Century. The citadel is a heritage that was built during a period of reform and subsequent disorder in Vietnamese society which experienced the Ho Dynasty’s reforms and ideas on initiative protection of the Nation’s independence. It is also a notable cultural hallmark of a civilization that had a short life due to invasion and war. Although these reformed ideas did not immediately succeed, the Ho Dynasty’s policies and new reforms were followed and developed brilliantly in the later historical stages, after the country regained its independence in 1428.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is a construction that has globally notable values within the architectural style of Oriental imperial cities and which once



served as the centre of power and military stronghold. Built on the standards of a Chinese royal citadel, the Ho Citadel perfectly represents the symbol of royal power together with theocracy; it shows the talented skillful combination of the architecture with the cultural and the natural scenery. The heritage citadel is a grandiose construction thanks to its engineering and the skill of its big stone construction and because of the combination of unique traditions of construction in Vietnam and South East Asia in the late 14th and early 15th Century.

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its cultural and natural context contain all the elements necessary to express its Outstanding Universal Value. Thanks to the unique construction process that used durable and firm materials, especially huge stone blocks, the Ho Citadel is very well preserved, while its natural landscape has remained unchanged. The citadel falls among a few imperial city vestiges in East Asia and South East Asia that have not yet been influenced by the process of urbanization process; the scenery and architectural size have been preserved nearly intact both above and underground. Because of the lack of development and the good state of survival of the site above and below ground, Citadel of the Ho Dynasty has a high level of authenticity in terms of its location and setting, form and design, material and substance.

Judged against the six criteria established by UNESCO for evaluating outstanding universal significance for cultural sites (Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, 2008, Para 77), Citadel of the Ho Dynasty meets Criteria ii, iii and iv as follows:

Criterion (ii)

The nominated property exhibits important interchanges of values in Chinese Confucianism influence for a symbol of regal centralized power in the late 14th century – early 15th century. It represents new developments in architectural style with respect to technology and urban planning in an East Asian and Southeast Asian context, making full use of the natural surroundings and incorporated distinctly Vietnamese and East and Southeast Asian elements in its monuments and urban landscape.

Criterion (iii)



The nominated property demonstrates and provides evidence of the determination to pursue the reformist programs to build an increasingly powerful state and create new cultural identities on the grounds of traditional values in term of art, architecture and urban design. It therefore bears an exceptional testimony to a period of strengthening traditional values and promoting new ideological movements in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Criterion iv

The nominated property outstandingly represents architectural construction type of a new style of Southeast Asian imperial city with great achievements in engineering and in its use of stone material handcrafted with the science and the technological conditions of Vietnam, East Asia and South East Asia during the period of late 14th - Early 15th Centuries.

CHAPTER 2 - STATE OF CONSERVATION …

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan

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Mount An Ton, view from the Southern Gate

CHAPTER 2

STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY



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2.1. Present state of conservation

The proposed property was came into being more than 600 years ago and has survived many wars as well as natural and human threats. Therefore, although being well preserved it also has been partly affected, damaged and deformed. Due to the differences in the building techniques and various materials used for its construction and repair over time, the rate and state of conservation is different. The current state of the components can be described as follows:

2.1.1. The Inner Citadel

Important elements of the Inner Citadel still stand and are well preserved. They consist of the citadel wall, gates, parts of the moat and lakes, and archaeological remains of imperial architecture.

The city’s wall and its stone gates are in fairly good condition. The wall was built in three different sections. The outer section was built from very large stone blocks. The technique used to construct the outer section of the wall and its foundation provided great strength. The next section is a mixture of rocks and earth and the third section is ramped earth only.

However, some segments of the city walls and some parts of the gates have been damaged (Nomination Dossier, Section 4, pp. 123-126).

The moat, leading around the citadel wall, has partly survived. Many segments are filled up and were leveled some time ago for rice cultivation. The clearest traces of the moat are observed in the East Gate in Dong Mon hamlet. However, other segments can clearly be traced on sunken rice fields, particularly in the rainy season.

Several actions were undertaken by the CCHC and by other agencies at local and central levels to conserve the current state of the site. Additionally, close co-ordination and co-operation between national and foreign agencies has been set up. The initiatives are summarized in the Nomination Dossier (Section 4, pp. 128-129).



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A section of the southern wall

2.1.2. The La Thanh Outer Wall

The La Thanh Outer Wall is formed by high embankments that are connected to natural mounds and surrounding hills. Documents indicate that species of thorny bamboo were planted on its outer side. According to historical records, the La Thanh Outer Wall ran from Mount Don Son (Vinh Thanh commune) in the south, up to the north-east to Mount Tuong Son (Vinh Long commune). It was connected north of Mount An Ton to the Bao Dam Gate in the North which adjaced to Mount Tuong Son Mountain. In the west, the Outer wall ran from Kha Lang Market (now the West Market) at Vuc Son (now Vinh Yen commune) to the area



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of Ben Da (means Stone Landing place) at the bank of Loi Giang river- another name of Ma River (Vinh Tien commune). Many of the wall sections described in historical records are no longer visible and many segments of the Outer Wall have dissapeared, possibly owing to the change of the river flow. However, traces of the La Thanh Outer Wall are still clear in some places. The most intact segment is located in the northeast, in Vinh Long commune. The rate of erosion is quite low because the earth base below this segment is carefully compacted and stable and a thick layer of wild grass covers its surface. This segment is far from residential area so encroachment is insignificant.

There are mountain ranges, hills and mounds relating to the La Thanh Outer Wall that were used as parts of the protective rampart. In generall, these elements preserve their natural aspects. Nevertheless, there are different existing threats to the La Thanh Outer Wall: erosion caused by torrential rain fall, any building activities, or use of rampant earth, may have to be modified the original form of the La Thanh Outer Wall. In addition, the exploitation of land and the

A section of La Thanh Outer Wall



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need of local people for stone risks ruining important remaining sections of the Outer Wall. Specific measures are taken in the Management Plan to prevent local people from using the area. Specifically, the most preserved section of the La Thanh Outer Wall have been selected for zoning and strictly protected, thereby preventing further destruction to this portion of the site.

2.1.3 The Nam Giao Altar

The Nam Giao Altar is located on the southwestern side of Don Son Mount. A large portion of the site has been excavated by the Institute of Archaeology since 2004. As a result, the main architectural foundation system, which was built of stone, mountain soil mixed with gravel or smashed stone and pieces of brick, has been uncovered. Many elements and artefacts related to the architectural structures, mainly tiles, terra-cotta decorations and some iron artifacts have also been found. The present situation show that there are modern tombs located at the foot of the mount. The lower terrain of the mountain is adjacent to an inhabited zone where big trees are being grown. Several households have settled in the southern part of the site. During the excavation, some households have been moved to other area. A plan of moving the remaining residential houses is to be implemented in the next years.

Archaeological remains in Nam Giao Altar site are subject of deterioration



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2.2. Factors affecting the property

2.2.1. Development pressures

In 1962 the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was recognized as national heritage because of the inherent values that have remained within well-preserved components of the site. This decision assisted with the preservation of the Inner Citadel property from the impact of social and economic development. So far, economic growth in the area has not directly affected the components of the citadel complex. However, the increasing local population and expansion of settlements closed to the citadel are indirect threats to the preservation of the property. Some small shops and restaurants have opened a long the main road running outside the Southern Gate of the Citadel, the construction of some private houses has narrowed the moat. In early 2010, these houses were re-located for the purpose of site protection. Furthermore, the continuing urbanization of Vinh Loc town, if not well-planned and managed, will affect the integrity of the property. The construction of the regional road in the Buffer Zone, including a road that superimposed on the ancient stone-paved Imperial way running from the South Gate to Don Son Mountain may cause damage to the underlying archaeological remains. Without a long-term preservation plan, the restoration of the whole Imperial road is impossible and only small sections will be able to be restored. The nearby lime stone mountains are an integral part of the heritage landscape. However, owing to their proximity to local inhabited areas, limestone exploitation continues to supply civil construction. It is thus necessary to control quarrying to protect the natural and cultural landscape of the property. On 27th August of 2010, 3 Decisions have been issued by the Thanh Hoa PPC to stop lime stone quarrying in 3 areas in the Buffer Zone of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. Provincial government will need to identify the new quarrying sites that not cause bad effects to the landscape of the property. For local building material, it is essential to encourage the use of traditional bamboo and palm tree.

2.2.2 Environmental Pressures

2.2.2.1 Environmental pollution: So far, regional construction and production remains relatively under-developed, and so has caused no serious environmental problems to affect the property. As growth progresses, however, it will be critical to prevent people living near the site from pouring sewage into the



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moat of the Citadel and in the adjacent areas, and to teach them how to deal with garbage hygienically. The Regulation on the preservation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is the main implementing protective measure. Activities of awareness raising on the cultural value of the site among the people and the providing of needed facilities are included in the Action plan of the Management Plan..

2.2.2.2. Impacts of climate change: Possible impacts of climate change should be considered in relation to the property of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, like any other around the world. The most likely problems in northern Vietnam are increases in temperature and the number of tropical low-pressure events, which bring more wind and rain, and the possibility of more frequent flooding caused by storms.

Climate change may cause bad effect to the archaeological artifacts



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As indicated in the Nomination Dossier (Section 4), adverse environmental impacts on the Ho Citadel are likely to flow from increases in temperature, rainfall, wind and drought. Climate change has not yet had serious effects on the physical components of the site, but combinations of these factors may cause flooding in the Ma and Buoi rivers and landslides. Variations in monthly average rainfall throughout the year and in specific months, and in the number of tropical low-pressure events reflect unstable natural processes which could cause sudden storms and floods in the heritage area. It is thus necessary to take precautions against erosion and land collapse in the property. We therefore are developing a natural-risk management plan based on the recorded data.

2.2.3. Natural disaster and risk (earthquake, flood, fire, etc.)

Over the last 600 years, no earthquake that could affect the citadel has been recorded. There is historical evidence that lightening has hit the palaces inside the citadel several times, so it is imperative to establish an effective anti-lightening system to prevent damage. Natural calamities, especially storms, floods and hail, are also very threatening. Fire is most unlikely as long as there are no construction works or any people living in the citadel. However, fire prevention and fire-fighting procedures is being integrated into prospective plans for development of future cultural works in the Inner Wall and other sensitive areas.

As noted, the city walls and gates are relatively well conserved because they were built by special techniques using strong stone blocks. However, it is important to remark that collapse, breakage or movement of the blocks’ positions may further damage the Citadel, especially when such threats are exacerbated by natural factors such as rain and storms. Owing to the size of the area inside the citadel, drainage should be considered to avoid negative impacts on the walls. The southwest wall corner was previously opened for drainage purposes. That action, however, affected the stability of the wall corner. Consequently, an overall drainage method should be installed to protect the walls in storm season and the southwest corner should be restored. This task of improving drainage at the site has been given to hydrological engineer.

The main threat to the Nam Giao Altar site comes from landslides and collapse caused by rain and floods. This threat is increased by the impact of temperature, light and moisture on the material composition of the structures.



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Special attention has been paid to the above elements by regular monitoring. It should be specifically focused when conservation and restoration plans are worked out. Such plans will be undertaken with the assistance of specialists from Conservation Center for Cultural Heritage (CCCH, which is under the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism - MOSCT), Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning (VIAP, which is under the Ministry of Construction - MOC).

Landslides and collapse caused by rain and floods are the main threats to the Nam Giao Altar site

2.2.4. Visitor pressure

The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is well recognized among scholars. Most national and international scientific study missions to the site have acknowledged the significance of the site. In recent years, the site has attracted ever-larger numbers of visitors. For the present, these visitors have not exerted much pressure on the site. However, with conservation and restoration of the site by the Thanh Hoa province, the Citadel will be a significant place in the provincial network of cultural and natural heritage sites. When overall restoration of its components and Nam Giao Altar is completed, and especially if the site is inscribed in UNESCO’s



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World Heritage List, we can assume that it will attract larger number of tourists and visitors.

Number of visitors to the Ho Citadel between 2006 and 2009

Year 200

6 200

7 200

8 200

9

Number of visitors 15.0

00 16.5

00 19.0

00 20.0

00

(Source: Conservation Centrer of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty )

Thus, to ensure the demands of the potential visitors and to facilitate the protection of the site, it is necessary to develop a tourist management plan. This plan is begining to take shape (see 8.2.1)

International researchers visit the Nam Giao Altar site (2009)



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Discussion for the development of the Management Plan

CHAPTER 3

CURRENT PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT



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3.1. Ownership

Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the Thanh Hoa PPC, the Vinh Loc District People’s Committee (DPC) and the Conservation Center of the Ho Citadel are entitled to manage the property in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

3.2. Protective decisions

3.2.1. Protective decisions for the Nominated property

Three components of the nominated property are strictly protected by Law of Cultural Heritage:

- The Ho Citadel (Inner Citadel) is been recognized as national heritage since 28 April 1962, according to the Decision 313-VH/VP by the Minister of Culture (currently Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MOCST) of the Republic of Vietnam (presently Socialist Republic of Vietnam).

- The Nam Giao Altar is a protected area and has been recognized as a national archeological heritage since 18 October 2007, according to the Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL by MOCST.

- The heritage value of the La Thanh Outer Wall has been assessed. The CCHC is currently in coordination with the People’s Committee of the Vinh Long Commune to protect the site, according to the Law of Land. The CCHC is also finalizing the file for transferring land use right rom the Vinh Long Commune to the CCHC.

3.2.2. Protective decisions for cultural heritages in the Buffer Zone

Several historical and monumental sites in the Buffer Zone have been inventoried and recognized as cultural heritage at the provincial and national levels. They are preserved according to Vietnam’s Law of Cultural Heritage. Other components of the Buffer Zone are protected by the Law of Cultural Heritage as well as the specific laws described below:



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- The mountains and their beauty spots, caves, lakes and the like in the Buffer Zone are protected according to the Law on Environmental Protection of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, number 52/2005/QH11 promulgated on November 29, 2005. Chapter 4, Article 31, Para 2 states that "Organizations and individuals engaged in activities of planning, construction, manufacture, trade, services, must ensure the requirements of preservation and improvement of natural landscape". These areas are also protected according to the Mineral Law, which allows the government to announce areas where mining activities are prohibited (or temporarily prohibited) for national defense, security, historical or cultural reasons or other reasons in the public interest. (Article 14)

- The rivers and dykes associated with the property, including the vestiges of the La Thanh Outer Wall, are protected according to the Ordinance on Dykes, which prohibits “Exploiting soil, rock, sand, gravel or other minerals; digging ponds, wells and dredging watercourses within the dyke protection limit” and “Discharging waste matters into the dyke protection limit, river sandbanks, river beds; storing materials on dykes, except materials reserved for flood and storm prevention and combat” (Ordinance on Dyke, Chapter III, Article 11, Para. 1 and 4).

- In the Buffer Zone, all the land, except zones protected by the Law of Cultural Heritage, is managed by the local government, according to the Law on Land of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The first 5-year plan of the Management Plan will focus on establishment of borders for the protected zoning areas. Revision of the Regulation is also realized to provide effective policies and measures for the implementation of the protection and preservation of zoning areas.

3. 3. National laws

The property is protected by a system of legal documents on cultural heritage of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, in particular:

- Law on Cultural Heritage, amended and approved by the National Assembly of the S.R of Vietnam on 29/6/2001. Order No. 09/2001/L-CTN signed by the President on 12/7/2001, taken into effect on 01/01/2002;



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- Decree No. 92/2002/NĐ-CP of the Government dated 11/11/2002 on the detailed guidelines on the implementation of the Law on Cultural Heritage;

- Decision No. 17006/2001/QĐ-BVHTT of the Minister of Culture and Information dated 24/7/2001, on the approval of Master Plans on conservation and promotion of historical and cultural relics and natural landscapes until 2020;

- Decision No. 05/2003/QĐ-BVHTT of the Minister of Culture and Information (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism at present) dated 6/02/2003, on the issuance of regulations on restoration of historical and cultural relics and natural landscape;

3. 4. Protection measures

The Regulations on management, protection and promotion of the property approved by the Thanh Hoa PPC in 2007 is the basic measure for the protection of the area. In addition, the following legal documents are essential to deal with the issues related to land use, stone quarrying, environmental and landscape management:

- Law on Land of Vietnam issued in 2004. According to this law, agricultural production of the local people is strictly stipulated in the regulation on management, protection, and promotion of the value of the property by the Thanh Hoa PPC in 2007;

- Law on minerals was passed by Legislature IX of the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its ninth session on 20 March 1996, Law on amendments and supplements to the Law on Minerals (the revised law), which came into effect on the 1st October, 2005. Article 14 of the revised law allows the government to announce areas where mining activities are prohibited (or temporarily prohibited) for national defence, security, historical or cultural reasons or other. According to this Law, stone quarrying companies who are operating in the mountains have been stopped by the Decisions numbers 3045/QD-UBND, 3046/QD-UBND, 3047/QD-UBND in the same day of 27th August, 20010 by the Thanh Hoa PPC.



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- Law on Environmental Protection. According to this Law, the use and exploitation of nature reserves and natural landscapes must be subject to permission by the sectoral management authority concerned and the State management agency for environmental protection and must be registered with the local People's Committees entrusted with the administrative management of these conservation sites (Article 13). The strictly prohbited activities (Article 29) are applied in the Buffer Zone to ensure the protection of its natrual landscape and environment.

3. 5. Current planning

In addition to the Master Plan for socio-economic development of Vinh Loc district to the year 2010, and orientation to 2020, several projects are conducted in the nominated property and Buffer Zone, including:

1. In the nominated area:

- Project of building temporary storage houses, exhibition rooms and working offices of the Conservation Center of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. Scale 39,000m2 (Location: Near the south-eastern wall of the Inner Citadel); Implementing organization: Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh Hoa province; Proposed Period: 2010 – 2011.

- Archaeological Project on general surveying and excavation of Nam Giao Altar. Scale 24,000m2 (Location: Nam Giao Altar site, Vinh Thanh commune); Implementing organization: Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh Hoa province and the Vietnamese Institute of Archaeology; Period: 2004 – 2011.

- Archaeological Project on exploration and excavation of the Inner citadel and the La Thanh Outer wall; Scale: the Inner Citadel,100m2; La Thanh, 30m2 (Location: Inner Citadel; La Thanh Outer wall, Vinh Long Commune); Implementing organization: Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh Hoa province and the Vietnamese Institute of Archaeology. Period: August – September 2010.

2. In the Buffer Zone:



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- Project of communication route from Cong bridge (Vinh Phuc Commune) to Vinh Long Commune. Location: aside the Buoi river; Implementing organization: People Committee of Vinh Loc District.

3. 6. Administrative agencies

The Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was established according to the Decision No. 2264/QĐ-UBND of the Chairman of the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee on 30/7/2007 and being upgraded as Conservation Center for Ho Citadel, according to the Decision No. 3341 /QĐ-UBND of the Chairman of the Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee on 21/9/2010. The Conservation Center is structured to ensure the fulfillment of its responsibilities and respond to day-to-day activities for all aspects of management of the nominated property and the standing monuments in the Buffer Zone.

Surveying in the La ThanhOuter Wall



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Bureau of Culture of Vinh Loc District and the culture staff of the communes are respond to the management of culture property in the Buffer Zone, except the standing monuments which are recognized at national and provincial levels.

3. 7. Financial sources and levels

Before 2004, financial sources for staffing and the management of the site are mainly from the annual administration budget of Thanh Hoa province, except the support from UNESCO for the Preservation of the stone walls, with 20,000 USD in 1998. During period of 2004 – 2009, several activities have been conducted, with finance support from various institutions.

Financial sources and levels during 2004 – 2009

Activities

Implementing

Agencies

Year Amount

(1000VND)

Assessment of the value and conservation status HDU 2004 200.000.000

Excavation of South Gate DOCST ,IA 2008 400.000.000



Administration budget CCHC 2008-2009 1.570.000.000

Collection of literature and legends on the heritage CCHC 2008-2009 32.000.000

Awareness raising on the heritage among local communities CCHC 2008 20.000.000

Collection of artefacts in the local communities CCHC 2008-2009

28.000.000

Total 18,050,000,000.00



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3. 8. Human resource

1- The Conservation Center for the Ho Citadel is directly responsible for heritage mangement of the site. The staffing levels of the CCHC include:

- 1 Doctor in archaeology,

- 14 BA in history, museology, philosophy, Sinology, culture, computer sciences and tourism

In addition, local staff is employed for the protection and preservation of the nominated sites.

To meet the demand for technical skills and management, staff have undertaken short-term training courses organised by national and international technical organisations in archaeology, museum education and site management. They have also participated in the study tours to the museums and cultural heritage sites of Thailand (2008) and China (2009). In the coming year, on-job training is realized by sending staffs to participate in the excavations and surveys as well as other implementatio activities.

In the first 5-year plan, A fully-constituted body of the Conservation Center for the Ho Citadel will be developed to ensure its capacity on the implementation of the Management Plan. The structure of the Conservation Center and its relationship with other government agencies and institutions is in following diagram:



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2- Reserachers and staffs from various institutions of Vietnam have taken part in the research, conservation and protection activities operated in the nomnated area and the Buffer Zone. Some key stakeholders are the Institute of Archeology (IA) Institue of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences (IVIDES), Hồng Đức University (HDU), Department of History (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi -USSH).

3- The first international cooperation in archareology was carried out by the archaeologists from Showa University (Japan) and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi in 2004 in the Inner Citadel.



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Studying the unearthed vestiges (Inner Citadel, Excavation in September 2010)

CHAPTER 4 - SCOPE, STATUS AND OBJECTIVES…


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CHAPTER 4

SCOPE, STATUS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN

Vinh Loc Town



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4.1. Major issues and the role of the Management Plan

The annalyzes of significance and culturral values of the nominated property and its Buffer Zone in Chapter 1 and current situation of protection and management set out in Chapter 2 and 3 make it necessary to develop appropriate policies and measures of the Management Plan for following major issues

1. Management of natural and cultural landscape: to ensure the protection, conservation and enhancement of natural elements and their character which help to represent the Outstanding Universal Value of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty,

2. Management of the environment to ensure the control of the environmental pollution and effective management of disaster risks,

3. Research management to ensure the research agenda can provide the best answers when new questions arise on our understanding of the monuments, archaeological sites and landscape.

4. Protection and conservation management to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the property, as well as its long-lived existence

A vision of the Management Plan

Conserve, enhance and present the Outstanding Universal Value of the property locally and internationally.

Balance the needs of conservation, access, and interest of the local community including the achievement of sustainable economic growth through tourism at the site and other site-compartible activities.

To engage with and bring benefits to the local communities around the Nominated Site; to attract visitors to the area; to develop opportunities for education and learning; to create the opportunities for the people to generate income that adds value to the local economy which is partly reinvested in the running of the Nominated Site.



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5. Social - economic development management to ensure the balance between the protection and conservation of cultural heritage and the improvement of local people living standards in sustanable manner.

6. Heritage promotion and education management to ensure the Outstanding Universal Value of the property is beneficial to and being protected by the people.

7. Financial management and implementation of the Management Plan to ensure the achievement of its overall objectives.

The Management Plan is a, action plan guideline to action for a fixed period and intend to promote both the conservation of the nominated property, its cultural landscape and the sustainable socio-economic development of the local communities. It does so by setting policies and an action programme for providing a balance between research, protection, conservation, access and tourism, and the economic and other needs of the local community, and for maintaining that balance once it is achieved.

Wandering on the wall of the Inner Citadel



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4.2 Scope and Status of the Plan

4.2.1 The Management Plan is being developed because of the importance of preserving the Monuments of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, its archaeological sites and cultural landscape and in response to the pressures and complex management issues that face it. The Plan intends to promote both the conservation of the cultural landscape described in Chapter 1 and the sustainable socio-economic development of the local communities. It does so by setting out policies for the safeguarding and sustainable development of the nominated property and the cultural landscape of the Buffer Zone, which covers a large area of Vinh Loc district, its environmental setting, and the distinctive settlement character of the area. These policies are intended to work within the context of sustainable economic development of the Vinh Loc district and within national development plans of Vietnam.

Overall objectives of the Management Plan 1. to manage and conserve the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its environment

in a way that will simultaneously protect, conserve and promote the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property;

2. to indicate a sustainable approach to the future management of the site, aiming to achieve a balance between conservation of the site itself and of its environmental and cultural landscape so as to set a foundation for sustainable development of social economy and sustainable tourism development;

3. to identify the needs for continuing conservation research of the property;

4. to improve the community’s awareness and knowledge of the cultural heritage manifested in the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty;

5. to promote cultural and educational values of this heritage among the local people and visitors;



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4.2.2 Because of the extent of the cultural landscape in the Buffer Zone, the Plan will affect large numbers of people and will need to reflect the interests of many groups, including the local villages and the district and provincial authorities, as well as central departments. All these are stakeholders who must be involved in the development and implementation of the Plan, since they have the power to enforce decisions which will influence the conservation and use of the area. Other stakeholders include potential beneficiaries of new economic activities based on heritage conservation and related activities, professional experts and potential investors. These individuals and groups must be involved in the appropriate implementation of the Plan.

4.2.3 The Plan recognizes that policies need to address short-, medium- and long-term objectives in order to be measurable and achievable. Therefore, the Plan sets out long-term aims to be attained over a 30-year period and short-term aims to be met within the first five years.

4.2.4 Thorough knowledge and understanding of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone both in the past and as it is used now, are essential to effective management and the achievement of the Plan’s objectives. Chapter 5 describes the needs of data management and establishes a research policy for the Protection Zone, as well as regulates the involvement of external institutions and agencies in the area.

4.2.5 5 protected areas are identified for the nominated property and its cultural landscape (Chapter 6). The regulations and zoning definition are also defined for these areas, including: 1- Zone 1 - Strictly protected zone; 2- Zone 2 - Historical village and standing monument protected zone; 3- Zone 3 - Eco-agricultural zone; 4- Zone 4 - Mountainous landscape protected zone; 5- Zone 5 – Urban development controlled zone.

The zonning is for the introduction of differing degrees of protection for the archaeological sites as well as for other distinctive features of the landscape, including those of the natural environment, traditional villages and buildings, their character and setting. It establishes policies within these zones for:

- Protection and enhancement of the natural environment and landscape setting



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- Protection of the cultural landscape as a whole

- Protection of standing monuments and buried archaeological sites

- Protection of historical and traditional villages

- Control of new development

- Regulation of traditional land use

4.3. Long-term Objectives

Based on the principles established above, the long-term aims for the conservation and management of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty are set out below. These aims will be a guideline for those implementing the Plan over the long term of 30 years, in achieving the appropriate balance between conservation, access and the interests, economic, cultural education and otherwise, of the local community.

The long-term objectives include:

1. Management of the cultural landscape in a way which is accountable and transparent to the national authorities;

2. Development of partnership and consensus among all those, public and private, who are stakeholders in the cultural landscape;

3. Establishment of effective operational linkages between the Conservation Centrer and all other institutions and agencies working in the area;

4. Identification and promotion of changes beneficial to the cultural landscape and its protection and safeguarding for future generations;

5. Maximization of the benefits of long-term management of the cultural landscape;

6. Development and transfer of the necessary skills to the local and national community and development of appropriate employment opportunities;



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7. Maximization of public and private resources, national and international, for the initial conservation and enhancement of the cultural landscape while developing economically and locally sustainable management systems for the future;

8. Stabilization of environmental pressures on the cultural landscape;

9. Maintenance and reinforcement of special character of cultural landscape and enhancement the understanding of all aspects of the site;

10. Conservation of material remains of heritage;

11. Seizure of available opportunities for freeing the heritage from inappropriate development;

12. Development of greater understanding of the archaeological and historical significance of the cultural landscape;

13. Improvement of public understanding of value and importance of cultural landscape, and engagement of support and positive intervention of local communities for the Plan’s objectives;

14. Developing educational value of the site;

15. Development of ideas on how to use the site in an appropriate way, including traditional festivals and other community activities for the contribution in the improvement of the visual, cultural, educational and aesthetic experience of visitors;

16. Improvement of access to the nominated property and within the cultural landscape.



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The kids of Dong Mon village coming back from the school

4.4. Objective for the first 5 years (2010-2015)

4.4.1 The Buffer Zone

1. Clear definition of all Zones, their character and boundaries

2. Integration of the policies for the protection, enhancement and sustainable development of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone within national and provincial development plans, so that major and potentially damaging developments could be avoided.

3. Revision of laws and regulations to provide adequate protection for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone;



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4. Application by local authorities and other agencies of agreed policies to protect the cultural landscape, standing monuments and archaeological sites, and inclusion of zonal boundaries in all official maps and plans;

5. Creation of guidelines for the protection of archaeological sites discovered in the Buffer Zone. This guideline will be used in both public and private ownership of land use;

6. Completion of baseline survey and record of all archaeological sites as a basis for future monitoring, particularly in the villages surrounding the Inner Citadel; development of projects of archaeological survey and excavation in the Inner Citadel;

7. Regular inspection to monitor the condition of all archaeological sites and architectural components of the Ho Citadel;

8. Preparation of an inventory of all unearthed artifacts and chance finds by the local people with a record of their original sites and current location; construction of storage house that meet the national standard;

10. Assessment of likely future damage caused by environmental impacts (fluvial erosion, collapse, cracked and physical changes…) and taking appropriate action to minimize that damage;

11. Development of management database and GIS map;

12. Implementation of a strategy for archaeological research, excavation and publication;

13. Development of educational values of the heritage for the wide range of people, including the school students;

14. Establishment of appropriate monitoring arrangements to measure the successful implementation of the Plan;

15. Preparation of the necessary human, financial, international, and other resources to implement the Plan.



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4.4.2. Direct management of sites which are open to public

1. Assessment of conservation needs of all architectural components of the core zone: the stone walls and gates of the Inner Citadel; the Moats, the Outer Wall; the Nam Giao Altar;

2. Regular update of adequate records of all standing structures; Establishment of a system of regular structural survey of all standing structures, leading to identification, prioritization and programming of necessary work;

3. Establishment of effective maintenance programmers for the standing monument sites in Buffer Zone;

4. Improvement of adequate site security;

5. Strengthening of site management machinery by development and capacity building of the staff of the Conservation Center;

6. Identification and exploitation of opportunities for sustainable economic development within the Buffer Zone for the benefit of the local community;

7 Identification and development of appropriate provision for tourism at sites managed for public access;

8. Production of appropriate interpretative and educational material and of publications about the heritage.

4.3.3 Coordination and cooperation

1. Establishment of effective management systems and protocols for the implementation of the Management Plan for the protection and management of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone under the leadership of the Conservation Centrer;

2. Development of systems for coordination and regular exchange of information with all agencies, offices, bodies and stakeholders involved in the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone;

3. Development of training opportunities for the local population to enable them to take advantage of local employment and other economic opportunities provided by the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone.



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4.3.4 Information and Outreach

1. Establishment of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as a case of site management so that it becomes one of the training centers for heritage management;

2. Foster community awareness of the significance of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone and community acceptance of the Plan objectives;

3. Development of tourism infrastructure appropriate to the likely level of tourism over the Plan period;

4. Development of training and certification of guides and local guides for the sites accessible to the public.

Rice field ourside the La Thanh Outer Wall

CHAPTER 5 - DATA AND RESEARCH

Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management plan

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Southern Gate, view from the northwest

CHAPTER 5

DATA AND RESEARCH



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5.1- INTRODUCTION

5.1.1 Adequate information and understanding about the site and how it was used is essential for proper site management. A complete assessment of the archaeological potential and historical landscape significance and meaning of the area is a fundamental requirement, but adequate information is also needed on environment, land uses, economic trends, tourism and all other external factors which may affect the conservation values of the area in the future. This information must be easily accessible to all stakeholders and capable of being used for many different purposes. Without appropriate information, correct decisions for implementing the Management Plan cannot be made.

5.1.2 Research into the history and archaeology of the nominated areas and the Buffer Zone of the Ho Citadel heritage are essential for improving our understanding on its values and its contribution to the world heritage. A complete and thorough understanding on the site will help to develop necessary and timely activities for the protection, conservation and promotion of the heritage. However, it is important to be aware that invasive archaeological research may cause bad effect/damage the OUV of the property.

5.1.3 Most of the above ground structures of the Ho Citadel have been documented. In recent years, archaeological excavations and researches, particular in Nam Giao altar, have been conducted. However, the archaeological understanding on the Inner Citadel and its surrounding area and in the Buffer Zone is very limited. Information on the environment, land use, economical development trends, tourism and other factors has begun to take shape at a very basic level recently. The establishment of database and the incorporation of existing inventory of artifacts and sites within the GIS are still at the first step.

5.1.4 Work will continue to be needed in a number of areas. The GIS and its associated database need to be developed into a full management system and updated regularly to contain data not just on the archaeological sites, historical, religious and traditional architectures etc. but also on the land use of the area and on economic trends, particularly with regard to agriculture and tourism. A research strategy for the area needs to be developed so that our overall understanding of its history and development can be improved and so that any resources for archaeological work are directed towards problem-oriented issues



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during the implementation of the Management Plan. Plans of establishing database and research need to be developed in line with available financial and human resources.

5.1.5 Regularly updating of the database is one of the ways in which the site managers can measure the progress of their efforts. Once the stone walls have been investigated and inventoried, they will be periodically assessed to record any changes in the condition of the site and to be treated in a timely manner by appropriate conservation and protection measures. Potential archaeological sites, such as those may be discovered in the Buffer zone, need to be surveyed and assessed and, if significant, incorporated into a regular monitoring programme. This is an essential process for any other element of the property. Over time of management, as some questions are answered, and new ones are asked, the research strategy too also will need to be further developed and adapted.

5.2. ESTABLISHING THE GIS DATABASE

5.2.1 The GIS system and database will be developed through ongoing training for existing and new staff of the Conservation Center, including the training of specialists on GIS and Management software. The archaeological database will be established and updated in cooperation with the Institute of Archaeology and other specialists from professional institutions.

5.2.2 For all work and for the proper management of the site, basic data should be included in the document files, which describe each archaeological feature clearly both in text and in illustrations and which can be used to monitor any changes in site condition. The records must be constructed so that the results of monitoring visits can be easily added to the database and integrated into the GIS.

The following documentation needs to be incorporated into the database:

1. Archaeological sites: In addition to the documentation of current archaeological investigation and excavation results, a strategy of long-term archaeological research in the whole area will be developed. During the first 5 year plan, an overall survey on the archaeological potential will be conducted, including non-invasive techniques and invasive test excavation, geological and geomophological surveying, establishing of an archaeological map in different



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levels. Detailed drawings of current condition and distributed scale of the sites are conducted.

2. Archaeological artifacts, including collected artifacts will be fully inventoried. In addition to the artifact description, information on provenance, archaeological context, periodic assessment of conservation condition, measurements and effectiveness of conservation methods will be included.

Traditional way of cultivation

3. Traditional villages and their historical and religious standing monuments represent great cultural value of the heritage, which serves as evidence and a cultural bridge connecting the past and the present. Current documentation of these cultural values will be incorporated into the GIS map.



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New research results and the assessment of condition of the historic sites will also be regularly updated. Plan of conservation and promotion of each site will be discussed with the site owner and will be included in the database for overall management plan.

4. Areas of great significance of the natural and cultural landscape: The significance of the natural and cultural landscape and related historical sites has been analyzed in Chapter 1. Several areas in the Buffer Zone have been investigated and documented. They will be incorporated into the GIS map. Plan of further research and assessment of the characteristics of geology, geography and hydrology will be developed in detail. Results of these activities will be regularly updated onto the database and GIS map.

5. Information on the land-use pattern and economical activities

Information on economy, cultural-sociology and development plan, in particular in Buffer Zone will continue to be collected. The survey on the needs and awareness of the local people living around the heritage area will be conducted; data on tourism, visitor satisfaction, visitor perceptions of the site, and how they thought the site might be improved in particular will be collected and assessed. It is also very important to collect data on the changing attitudes of the local communities to the archaeological sites and to the Plan. In particular, the economic effect of the Plan on the villages should be measured. This information will need to be analyzed for a proper development of management strategy. This data is also helpful for the future implementation of the Plan and enable managers to evaluate their work.

6. Data on history, traditional culture, handicraft, festivals etc. should be updated to provide information for the interpretation of values of the property and tourist development. Tourism thus can be developed in diversified forms which should be benefitted by all the natural and cultural values of the property.

5.2.3 Once the database is completed and incorporated into the GIS and updated with new research results, detail zoning map will need to be created for the development of appropriate policies and guidance’s for the protection and promotion of the Ho Citadel heritage.

It is important that data, from whatever source, is provided regularly, in a consistent manner and must be up-to-date, preferably in a form compatible with the GIS structure. The database should be useful not just for the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel but also to other agencies who respond to the development planning, specific conservation, heritage interpretation and tourist development,



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as well as the development of short term, medium term and long term research strategies.

5.3. RESEARCH STRATEGY

5.3.1 Several archaeological projects are ongoing in the nominated areas, including:

- Project of building temporary storage houses, exhibition rooms and working offices of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (2010 - 2011).

- Archaeological Project on general surveying and excavation of Nam Giao Altar (2004 - 2011).

- Archaeological Project on exploration and excavation of the Inner citadel and the La Thanh Outer wall (August – September 2010).

On the basis of up-to-date archaeological research results, it is necessary to develop an overall archaeological survey and excavation plan for the nominated areas and the Buffer Zone.

The primary research objectives of the Plan are:

- Improve the knowledge of structure and architectural components of the Ho Citadel in its role as the Western Capital,

- Improve the knowledge of the distribution of archaeological remains of not only the period of the Ho Citadel construction but also earlier and later periods in the Buffer Zone,

- Improve the knowledge on the changes of the traditional villages and their role in the history of formation and existence of the Ho Citadel, as well as t of the area in general.

5.3.2 Framework of archaeological research

4 main objectives need to be obtained in the framework of archaeological research



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- Assessment of the archaeological potential;

- Identification of the priorities and the gaps in archaeological knowledge;

- Development of detailed research strategy;

- Promotion and diffusion of the archaeological research results

5.3.3. Research projects for pursuing these objectives will arise from the response of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel to development proposals, in cooperation with professional institutions, national and international experts. Work can include the excavations but it is important that as much as possible should be learned from non-invasive survey techniques, including aerial photography, ground survey, photogrammetry and allied techniques etc. to ensure that the remaining structures and underground archaeological vestiges are not damaged.

5.3.4 It is important that research should not be restricted to purely archaeological issues, since the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel will need to improve knowledge of other aspects of the Nominated areas and the Buffer Zone as well. Specific areas of research in the first five years (2010-2015) should be conducted by the CCHC in cooperation with related institutions, including:

- Study of the methods of conservation and reconstruction of various types of cultural heritages in the Nominated area and the Buffer Zone, the archaeological remains in particular.

- Evaluation of the natural environment in the whole area, particularly the mountains and forests. It is necessary to study the changes of species of the tree for the preservation of primeval forest and to improve the poor forest, and to ensure that the natural environment will not be effected by the development.

- Study the hydrology of the Nominated area and the Buffer Zone; partly reconstruct the ancient lakes inside the Inner Citadel and the surrounding moat; study the ancient water-way and canal system, particularly the Mau Re lake; study the water laws of the Ma and Buoi rivers to propose risk preparedness to avoid bad effect of flood and erosion.

- Study the ancient road and traffic network in order to reconstruct and create new roads and traffic network which is necessary for protection, enhancement of the nominated property and local economic development.



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- Study the land use pattern and the development opportunity of economy and tourism in each Zone to ensure the balance between the development demand and the conservation needs of cultural landscape.

- Study the economic and social benefits of the Plan, and the sustainable use of the heritage value for the improvement of living standard and working opportunities of the local people, as well as for their needs to come in for entertainment and education in local history and cultural heritage.

5.4 RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONSERVATION CENTER FOR HO CITADEL (CCHC) IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

5.4.1 The Conservation Center’s primary direct responsibilities for archaeology will be first to respond to development activities in the whole area and timely inform and deal with chance discoveries. The CCHC will respond on the small scale rescue excavations and the cooperation with professional institutions to conduct archaeological survey and test excavation in the Nominated area and the Buffer Zone, including the river banks and the mountainous areas. Archaeological survey and an overview of any construction activity or any dig in the traditional villages outside the Citadel gates and in the Vinh Loc town need to be exceptionally focused on.

5.4.2 The Conservation Center for Ho Citadel will respond to requests the cooperation of professional agencies to study and develop proposals for the conservation and reconstruction of archaeological sites within the Nominated area.

5.4.3. The Conservation Center for Ho Citadel in cooperation with archaeological institutions should also be responsible for archaeological work on sites and monuments in advance of restoration work in the Buffer Zone.

5.4.4 Professional staff of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel should be developed to have necessary capacity to cooperate and conduct the archaeological research, conservation and reconstruction projects. The capacity building of the human resource should be in various ways: On-job training through the projects conducted in cooperation with professional institutions, training courses organized by national and international experts, sending staff to regular training course, receiving experts to work at the site…



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5.4.5 To ensure the necessary facilities for running the training courses and working place, the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel should develop plans for the establishment of needed facilities, including: the working office, laboratory, documentation center and necessary equipments.

5.5 RESPONSIBILITIES OF EXTERNAL INSTITUTIONS AND AGENCIES

5.5.1 External institutions and agencies must all work within the agreed Research Strategy being applied by the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel and under its overall supervision so that the projects are an integral part of the research work of the Conservation Center. External institutions and agencies must have permission for their work in accordance with the Law of Cultural Heritage of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which was issued in 2001 and supplemented in 2009 (Articles 38-40) by the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism. They must also carry out their work in line with the UNESCO General Conference Recommendation on International Principles Applicable to Archaeological Excavations. If proposals involve conservation work, the work must be in conformity with the Venice and Burra Charters and the Nara document on Authenticity.

5.5.2 A detailed proposal for any project must be developed mutually by the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel and the external institution or agency and must be submitted for consideration and approved by the National Council of Cultural Heritage (NCCH). The feasibility of a project and the competence of the external institution must be evaluated and demonstrated by the detailed designing of the project and by its professional experiences.

5.5.3 All research projects must be conducted within the framework of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel and its operations. All projects must be supervised by a member of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel and co-directed by the leader of the external team.

5.5.4 All site and artifact records, including maps, plans and other drawings, must be produced in a format suitable for input into the GIS database which will be established by the Conservation Center. Records must be provided for input at regular and agreed-upon intervals during the fieldwork phase of the project.



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5.5.5 Preparation of interim reports and the full report should be done according to the regulations of the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism. All reports and related document sent to the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel should be in Vietnamese or English which is used as official language in international transaction in Vietnam.

External international and agencies must declare their full budget and shall pay an agreed percentage, normally not less than five per cent, of that budget to the CCHC to cover the costs of their work.

Arttifacts found from Nam Giao altar site

CHAPTER 6: BOUNDARIES, ZONES AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL


Natural landscape of Citael of the Ho Dynasty

CHAPTER 6

BOUNDARIES, ZONING AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL



6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.1.1 The importance of the cultural heritage of the Ho Citadel and of their place in an overall landscape of great cultural significance has been discussed in Chapter 1 of this Plan. The significance of the heritage has already been recognized by the Government and local authorities of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam through the Decision No. 313-VH/VP dated on 28 April 1962 of the Ministry of Culture. The conservation and research works conducted over more than 40 years provide more understanding of the significant and diversified values of the heritage. Therefore, the Vietnamese government and local authorities has step by step expanded the protected boundaries of the site, through the Decision No. 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL of the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism. A Regulation of Management and Protection of the Ho Citadel has also been established in 2007 by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province.

6.1.2 The Supplementary Law of the Law of Cultural Heritage of 2001 which became effective as from January 2010 provides the basic instrument for the protection of national cultural heritage. Together with the decision to nominate the Ho Citadel heritage to the List of World Heritage Sites, the Regulation, policies and guidance on management and protection of the heritage have been issued by the local authorities to most effectively conserve and protect the elements that create the OUV of the heritage, including the cultural landscape. To implement the Law of Cultural Heritage (Article 32), boundaries of the zoning areas of the heritage are being identified and the regulation will be reviewed and revised accordingly. This Plan is one important regulatory mechanism of the Law of Cultural Heritage.

The Buffer Zone is planned to preserve the natural and cultural environment of the heritage, which includes significant elements that represent the idea and architectural design of the builders of the Western Capital.



6.1.3 The boundaries of the zoning areas identified in the Management Plan are for the best effective and sensitive protection of the OUV of the Ho Citadel heritage, and the elements of the landscape that were utilized to represent the architectural and cultural ideas of the builders.

Different elements need different levels and types of protection. Various measures shouldbe developed in accordance with the Law of Cultural Heritage and related Decrees and Decisions, the Law of Environment Protection, the Mineral Law; the Ordinance on Dikes and the Law of Land (see also 3.3, 3.4, 3.5). These measures should be appropreatedly implemented in each zone and be assessed and revised at the end of the 5-year period.

The objectives of the zoning system overall are:

1. To conserve and protect the special character of the cultural landscape of the Ho Citadel, including:

- The elements that represent the concepts of fengshui of the Ho Citadel: the mountain range in the North with the Tuong Son mountain as the central one to serve as hau cham (Back pillow); An Ton mountain to the west and Hac Khuyen mountain to the East, and the Don son mountain to the south as Tien an (Frontal altar); the Ma and Buoi rivers that created the natural boundaries in the western, southern and eastern sides of the buffer zone. They are also water elements of fengshui.

- Agricultural landscape and the traditional villages. This area preserve the potential archaeological vestiges related to the construction history of the Ho Citadel, historical and religious monuments, and cultural tradition of local communities.

- Elements of historic natural environment: the forests, lakes and caves etc.

2. To guide economic development in a way which is compatible with, respects and does not destroy the historic natural environment, cultural landscape, agricultural landscape, historical monuments and buried archaeological sites.

3. To assist the local population living within and near the Heritage Protection Zone to have more opportunity to work and improve their standard of living in ways which respect and preserve the natural and cultural landscape, the



special character of the site, its contents, and whenever possible to do so in ways which enhance the cultural value of the site through promotion of local tradition

4. To create opportunities for the people to contribute to the development of a local cultural tourism industry and to enhance visitors’ understanding, appreciation and respect of the site and the local communities is part of this objective.

5. To develop appropriate policies and regulations for the protection and conservation of the standing monuments and underground archaeological sites of the Ho Citadel heritage which are of national and international significance for research and the education of future generations of Vietnam and of the world.

The zoning system is hierarchical depended on their nature and significant, with additional protected policies given where needed.

Inside the Inner Citadel, view from the Southern Gate



6.1.4. On the basic knowledge of current research results, the Ho Citadel heritage and its Buffer Zone have been defined into 5 zones as following:

6.1.4.1. Zone 1 - Strictly protected zone:

This is the nominated property, including the Ho Citadel (the Inner citadel, 142.2ha), La Thanh Outer Wall, 9.0 ha; Nam Giao Altar, 4.3ha.

6.1.4.2. Zone 2 -Historical village and standing monument protected zone

This zone includes the Xuan Giai, Dong Mon and Tay Giai villages, and the standing monuments.The historical villages are located near the eastern, western and southern gates of the Ho Citadel in the total area of 52.33ha (the Xuan Giai village is occupied 15.236 ha, 947 people; Dong mon village is 24.0 ha, 2200 people; Tay Giai village 13.1 ha, 1870 people). The standing monuments are sites designated at provincial and national levels, including the Communal Houses, Buddhist monasteries, temples, church, cave shrines and traditional houses. One of the traditional houses was recognized by the Asia Pacific Award program of UNESCO in 2002. These sites are scattered in the old villages and on the mountains in the Buffer Zone.

6.1.4.3. Zone 3 - Eco-agricultural protected zone

This zone covers the largest area of the Buffer zone (about 3746.29ha). It is typical with the agricultural land of Vinh Long, Vinh Tien communes (excluded the agricultural land inside the Inner Citadel) and Vinh Phuc, Vinh Quang, Vinh Yen, Vinh Thanh, Vinh Loc Town, Vinh Ninh and Vinh Khang communes.

The alluvial lands along the Mariver and Buoi river are occupied by several villages. Some of these villages have long history of formation and preserve rich sources of traditional heritage, including folklore, legend and oral history. In the villages around Mau Re (My Dam Lake) and Mount An Ton (Yen Ton Thuong, Phu Luu and Yen Ton Ha villages), there are several interesting folklore and legends related to the Ho dynasty. The villages of Phung Cong (Vinh Thanh commune), Phi Binh (Vinh Ninh commune); hamlets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (Vinh Khang commune); Beo village (Vinh Long commune); Phuc Khang and Co Diep village (Vinh Phuc commune) preserve beautiful landscape of the Buoi river. The villages of Le Son, Tien Ich, Cam Hoang (Vinh Quang commune) and



parts of the Yen Ton Thuong, Phu Luu, Yen Ton Ha and Tho Don villages preserve beautiful landscape of the Ma River. Ben Ngu or Royal-landing place (Tho Don village) in Vinh Yen commune is one among the place names that suggest their relationship to the ancient capital city.

6.1.4.4. Zone 4 - Mountainous landscape protected zone

This zone covers about 167.28ha, including the communes Vinh Ninh (72.8ha) Vinh Thanh (27.6ha) Vinh Quang (22.69ha) Vinh Yen (43.5ha) Vinh Khang (0.96ha).

In this area, natural landscape and resources of the mountain range and isolated moutains will be managed to ensure the protection of natural elements that in line with the geo-cultural value of the Ho Citadel.

Ceramic unearthed from Nam Giao Altar site

6.1.4.5. Zone 5 – Urban development controlled zone

This is the developed area of Vinh Loc town which distributed in the area between the Inner Citadel and the Nam Giao Altar and the surrounding villages of Phuong Giai (Vinh Tien communes); Nhan Lo, Giang, Ha Lương, Thanh Nhan (Vinh Thanh commune); Bai Xuan (Vinh Phuc commune). Its eastern border is



adjacent to the Don Son Mount and the hamlets of Vinh Thanh commune. The western border is the Ma River; the northwestern border is adjacent to the Pho Moi hamlet of Vinh Tien commune; the northeastern border is adjacent to the hamlets of Vinh Phuc commune. The residential area is about 73.09ha with a population of 6578 people, population density of 99.44 people / km2.

Detailed boundaries of these areas are being identified for the establishment of appropriate policies and regulations for protections and conservations. Zoning and managing measurement are proposed in following part.

6.2 ZONE 1 - STRICTLY PROTECTED ZONE

6.2.1 Zone 1 covers the strictly protected areas, including 3 nominated sites: The Inner Citadel, the La Thanh Outer Wall and the Nam Giao altar, which cover the total area of 155.5ha.

a- The Inner Citadel: The protected area of the Inner Citadel includes the land within the citadel, its four walls, the remains of the moat as well as a portion of land beyond the moat. The northwest boundary is 120ms from the citadel wall and adjacent to the road No. 217 that connects the communes of Vinh Tien and Vinh Long. The east boundary is adjacent to the Dong Mon village and to its rice fields. The distance between the citadel walls to the limit of the nominated area at this location is 164ms. The west boundary of the nominated area is adjacent to the Tay Giai village and its rice fields. The distance between the citadel walls to the limit of the nominated area at this location is 152ms. The south boundary of the nominated area is adjacent to the Tay Giai village and its rice fields. The distance between the citadel walls to the limit of the nominated area at this location is 156ms.



The Inner Citadel- Archaeological site covered by corn field

b- La Thanh Outer wall: The best preserved and strictly protected part of the La Thanh Outer Wall extends from a location situated 400m far from the northeast of Beo village (Vinh Long commune) towards the Doi Mo village in the northeast. It encompasses an area of 9 ha, which is 2051.9m in length, 37m in wide at the foot. Both sides of the nominated area of the Outer Wall are surrounded by cultivated lands belonging to Vinh Long commune. The Buoi River is 1km away from the east side of the Outer Wall.



Protected section of La Thanh Outer Wall

c- Nam Giao Altar: the strictly protected area is encompassed by the north boundary corresponded to the road that leads to the site and is adjacent to the wall of the Vinh Long Hospital, the east boundary corresponded to the slope of the Don Son mountain, the west boundary adjacent to the residential area and to the rice fields of the Vinh Thanh commune, the south boundary is adjacent to the road that leads to the Vinh Hoa brick factory (1km away) and to some ponds. The elevation of the Nam Giao Altar was taken at four points. The north-west point is 28.30m above sea level; north east point is 28.20m above sea level; the south east point is at 13.70m; and the south west is at 14.50m above sea level.

Protected boundaries of these areas are subject to be amended in future as the results of new research.



6.2.2 The strictly protected areas are defined as Zone I of the relics and natural spots that are recognized by the government at the national level and protected by the Law of Cultural Heritage:

“…It is forbidden to use, damage or having behavior posing danger to historical and architectural values of the relic and natural spot …” (Article 2. Decision 313-VH/VP in 1962)

“Zone I should be protected in its original condition of plan and spatial form. In particular case that the construction is necessary to serve directly for the protection and promotion of the values of the site, the construction should be

Western part of Nam Giao Altar and its landscape



officially permitted by the authority who has the jurisdiction to recognize the site” (Article 32, Item 3, Law of Cultural Heritage, Suplementary Law of 2010).

6.2.2.1 - The Inner Citadel: main architectural elements of a capital city which were built in 1397 are preserved in this citadel. Significance and cultural meaning of architectural components, as well as potential archaeological remains inside the citadel contributes to the outstanding universal value as referred to in Chapter 1. Therefore, this area should be strictly protected from damage, so that further research work can be carried out in future.

Article 4 of the Regulation on the management, protection and promotion of the Ho Citadel issued by the People Committee of Thanh Hoa province on the 2nd, August 2007 provided detailed regulations for the protection of the Inner Citadel.

Currently, parts of the land inside the citadel are managed by the authorities of the surrounding communes. This area is used for agriculutural cultivation of rice and short-time subsidiary crops, of which the root should not damage the underground argricultural remains. To ensure the implementation of the Management Plan and research work, the ownership of the land in the Inner Citadel wil be step-by-step transfered to the Conservation Centrer in the first 5 year Plan (2010-2015) and become public property which is managed by the Conservation Centrer in 2015

6.2.2.2 The Outer Wall: the selected part is rather well protected and preserved. Its original form can be recognized. The on-going excavation at one section of the Outer Wall shows that the earthwork was built with several layers of ramped clayish soil taken from the nearby fields. Currently, a part of the foot of the Outer Wall was damaged by the construction of the warter-pumping station and irrigation chanel. To implement the MP, the Regulation for the protection of Zone 1 will be strictly applied. The boundary will be defined and the structure of the Outer Wall will be restored, based on results of archaeological research.

6.2.2.3. Nam Giao Altar: Thanks to large-scaled excavation in recent years, the size and most of architectural components of the Nam Giao altar have been identified. Accordingly, the Decision 11/2007/QĐ-BVHTTDL has been issued by the Minister of Culture, Sport and Tourism to recognize the site at the



highest level for protection and conservation. The following activities is being implemented in this site:

1) Relocate the residential houses in the southern foothill of the Nam Giao Altar

2) Conduct archaeological excavation and research 3) Developing conservation plan for the excavated area and for insitu

artefacts as well as removed artefacts. 4) Developing plan of opening the site for the public

6.2.3. The responsibility of the Conservation Center towards Zone 1

1. Work with different levels of authorities, especially the People’s Committee of Vinh Tien, Vinh Long and Vinh Thanh Communes to implement the plan to transfer management of land use right; exert comprehensive management on Zone 1,

2. Work with different levels of authorities to find new livelihood for the people who used to own farming land within the nominated area if there is request from them,

3. Formulate and implement annual plans for the maintenance and preservation of architectural elements located in Zone 1,

4. Co-operate with national and international archaeological institutions to formulate and implement archaeological exploration and excavation plans.

5. Co-operate with national and international conservation institutions to develop and carry out special conservation plans for architectural components within Zone 1 when necessary; these plans must be examined and approved by the Council of Cultural Heritage.

6. Gradually and carefully formulate and implement plans to introduce the property to the public and develop interpretation strategies to promote cultural values of Zone 1,

7. Strictly prohibit individual and public construction of buildings within Zone 1, except for those buildings that are deemed necessary for the conservation and maintenance of the nominated area or facilities that are important to



accommodate tourists and visitors. The scope and structure of these buildings must be carefully calculated so that they will blend harmoniously into the general landscape and must be approved by the Council of Cultural Heritage.

8. Make sure all the households within Zone 1 will be moved to a different place, except for those who are directly responsible for the protection of the property.

9. Prohibit the planting of trees and other type of vegetation on areas that have revealed archaeological artifacts; make sure that planting in other areas is done in conformity with the Regulations.

6.3. ZONE 2 – HISTORICAL VILLAGE AND STANDING MONUMENT PROTECTED ZONE

6.3.1. The historical villages are adjacent to the Eastern, Western and Southern Gates of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. They have a long history and bear witness to the legends or oral history related to the Citadel. Even their names and locations are associated with historical events. These villages own enormous archaeological potentials, as they were parts of the city built at the same time. Based on the archaeological research conducted on the area within the Citadel, Japanese experts believe that the innermost city was identified by the complex of palaces, while the outer urban structures were built on the area outside the citadel wall and the moat system (Takase Yuichi 2005: 90-95). Other vestiges which have been found such as the Cong Da road (in Tay Giai Village), the Hoa Nhai road (outside the Southern Gate) testify to this observation. However, more comprehensive examinations and researches are needed to understand more clearly the scope and extent of the urban area under the Ho Dynasty. To date, the relics in these villages have been documented, and those that bear important historical and religious values have been inscribed on the list of national and provincial heritage.

In addition to the standing monuments in the historical villages, a wide range of historical and cultural monuments are located in the Buffer Zone and have been recognized as relics. Five of them have been put on the national heritage list and 10 on the provincial list. The values of these relics have been



described in Annex III (item 3.2.1. Tangible cultural heritage). Pursuant to the Law on Cultural Heritage of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, these relics have been clearly delimited and they are protected by the law.

Tam Tong Temple, Xuan Giai village

The management plan serves to:

1. Conserve and protect permanently the cultural value of the standing monuments and intangible heritages of the people living in the historial villages,

2. Formulating and updating dossiers and maps for the cultural and archaeological resources,



3. Promote the value of the relics as components that form the overall values of the Ho Citadel; sellecting sites of greate value which link with the Ho Citadel complex to develop for the promotion of the property and the development of tourism.

4. Raise the awareness of the general public towards significance of the property, the archaeological, historical and cultural value of the neighborhood in order to reconstruct the history and the roles of these villages during the time Ho Citadel functioned as the Western Capital.

5. Enhance the livelihood and improve the living standard of the local people to the extent that this will not destroy the general landscape of the nominated property or inflict any harm on the underground vestiges of archaeological resources.

6. Increase the role of the local community and their participation in the management of the property; guarantee the economic, cultural and educational benefits of the local community.

Commune House of Dong Mon village



6.3.2. The responsibilities of the Conservation Center towards Zone 2

6.3.2.1. Cooperate with the Culture Office of Vinh Loc District to:

- Formulate the archaeological survey and research plan, develop scientific document files, archaeological mapping (including GIS map) and regularly update these documents with the latest changes, including unexpected archaeological discoveries within the areas of the villages.

- Updating the profiles of these relics and integrating these updates into the overall archives and the GIS map of the Ho Citadel,

- Quickly identify instances of encroachment that may damage the components of the property,

- Periodically inspect and monitor the state of conservation and the management of traditional monuments that have been inscribed as cultural heritage, related artifacts and update them into the management dossier of the property,

- Involve the owners of the traditional and historical monuments in setting up an annual restoration and embellishment plan in order to preserve the authenticity and the cultural values of the property. These plans must be considered and approved by the Council Cultural Heritage and given permission by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

- Work with the owners of the monuments to develop an integrated interpretation plan for the promotion of the property’s values, in accordance with the overall management plan of the Ho Citadel in such a way that it benefits the owners of these sites and at the same time preserve their authentic elements.

6.3.2.2. Cooperate and consult with the DPC of Vinh Loc to:

- Monitor the licensing of construction projects as well as other development activities and make sure that they conform strictly to the regulations and laws.



- Prepare projects for the planning of infrastructure in order to improve the living conditions of the people within the old villages,

- Develop a guideline for the planning and construction of commune-level public buildings and private houses in such a way that these will not cause any threat to the archaeological remains, traditional landscape and the natural environment of the traditional villages. Specifically the following principles must be strictly observed:

+ New buildings must not be more than 12 meters high and must be located at least 100 meters from the foot of the wall,

+ Buildings constructed in the traditional styles colors and local material, such as bamboo, palm leaf, China-tree… (As will be described in the Guideline) are encouraged,

+ The foundations of the buildings must not be as deep as the layers of vestiges underneath (the maximum depth for the foundation of each building must be determined on the basis of archaeological research results). The construction of new buildings on important archaeological sites must be strictly prohibited.

6.3.2.3. Cooperate with other relevant agencies inside and outside the country to:

- Formulate and implement programes for archaeological research and survey. These programs must be considered and approved by the National Council of Cultural Heritage.

- Develop and implement programes for the examination, conservation and restoration of historical and traditional relics (when necessary). These programes must be given consent by the proprietors, considered and approved by the National Council of Cultural Heritage.

- Develop interpretation plan for the property and create tourism products that are most representative and characteristic of the area.



Sunset in the northern Buffer Zone

6.4. ZONE 3 – THE ECO-AGRICULTURAL ZONE

6.4.1. This is the largest area within the buffer zone of the property. It is characterized by a relatively flat plain, alternated by several stone mountains, low hillocks and residential areas. Natural elements (isolated mountains, rivers and lakes) and the green field that dotted with residential areas create beautiful landscape. These villages, some of which are hundred years old, house a wide range of historical, architectural and religious relics which were built in different periods of time. This is also an area where many intangible cultural heritages are preserved, such as legendary or historical stories related to historical figures, the folklore, festivals, customs and traditions, and craft villages, etc. In addition, the



presence of archaeological vestiges of the pre-historic periods has also been identified as high potentiality in several places. However, this archaeological source has not been adequately studied and need to be systematically explored in future.

The stone mountains and the hillocks together create fascinating emphases that contribute to the beautiful landscape of the Ho Citadel. They also bear witness to the archaeological traces related to the Ho Citadel, the most notable of which are the vestiges of the La Thanh Outer Wall.

The management plan for this zone focuses on the following objectives:

- Preserve the natural landscape and maintain the traditional farmland area, and to prevent any possible threats that may result from development plans.

- Preserve and conserve tangible and intangible heritages of the people living in these areas; Enrich the cultural potential and resources of the property by building on and promoting the cultural value of the surrounding area.

- Formulating and updating database and maps for the cultural and archaeological resources

- Treat the agricultural area as of the cultural value of the nominated property, thereby enhancing the outstanding universal value of the property.

- Provide support and technical assistance to the local people to ensure a harmonious development between traditional and modern cultivation methods with a view to enhancing the values of tradtional argricultural products and methods. These values should be mainstreamed into the overall tourism development plan of the property to give rise to eco-tourism and culture-based tourism.

- Improve the living conditions and raising the awareness of the general public by encouraging them to get involved in the protection and promotion of the agricultural and ecological landscape as well as other value of traditional culturae.

- Formulating and updating dossiers and maps for the cultural and archaeological resources



- Sellecting sites of greate value of traditional and natural landscape and cultural sites which link with the Ho Citadel complex to develop for the promotion of the property and the development of tourism.

6.4.2. Responsibility of the Conservation Centrer towards Zone 3

6.4.2.1 The Conservation Centrer is to work with the Culture Office of Vinh Loc District and other culture officers of the communes within Zone 3 to:

- Delimit Zone 3 and identify the specific management issues and conservation objectives for this zone.

- Update the documents and maps of cultural and natural heritage elements, including both tangible and intangible cultural values within these areas, such as coummune houses, religious architectures, traditional house, local legends, folklore, customs, festivals, traditional songs, beauty spots etc. so as to add further value to the heritage of the Ho Citadel .

- Maintain regular monitoring and update of the status of conservation and management of the traditional monuments. Work with the owners of these historical and traditional monuments to preserve the authenticity and the inherent cultural values of the property.

- Develop a plan for the archaeological survey of Zone 3 and add new research results into the archaeological profile as part of efforts to document and map the archaeological potentials of the property; pay careful attention to information about the archaeological discoveries in these areas and take prompt measures to end construction activities once significant traces of archaeological sites have been found.

- Developing plan for the collection of data and the study of tangible and intangible cultural values within these area, including the standing monuments, legends, folk stories, customs, festivals, traditional folk songs, traditional cultivation methods, handicrafts, etc. with a view to enrich the cultural value of the Ho Citadel heritage.

- Monitoring the issuance of construction licenses as well as other development activities to make sure that the rules stipulated in the Regulation are strictly observed. A case in point is to make sure the mountains in the distance,



which are of high geomatic significance, can be seen from the Inner Wall and vice versa.

- Select the most significant sites that have interesting landscape and develop an interpretation plan to promote the values of these sites and develop local tourism.

- Encouraging the people living in the buffer zone to identify and organize the most typical traditional festivals, to perform the exquisite traditional forms of dancing and singing of the communities.

Buoi river landscape and cultural life



6.4.2.2 Responsibility of the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District

The People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District, in cooperation with the Conservation Centrer and other advisory bodies to:

- Conduct surveys and develop a set of criteria and indicators for the addition and amendment of the terms and provisions in the Regulation in order to monitor and control effectively the development of Zone 3. For this purpose, the density of population, the concentration of construction work, the regional traffic routes should be carefully calculated and clearly defined.

- Formulate development plans in feasible ways to improve the living conditions of the people in the villages, including the riparian areas adjacent to the Buoi and the Ma rivers, and the natural lakes. These plans should be in the line of protecting and enhancing the values of the natural landscape of the property, and maintaining agricultural land.

- Develop guidelines for the planning and construction of public and private buildings to make sure that they will not destroy the traditional landscape and natural environment of the residential areas. Careful decisions should be made on the following aspects:

* The size of the population: Local households should not be scattered to encroach on the cultivation land; encourage the local people to build their houses in traditional fashion, using locally available materials;

* The construction density should not be too high and must be carefully planned in order to meet the sanitory and environmental requirements. Buildings should blend well with the agricultural landscape and make sure that they will not destroy the traditional landscape and natural environment of the residential areas,; the height of these buildings must not obstruct the visibility of natural elements, such as mountains and hillocks, in Zone 3;

* The scope and extent of the regional road network should be carefully calculated so as not to produce excessive noise, fumes and dust that may cause seismic effects to the nominated property as well as the traditional and historical sites in the buffer zone.

- Manage and control the construction activities in Zone 3:



* All the construction activities must be given permission by a responsible agency.

* The issuance of licenses for the construction of local public and private buildings in the district must be approved by the Conservation Centrer, pursuant to the rules set out in the Regulation concerning the eco-agricultural region.

* Licenses for the provincial and national construction projects must be given consent by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

6.4.2.3. The Conservation Centrer is to work with professional institutions inside and outside the country to:

+ Formulate and implement research programmes to understand more thoroughly about the value and potential of eco-agricultural area and treat them having cultural value, including traditional cultivation methods and techniques, land use history and practices, vegetation and livestock genealogy, traditional crafts, etc.

+ Formulate and implement programmes to examine the lifestyles and customs (eating habits, attires, accommodation, festivals etc.) and the ability to revitalize the most typical traditions (village deity worshipping ceremonies, memorial ceremony in honour of Tran Khat Chan, boat racing, folk performances, etc.), thereby enhancing the cultural values of the property and applying them into the contemporary life of the local people, including activities that aim at culture promotion and tourism development.

+ Continue to survey and assess the archaeological potential of Zone 3.

+ Encourage and guarantee the direct participation of the communities in all the phases of research and promotion of values, including:

* Local communities participate in discussion, raising their voices and ideas about the promotion and restoration of intangible cultural activities.

* Local communities participate in making proposals, putting forward measures that guarantee their rights to benefit from these cultural activities.

+ Consider investing into the most interesting tangible and intangible heritages to include them in the itinerary of tours to the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. Formulate interpretation plans and develop packages of tourism products that combine ecological tourism with cultural tourism.



Tien si Mount is imagined as piles of books

6.5. ZONE 4

6.5.1. A typical feature of Zone 4 is the presence of a huge range of moutains in the north and other groups or isolated mountains that scatered in the Buffer Zone of the nominated property. Together with in other zones, Zone 3 in particular, the natural elements in this zone play important role to support to the outstanding universal value of the property: the mountains and rivers on the one hand conform with geomantic (fengshui) principles and on the other hand provide evidence of the planning and construction initiatives for an Asian city in the practical conditions of Vietnam. This is also an area where several heritages of tangible and intangible culture are preserved, such as legendary or historical stories related to historical figures and archaeological vestiges.



The management plan for Zone 4 aims at:

- Preserving intact and enhancing the traditional, natural and environmental value, including: the mountains that represent significant geomantic elements and their adjacent sections of the Ma and the Buoi rivers; the bodies of water; the natural woodlands and the farmed forests on the hillocks.

- Making sure that the development plans will not affect the natural environment and destroy the traditional and historical landscape.

- Preserving intangible heritages of the people living in the mountainous area,

- Preserving and conserving traditional buildings, historical and religious monuments and in Zone 4,

- Surveying and updating dossiers and maps for the cultural and archaeological resources,

- Sellecting sites of greate value of traditional and natural landscape and cultural sites which link with the Ho Citadel complex to develop for the promotion of the property and the development of tourism.

- Improving the living conditions and raising the awareness of the general public by encouraging the participation of the community in the conservation, protection and promotion of the property.

6.5.2. Responsibility of the Conservation Centrer towards Zone 4

1. The Conservation Centrer is to cooperate with the Culture Office of Vinh Loc and the culture programme officers of the communes situated within Zone 4 in:

- Identifying a clear-cut boundary of Zone 4 and the need for specific management and conservation for this zone.

- Updating the documents and maps of the natural and cultural sites in Zone 4.



- Developing plans, proposing and implementing measures to conserve to the highest extent possible the natural elements that support the outstanding universal value of the Ho Citadel. Necessary terms and provisions need to be supplemented in order to prevent unauthorized exploitation of rock mountains, cutting down trees or hunting wild animals, filling in the natural bodies of water or the illegal extraction of sand from the river bed etc.

- Frequently monitoring the state of preservation and management of the traditional monuments that have been inscribed as cultural heritage; Working with the owners of the traditional and historical monuments in formulating plans for regular repair in order to preserve the authenticity and the inherent cultural values of the sites.

- Developing plan for the collection of data and the study of tangible and intangible cultural values within these area, including legends, folk stories, customs, festivals, traditional folk songs, etc. with a view to enrich the cultural values of the Ho Citadel heritage.

- Encouraging the people living in the buffer zone to identify and organize the most typical traditional festivals, to perform the exquisite traditional forms of dancing and singing of the communities.

- Carrying out surveys and, upon reception, updating the dossier with the information related to the archaeological discoveries made in these areas.

- Taking prompt measures to prevent further construction activities once important archaeological vestiges have been found.

2. The Conservation Centrer is to assist the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District in:

- Developing plans for the areas where natural forests are preserved and new industrial forests are planted on appropriate height, making sure that the natural landscape in the buffer zone is maintained and enhanced. Control the maintenance and protection of the natural forests and farmed forests, preventing them from the destruction by both human beings and natural disasters, such as forest fires, landslides and illegal logging.



- Formulating a development plan for the riparian areas adjacent to the Buoi and the Ma rivers as well as to the natural lakes.

- Mapping out development plans for the areas within these zones in the line of protecting and enhancing the values of the natural landscape of the property; the density of population, the concentration of construction work and the regional traffic routes should be carefully calculated and clearly defined in the Regulation.

- Monitoring the issuance of construction licenses as well as other development activities to make sure that the rules stipulated in the Regulation are strictly observed. A case in point is to make sure the mountains in the distance, which are of high geomatic significance, can be seen from the Inner Wall and vice versa.

Discussion on the main issues of the Management Plan



3. The Conservation Centrer is to cooperate with national and international agencies to develop and implement the research programmes to examine the natural conditions and the environment of Zone 4. Results of these programs will be used in the management and promotion of the natural values of the sites, including: the micro-climatic and micro-environmental conditions of the area; the values of such resources as soil, water, stone, minerals, flora and fauna; the risks of disasters, such as the possible overflow of river water, the changes in the courses of the rivers, landslides in hilly areas, forest fires, etc.

6.6. ZONE 5

6.6.1. Zone 5 is currently an area of urban development, particularly the central part of Vinh Loc town, which has high population density. In this area, there are a lot of public structures, such as schools, hospitals and the headquarters of the district people’s committee, etc. These buildings are mainly located along the main road that connect the Inner Wall with Mount Don Son. Recent archaeological excavations outside the Southern Gate have found, under the modern road, vestiges of the Cai Hoa road of the Ho Dynasty. Some stones of the the ancient road have also been found along the modern one. Archaeologists, therefore believe that the remains of the ancient road are well preserved under the ground.

Although urbanization in this area has not been too rapid, it may represent significant threats to the outstanding universal value of the property if there is no effective management plan.

Ancient bricks were reused by the village people



The western area of Zone 5 can be considered as suberb of Vinh Loc Town. This area has low population density and currently is distributes with households and private structures that were built 40 to 50 years ago. Like Vinh Loc Town, this area was formed after the establishment of some ancient villages in the Buffer Zone. But unlike Vinh Loc Town, it is not facing urbanization. However it is noteworthy that this area will also be subject to rapid development. Therefore, a more detailed zonal plan must be immediately devised and put in place, with specific guidelines for the management and control of development activities to make sure that they will not pose any threats to the OUV of the property.

This zonal plan of Zone 5 is for achieving the following objectives:

- Manage, protect and conserve the archaeological vestiges under and above ground during the planning and development of Zone 5.

- Manage and control the urbanization process so that it will not cause any significant changes to the natural landscape between the Inner Wall and Mount Don Son. Make sure that the visibility between the Inner Wall and Mount Don Son will not be obstructed.

- Make sure that the planning for Vinh Loc Town is done in harmonious relations with the surrounding natural landscape and the core zone of the Citadel.

- Planning for Zone 5 should be done along the line of restoring traditional housing styles.

- Gradually develop tourism packages and corresponding infrastructure to serve the needs of tourists. This must be done in line with the overall plan for tourism development while generating more job opportunities for the agricultural population.

- Raise public awareness of the value of the property and their roles in protecting and promoting the values of the property.

- Spell out clearly the rights and obligations of the local community in the exploitation of the values from the sites, including economic, cultural and educational benefits.

6.6.2. Responsibility of the Conservation Centrer toward Zone 5

1. The CCHC is to work with the Culture Office of Vinh Loc District to:



- Formulate and update the scientific profile and archaeological map systems for Zone 5

- Monitor the construction activities and take prompt actions to preserve the randomly discovered archaeological vestiges, collecting the artifacts held by the people.

- Raise public awareness of the value of the site as well as their rights and obligations. Work with local primary and secondary schools to organize activities to teach the values of the property to the students and make them aware of their roles in the protection, management and conservation of the site.

Mr. Vuong Van Viet steering the procedule of developing the Management Plan

2. The Conservation Center is to provide counselling to the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District in:

- Delimiting Zone 5

- Identify specific criteria for issuing construction licenses, public and private, in Zone 5 to make sure that buildings will not distort the landscape and affect the OUV of the property; these criteria need to be mainstreamed into the Regulation.

- Carry out planning for Vinh Loc Town – so that it blends well with the natural landscape of the nominated property of the Citadel: the scale and fashion



of the buildings must be in harmonious relations with the ancient structures in the site; identify the appropriate construction density with no buildings higher than 20 metres; create harmony between buildings and the coverage of trees and vegetation, the number of parks, in order to add values to the landscape of the property while reducing pollution that is caused by urbanization; make sure that annual population growth rate will not exceed 0.5% per year.

- Carry out planning for the suburb area – defined by the residential areas and the agricultural ecological region nearby: households in this area must be no more than two-storey high and built by a combination of both traditional and modern material with gardens; these houses should be built in the traditional fashion. The construction density in this area must be observed to make sure that no buildings will be higher than 15 metres; annual population growth should not exceed 0.5% per year.

- Monitor the issuance of licenses for the construction in the area and make sure that buildings are built in conformity with the previously defined criteria.

- Tourism amenities must be constructed in conformity with the regulations on sanitation, safety and quality, such as restaurants, hotels, souvenir shops, entertainment places, etc.

Linh Giang Pagoda



CHAPTER 7

CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE PROPERTY’S VALUES



7.1. INTRODUCTION

7.1.1. Along with the formulation of policies and regulations regarding the activities within the protected zones of the property, appropriate conservation measures will be considered and selected in order to maintain and enhance the values of the property. This chapter will discuss the activities that the BM needs to carry out for the recognized relics and protected zones.

7.1.2. Different types of archaeological traces require different approaches, depending on their natural characteristics and the extent to which they need to be conserved. The degree of approach also needs to be taken into account, as a relic that is open to public should be treated differently from one that is not. This part will define the objectives of conservation set out for various types of archaeological vestiges and for the maintenance and protection of these vestiges once the initial conservation objectives have been achieved. The protection of the most characteristic values of the traditional craft villages have also been taken into account.

7.1.3. In case of limited resources, the most important thing is to identify, through sensible decision-making, which are the most fundamental issues that must be given priority. To do so, it is necessary to spell out the specific objectives and purposes of each activity and to prevent further damage rather than repair the areas that have been damaged. Intended measures should be on a par with the corresponding available skills, meaning that those that require too much human and material resources should not be planned or adopted. All the necessary conservation activities must be done in conformity with the principles of the

A sustainable approach to the future management of the site, aiming to achieve a balance between conservation of the site itself and of its environmental and cultural landscape so as to set a foundation for sustainable development of social economy and sustainable tourism development.



Venice and Burra Charters , the Nara Declaration on authenticity and the recommendations made by the General Assembly of UNESCO.

7.1.4 Apart from the objectives set out in the Plan to encourage the economy to develop in a sustainable manner while conserving the archaeological vestiges and landscape, any other conservation plans must aim at involving to the highest extent possible the participation of the local communities and increasing job opportunities for them.

Discussion on stone wall conservation need

7.2. RECOMMEND CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR THE NOMINATED SITES

7.2.1. Zone 1 - Nominated Property.

The oustanding universal value of the components of the nominated property (including structural foundations, drainage systems, traffic system, v.v.)



are built of terracotta, stone and other materials that can be susceptible to damage and decay.

In order to characterise and identify the conservation needs for each type of relics in the nominated property, a process has been identified.

Step 1: Initial survey

This step involves the following tasks:

- Develop survey report on the current state and level of conservation of the relic

- Draw a a plan of selected site

- Collect and analyze related documents (including historical and cartographic documents and research projects conducted earlier in the field)

- Review related archaeological document.

- Examine the natural and social environments surrounding the site.

Step 2: Conceptualization of basic solutions

Based on the information gathered in Step 1, formulate an overall conservation plan and a phase-specific plan for the selected site.

Step 3: Test excavation and survey of above-ground structures

This step serves to identify the most initial and general characteristics, the shape and the size of the relic, providing needed information and bases to formulate long-term plans for the conservation and restoration described in Step 2

Step 4. Development of basic solutions

Based on the results received from Step 3 and the ideas conceptualized in Step 2, short-term and long-term implementation plans are developed. Short-term plans need to be carefully prepared to match the financial, technological and professional capacities. The results from short-term plans must be integrated and mainstreamed into the overall picture of the long-term plan.



Step 5: Detailed excavation for conservation

Although there is already an overall plan, the detailed excavation in each place must still follow a carefully calculated procedure that takes into account the needs for temporary conservation and there should be solutions to problems that may emerge unexpectedly. Before conducting restoration on a structure, say, a palace, excavation needs to be carried out on the whole area. For other types of structure, such as the city walls, the city gates, the moat systems, etc., preparation of financial and technical capacities should also be meticulously made.

Step 6: Formulation of conservation plan

Based on the information and documents of the foregoing steps, a detailed conservation plan should be developed. In general, conservation requires pilot research and assessment of results, the positive and negative effects of the methods employed, etc. Therefore, the conservation plan should be divided into different phases. How to operate, maintain and manage conservation projects should also be taken into account before actual implementation of specific tasks.

Step 7. Implementation of conservation tasks

During the implementation of conservation tasks, it is necessary to keep a record, monitor and propose the solutions to different potential problems. The rule about preserving the original elements of the property should be strictly observed (for example, no digging of the architectural foundation, say for the installation of sewers, should be allowed)

Step 8: Operation, maintenance and management

This is an important step that determines the success or failure of the relic in conservation. For structures that need to be restored, these three issues are all the more important and demanding.

It is therefore urgent to establish within the Conservation Centrer a special unit to examine and monitor the conservation and restoration work described above. (See 5.4.4 and 5.4.5).



Regularly mow off the grass and trim off the trees out of the stone wall surface

7.2.1.1. Conservation of the Inner Citadel

As discussed earlier in Section 6, the conservation of stone and earthen structures of the Ho Citadel will be very expensive and complicated if we cannot determine what causes the stone blocks to fall off, especially in the stone wall and stone gates.

Damage to these components may come from:

- The subsidence and detachment of stone walls due to the subterranean water beneath or due to the instability of the elements at the foot of the wall; the destruction to the surface of the stone blocks due to rain water.



- The roots of trees that grow out of the wall. These roots may cause distortion and movement of the stone block linear positions.

- The high temperature that causes cracks on the surface of the stone blocks.

- The erosion of the earthen embankment due to heavy rainfall or human activities.

In addition, the restoration of damaged segments of the wall and the placement of stone blocks that have fallen off into their former positions, especially in wide areas outside the citadel, necessitate a huge amount of work, money and time. Therefore, the specific conservation plans need to be devised with careful consideration of time, money and human resources available.

For the areas inside the citadel, trees that have their roots penetrating deep into the ground will also represent considerable threat to the archaeological vestiges underneath. For the empty areas between the citadel wall and the moats, natural and human threats are insignificant. However, the herding of livestock and grazing cattle needs to be controlled in order to retain the grasslands that constitute part of the landscape and moderate the heat during summer.

Conservation measures that have been taken and regularly monitored:

- Finalize the documentation of the citadel walls and gates, including detailed photography, measurement and numbering of the stone blocks, marking the sunken and fallen-off areas.

1. Regularly mow off the grass and trim off the trees that grow out of the stone wall surface; make sure that the grass does not grow tall on the earthen embankment while protecting the embankment from erosion by rainfall.

2. Give proper attention and initial treatment to the sewers and open water inlets at the foot of the citadel wall to minimize the physical effects on the foot of the wall.

3. Give proper treatment of the roof of the vault, creating water drainage outlets around the roofs of the northern and southern gates to minimize the intrusion of water into the stone blocks in the vaults.

4. Monitor the farming activities so as not to exert any negative effects on the archaeological vestiges underneath.



Grasslands expanding as a measure of erosion preventing for the earthwork

Next intended solutions:

- Examine the geographical and geological characteristics of the stone walls in order to understand the cause of the subsidence and stone falling off, especially in wall segments that are subject to changes in the north and the east. This requires close cooperation between geologists and archaeologists.



- Examine the hydrodynamic properties and characteristics of the whole Inner Wall and the surrounding areas in order to restore the old water drainage outlets and the system of lakes and their draining capacity. To study for installing an overall drainage method to protect the walls in storm season and the southwest corner should be restored. New elements of the water drainage system should only be added when necessary and must blend well into the existing old system. The digging new drains will need to be done under archaeological supervision.

- Develop plans to re-insert the stone blocks into their former positions in order to enhance the stability and adhesion of the walls. Archaeologists and architects should work with engineers and try to understand the construction and arrangement technology before conducting the work so as not to destroy the authenticity of the property.

- Take pilot measures to remove the roots of wild trees growing out of the citadel wall and make sure that the removal of the roots will not take away with them the adhesive soil between the layers of stone blocks and will not change the chemical and physical properties of the stones or discolor them.

- Have planning for the grasslands inside and outside the stone walls and on either side of the moat.

- Take pilot measures and pilot materials for the reinforcement of the vaults to prevent water from intruding into the stones or discoloring their colors in order to preserve the authenticity of the property.

- Monitor the efficiency of the pilot measures and take additional and alternative measures when problems arise.

- Identify the zones of prohibited farming and look for measures to conserve the archaeological vestiges under the ground, based on the survey results and the archaeological potential map for the Inner Wall.

- Assess the effects from visitors on each of the areas so as to map out an appropriate plan for control, conservation and management.

7.2.1.2. Conservation of the Outer Wall (La Thanh)



The main characteristic of the remaining section of the Outer Wall is that the earthen ramparts were solidly compacted, using the materials on the spot or taken from the mountains nearby. Currently, conservation for this area includes mainly documentation, regular monitoring and prevention from encroachment.

Studying the structure of a man made section of La

Thanh Outer wall

Future conservation for this area is expected to:

- Conduct excavation to identify the scope, quality and technical properties of the Outer Wall, providing necessary basis for selecting the most appropriate measures of conservation and restoration,.

- Remove the structures that are encroaching on the protected area of La Thanh (ditches, pumping stations, sewers, farmed trees),



- Choose the suitable types of grass to be grown on the surface and the foot of the earthed work in order to prevent erosion and destruction from mites and insects that may cause the foundation of the Outer Wall to sink.

- Consider the type and scope of the path along the foot of the Outer Wall and the tree that can be grown for shade in such a way that the path and the trees will affect neither the natural landscape nor the authenticity of the Outer Wall.

- Consider developing a plan for the restoration of certain segments of the Outer Wall that have been damaged. This plan must not in any way affect the authenticity of the wall, possibly by using the traditional types of materials and local technology combined with the available financial, technical capacity and human resources.

- Putting up signposts and interpretation panels for the protected area in order to prevent and control instances of encroachment.

- Assess the possible effects from tourism so as to come up with corresponding corrective measures and management plans.

7.2.1.3 Conservation of the Nam Giao Altar

Covering a wide area where traces of many original architectural structures have been found, the Nam Giao Altar needs special attention in terms of conservation in order to preserve the various types of artifacts which were made of different materials and served different functions. However, a major difficulty is that suitable conservation methods and techniques for dealing with this type of monument are not yet developed in Vietnam. So far, a large area of the altar has been excavated and a plan has been formulated for the total excavation during the 2004-2010 period. The major threats to this area include:

- Erosion of the clay foundation and of the adhesive soil in the stone foundation due to heavy rainfall. This erosion may cause the foundation and floor of the altar to sink.

- The terracotta, clay and stone becoming cracked, weathered and distorted due to changes in the temperature and the intensity of sunlight and wind.

- The effects from bushes and moss in humid and hot tropical climate during the rainy season.



As the altar is currently under research and exploratory excavation, access is limited to scientists, researchers and managers. In the future, the increase in the number of tourists to the site will be both significant and rapid. Beside the need to have a better understanding of the site and the enjoyment of the landscape with mountain and rice fields, there may be also unprompted need for religious practices in this is an altar. If there is no well-designed management and protection plan, the site may be subject to the following threats:

- The effects from insects and moss that grows from waste and garbage.

- The displacement of the artifacts and ensuing damage, the distortion of the site’s surface due to the impacts from tourism and the poor behavior of the visitors.

- The possibility of fire and explosion when the number of tourists increases.

Current status of archaeological remains at the Nam Giao Altar site



Temporary conservation measures in place:

- For the whole property: remove the big trees in the areas where architectural vestiges have been found; create outlets to drain water from the mountains to minimize the risk of landslide and erosion; regularly mow off grass and wild bushes.

- For architectural vestiges that have been revealed: part of these have been refilled with sand and soil for protection. Areas that are currently under excavation have been sheltered by canvass.

- Porcelain and ceramic artifacts and the vast majority of terracotta items (bricks and tiles) have been taken to warehouses for storage and research.

Plans and measures of conservation in the future:

- Develop plans for the conservation and, if possible, restoration of each type of relics (surrounding wall, central floor, worshipping houses, water wells, walking paths, etc.)

- Consider the possibility of restoring the water drainage system within the altar and building additional outlets outside the altar to guarantee the draining capacity of the site during the rainy season.

- Consider the possibility of restoring the natural woodland, specifying the area for farmed trees and for grass in order to control the heat and reduce the amount of natural radiation on the relic.

- Develop a procedure and measures to prevent moss and mould from growing; detect and control the presence of insects.

- Develop a network of visiting routes and signposts for the visitor in order to safeguard the components of the relics.

- Build stations for the prevention and control of fires and natural disasters.



Tho Tuong Mt. and agricultural landscape

7.3. RECOMMEND CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR THE BUFFER ZONE

7.3.1. Different types of relics within the buffer zone have been described in the nomination dossier for the Ho Citadel and its annexes. These relics play an important role in constituting the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. They can be categorized as follows:



- Natural landscapes: including stone mountains and woodlands (both natural and farmed forests); the Ma and the Buoi rivers (sections that flow through the buffer zone); bodies of water (lakes, rivers, streams, artificial rivers); natural caves and grottoes.

- Agricultural landscapes: including rice paddies, crops areas (especially riparian areas), orchards, etc.

- Traditional craft villages and intangible cultural values

- Areas of high archaeological potentials

Section 6 has discussed the characteristics of the zones, the management measures and the cooperation between different stakeholders. The focus is on continued examination of the characteristics and properties of each zone and the types of relics therein. Specific measures need to be decided on the basis of the research results gathered beforehand. Intended conservation measures for each type of relic, therefore, include the following:

7.3.2 Conserving natural landscape

Section 6.4 discusses the values and characteristics of the natural elements within Zones 3, 4 and 5. The responsibilities of the Conservation Center and the authorities in managing these elements have also been clarified. The essential requirement for conservation is to preserve the natural elements that were believed by people of old times as reflecting geomantic principles for a citadel. One of the long-term goals, therefore, is to gain a better understanding and respect of the functions of these natural elements and to restore the ancient landscape to the highest possible extent (such as water inlets and outlets, the natural woodlands, etc.). For the time being, the Decisions on the prohibition of exploitation of the stone mountains that threatens to change the current landscape have been issued (Section 3.4). The situation should be monitored regularly.

7.3.3 Preserving agricultural landscape

- The immediate measure for the conservation of agricultural landscape is to monitor and control the change in the land-use purposes so that it will not be



affected by the adverse impacts from urbanization and development. The success of this measure depends on the close cooperation between the Conservation Center and different levels of authorities in formulating the plan for socio-economic development in the region.

- In the foreseeable future, in order to preserve the traditional cultural values while raising the living standards for the people within the buffer zone, the agricultural landscape needs to be thoroughly studied and carefully planned so as to promote the values of agricultural products. These products may become culture-specific and cost-efficient products, helping to add further traditional cultural values to the property.

7.3.4 Preserving the values of traditional villages and the intangible cultural values

As discussed in Section 6, traditional villages bear witness to many tangible and intangible cultural values.

According to UNESCO, intangible cultural values include:

- Oral traditions and expressions

- Performing arts

- Social practices and rituals

- Knowledge and practices relating to the nature and the universe

- Traditional craftsmanship

Intangible cultural values preserved in the traditional villages in the buffer zone of the Ho Citadel include: folk festivals, traditional singing, religious rituals and ceremonies, traditional crafts and methods of production. To date, some of the festivals and traditional types of singing have been documented. This will continue in order to identify and inventory all the significant intangible cultural values before specific conservation measures for each type of intangible culture are determined.

7.3.5. Preserving traditional architectural structures



Traditional architectural structures (mainly religious, historical and residential structures) constitute original values for the buffer zone of the property. They are also an important source of document and information for a better understanding of the traditional construction techniques and materials. They help determine appropriate measures during the restoration of similar archaeological structures within the core zone. The documentation of these structures has basically been completed and conservation and maintenance have been done frequently.

Every year, the Conservation Center conducts the inventorying and evaluation of these structures. The Conservation Center determines which structures are suffering from serious damage and which measures of restoration are appropriate for them, for example by using as much as possible the traditional construction materials and styles, so that the original elements (authenticity) of these structures are retained.

7.3.6. Preserving archaeological vestiges

Along with the management and control of the urban and residential areas in Vinh Loc district, the Conservation Center also looks for further archaeological vestiges. Based on the survey of the archaeological potential in each area, the CCHC will take necessary measures to conserve the discovered archaeological vestiges. For example, vestiges of the Cong Da Path (in Tay Giai Village) and the Hoa Nhai Path (outside the Southern Gate) need to be examined carefully to identify which conservation measures are appropriate, such as the erection of signposts to prevent encroachment on the vestiges.

7.3.7. Preservation of archaeological artifacts

Along with the formulation of plans for the conservation of artifacts hitherto unearthed in official excavations, the Conservation Center has also tried to collect those artifacts discovered by the local people. This should be done regularly for moveable artifacts.

The conservation of artifacts includes the following:

- Building a system of standard storehouses

- Make an inventory for the registration of artifacts



- Specify a procedure for the examination and detection of potential threats to determine the corresponding corrective measures.

Terracotta and stone artifacts unearthed from Nam Giao Altar site

7.4. MAINTENANCE OF THE PROPERTY

7.4.1. The potential threats to different areas of the property have been discussed and analyzed in Section 6. It is therefore very important to add an effective maintenance procedure to the management plan. Regular maintenance of the property helps detect potential threats to the property and identify necessary solutions accordingly. This prevents minor damage from spreading out and deteriorating while major damage will be promptly detected and addressed. The potential threats to the property may come from both nature and human activities.

7.4.2 The climate change and other natural changes may cause serious disasters and risks. In the nominated area and the Buffer Zone of Citadel of the Ho



Dynasty, firing, earthquakes and flooding are the main threats which created bad effects to the nominated property, such as:

- The distortion of structural foundations, the movement of archaeological vestiges and artifacts from their original positions, the collapse of the citadel wall and gates due to increased temperature, flooding and earthquake.

- The destructive impacts from wild grass, mites and mice to the Inner Wall and Outer Wall

- The deterioration of elements that have been subject to treatment and conservation

- The deterioration of wooden structures, the movement of roof structures that causes leaking to the standing monuments within the buffer zone, etc.7.4.3 Risks from human activities can also cause very bad effects to the nominated property, including:

- Encroachment and digging of the protected area of the property

- Defacement of the property’s components by graffiti and climbing, stepping on the relics

- The discharge/disposal of waste and garbage

- Arson and unintentional fires due to carelessness,

- Theft etc.

7.4.4 Regular examination and timely maintenance of minor damaged areas will prevent the risks from the start and minimize the possible effects and costs. This should be done in parallel with assessing the efficiency of the conservation measures for each component.

Regular inspection and maintenance is carried out by the staffs of Conservation Center, whose responsibilities include:

- Examining, assessing and updating the state of the components of the property and the corrective measures that have been taken



- Guaranteeing sanitary conditions, the drainage of water and the prevention of wild bushes from intruding the components of the property

- Detecting and assessing the impacts from natural risks and human activities

- Dealing promptly with the erosion due to heavy rainfall and destruction from mice and mites

- Detecting unexpected changes in the components of the property and reporting them to the Conservation Center for necessary solutions

The CCHC is responsible for monitoring the activities of the Special Group and acts accordingly. Every year, the CCHC is to conduct regular assessment and examination of the overall condition of the property, the efficiency of conservation measures and develops ensuing action plans. The

Natural landscape, view from Mount Xuan Dai



CCHC is also responsible for keeping track of the number and quality of the professionals who are in charge of maintenance and conservation in order to make necessary addition and send them to capacity-building training courses to meet the increasing demand of conservation for the property.

7.4.5 Climate change, disasters and risks management plan

In order to prevent and mitigate the disasters and risks caused by the climate change, a disasters and risks management plan should be developed, following the need to deal with the main threats from flooding, land sliding and firing.

7.4.5. 1 It is essential to agree among the stakeholders that landslide and flood protection in nominated sites and the Buffer Zone must be seen as part of a complex planning process that needs to be integrated with other related activities, such as town planning, historic preservation, environmental protection and design, local economy and infrastructure, recreation and tourism. The following guiding principles should be adopted for positioning the flood protection measures:

- Forest areas should be planed and protected to its highest possibility of preservation and enhancement

- Soil digging should be prohibited in sensitive areas

- Waterway and canals linking with the Ma and the Buoi River should be maintained in good condition

- Ancient waterways and moats inside and around the Inner Citadel should be studied and reconstructed to adequate extent and can be integrated into the overall waterway and canal system.

- Drainage system of the Nam Giao Altar should be developed to avoid erosion and landslide.

7.4.5.2 Firing prevention management plan

In addition to the establishment of fire-stations in the nominated sites (see 7.2.1), mitigation of firing risk through monitoring and preparedness for the whole area should be planned by the cooperation with local authorities and related stakeholder, including the preparation of:



- Available human resource and equipment

- Water sources and other fire preventable material available in sensitive areas.

- Measures for prevention of forest firing

7.4.5.3 Integration of the programs of the Central Steering Committee for Flood and Storm Prevention and Control (CSCFSPC), and the local activities in the Disasters and Risk Management Plan is useful and effective way to prevent and mitigate the threats to the OUV of the nominated property and its landscape.

7.5. SECURITY WITHIN THE PROPERTY

7.5.1 Maintaining security within the property is one of the main responsibilities of daily management. Security is about ensuring the safety of not only the property but also the Conservation Center and the visitors coming to the site.

Currently, the Conservation Center has set up a Security Unit and therefore the core zone of the property has been very well-protected. During the implementation of the Management Plan, this Unit will be expanded and upgraded with more staff and better quality so as to cope with the increasingly demanding nature of the job when more places are open to the public and visitors.

Security should take into consideration the following issues:

7.5.2. The theft and illegal excavation of artifacts: Currently, a security unit is already operational and an effective system of fences has been set up to protect the Inner Wall and the Nam Giao Altar from the theft and illegal digging of artifacts. However, this must remain as a key task when the site is open to public. Furthermore, the prevention of artifact theft in various historical-cultural relics in the wider area of the buffer zone should be enhanced. Along with the training of experienced and professional security staff, it is also important to continue raising the public awareness and participation in the safeguarding of



cultural heritage and the Conservation Center will mainstream this task into the overall interpretation and promotion plan.

7.5.3. Although there has been no reported case of accident to the visitor and staff at the site, safety must still be a primary concern for the Conservation Center. Furthermore, accidents that may result from visitors’ mountaineering, swimming or spelunking in caves, grottos, rivers and lakes, etc. in the buffer zone of the property should also be taken into account and prevented. Therefore, each specific area should be well signposted so that people know which action is banned and which is risky. The erection of signposts will be done step by step together with the process of opening the property to the public and putting it into use.

Reading a sign boad in the Inner Citadel



7.5.4 Awareness of the property by the local community and their participation in safeguarding the property are of great significance. They are people who have been and will always be the best guardians of the heritage. Therefore, it is crucial for the Conservation Center to improve their awareness and sense of responsibility for the safety of the property. The protection of different components of the property will be propagated to the communities inside the property or in its vicinity as well as to visitors through the following measures:

- Distributing leaflets and brochures about the property and develop a special category on the official website for the protection of the property, justifying the importance of the property and the rules that visitors must obey when visiting each of the components so as not to cause any harm to the property.

- Erecting introduction and interpretation boards and signposts together with the regulations for the average visitor.

- Informing the local communities and schoolchildren about the importance of safeguarding the property while raising their awareness of the significance and values of the property and promoting these values.

CHAPTER 8. ACCESS AND TOURISM


International researchers visiting the Nam Giao Altar in 2009

CHAPTER 8 ACCESS AND TOURISM



8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.1.1 Tourism is one of the major growth elements of the Vietnamese economy. By trying its best to preserve the world heritage sites in Vietnam and continue to nominate the new sites for the world heritage list, the Vietnamese government on one hand aims at the protection and respect of Vietnamese cultural heritages, on another hand to contribute to the human knowledge with original values of Vietnamese culture.

These values should be effectively promoted by the development of tourism. The Vietnamese government lays down as a policy the sustainable development of tourism, using the natural and cultural resources available to the present generation in a way which leaves these resources intact for the future, to contribute for the improvement of living standard of the people. Development strategy of Vietnamese tourism is the attraction of 5.5-6 millions of foreign tourists and 25-26 millions of Vietnamese tourists.

The well-maintained character of the cultural landscape surrounding the Ho Citadel and its diversified cultural heritage is among the chain of historical, religious sites and beauty spots of Thanh Hoa province that have been well known by national visitors. Once being nominated, it will add more typical values for Vietnamese world heritages and will in itself be an attraction for the high-spending international tourist markets.

8.1.2 The sustainable development of tourism will be an important factor for the diffusion of hidden values of the Ho Citadel and its related sites to the world. At the same time, it can provide income for site maintenance and development and employment opportunities for the local population, as well as enjoyable and educational access for the visitor to an important element of the world’s cultural heritage and to the history of Vietnam traditions and life-style. However, if developed unsustainably, tourism will destroy the rare and irreplaceable archaeological resources as well as the character of the area and cause the bad effects to the social environment of the site.

It is important that both the sites themselves and the infrastructure to support tourism, such as roads and hotels, are developed in sustainable ways that preserve the essential character of the Ho Citadel and its historical and cultural landscape.



8.1.3 Tourism needs also to be developed in ways which are economically sustainable. Development projects should be developed on the basis of analyzes of precise forecasted figures and with appropriate steps to avoid investment risks. For example the investment in hotels and restaurants should be based on the prospects of tourist number; packets of tourist products should be developed by the understanding the tastes of visitors and potentiality of the market… It is necessary to develop tourism gradually so that the cultural and environmental impact and economic consequence of each development can be measured before the next step is taken.

8.2 EVALUATION OF TOURIST RESOURCES - SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

8.2.1 Precisely evaluation of tourist resources for the Ho Citadel heritage is necessary for the sustainable and feasible development of tourist plans. The study of natural environment, the OUV of cultural values, historical and traditional values of the Nominated area and the buffer zone shows that the Ho Citadel heritages process a great potentiality of tourist resources. Various types of tourism can be developed to encourage and serve for different types of visitors, including heritage tourism, ecotourism, pro-poor tourism, recession tourism, educational tourism. Tourism products of various time limits can be created depended upon resource advantage, location and scale of the sites.

At present the Inner Citadel is the only site opened and with any visitor facilities. The young staffs of the Management Board are very active and have good understanding on the site. However, the service facilities are very limited, having two ticket offices in the Northern and Southern Gates, and a Center for Information cum Exhibition. There is not yet any facility at the La Thanh Outer Wall and Nam Giao Altar. At the standing monuments (including the temples, shrines, commune houses…) there are only the monks and custodians who take care of the sites. The refreshment place, information center …have not yet been constructed.

Thus, to ensure the demands of the potential visitors and to facilitate the protection of the site, it is necessary to develop a tourist management plan. This plan is being formulated with the assistance of the researchers from Institute for



Tourism Development Research (ITDR) and the Faculty of Tourism (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi) , and with assistance from specialized staff of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MOCST).

8.2.2 The first step should be to establish the minimum facilities in the four main gates of the Inner Citadel, La Thanh Outer Wall and Nam Giao Altar, including the refreshment outlets. The Information Centers which provide information on the safe conditions, site maps and souvenir shops will be built in the appropriate places outside the Southern Gate and outside the protected areas of La Thanh Outer Wall and Nam Giao Altar. The staffs of the CCHC will respond to the patrolling in all the protected areas to ensure the safe conditions and avoid robbing, damaging and any danger that may occur to the visitors.

The diffusion of values of the heritage for tourist promotion will be developed and updated both in Vietnamese and English on the website of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The pamphlets and guide books that provide information on the heritage should be published. Capacity of the staffs on foreign languages, English and Chinese in particular, should be improved through the onsite training course organized by the CCHC. Short training courses on the skill of site interpretation for various types of visitors should be organized with the guidance of specialists in archaeology, museum, culture and tourism.

8.2.3 Roads and traffic have major role and influences on the development and protection of the nominated property. Good regional and inter regional traffic system help to develop tourism and economy. However, it may cause adverse impact on the property. Therefore, it is essential to develop a system of road and traffic that reflects the ancient features in one hand and provide good accessible facilities in another hand in the nominated sites.

Road system inside the Inner Citadel should be studied to understand their original condition before any activity of reconstruction. Walk ways in each nominated site should be developed to provide accessible way for visitors.

Currently, a project of communication route from Cong Bridge (Vinh Phuc Commune) to Vinh Long Commune is being constructed. This will provide good condition for inter-regional of communication.



Visitors in the Inner Citadel

8.2.4 Orientation of short term and long term plans for tourist development

a- On basic of surveying data of demand, types of visitors and Vietnamese tourist markets in recent years, it is necessary to coordinate with tourism specialist, historical, cultural, and archaeological researchers to establish tourism development strategy for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, including following main points:

+ Identification of the accessible sites for visitors and develop step-by-step investment plans with appropriate priorities. In the first 5 years plan, the opening of Nam Giao Altar for the visitors and identifying more visiting points in the Inner Citadel and the La Thanh Outer Wall will be the first priority. In addition to the sites in the Nominated areas, accessible sites in the Buffer Zone will be investigated and invested. These include historical and religious monuments, mountainous landscape, landscapes of the rivers and lakes, traditional and handicraft villages.



+ Interpretive plans for each sites or a group of sites.

+ Development of packages of tourist products with various content and time limits which suitable to the main types of visitors of the heritages.

+ Coordination with tourist agencies for the promotion and diffusion of tourist products.

On site display and interpretation

b- To set up plans for tourist development with the participation of various stakeholders and communities, including the establishment and building capacity of the local guides.

c- Identify the negative effects of tourist activities and appropriate ways to deal with the problems, with particular focus on the control of negative effects



into the sensitive archeological sites, natural and socio-environment in the heritage area.

d- The establishment of a new museum should only be considered once the study and understanding of the heritage are obtained in larger scale. The construction of a temporary storage house for the large number of unearthed archaeological artifacts will be completed during 2010-2012. In addition, the enlargement and improvement of the interpreted content for the on-site exhibition will be conducted regularly during the first 5 years of the Management Plan.

8.3 INTERPRETATION, EDUCATION AND PUBLICATION

8.3.1 Interpretation of the heritage is an essential part of developing the sites for tourism. The purpose of site interpretation is to educate visitors about this potential World Heritage Site and its significance in the past and present. It is also for a fuller appreciation of its cultural and historical importance, great beauty of its monuments and landscape, as well as the idea and philosophy of the builders.

Various ways of interpretation should be developed which are suitable to groups of visitors who are different in ages and purposes of visiting.

8.3.2 Equally important is education for both local population and visitors, the young generation in particular. Information and reference document for visiting young student should be focused in by the produce of publications and information on the website of the Management Board. Reference document used in the school will also be produced in simple and attractive forms. Firstly, extra-curricular of teachers and students should be developed.

8.3.3 Encouraging the participation of local interpreters will be the best way to exploit knowledge and experiences of local people living in the heritage area, enriching the content and ways of interpretation. In order to involve local people to this activity, CCHC should coordinate with the district cultural officer and experts to organize training courses on skill of cultural interpretation for local guides. They need to be well organized to ensure the norm of work ethic and knowledge.



Modest room for site information

8.4 DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE

8.4.1 When the number of tourists increases it will be necessary to improve and increase the facilities available, including accommodation, food outlets, transport, local guides, and opportunities to buy souvenirs and other local



products. All this will need careful planning to ensure that new developments do not adversely affect the character of the site, surrounding villages or the cultural landscape.

8.4.2 Currently, number of over-night visitors is not large, due to the limitation of site accessibility and diffusion. However, based on the forecast number of visitors and demand for over-night accommodation, it is necessary to construct more hotels in the coming years. It is note that multi-storied hotels in inappropriate location may cause negative effects to the natural landscape and disturb the eye-short to the monuments. The designing of two or three storied hotels which preserve traditional architectures of the heritage area should be encouraged. These hotels are better in moderate scale and in accordance with surrounding landscape of green forest or foot-hill.

8.4.3 Nowadays, cultural and ecotourism are intended to develop. Tourists want to enjoy the local culture where they visited and wish to take home a typical souvenir from the places they have been. The typical character of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its natural landscape, which includes all the beauty elements of the water, mountain and forest, will offer the best condition for the development of various types of tourism. Accordingly, local food and other consuming supply will have better markets, which create more working opportunities for local people. In addition, the development of handicrafts and local specialties will be the best way to preserve intangible cultural values for the future generation and to sustainable protect the natural sources available in the area.

From the analyzed situation, orientation of infrastructure development for tourism will focus to the development of a comprehensive plan of infrastructure and service system, together with conservation and protection plans for the Nominated areas and the Buffer zone, including following activities:

+ Establishment of system of walkway surrounding the walls of and inside the Inner Citadel, along the La Thanh Outer Wall and in several accessible places in Nam Giao Altar.

+ Establishment of road for tourist small vehicles which connecting the Northern and Southern Gates, the Eastern and the Western Gates, the Outer Wall and the Inner Citadel, surrounding the outside protected boundary of the Nam Giao Altar.

+ Develop the transport using traditional boats to travel within the Nominated areas and the Buffer Zone, and to other sites in Thanh Hoa province.

+ Plan of parks and convalescence places which are nearby and in accordance with scenery of stone mountains or riverside.

+ Constructions of general service area, including restaurants, hotels, entertainment, in location that do not cause bad impacts to the archaeological



sites, historical monuments and natural landscape. These areas should be in moderate scale and in accordance with general landscape of the heritage. They are also need to be carefully planned to ensure economic effectiveness.

+ Selection and investment of typical handicrafts available in the Buffer Zone, of which sources of material, artisans, types of products and market etc. should be calculated carefully.

8.5 Nam Giao Altar site and related activities

In coming years, the open of Nam giao Altar to the public will attract large number of visitors, the Vietnamese in particular. These people are very interested in beliefs practice. Nam Giao Altar was once functioned as a sacrifice altar. The reconstruction of offering sacrifice to the Heaven in this site should be conducted by the CCHC. This will be a kind of festival and attract more visitors. Therefore, there should be more staffs and services for site management and maintenance.

CHAPTER 9: AWARENESS OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY AND THE ISSUE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT


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CHAPTER 9

COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Daily life of local people and the heritage



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9.1. INTRODUCTION

9.1.1 The Nominated sites of the Ho Citadel covers a large area, most of which is agricultural land distributed within the Inner Citadel (144.2 hectares against a total area of 155.5 hectares of the Nominated sites). Potential archaeological vestiges may be scattered in different areas outside the citadel gates, where a large number of people are lived. To the south of the citadel, over the ancient road, lies the Town which is in process of urban development of Vinh Loc District. The vast Buffer Zone, which is sandwiched between two major rivers and covers an area of 5078.5 hectares, is home to 54.405 people divided into 10 communes. In addition to the Nominated Area, where there are a wide range of archaeological vestiges and large-stone structures above the ground, the buffer zone preserves many significant elements of the natural landscape which support the outstanding universal value of the property. These cultural relics need to be protected by special policies, which mean certain activities will simply not be permitted while others will require consent from different levels of management. The application of protection policies is likely to affect the daily life of the people. Therefore, it is important to get the local community involved in the implementation of the Management Plan. The local authorities are to take part directly in the protection of cultural heritage in their neighborhood in accordance with the Law of Cultural Heritage (article 33.1 and 33.2). They will also be the main agencies to cooperate with the Conservation Center of the Ho Citadel to implement the Management Plan.

9.1.2. The implementation of the Management Plan will bring many job opportunities for the local people, such as the involvement in the conservation and maintenance of the property, the promotion and interpretation of the value of the property, the development of the tourism sector, etc. For example, the people living in the proximity of the Inner Citadel have been and will still be selected into the Security and Rescure Team. The children of the local people are given incentives and encouraged to pursuit their undergraduate and graduate courses in cultural studies and will be given relevant jobs at the property after their graduation. All the excavation workers are selected from the local community. The development of tourism is expected to generate more and more job opportunities for the local people, especially the development of local businesses,



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including for example handicraft products, hotels and restaurants, farm produce and other local specialties, etc.

9.1.3. Therefore, it is essential to assist and encourage the local people, officials of different sectors, teachers and students to appreciate the values and significance of the property and understand why zoning for protection is needed. They must be aware of the need to limit the construction of houses, the cultivation of crops in certain land areas and the exploitation of natural resources in the protected zone. They have to be consulted during the compilation of guidelines on the conservation of cultural heritage types, especially the traditional wooden structures and pieces of intangible cultural heritage, etc.

Education of Cultural values for the young peoples

9.1.4. Once the local community has been convinced of the significance of conserving the overall cultural landscape, they will be ready to contribute to the realization of the objectives set out in the Management Plan. The communal people’s committee and particularly the local culture officers need to play an important role in monitoring and inventorying of the relics. Regarding the traditional and historical relics, it is important to note and respect the roles of the old people, village patriarchs and the local customs and treat their experience and knowledge as motivation and method of conservation for both cultural and natural heritage sites. Once the people have taken a real pride in their heritage and a keen



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interest in understanding the values of the property, they will volunteer their services to the conservation of the relics and hence the objectives of the Management Plan will be fulfilled with greater ease and attention.

9.2. Developing the “Heritage toward the Community” Program

9.2.1. Ever since its establishment, the Management Board has actively launched several campaigns to introduce the values and significance of the property to the people living in the vicinity of the Inner Citadel. The collection of artifacts owned by the local people and the inventory of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the Buffer Zone offer good chances for the staff from the Management Board to work with the culture officers at communal levels to introduce and promote the values of the local cultural heritage. The support of the people is reflected firstly in their provision of information and donation of artifacts that they collected when they dug the grounds for farming work. However, the Management Board has only operated on a small scale, limited mainly to the villages located outside the four Citadel gates. The operation has also not been on a regular basis.

9.2.2. To implement the Management Plan effectively, the Management Board will cooperate with different relevant sectors and agencies to carry out a “Heritage toward the Community” program (HTC) on a regular basis. The idea of this program is that the restoration, conservation, preservation and sustainable utilization of the cultural heritage of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty should as far as possible being the responsibility of and carried out by the local communities. It was first conceived during the preservation, conservation and sustainable protection of the property because it is in the interest of the Ho citadel but also in the interest of the local people. Therefore the preservation of the site is the interest of the local community itself.

Given what discussed above, the HTC program aims at three objectives:

1. Increase the community awareness of the importance and significance of the archaeological relics and other cultural heritage sites within the nominated property and the Buffer Zone of the Ho Citadel.



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2. Encourage and enable the local community to contribute their knowledge and traditional skills to the preservation, protection and sustainable exploitation of the cultural heritage in their neighborhood.

3. Make public the Management Plan for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and forthcoming activities carried out in the heritage area.

9.2.3 For effective implementation of this program, a thorough understanding of the socio-cultural life of the local people and their traditions and customs is a prerequisite. The survey of the cultural heritage sites in the traditional villages and the documentation of these sites have been conducted in many years.

9.3 ENSUING ACTIVITIES

9.3.1. The ongoing research, including survey and interview of needs of the local people, will continue to be undertaken in the first two years of implementing the Management Plan.

The examination and survey will provide necessary and reliable data to design specific programs and activities to raise the awareness of the local people and give them opportunities to take part in the Management Plan.

9.3.2. Specific findings from different studies on the socio-economic structures of the villages and communes within the Buffer Zone of the property will facilitate better understanding of the life of the local community living in the property. Based on those findings, the possible effects of the Management Plan on the villages can be assessed. The Management Plan will be carried out in such a way that it will be most beneficial to the local people.

9.3.3. Communication between the managers of the site and the authorities at different levels, and the local communities will be fostered and developed in both directions. The roles of communal culture officers and other social mass organizations such as the Association of the Elderly, the Women’s Association, the Youth Union, the Avant-garde Pioneers, Buddhist Association, the Catholic Parish, etc. and the Council of Teachers at secondary schools should be taken into account. The culture officer at the communal level will have to work together with



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the Management Board to propagate the activities enshrined in the Management Plan to the people living in the community for which they are directly responsible..

Festival of Tam Tong Temple

9.3.4. Specific actions have been done for the conservation of the property, including the clearance of bushes and wild grass in the vicinity of the Inner Citadel by the Youth Union, the service and participation of the Elderly Association in festivals held on commemorative days, etc. During the implementation of the Management Plan, the elder people should be mobilized as



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guardians of relics whose work is to keep an eye on the protected area. Their experiences and skills will be exploited for the conservation and restoration of relics. At the same time, the young people should be involved in improving the protected conditions of the property and promotion of the values of the property and bringing it closer to the public. These activities should be integrated into the extra-curricular plan of secondary schools.

9.3.5. Education and awareness-raising of the public about the property will be an integral part of the HTC program. Measures to be taken include: on-site display at the sites and in the Exhibition Rooms of the Management Board; make video clips about the sites and the local history and culture; organize presentations in schools and cultural houses located in the communes; organize free-of-charge field visits for the local people and schoolchildren in the property; competitions related to the understanding and promotion of the property will also be encouraged and organized in schools.

9.3.6. Work Planning: During the formulation of plans for each specific item in the Management Plan, the local workforce will be taken into account and fully mobilized. The use of this human resource is applicable not only for conservation purposes but also for economic development activities.

9.3.7 Sustainable economic development is the common goal of all the sectors, including the cultural sector. The development of tourism-related businesses will be accelerated with the cooperation and consultation between experts in traditional culture, community development, tourism development and the local communities in order to come up with the types of businesses that are most suitable and available to the local traditions, skills, craftsmanship, resources, land and materials.

CHAPTER 10 - IMPLEMENTATION …


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CHAPTER 10

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Assessment of archaeological resources



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10.1. ACTION PLAN

10.1.1. The foregoing chapters have discussed the policies and actions needed for the realization of long-term objectives and special objectives set out in the first five years of implementing the Management Plan. Good methods are therefore crucial to successfully translate these policies into practice in order to achieve the ultimate goal of protecting and developing sustainably the property of the Ho Citadel, its surrounding landscape and the traditional residential areas that typify the life of the local communities. These policies and actions must be able to promote and encourage the community to make commitments about conserving the heritage within the framework of sustainable economic development.

10.1.2. In recent years, many archaeological, historical, cultural, geo-environmental and hydro-climate studies have been conducted and have laid foundations to make well-informed decisions about what further actions to take regarding the Management Plan. The local staffs, together with national and international experts and consultants, have participated in a wide range of research activities within the property. They have provided a reliable source of expertise that will be able to coordinate and cooperate in expediting activities described in the Management Plan.

10.1.3. The Government of Vietnam has established a legal framework for protection of the property by recognizing the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as a national relic site in 1962. This was followed by the decision of the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism to recognize the Nam Giao Altar as a national relic site and a component of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in 2007, coupled with the promulgation of the Management and Protection Regulations by the provincial authorities in 2007. The NCCH, comprising archaeologists, historians, cultural researchers and conservationists, have frequently provided consultations to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism regarding the examination, conservation, and promotion of the property.

10.1.4. The provincial Steering Committee for the preparation of the nomination dossier was established in 2007 and serves as an intermediary between the provincial sectors and agencies in organizing joint research projects, field trips and discussion of the formulation of regulations and guidelines for the zoning and protection of each zone. The Committee will also serve as an advisory body for the provincial authorities in mainstreaming the objectives of the



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Management Plan into the overall development plans of the province and the district who owns the property. The Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was set up in 2007 and is directly responsible for the management and protection of the property. In September 2010, The Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province signed the decision of establishment of the Conservation Center for Citadel of the Ho. The Conservation Center is to work with relevant agencies inside and outside the country to implement the programs of the Management Plan. The uplifting of the Management Board into a Conservation Center with more functions and larger number of professional staffs and specialists will ensure its capacity in fulfilling the tasks assigned in the first five years of the plan.

10.1.5 The Institute of Archaeology, the Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences, the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Institute of Heritage Conservation and the University of Hong Duc are major agencies participating in the examination and formulation of conservation plans. International experts from Showa University (Japan) have conducted the first cooperative excavation in the Inner Citadel. This is the initial success of cooperation among national and international researchers for the projects conducted for the implementation of the Management Plan in coming years.

10.1.6. All the foregoing elements provide a foundation for the continued development and implementation of the Management Plan. The agencies and organizations mentioned above will be the key stakeholders to implement the activities intended in the Management Plan.

10.1.7. The Management Plan will exert a significant influence on a wide area of Vinh Loc District and on the residents living in that area. Therefore, the activities and policies devised to achieve the goals of the Management Plan needs to be examined and directed by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism as well as by the authorities at communal and provincial levels.

10.1.8. The intended objectives and policies will be achieved through a series of activities and projects undertaken by various organizations involved in the property. Each project, be it carried out by one or more agencies, must be conceived, considered and implemented within the framework blueprinted and approved by the NCCH.



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10.2. ADOPTION AND ENDORSEMENT OF THE PLAN

The completion of the Management Plan has been conducted by public consultation among the communities in the heritage area, the authorities, national and international experts. Following consideration and endorsement by the NCCH, the Plan has been adopted as the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan. This Plan is to be implemented by the authorities of Thanh Hoa province, under the direction of the MOCST. The Conservation Center of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is the key and direct institution which has executive responsibility for its execution.

10.3. ROLES OF GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES AND RELATED INSTITUTIONS

10.3.1 In Chapter 6, roles and responsibilities of governmental authorities, the Conservation Center and professional institutions have been identified in each zone of the heritage and its Buffer Zone, among which the Conservation Center of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is the key and direct institution which has executive and coordinate responsibility for its execution in all programs and activities. Role and responsibilities on all aspects of the Management Plan is identified in following paragraphs.

10.3.2. Role of the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism, in consultation with the Department of Cultural Heritage and the National Council of Cultural Heritage

The Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism (MOCST), in consultation with the Department of Cultural Heritages (DCH) and the NCCH, and working through the executive agency of the Provincial Government and the District Office to:

1. Safeguard the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty within the framework of sustainable development;



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2. Liaise with UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee on the possible inscription of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty on the World Heritage List, and once inscribed, ensure that the Oustanding Universal Value for which the site has been inscribed are conserved in all authenticity and integrity, according to the international standards outlined in the World Heritage Convention, its Operational Guidelines and complementary instruments and recommendations adopted by the UNESCO General Assembly;

3. Monitor the implementation of the Management Plan and agree to the work programs of the Conservation Center for implementation within the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone;

4. Propose as necessary legal regulations, policy documents and codes of practice to give effect to the Plan;

5. Decide on proposals to the protected boundaries of Zone 1 (the Nominated Zone) and boundaries of Zones 2-5 in the Buffer Zone, made by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province and advised by the Conservation Center;

6. Approve or refuse all government and other major schemes for development, including national irrigation schemes and major road schemes within the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone, advised by the Conservation Center;

7. Approve on all proposals for research work, advised by the Conservation Center;

8. Decide on provision of information from the database in response to requests from non-government bodies;

9. Decide on conservation programs, advised by the Conservation Center;

10. Oversee the development and fostering of public awareness and support for the conservation of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone within the overall framework of sustainable development;

11. Oversee the socio-economic development of the local communities within the overriding conservation needs of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone;



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12. Oversee the development of training and site management programs;

13. Decide on national and international training programs;

14. Decide on major office facilities through the executive authority of the Thanh Hoa People’s Committee;

15. Approve all budgets, including those for major conservation, restoration and construction projects and to approve budget reallocation, advised by the Conservation Center;

16. Be responsible for fund-raising;

17. Adjudicate on disputes arising from the implementation of the Management Plan;

18. Receive reports from the Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh Hoa Province and the Conservation Center on the activities related to the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone;

19. Review the cctions, policies and effectiveness of the Management Plan, and to oversee its updating at the end of its first five years in 2015.

10.3.3 Roles of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province and the Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism

For the implementation of Management Plan of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone, the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa province (PPC) and the Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism (DOCST) will:

1. Supervise the Conservation Center for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty;

2. Within the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and its Buffer Zone to approve or refuse all provincial schemes for development, advised by the Conservation Center, except for the governmental and other major schemes;

3. Decide on planned archaeological salvage work undertaken by the Conservation Center, advised by the Director of the Conservation Center, and report to the MOCST, according to the Law of Cultural Heritage supplemented in 2009;



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4. Decide on emergency interim extensions of Zone 1, subject to confirmation by the MOCST within six months, advised by the Conservation Center;

5. Agree to program of site marketing and enhancement, advised by the Conservation Center;

6. Appoint the Director of the Conservation Center;

7. Appoint all other professional and technical staff in consultation with the Director of the Conservation Center;

8. Decide on emergency activities to deal with disasters and hazards, particularly in cases of fire, floods and landslide.

10.3.4. Roles of Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism

1. Supervise the Conservation Center of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty;

2. Decide on proposals for display, interpretation and visitor facilities, advised by the Conservation Center;

3. Make decisions on income-generating projects, advised by the Conservation Center;

4. Agree to training programs for the staff of the Conservation Center, advised by the Conservation Center;

5. Perform the audit function for the Conservation Center;

6. Make decisions on proposals for minor improvements or alterations to office facilities;

7. Receive reports from the Conservation Center and Bureau of Culture of Vinh Loc district with regard to its activities to implement the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Management Plan within the Zone 1 and its Buffer Zone.

10.3.5. Roles of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel



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The Conservation Center for Ho Citadel should response to all activities of the management, conservation and protection of the nominated property on day-to-day basis.

Control and Monitoring

1. To coordinate and advise to the Vinh Loc district People’s Committee on the control of land use in the protected areas of Zone 1 and the approval of proposals for works or changes within the Buffer Zone which require consent under the zoning system proposed by the Plan for each zone.

2. To oversee all the activities in the Zone 1 (the Inner Citadel, the La Thanh Outer Wall and the Nam Giao Altar)

3. To monitor, in coordination with the cultural staffs of the district and communes and site owners to control and oversee the condition of sites and the effect of changes in the Buffer Zone

Archaeology and Survey

4. To coordinate with professional institutions to organize and undertake archaeological fieldwork of all types, including excavation of rescue work and planned research in the Zone 1 and its Buffer Zone

5. To catalogue, inventory and curate unearthed archaeological artifacts and collected artifacts

6. To function as secretariat of the NCCH, consultation for all archaeological projects in the Zone 1 and its Buffer Zone

7. To manage all research projects implemented within the Zone 1 and Buffer Zone

8. To monitor the effectiveness of the Plan in protecting the archaeology of the Nominated Property and Buffer Zone and to ensure the fulfilling of the research objectives of the Plan

Documentation

10. To establish, maintain and update the database and the GIS



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11. To maintain, manage and develop the library which will include all document and maps related to the heritage; to provide document and maps etc. for the institutions and researchers who conduct research projects in the heritage area, and other sections as requested.

Community and Economic Development

12. To coordinate with the Vinh Loc district People’s Committee (DPC) in the development of income-generating projects within the local community

13. To undertake heritage marketing and enhancement

14. To act as a focal point for the HTC program and to work closely with the association of the communities to raise public awareness and to foster local support for the Plan by developing a positive commitment among the local communities for the conservation of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty and Buffer Zone

15. To develop heritage education within the community

Security, Access and Maintenance

16. To manage all aspects of the Zone 1 – Zone 1, including the Inner Citadel, the La Thanh Outer Wall and the Nam Giao Altar

17. To provide maintenance and security services, particularly at the Inner Citadel and the Nam Giao Altar

18. To manage visitors and visitor facilities

Conservation and Construction

19. To coordinate and manage major projects for improved conservation of Zone 1 (the Zone 1) and Zone 9 (the historical, religious sites and traditional house), and for development of associated facilities (offices, storage, museums and displays etc.)

20. To prepare project proposals for external or governmental funding

Training



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21. To coordinate in the development and implementation of training courses and capacity building activities for staffs of the Conservation Center and local communities

Office, staff management and financial control

22. To prepare annual work programs for implementation of the Plan and budget bids, and to assume financial and managerial responsibility for spending agreed budgets and achieving program goals.

Consultation with international researchers on management activities

10.4 ROLE OF LOCAL COMUNITIES

10.4.1 The Village Administrative Authorities and communal associations have an important role and have shown interest in carrying out monitoring work in the cultural heritage, the sites in their living place in particular. Therefore, they



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will be invited to monitor protected areas on behalf of the Conservation Center and to report any infringements to the Conservation Center.

10.4.2 An Association of cultural heritage protection (ACHP) will be established, with representatives from the communes in the Buffer Zone of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty. The members of the Association will be selected by the people in each commune and work on a voluntary basis to coordinate the local people with the Conservation Center. The Association will coordinate with culture staff of each commune to inform communal people on the programs and activities related to the implementation of the Management plan. They will participate in overseeing of the development of the HTC program and advising on its content. The Association will also be a suitable forum for establishing and agreeing upon methods and frequency for the monitoring work to be carried out by its representatives. The Association should also advise on ways in which local customs and traditions can be used to promote positive conservation and to develop tourism-related businesses in a sustainable way.

10.4.3. Representatives of the Association have the right to attend the training courses organized by the Conservation Center.

10.5 TRAINING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Training and capacity building of the site staff, and to some extent to the local people, is very importance to meet the increase demand of tasks on the management and conservation of the heritage. If the sites are well studied, protected and preserved, they will become case study and site visit for other counterparts. At the same time, the national and international experts while working at the site will create good chance for the staffs of the CCHC to improve their capacity by assisting and participating in research work. The CCHC needs to coordinate with these experts to organize suitable training in accordance with their professional experiences. The training function should be planned to be self funding and should make some financial contribution to the implementation of the Management Plan through paying for staff time. The CCHC also needs to coordinate with other professional institutions to organize training courses, taking the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as case study.



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10.6 FUNDING ARRANGEMENT

10.6.1 The costs of implementing the Plan are considerable but are justified by the importance of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty heritage and the potential contribution which it can make to the Vietnamese economy at the national, provincial and district levels. There are also opportunities for raising revenue directly from the operation and management of the site, as shown from other World Heritage Sites in Vietnam (Hue Ancient Capital, Hoi An Ancient Town and Ha Long Bay).

10.6.2 The basic operating costs of the Plan include staff, office expenses and the cost of carrying out basic maintenance and upkeep, and the other continuing activities of the Conservation Center, such as development control and site monitoring. This overall cost should not vary much from year to year and will be met by an annual budgetary allocation from the MOCST to Thanh Hoa province, through the “National Goals on Culture Program”. The Ministry should also seek to offset as much as possible of this cost through charging realistic admission prices at the sites and through taking opportunities to sell souvenirs, guide books, postcards and refreshments to visitors.

10.6.3 The second area of expenditure will be major projects of conservation or other works, such as for ad hoc tasks and responsibilities, urgent needs in case of disasters or fire etc. These will include one-time projects and a contingency source. The total expenditure will vary from year to year. The Conservation Center will need to seek funds from the MOCST for these projects, but it will also be very important to look for funding from external sources. This will be an important task of the Conservation Center.

10.6.4 Proposed sources of finance for implementation of Management Plan

Finance sources will be mainly from 3 sectors. The largest source will be from the Government. National investment will include private investments and donations which will be managed by the Conservation Center or other government or non-government organizations. International investment will be



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mainly from international funds and institutions for technical and professional assistance.

Allocation of finance sources

Sources Invested (1997-2009) 2010-2020

From Government 90.7% 70%

National investment 0% 15%

International investment 9.3% 15%

Total 100% 100%

10.7 MONITORING

10.7.1 Key performance indicators

The key indicators for measuring the state of conservation are based on the analysis of the heritage's values (tangible and intangible), its geographical position, its geological structure, environment, climate, hydrology, and on other factors such as traffic, agricultural activities in and outside the Nominated area. The data has been collected and analyzed by specialized agencies such as Department of History (National University of Social Sciences and Humanities Hanoi), The Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences (IVSDS), The Hong Duc university, the Institute of Archaeology (IA) of the Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), Conservation Center of Cultural Sites and Beauty Spots (MBCSBS) of the Thanh Hoa Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (DOCST), Department of Resources and Environment (DRE), Department of Construction (DC), Department of Sciences and Technology of Thanh Hoa province (DST), and international specialists, with the direct involvement of the Conservation Center for Ho Citadel (CCHC).

The results will be used to assess the implementation of the Action Plan in the Management Plan.



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10.7.2 Administrative arrangements for monitoring the property:

- Responsible agency at the national level: Department of Cultural Heritage (MOCST)

- Responsible agency at the local level: Thanh Hoa People's Committee, Thanh Hoa Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Conservation Center for Ho Citadel

- Responsible agency for direct management and supervision: The Conservation Center for Ho Citadel Heritage

- Other agencies participating in the monitoring of the state of conservation: Institute of Conservation of Monuments (ICM, Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism), Vietnamese Institute of Urban and Rural Architectural Planning (VIAP, Ministry of Construction).

- Other agencies participating in the monitoring of the state of archaeoplogical research: Institute of Archaeology (IA), Archaeological Division (Faculty of History, USSH).



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Inside the Inner Citadel, view toward the Northern Gate

10.8 REVISION OF THE PLAN

The Plan sets out policies for a period of five years (2011-2015). In 2015, the Plan will need to be formally reviewed and Actions and Policies agreed upon for a further five-year period, within the overall long-term objectives need to be decided. Responsibility for that revision will rest with the NCCH who is, under the direction of and consultant for the MOCST, in coordination with the Thanh Hoa PPC and advised by the Conservation Center. For the duration of this Plan, the Conservation Center will keep its implementation under regular review and report to the NCCH on the effectiveness or otherwise of its policies.



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ABBREVIATION

ACHP Association of Cultural Heritage protection

BA Bachelor of Art

CCHC Conservation Center for Ho Citadel

CPC Communal People’s Committee

CSCFSPC Central Steering Committee for Flood and Storm Prevention and Control

DCH Department of Cultural Heritage (MOCST)

DOCST Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism (Thanh Hoa Province)

DPC District People’s Committee

GIS Geographic information system

HDU Hong Duc University

HTC “Heritage toward the Community” Program

IA Institute of Archaeology

ICM Institute of Conservation of Monuments

ITDR Institute for Tourism Development Research

IVIDES Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences

JICA The Japan International Cooperation Agency

MOC Ministry of Construction

MOCST Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

NCCH National Council of Cultural Heritage (MOSCT)

OUV Outstanding Universal Value

PPC Provincial People’s Committee

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization -

USSH University of Social Sciences and Humanities

VIAP Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning



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ACTION PLAN

Related sections

Actions Key institutions

Cooperated partners

Resources Time scale

Statutory and Policy framework

10.2 Public consultation for the completion of the Management Plan

CCHC All stakeholders

Existing staff

2010

10.2 To submit Management Plan to World Heritage Center

CCHC Thanh Hoa PPC, MOCST

Existing staff

2010

4.4.1 - 2 Integration of the policies for the protection, enhancement and sustainable development of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone

Governmental Authorities, CCHC

All stakeholders

Existing staff

5 years

4.4.1 - 3 Revision of regulations to provide adequate protection for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty and the Buffer Zone

CCHC All stakeholders

Existing staff

5 years,

4.4.1 - 4 Policies to protect the cultural landscape, standing monuments and archaeological sites, and inclusion of zonal boundaries in all official maps and plans

Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

DCH, IA, Vinh Loc DPC

Existing staff

5 years

4.4.2 - 7. Identification and development of appropriate provision for tourism at sites managed for public access

CCHC, ITDR related stakeholders

Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years, ongoing

4.4.1 - 5 Production of guidelines for the protection of archaeological sites discovered in the Buffer Zone

CCHC IA, DCH Existing staff

5 Years

4.4.1 - 14, 10.6

Preparation of the necessary human, financial, international, and other resources to implement the Plan

MOCST, Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

All stakeholders


5 Years

6.4.2 Develop a set of criteria and indicators for the addition and amendment of the terms and provisions in the Regulation

Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

DCH, IA, VIAP


5 years



165

6.5.2 Developing plans for natural heritage maintenance and enhancement

Vinh Loc DPC CCHC, related research institutions


5 Years and ongoing

6.3.2 – 2

6.6.2

Develop a guidelines for the planning and construction of commune-level public buildings and private houses

CCHC DCH, IA, VIAP


5 Years and ongoing

The designation and boundaries of the nominated property and its Buffer Zone

4.4.1 - 1 Clear definition of all Zones, their character and boundaries

Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC,

Vinh Loc DPC, related research institutions


5 Years

5.2.3 Development of zoning maps and Integration into the development plans

Thanh Hoa PPC, Vinh Loc DPC, CCHC

related research institutions and stakeholder


5 Years and ongoing

6.4.2; 6.5.2; 6.6.2

Formulating and mapping development plan for each zone

Thanh Hoa PPC, Vinh Loc DPC, CCHC

related research institutions and stakeholder


5 Years

Research activities

4.4.1 - 6, 5.3, 6.3.2; 6.4.2;

baseline survey and record of all archaeological sites in the nominated property and Buffer Zone as a basis for future monitoring

CCHC IA, Vinh Loc DPC


5 Years

4.4.1-11, Development of strategy for archaeological research, excavation and publication

CCHC IA, DCH Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years

4.4.1-10, 5.2.

Development and update of management database and GIS map

CCHC IA, DCH, related institutions and stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

4.4.2 - 2. Regular update of adequate records of all standing structures in the Buffer Zone for the identification, prioritization and programming of necessary work

CCHC DCH Existing staff, additional capital

Ongoing

3.5-1, 5.3.1

Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar

CCHC IA Existing staff, additional capital

ongoing



166

5.3.1 Test Excavation of the Inner citadel and the La Thanh Outer wall

CCHC IA Existing staff, additional capital

2010

5.3.2 Archaeological publication CCHC IA, related Institutions


5 Years, ongoing

4.4.1 - 8 inventory of unearthed and collected artifacts objects

CCHC IA, Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years, ongoing

5.3.4,

6.5.2

Evaluation of the natural environment in the whole area and the study of other aspects rather than archaeology

CCHC related research institutions


5 Years

6.4.2, 6.5.2,

Update of documentation of intangible heritages of the people living in the Buffer Zone

CCHC DCH, related research institutions


5 Years

6.3.2,

6.5.2,

Update of the profiles of historical and cultural structures monuments

CCHC DOCST Existing staff

Ongoing

Conservation, maintenance and enhancement of natural and cultural heritages

5.3.4 Assessment of conservation needs of all architectural components of the nominated property and standing monuments in the Buffer Zone

CCHC IA, DCH, CCCH, related research institutions


5 Years, ongoing

6.2.2.3 Developing conservation plan for the excavated area and for in situ artifacts as well as removed artifacts of Nam Giao Altar

CCHC DCH, IA, related research institutions


5 Years

7.4.1 Running maintenance procedure for the nominated property

CCHC ACHP Existing staff

Ongoing

Development of climate change and disaster management plan

CCHC Vinh Loc DPC, CSCFSPC


5 Years, ongoing

4.4.1 - 9 Assessment of likely future damage caused by environment impacts (fluvial erosion, collapse, cracked and physical changes…)

CCHC IA, DCH Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years



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Taking of appropriate action to minimize the damages caused by environment impacts

CCHC IA, DCH, MOC


5 Years, ongoing

6.4.2,

6.5.2

Developing plans for natural heritage maintenance and enhancement

Vinh Loc PPC CCHC, related research institutions


5 Years, ongoing

7.2.1.1 Carry out basic conservation measures for the stone walls and gates of the Inner Citadel

CCHC Existing staff,

Regularly

7.2.1.1 Develop plans and measures for the conservation and maintenance of the Inner Citadel



5 Years

7.2.1.1 Examine the geographical, geological and hydrodynamic characteristics of the nominated sites and surrounding areas



5 years

7.2.1.2 Conservation measures for La Thanh Outer Wall

CCHC local authorities


5 Years, ongoing

7.2.1.3 Conservation measures for Nam Giao Altar

CCHC, IA related research institutions


5 Years, ongoing

7.3 Conservation measures for each zone within the Buffer Zone

Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

all stakeholders and local communities


5 Years, ongoing

Disasters and risks management

7.2.1 Building stations for fires and natural disasters rescue and control in the nominated sites

Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

local authorities


5 years

7.4.5 Develop climate change and disaster management plan



5 years

7.4.5 Integration of the programs of the Central Steering Committee for Flood and Storm Prevention and Control, and the local activities in the Disasters and Risk Management Plan


CSCFSPC, local authorities


5 Years, ongoing

Sustainable Tourism Development and visitor Management



168

8.2 Developing tourist management plan, including the orientation of short term and long term plans

CCHC, ITDR related stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

6.2.2.3; 8.5

Opening the Nam Giao Altar site for the public

CCHC DCH, IA Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years

8.3.2. 8.3.3

Activities of education and interpretation on the OUV of the heritage

CCHC research institutions, Local communities

Existing staff

5 Years, ongoing

4.4.2 - 8. Production of appropriate interpretative and educational material and of publications about the heritage

CCHC DCH, IA, related research institutions


5 Years, ongoing

4.4.4 - 3; 7.2; 7.3; 8.2.2

Development of tourism infrastructure, including signposts, refreshments in the accessible sites.

CCHC MOSCT, related stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

4.4.4 - 4. Training courses for guides and local guides

CCHC MOSCT, related stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

6.2.3 – 5

6.4.2.

Development of interpretation strategies to promote cultural values of Zone 1 and Buffer Zone

CCHC IA, DCH, related institutions and stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

6.4.2.3 Creation of eco-cultural tourism products that are most representative and characteristic of the nominated property and its Buffer Zone

CCHC ITDR, Tourist Agencies


5 Years, ongoing

8.2 Evaluation of tourist resources

CCHC ITDR, Tourist Agencies


5 Years

8.2.2 Improvement of activities of Information Center

CCHC Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years

8.4.3 Road and traffic planning and development

Thanh Hoa PPC, Vinh Loc DPC


5 Years, ongoing

8.2.3 Upgrading inter-regional road No. 217

Thanh Hoa PPC

Community Awareness and Sustainable Development of social-economy



169

9.3.1 Research on the needs of local people

CCHC ACHP Existing staff,

2010-2011

4.4.2 - 6 Identification and exploitation of opportunities for sustainable economic development within the Buffer Zone for the benefit of the local community

CCHC, Vinh Loc DPC

related stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

6.3.2,

6.4.2,

6.6.2

Identifying criteria and density of construction in Buffer Zone

CCHC, Vinh Loc DPC

VIAP Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years

4.4.3 - 3 Training courses for the local population to take advantage of local employment and other economic opportunities provided by the nominated property

CCHC ACHP Existing staff, additional capital

Yearly

4.4.4 - 2, 9.3

HTC program - Activities of local community toward the protection of the OUV of the nominated property and the acceptance of the Plan objectives

CCHC, ACH ACHP Existing staff

5 Years, ongoing

6.4.2 To identify and organize the most typical traditional festivals, to perform the exquisite traditional forms of dancing and singing of the communities.


Regularly

6.6.2 Raise public awareness; spell out clearly the rights and obligations of the local community in the exploitation of the values from the sites, including economic, cultural and educational benefits.


5 Years, ongoing

Institutional full-scale organization, capacity building and Facilities improvement

4.4.3 -1. Establishment of effective management systems and protocols for the implementation of the Management Plan

Thanh Hoa PPC


5 Years

4.4.3 -2. coordinate the implementation of the Management Plan, regular exchange of information and liaise with the related stakeholders to maintain and enhance the partnership

CCHC related stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing



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approach

4.4.2 - 5. Strengthen the management machinery; development and capacity building of the staff of the Management Board


4.4.4 - 1. Develop the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as a case study for heritage management

CCHC DCH, related stakeholders


5 Years, ongoing

5.3.1 & 5.4.5

Building of temporary storage houses, exhibition rooms, working offices and needed facilities for the CCHC

Thanh Hoa PPC, DCH, CCHC


2010-2011

Management, Liaison and Monitoring

10.3 Coordinate the implementation of the Management Plan and liaise with partners to maintain the Nominated property of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty In-house and enhance the present partnership approach

Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

All stakeholders

Existing staff,

5 Years, ongoing

4.4.1-13, Monitoring arrangements to measure the successful implementation of the plan

NCCH SC, CCHC Existing staff,

5 Years

4.4.2 - 3. Establishment of effective maintenance programes for the standing monument sites in 9 Zones

CCHC, DCH CPC, ACHP Existing staff,

5 Years

4.4.2 - 4. Improvement of adequate site security for accessible sites

CCHC CPC, ACHP Existing staff, additional capital

5 Years

6.2.3 - 1 transfer management of land use right in Zone 1 to the CCHC

Thanh Hoa PPC

CCHC, CPC Existing staff,

5 Years

6.2.3 - 3 Formulate and implement annual plans for the maintenance and preservation of architectural elements located in Zone 1

CCHC DCH, related institution


5 Years, ongoing

6.3.2 Produce reports of inspection and monitoring the state of conservation and the maintenance of traditional monuments

CCHC DCH, IA Existing staff,

5 Years, ongoing



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6.4.2.1

6.5.2.1

6.6.2.1

Monitoring the development plans and to ensure the prompt measures are taken to prevent further construction activities once important archaeological vestiges have been found


Existing staff,

Regularly

6.3.2.2

6.4.2.2

6.5.2.2

6.6.2.2

Monitoring the issuance of construction licenses as well as other development activities


Existing staff,

Regularly

4.4.1 - 7, 7.4.4

Regular inspection and maintenance procedure to the nominated property


Regularly

7.5 Maintaining security and rescue system in the protected sites


Existing staff,

Regularly

10 Revise as appropriate the Nominates site's monitoring indicators in line with attributes of OUV and ensure the site partners put them in place progressively

CCHC Related institutions

Existing staff,

Regularly

4.4.1-15 Annual funding allocation MOCST, Thanh Hoa PPC,


Regularly

4.4.1-15 Maximize funding for the Nominated property from all sources

MOCST, Thanh Hoa PPC, CCHC

All stakeholders

Existing staff,

Regularly



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KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Indicator Periodicity Responsible

Authority Location of

Records

Stage of conservation of historical authenticity of the Inner citadel, La Thanh Outer wall and Nam Giao Altar. Grade Good, Fair, Poor

Yearly MOCST; DOCST MOCST;

DOCST, CCHC ,

Inner Citadel

Changed or restored area (m2) of the stone walls, gates of the Inner Citadel

Yearly CCHC , MOCST DOCST, CCHC ,

Rate of the stability of the walls, the gates, and the moat. Grade: Good, Fair, Poor

Yearly CCHC , MOCST DOCST, CCHC ,

Degree of water absorption into the walls and the roof of the gates in the Inner Citadel. Grade: Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly CCHC , MOCST CCHC ,

Area (m2) of Erosion, fragmentation, and invasion of natural overgrowth on the stone blocks on the walls and gates

Yearly CCHC , MOCST CCHC ,

Area (m2) of excavation and/or reconstruction Yearly CCHC , IA

MOCST, CCHC , IA

La Thanh Outer wall

Rate of erosion due to the floods graded Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly CCHC CCHC ,

Rate of invasion or land use changes. Grade: Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly CCHC CCHC ,

Measures of conservation Yearly CCHC CCHC , MOCST

Nam Giao Altar

Area (m2) of excavation and/or reconstruction Yearly CCHC , IA

MOCST, CCHC , IA

Refilling area (m2) of the excavated pits for protection

Yearly CCHC , IA CCHC

Rate of the stability of the Nam Giao Altar. Grade: Very bad effect, Bad effect, Non effect

Yearly CCHC , IA CCHC ,



173

Area (m2) and measures of conservation Yearly CCHC CCHC ,

Number of residential houses moved out from the core zone

Yearly Vinh Loc DPC CCHC , Vinh Loc DPC


Yearly Vinh Loc DPC CCHC , Vinh Loc DPC

Buffer zone

Number of monuments registered and managed Yearly

CCHC CSBS, CCHC

CCHC , CCHC CSBS

Number of monuments need to be conserved Yearly

CCHC , CCHC CSBS

CCHC , CCHC CSBS

Area of changes in environment and landscape (including the exploit of stone in the mountains and the change of land use)

Yearly Vinh Loc DPC, DRE

CCHC , Vinh Loc DPC, DRE

Number of infrastructures, factory, houses constructed with permission


CCHC , Vinh Loc DPC, DC



CCHC , Vinh Loc DPC, DC



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LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES

Map 1 Location of Thanh Hoa province in the map of Vietnam

Map 2 Location of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in Vinh Loc District- Thanh Hoa province

Map 3 5 zones of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Heritage

Map 4 Zone 1 - Strictly protected zone

Map 5 Zone 2 - Historical village and standing monument protected zone

Map 6 Zone 3 - Eco-agricultural protected zone

Map 7 Zone 4 - Mountainous landscape protected zone

Map 8 Zone 5 - Urban development controlled zone

Map 9 Road and traffic network

Fig. 1 Zone 1 – Protected boundary of Inner Citadel

Fig. 2 Zone 1 – Protected boundary of Nam Giao Altar site

Fig. 3 Zone 1 – Protected boundary of La Thanh Outer Wall site

Fig. 4 Plan of Inner Citadel and the gates

Fig. 5 Plan of the Nam Giao Altar site

Fig. 6 Distribution of excavated trenchs in the Inner Citadel (2004-2010)

Fig. 7 Excavated trenchs in the Inner Citadel (2004-2010)



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TECHNICAL REPORTS

1 Central Bureau of Geology and the Office of Chemical Analysis 1991, Geological and chemical analysis of 10 stone samples at Hoi Mt., Void Mt., Xuan Dai Mt., Bong Mt. and in the surrounding areas of the citadel, report of the Central Bureau of Geology and the Office of Chemical Analysis Department of Geography and Geology, General University.

2 Chemical and geological analysis of 20 samples from the broken artifacts from the surrounding of the citadel and from the mountains nearby, conducted by research group of Kansai University (Japan) 2004. In Researching the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty – Vietnam – Archeological research and restoration of the 15th century Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Vietnam), Edited by Kikuchi Seiichi Vol. I, 2005, published by Showa University (Japan), Tokyo, p. 97-114.

3 Công ty tư vấn xây dựng công trình văn hoá và đô thị 2007, Hồ sơ đo vẽ hiện trạng công trình thành Nhà Hồ, [Consultative Companny for Investment and Construction of Cultural and Urban works, Document of Measuring and Drawing Actual State of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Vinh Tien commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province], document of the Conservation Center of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

4 Cultural Heritage Designing and Consulting Co., Ministry of Culture and Information 2002. Feasibility study: Restoration of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Hanoi, Document of Conservation Center of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty.

5 Dang Hong Son 2005, Chữ Hán trên gạch nhà Hồ, Những phát hiện mới về Khảo cổ học 2004, NXB Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội [Han characters on the bricks of the Ho Dynasty: New discoveries in archeology in 2004, Social Sciences Publishing House].

6 Do Quang Trong, Nguyen Hong Kien, Nguyen Dang Cuong 2005, Report on the First Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar, Vinh Thanh Commune - Vinh Loc District - Thanh Hoa Province, Thanh Hoa, Document of the



176

Conservation Centrer of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty.

7 Đại học Hồng Đức 2005, Báo cáo tổng kết đề tài khoa học cấp tỉnh: Thực trạng và các giải pháp bảo tồn, tôn tạo di tích lịch sử Thành nhà Hồ, Thanh Hóa, tư liệu trường Đại học Hồng Đức [Report on the provincial project: State of and approaches to the conservation and restoration of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty, Thanh Hoa, document of Hồng Đức University].

8 Hong Duc University 2005, Analysis of long-exploited mountains in the western area to identify the origins of the stone bricks, conducted by research group of the Hong Duc University.

9 Hanoi National University, Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Studies 2004, Implementation study report on the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty - Phase I (2000-2004) and plans for the next phases, document of Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Studies 2004.

10 Hán Văn Khẩn, Đặng Hồng Sơn 2005. Báo cáo khai quật lần thứ nhất di tích Thành nhà Hồ (Vĩnh Lộc - Thanh Hoá) [Report on the First Excavation of the Citadel of Ho Dynasty (Vĩnh Lộc - Thanh Hoá), document of History Department, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University].

11 Kikuchi Seiichi (ed.) 2005 Betonamu Kochojyo no KenKyu I – 15 seiki oujyo ato no Shisekiseibini tomonau Koukogakutekikenkyu. [Researching the Citadel of Ho Dynasty – Vietnam – Archaological research and restoration of the 15th cen. Citadel of Ho Dynasty], Vol. I, published by Showa University (Japan), Tokyo].

12 Le Van Vu 2007, Component analysis of brick materials, using the distortion of X rays, the Center of Material Science (CMS), Department of Physics, University of Natural Science, Hanoi National University.

13 Takase Toichi 2004. Điều tra và tu sửa Thành Nhà Hồ trên tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Lưu tại Cục Di sản Văn hóa - Bộ Văn hóa Thể thao và Du lịch Việt Nam [Investigating and repairing Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in Thanh Hoa



177

Province, document of Department of Cultural Heritage – Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism].

14 Thanh Hoa Department of Science and Technology 2005. Report on the state of conservation and solution for the conservation and restoration of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Provincial project, Document of Thanh Hoa Department of Science and Technology.

15 Tống Trung Tín (chủ biên) 2008. Báo cáo khai quật khu vực cửa Nam thành nhà Hồ năm 2008, xã Vĩnh Tiến, huyệnVĩnh Lộc, tỉnh Thanh Hóa, tư liệu Viện Khảo cổ học, [Report on the Excavation of South Gate of Citadel of Ho Dynasty in 2008 (Vinh Tien commune - Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province)], document of the Institute of Archaeology.

16 Tong Trung Tin (Ed.), 2008, Report on the Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar conducted in 2007, Vinh Thanh Commune - Vinh Loc District - Thanh Hoa Province, Hanoi, document of the Institute of Archaeology.

17 Tống Trung Tín (Chủ biên) 2009. Báo cáo kết quả khai quật khảo cổ học di tích Đàn Nam Giao lần thứ 3 năm 2008 [Report on the Third Excavation of the Nam Giao Altar in 2008, Hà Nội], document of the Institute of Archaeology.

18 Tống Trung Tín, Nguyễn Hồng Kiên, Hà Văn Cẩn và đoàn khai quật 2008. “Khai quật đàn Nam Giao - Thanh Hóa, 2007”, Những phát hiện mới về khảo cổ học năm 2007, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội [Excavation at Nam Giao Altar, Thanh Hoa, 2007, New discoveries in archaeology of 2007, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].

19 Trinh Danh 2007, Initial study on natural landscape of Vinh Ninh area (Vinh Loc district - Thanh Hoa province), document of the Departmnet of Culture, Sport and Tourism of Thanh hoa province.

20 Uỷ ban Nhân dân tỉnh – Sở Du lịch Thanh Hoá 2003. Thuyết minh tổng hợp chi tiết quy hoạch khu du lịch thành nhà Hồ huyện Vĩnh Lộc - tỉnh Thanh Hoá, [General explanation of detailed plan for Tourism of the Citadel of the Ho dynasty, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province, document of Institute for the Study and Development of Tourism, General



178

Department of Tourism, Hanoi].

21 Louis Bezacier 1954. L’Art Vietnamien, Edition de L’union FranÇaise 3, Rue Blaise – Desgoffe, Paris – vi

22 Nguyễn Thị Thúy 2009. Thành Tây Đô và vùng đất Vĩnh Lộc (Thanh Hoá) từ cuối thế kỷ XIV đến giữa thế kỷ XIX, Thư viện Quốc gia, Hà Nội [Tay Do citadel and the land of Vinh Loc (Thanh Hoa) from the end of the XIV to the middle of the XIX centuries, PhD thesis, National Library, Hanoi].

23 Tống Trung Tín 1997. Nghệ thuật điêu khắc Việt Nam thời Lý và thời Trần (thế kỷ 11 - 14), Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội. [Vietnam’s Scupltural Arts in Ly and Tran Dynasties (11th to 14th century), Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi].



179

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MAPS AND FIGURES


MAPS Map 1. Location of Thanh Hoa province in the map of Vietnam

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 2. Location of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty in Vinh Loc District and Thanh Hoa province

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 3. 5 zones of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty Heritage

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 4. Zone 1 – Strictly protected zone

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 5. Zone 2 - Historical village and standing monument protected zone

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 6. Zone 3 – Eco-agricultural protected zone

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 7. Zone 4 - Mountainous landscape protected zone

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 8. Zone 5 – Urban development controlled zone

MAPS AND FIGURES


Map 9. Road and traffic network

MAPS AND FIGURES


FIGURES Fig 1. Zone 1 – Protected boundary of Inner Citadel

MAPS AND FIGURES


Fig 2. Zone 1 – Protected boundary of Nam Giao Altar site

MAPS AND FIGURES


Fig. 3. Zone 1 – Protected boundary of La Thanh Outer Wall site

MAPS AND FIGURES


Fig. 4. Plan of Inner Citadel and the gates

1- Plan of the stone wall ; 2- Plan and elevation of the Southern gate:

MAPS AND FIGURES


3- Structure of the North Gate

4- The East Gate: plan and elavation

MAPS AND FIGURES


Fig 5. Plan of the Nam Giao Altar site

1- Architectural remains, excavation results 2004-2008

2- Terraced levels 3- Plan of the surrounding walls

MAPS AND FIGURES


Fig 6: Distribution of the excavated trenchs in the Inner Citadel (2004-2010)

MAPS AND FIGURES


Fig 7: Excavated trenchs in the Inner Citadel (2004-2010)

APPENDICES


205

CLIMATE INDEX

Table .1- Center for Hydrometeorology of Thanh Hoa Province

Monthly Average Temperature (°C)


Year

1995 16.3 16.5 19.2 23.6 26.9 29.4 28.9 28.0 27.0 25.7 20.6 18.1 24.0

1996 17.0 15.7 19.5 20.6 26.6 29.0 29.5 28.3 26.6 25.2 22.6 18.2 23.8

1997 18.6 17.0 20.8 24.2 27.6 29.5 28.5 28.6 25.3 25.7 23.4 19.6 24.6

1998 18.5 19.1 20.5 25.4 28.2 30.2 30.3 29.0 27.3 25.4 22.9 19.8 25.3

1999 17.6 19.1 20.9 24.6 25.7 29.1 30.1 27.9 27.3 24.9 22.1 16.2 24.4

2000 18.6 16.6 19.1 24.2 26.9 28.4 29.1 28.5 26.4 25.0 21.3 20.2 24.2

2001 18.5 17.5 20.5 24.1 26.7 28.7 28.9 28.2 27.3 25.4 20.7 18.0 24.2

2002 17.7 19.1 21.8 24.8 27.2 29.0 28.8 27.7 26.4 24.7 21.0 19.0 24.5

2003 16.8 20.5 21.1 25.1 28.3 29.8 29.2 28.4 26.9 25.5 23.2 18.4 25.1

2004 17.3 17.7 19.9 23.6 26.0 28.9 28.6 28.2 27.0 24.7 22.4 19.3 24.2

2005 16.9 18.1 18.8 23.1 28.4 30.3 28.9 28.0 27.3 25.3 22.6 17.2 24.4

2006 18.2 18.6 19.6 24.6 26.9 29.6 29.3 27.4 27.0 26.1 24.6 18.8 24.8

2007 16.9 21.3 21.2 22.9 26.4 29.6 29.3 28.3 26.5 24.9 20.6 20.6 24.7

2008 15.9 13.5 20.1 24.3 26.7 28.1 28.9 28.4 27.2 25.7 21.7 18.6 23.9

2009 16.2 22 20.8 24.1 26.7 30 29.1 27.6 27.8 25.7 21.3 19.8 25.0

TB 17.4 18.2 20.3 23.9 27.0 29.3 29.2 28.2 26.9 25.3 22.1 18.8 24.5

Monthly Average Temperature from 1995 to 2009 (°C)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

APPENDICES


206

Table .2- Monthly Highest Temperature

(°C)


Year

1995 20.5 25.2 27.5 30.0 37.9 37.6 37.8 35.6 33.4 34.4 28.5 26.5 37.9

1996 26.0 24.8 35.1 30.4 36.5 35.7 38.2 37.9 32.9 31.3 30.0 27.5 38.2

1997 27.2 25.3 27.9 30.6 37.0 38.9 35.9 37.4 32.5 33.3 33.2 28.5 38.9

1998 28.4 30.9 31.3 35.6 38.1 38.9 38.9 36.6 34.2 31.9 29.6 28.3 38.9

1999 26.0 25.7 32.9 32.9 35.4 35.9 38.3 34.6 33.9 32.4 29.7 23.5 38.3

2000 27.2 28.2 28.1 33.4 35.9 36.0 36.7 36.5 33.4 32.4 29.0 26.5 36.7

2001 28.2 25.2 29.2 36.3 36.6 36.6 36.7 36.2 33.6 32.2 30.0 27.6 36.7

2002 25.7 25.2 28.0 32.0 37.2 36.5 36.7 35.2 34.4 31.6 30.5 28.0 37.2

2003 25.5 26.6 35.5 34.6 39.0 38.1 36.0 36.5 33.4 33.5 32.5 27.2 39.0

2004 26.2 27.0 32.6 30.0 35.0 38.8 38.8 36.3 34.8 31.1 30.3 28.0 38.8

2005 25.2 27.8 27.2 35.0 38.5 37.2 37.1 34.7 34.5 33.6 30.0 27.5 38.5

2006 28.6 25.6 28.0 37.5 34.8 38.1 37.0 34.5 36.0 31.4 31.5 27.5 38.1

2007 28.6 25.6 28.0 37.5 34.8 38.1 37.0 34.5 36.0 31.4 31.5 27.5 38.1

2008 28.2 25.4 30.0 34.2 35.8 37.5 35.8 35.2 35.0 32.0 30.2 25.8 37.5

2009 24.8 32.0 30.6 37.0 32.5 36.9 37.6 36.2 36.4 32.4 33.8 28.5 37.6

Max 28.6 32.0 35.5 37.5 39.0 38.9 38.9 37.9 36.4 34.4 33.8 28.5 39.0

Monthly Highest Temperature from 1995 to 2009 (°C)

05

1015202530354045


APPENDICES


207

Table .3- Monthly Lowest Temperature (°C)


Year

1995 9.9 9.6 14.2 17.3 19.4 23.8 23.0 23.3 22.4 21.0 11.6 10.4 9.6

1996 10.5 6.6 13.6 13.0 20.7 25.0 23.4 22.3 21.4 19.7 14.9 12.9 6.6

1997 11.5 12.5 16.3 17.8 20.9 24.2 24.8 23.9 17.1 18.6 16.4 13.9 11.5

1998 11.4 9.9 12.9 20.5 23.4 24.9 24.0 22.8 21.1 18.9 16.7 13.1 9.9

1999 10.4 12.4 15.8 18.0 20.7 24.1 24.2 23.8 21.5 17.4 15.8 5.9 5.9

2000 11.5 9.6 10.2 18.6 20.3 21.8 22.2 23.9 20.3 18.6 13.5 13.5 9.6

2001 11.5 13.0 14.2 15.5 21.9 22.7 24.6 23.8 23.2 21.0 12.5 10.0 10.0

2002 11.0 12.5 16.0 17.1 22.1 23.9 24.8 23.1 21.8 17.5 14.0 8.0 8.0

2003 9.4 12.6 14.8 19.4 20.1 23.8 24.0 23.8 22.7 16.4 14.4 10.7 9.4

2004 9.5 8.8 13.6 17.4 19.2 22.0 23.5 24.5 21.9 18.7 15.2 11.3 8.8

2005 9,0 10.7 10.4 17.2 22.5 24.6 24.2 23.9 22.9 18.9 13.8 10.5 10.4

2006 11.2 14.0 12.7 16.6 20.5 24.5 24.4 24.0 21.6 21.3 16.9 11.5 11.2

2007 11.2 14.0 12.7 16.6 20.5 24.5 24.4 24.0 21.6 21.3 16.9 11.5 11.2

2008 8.0 7.3 10.4 18.1 20.2 24.3 24 23.9 22.0 21.8 11.0 10.6 7.3

2009 7 16.4 12.2 17.9 21.3 22.7 23.6 23.9 22.2 20.4 13.2 13.2 7.0

Min 7.0 6.6 10.2 13.0 19.2 21.8 22.2 22.3 17.1 16.4 11.0 5.9 5.9

Monthly Lowest Temperature from 1995 to 2009 (°C)

0

5

10

15

20

25


APPENDICES


208

Table .4- Monthly Average of Rainfall (mm)


Year

1995 25.7 4.5 28.1 12.9 234 203 260 270 239 166 23.6 7.4 1472.7

1996 9.3 20.2 94.5 44.2 102 38.7 240 357 345 230 663 1 2144.9

1997 14.3 20.9 44.9 249 131 194 259 277 288 242 12.1 11.6 1743.9

1998 3 18.2 10.1 64.5 57.4 314 104 117 172 91.8 25.8 3.7 981.7

1999 17 6.6 25.5 66 334 160 79.3 116 179 360 189 46.7 1578.6

2000 2.3 5.8 38.1 59.3 231.3 113.7 169.6 230.3 499.8 65.6 5.1 1.8 1422.7

2001 15.6 13.0 107.2 12.8 254.3 147.5 170.5 252.6 146.7 231.9 57.9 67.3 1477.3

2002 1.1 1.0 13.5 20.1 121.7 176.3 302.5 257.5 115.0 110.4 24.3 56.1 1199.5

2003 14.6 4.9 23.2 35.6 98.5 77.3 127.1 173.2 264.5 18.6 0.4 7.6 845.5

2004 5.1 57.2 21.6 136.3 177.5 128.1 126.3 257.8 232.4 39.9 37.2 9.0 1228.4

2005 4.7 19.6 21.3 33.5 131.1 140.7 279.9 445.6 475.3 42.4 109.0 14.1 1717.2

2006 2.9 26.2 28.7 35.7 312.2 157.9 240.8 323.3 181.4 62.7 17.0 20.2 1409

2007 0.0 18.3 18.9 27.6 206.3 155.4 379.1 180.6 496.9 394.6 4.7 5.0 1887.4

2008 67.3 14.7 46.5 230.7 222.8 272.6 205.3 424.0 393.5 342.5 128.0 29.7 2377.6

2009 2.8 0.5 39 31.7 265 81.8 nil 219 231 64.9 21.9 0.9 1139.7

Average 12.4 15.4 37.4 70.6 191.9 157.5 208.2 260.0 283.9 164.2 87.9 18.8 1508.4

Min 0 0.5 10.1 12.8 57.4 38.7 79.3 116.3 115 18.6 0.4 0.9 845.5

Max 67.3 57.2 107.2 248.7 333.9 314.4 379.1 445.6 499.8 394.6 663.1 67.3 2377.6

Monthly Average of Rainfall from 1995 to 2009 (mm)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700


Min Max TB

APPENDICES


209

Table 5- Monthly Average humidity (%)


Year

1995 87 87 90 93 85 82 83 87 87 81 80 80 85

1996 88 84 91 91 87 81 78 85 88 84 84 80 85

1997 84 89 93 90 84 78 83 83 88 87 81 84 85

1998 87 88 92 90 84 79 79 85 84 79 78 77 84

1999 85 87 91 89 88 83 80 88 86 87 86 77 86

2000 85 87 93 92 87 81 84 87 86 86 80 82 86

2001 88 89 92 92 88 88 87 98 88 84 80 87 88

2002 86 91 91 91 86 83 85 87 83 85 85 89 87

2003 85 91 81 90 85 76 83 87 88 84 82 82 85

2004 86 90 89 90 87 79 82 87 86 80 81 79 85

2005 83 91 88 91 85 75 82 88 88 73 83 76 84

2006 81 90 90 88 83 79 79 88 80 85 82 78 84

2007 78 88 92 86 82 79 82 85 84 84 73 85 83

2008 86 78 88 90 83 84 80 85 87 86 77 78 84

2009 82 89 90 89 88 80 86 88 87 86 79 84 86

Average 85 88 90 90 85 80 82 87 86 83 81 81 85

Monthly Average humidity from 1995 to 2009 (%)

74767880828486889092


APPENDICES


210

Table 6- Number of Tropical Low Pressure (Amount)


Year

1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3

1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2

2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

2004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 5

2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

2008 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 4

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 7 3 0 0 21

Number of Tropical Low Pressure from 1995 to 2009 (Amount)

0123456789


APPENDICES


211

Table 7- Water Highest level of Buoi river at Kim Tan station (cm)

1996 303 417 385 516 566 1209 1339 1085 598 1225 386 386 1339

1997 319 405 468 441 623 1015 920 922 1043 406 342 342 1043

1998 296 284 328 423 540 787 469 775 644 322 300 300 787

1999 259 257 408 669 791 525 707 715 767 516 402 402 791

2000 302 333 418 550 580 574 660 1299 621 412 329 329 1299

2001 276 412 319 761 778 839 951 747 783 484 341 341 951

2002 290 263 300 588 866 845 829 699 606 405 434 434 866

2003 367 298 417 513 561 1027 630 1028 446 309 291 291 1028

2004 259 270 439 581 633 930 884 943 385 299 284 284 943

2005 252 248 238 323 450 724 1049 1233 1004 560 294 294 1233

2006 252 266 335 648 887 931 1019 725 407 275 238 238 1019

2007 231 279 333 508 417 967 460 790 1425 336 257 257 1425

2008 243 296 231 383 527 566 666 708 1003 1087 1226 314 1226

2009 251 299 241 398 511 522 596 687 989 1001 1124 212 1124

Max 367 417 468 761 887 1209 1339 1299 1425 1225 1226 434 1425

Water Highest level of Buoi river at Kim Tan station from 1996 to 2009 (cm)

0200400600800

1000120014001600


APPENDICES


212

Table 8- Water Lowest level of Buoi river at Kim Tan station (cm)


Year

1995 311 297 285 264 260 324 436 577 444 363 338 312 260

1996 294 288 273 287 283 307 354 496 531 415 383 339 273

1997 318 299 295 315 308 279 345 503 472 406 343 319 279

1998 295 266 259 265 273 298 334 337 364 320 288 269 259

1999 256 2411 232 234 255 372 366 408 402 372 327 302 232

2000 279 270 264 256 283 334 365 447 457 404 327 297 256

2001 268 265 259 250 248 376 481 473 412 375 326 298 248

2002 273 262 243 234 238 380 504 546 420 370 324 300 234

2003 295 276 247 246 258 285 310 378 382 306 270 248 246

2004 229 224 211 222 242 297 272 416 388 300 268 246 211

2005 223 215 208 210 200 240 311 497 406 332 294 260 200

2006 244 237 231 213 228 217 208 439 314 275 232 218 208

2007 204 198 207 189 217 264 292 299 315 330 258 237 189

2008 213 214 200 195 210 314 405 359 317 356 314 268 195

2009 201 211 198 205 221 320 398 369 302 387 289 231 198

Min 201 198 198 189 200 217 208 299 302 275 232 218 189

Water Lowest level of Buoi river at Kim Tan station from 1995 to 2009 (cm)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


APPENDICES


213

Table.9- Water Highest Level of Ma river (cm)

Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Max

Year

1995 1190 1173 1180 1173 1223 1523 1657 1721 1593 1316 1299 1190 1721

1996 1180 1166 1286 1199 1281 1338 2048 2009 1637 1442 1616 1231 2048

1997 1198 1182 1264 1250 1233 1363 1596 1583 1687 1465 1246 1202 1687

1998 1183 1170 1166 1189 1230 1342 1480 1314 1477 1228 1182 1162 1480

1999 1157 1144 1146 1196 1278 1595 1363 1514 1500 1317 1248 1232 1595

2000 1173 1183 1199 1176 1343 1333 1526 1435 1788 1357 1230 1192 1788

2001 1180 1164 1223 1196 1432 1503 1599 1533 1505 1394 1270 1198 1599

2002 1200 1178 1160 1192 1373 1460 1623 1609 1378 1361 1246 1293 1623

2003 1250 1234 1185 1207 1249 1239 1742 1437 1567 1326 1196 1175 1742

2004 1166 1170 1183 1287 1389 1383 1508 1668 1648 1249 1203 1191 1668

2005 1176 1172 1175 1172 1188 1355 1400 1700 1844 1465 1315 1198 1844

2006 1186 1179 1174 1198 1279 1322 1523 1685 1386 1290 1195 1177 1685

2007 1168 1174 1190 1205 1308 1302 1470 1356 1462 2187 1251 1201 2187

2008 1187 1243 1191 1210 1271 1443 1524 1589 1791 1751 1682 1251 1791

2009 1198 1202 1168 1197 1200 1345 1498 1552 1608 1606 1501 1107 1608

Max 1250 1243 1286 1287 1432 1595 2048 2009 1844 2187 1682 1293 2187

Water Highest level of Ma river from 1995 to 2009 (cm)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500


APPENDICES


214

Table 10- Water Lowest level of Ma river (cm)


Year

1995 1172 1159 1151 1139 1141 1170 1266 1340 1279 1214 1191 1177 1139

1996 1161 1154 1142 1145 1146 1163 1204 1301 1362 1254 1230 1198 1142

1997 1182 1172 1161 1168 1159 1147 1193 1341 1303 1243 1201 1184 1147

1998 1168 1158 1147 1146 1146 1168 1197 1195 1209 1177 1158 1149 1146

1999 1143 1136 1129 1129 1131 1201 1216 1146 1246 1212 1184 1173 1129

2000 1162 1155 1146 1140 1152 1182 1218 1273 1281 1231 1191 1175 1140

2001 1163 1154 1151 1140 1139 1231 1298 1303 1259 1232 1196 1179 1139

2002 1170 1159 1146 1141 1143 1208 1306 1363 1270 1232 1205 1187 1141

2003 1183 1173 1163 1154 1154 1170 1185 1212 1244 1196 1175 1166 1154

2004 1159 1152 1148 1149 1161 1194 1185 1275 1250 1203 1186 1173 1148

2005 1162 1155 1152 1148 1142 1154 1177 1298 1272 1227 1198 1184 1142

2006 1171 1166 1158 1153 1155 1168 1196 1301 1225 1195 1177 1167 1153

2007 1163 1154 1152 1147 1155 1177 1213 1219 1299 1248 1202 1186 1147

2008 1178 1172 1169 1166 1168 1218 1306 1285 1250 1282 1251 1216 1166

2009 1168 1142 1098 1123 1124 1202 1269 1231 1208 1246 1157 1096 1096

Min 1143 1136 1098 1123 1124 1147 1177 1146 1208 1177 1157 1096 1096

Water Lowest level of Ma river from 1995 to 2009 (cm)

1040106010801100112011401160118012001220


APPENDICES


215

Table 11- Highest floods recorded on the Buoi river

Year Hmax Qmax Date

1978 1844 cm No measurement 22 - IX

1979 1833 cm No measurement 04 - VIII

1980 2129 cm No measurement 24 - VII

2007 1858 cm No measurement 05 - X

Table 12- Highest floods recorded on the Ma River

Year Hmax Qmax Date

1975 2036 cm 7170 m3/s 3 -IX

1976 1928 cm 3780 m3/s 10 - VIII

1996 2048 cm 6020 m3/s 25 - VII

2007 2187 cm 6720 m3/s 05 - X

APPENDICES


216

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Law: 28/2001/QH10 Independence-Freedom-Happiness

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

10th Term, 9th Session (May 22-June 28, 2001)

LAW ON CULTURAL HERITAGE

Vietnam's cultural heritage is a valuable asset of the Vietnamese multiethnic

community and a part of the mankind’s cultural heritage. It has played a significant role in the national development and preservation of our people.

In order to protect and promote the value of cultural heritage, to meet the increasing cultural needs of the people, to build and develop Vietnam's progressive and unique culture, and to contribute to the treasured cultural heritage of the world;

In order to strengthen state management and to heighten the people's responsibility for and participation in protecting and promoting the value of cultural heritage;

Based on the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; This Law regulates cultural heritage.

CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 Cultural heritage as regulated in this Law includes both intangible and tangible

cultural heritage. It comprises intellectual and material products with historical, cultural and scientific value that are passed on from generation to generation in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Article 2 This law regulates conservation and promotion of cultural heritage; identifies

the rights and responsibilities of all organizations and individuals toward the cultural heritage of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Article 3 This law applies to Vietnamese organizations and individuals and to foreign

and overseas Vietnamese organizations and individuals with activities in Vietnam. If international conventions and treaties ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam have different provisions, then the provisions of the international convention will be applied.

Article 4 In this Law, the below terms are defined as follows: 1. Intangible cultural heritage consists of intellectual products with

historical, cultural or scientific value that have been preserved by memory, writing, passed down through oral tradition, teaching, performance and all other means and

APPENDICES


217

forms. It includes language, tongue and writing, works of literature, art, science, oral tradition, folklore, ways of life, lifestyles, festivals, secrets of traditional handicrafts, knowledge of traditional medicine, and medicament, cuisine, ethnic costumes and other forms of traditional knowledge.

2. Tangible cultural heritage consists of material products with historical, cultural or scientific value, including historical-cultural sites, scenic landscapes, relics, antiquities and national treasures.

3. Historical-cultural sites consist of monuments and places, as well as the relics, antiquities or national treasures at those monuments and places with historical, cultural or scientific value.

4. Scenic landscapes are spots with natural beauty, or sites including both natural beauty and architectural monuments with historical, aesthetic or scientific value.

5. Relics are objects handed down from the past with historical, cultural or scientific value.

6. Antiquities are objects handed down from the past with significant historical, cultural or scientific value, with an age of one hundred years or more.

7. National treasures are objects handed down from the past with historical, cultural or scientific value of exceptional significance to the country

8. Copies of relics, antiquities, or national treasures are products made to resemble the original in appearance, size, material, decoration, and other features.

9. Collections are sets of relics, antiquities, or national treasures or intangible cultural heritage that have been collected, preserved and classified according to a system of general features of appearance, content or materials in order to meet the needs of understanding natural and social history.

10. Archaeological surveys and excavations are scientific activities to discover, collect and research relics, antiquities or national treasures and to discover and research archaeological sites.

11. Preservation of historical-cultural sites, scenic landscapes, relics, antiquities or national treasures consists of activities to prevent or limit the threat of damage to historical-cultural sites, scenic landscapes, relics, antiquities and national treasures, without changing their original character.

12. Restoration of historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes consists of activities to repair, reinforce or restore historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes.

13. Reconstruction of historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes consists of activities to rehabilitate damaged or destroyed historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes, based on it’s historical records and scientific data.

Article 5 The State shall ensure unified management of the people's cultural heritage.

The state shall recognize and protect collective, community and private ownership of cultural heritage according to the provisions of the law.

APPENDICES


218

Property rights and copyrights regarding cultural heritage shall be regulated according to the provisions of this Law, the Civil Code, and other provisions of related law.

Article 6 All cultural heritages located under the surface of the mainland, on islands,

internal waters, territorial waters, areas of special maritime economic rights, or on the ocean floor of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam belong to the cultural heritage of the people.

Article 7 Cultural heritage that has been discovered, as well as that found during

archaeological surveys and excavations, but not yet assigned ownership, belongs to the cultural heritage of the people.

Article 8 1. All cultural heritages in the territory of Vietnam, whether of domestic or

foreign origin or under whichever form of ownership, shall be protected and promoted.

2. Vietnamese cultural heritage abroad shall be protected according to international practice and following the provisions of international conventions ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Article 9 1. The State's policies shall protect and promote cultural heritage in order to

heighten the intellectual life of the people, to contribute to the economic and social development of the country, to encourage domestic and foreign organizations and individuals to contribute and donate to the work of protecting and promoting cultural heritage.

2. The State shall protect the legal rights and interests of owners of cultural heritage. Owners of cultural heritage have the obligation to protect and promote cultural heritage.

3. The State shall invest in the training and preparation of cadres and researchers, and in applying science and technology in the work of protecting and promoting cultural heritage. Article 10

State agencies, political organizations, social-political organizations, social organizations, social-professional organizations, economic organizations and army units (hereafter referred to as "organizations"), as well as individuals, have the obligation to protect and promote cultural heritage.

Article 11 Cultural agencies and mass media have the obligation to disseminate and

publicize widely, both domestically and abroad, the cultural heritage of the multiethnic Vietnamese community. This will contribute to raising public awareness of protecting and promoting cultural heritage.

Article 12 Vietnam's cultural heritage will be used for the following purposes:

APPENDICES


219

1- To promote cultural heritage for the interests of the whole society; 2- To promote positive traditions of the multiethnic Vietnamese community; 3- To contribute to the creation of new cultural works, to enrich Vietnamese

cultural heritage, and to strengthen international cultural exchange. Article 13 The following actions are prohibited: 1. The appropriation of cultural heritage for erroneous purposes. 2. Destruction or threatening to destroy cultural heritage. 3. Illegal archaeological excavations; illegal construction or expropriation of

land at historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; 4. Illegal trading, exchange or transport of relics, antiquities or national

treasures from historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; illegal shipment of relics, antiquities or national treasures abroad.

5. Taking advantage of protection and promotion of cultural heritage in order to conduct illegal actions.

CHAPTER II RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANIZATIONS AND

INDIVIDUALS TOWARDS CULTURAL HERITAGE Article 14 Organizations and individuals have the following rights and responsibilities: 1. Legal ownership of cultural heritage; 2. Visiting and conducting research relating to cultural heritage; 3. Respecting, preserving and promoting cultural heritage; 4. Timely reporting of discoveries of relics, antiquities, national treasures,

historical-cultural sites or scenic landscapes; submission of found relics, antiquities or national treasures to the nearest state authority.

5. Prevention or requesting state authorities to prevent and punish damage, expropriation or illegal use of cultural heritage.

Article 15 Organizations and individuals, who are owners of cultural heritage, have the

following rights and responsibilities: 1. Implementation of provisions of Article 14 of this Law; 2. Implementation of measures to protect and promote cultural heritage; timely

reporting to state authorities in case cultural heritage is under threat of being abused, damaged or lost;

3. In case of a lack of means and ability to protect or promote intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities or national treasures, collections should be sent to a state museum or to other state authorities;

APPENDICES


220

4. Provision of favorable conditions for organizations and individuals to visit, tour or research cultural heritage;

5. Implementation of other rights and responsibilities according to the provisions of law.

Article 16 Organizations and individuals directly managing cultural heritage, have the

following rights and responsibilities: 1. Preservation and protection of cultural heritage; 2. Implementation of measures to prevent damage to cultural heritage; 3. Timely reporting to the owners or to the nearest state authorities in case of

loss or threat of destruction of cultural heritage; 4. Provision of favorable conditions for organizations and individuals to visit,

tour or research cultural heritage; 5. Implementation of other rights and responsibilities according to the

provisions of law.

CHAPTER III PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL

HERITAGE Article 17

The State shall encourage and create the conditions for organizations and individuals to carry out activities of research, collection, maintenance, communication and introduction of intangible cultural heritage in order to care for and promote the national cultural character and to enrich the treasured cultural heritage of the Vietnamese multiethnic community.

Article 18 The Chairs of Provincial People's Committees and centrally-administered

cities (hereafter termed Chairs Provincial-Level People's Committee) shall provide guidance in establishing local technical files on intangible cultural heritage, its protection and promotion.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall regulate the procedures for establishing technical files on intangible cultural heritage.

Article 19 Following recommendations of the Minister of Culture and Information, the

Prime Minister shall consider proposals to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to recognize the intangible cultural heritage of Vietnam as representing part of the world's cultural heritage.

Nominations submitted to the Prime Minister must have the written comments and evaluation of the National Council on Cultural Heritage.

Article 20 Responsible state authorities must apply necessary measures to preserve

intangible cultural heritage and prevent threats of its misuse, loss or dying out.

APPENDICES


221

Article 21 The State shall create policies and conditions to preserve and develop the

spoken and written languages of all ethnicities in Vietnam. Every organization and individual has the obligation to maintain the purity of the Vietnamese language.

Article 22 The State and society shall preserve and promote the positive customs, ways of

life and lifestyles of the nation. Outdated customs that harm the people's cultural life shall be abolished.

Article 23 The State's policies shall encourage work to survey, compile, translate, collect,

classify and preserve works of literature, art, science, oral tradition and folklore of the multiethnic Vietnamese community. These shall be disseminated domestically as well as through foreign cultural exchange.

Article 24 The State's policies shall encourage work to preserve, restore and develop

traditional handicrafts with particular value; research and apply knowledge of traditional medicine and medicament; preserve and promote Vietnamese cuisine; and promote traditional ethnic costumes and other forms of traditional knowledge.

Article 25 The State shall create the conditions to preserve and promote the cultural

values of traditional festivals. Outdated practices and manifestations of negativity and commercialization in the organization and activities of festivals shall be abolished and opposed. The organizing of traditional festivals must follow the provisions of laws.

Article 26 The State shall show respect and preferential treatment towards artists and

artisans who master and disseminate traditional arts or trade secrets of special value. Article 27 Foreign organizations and individuals, overseas Vietnamese, may carry out

research and surveys of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam, after they have the agreement in writing of the responsible state authorities.

CHAPTER IV PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF TANGIBLE CULTURAL

HERITAGE

SECTION I HISTORICAL-CULTURAL SITES AND SCENIC LANDSCAPES

Article 28 1. Historical-cultural sites must meet at least one of the following criteria:

APPENDICES


222

a. A structure or place connected to a historical event representing the hiatorical process of establishing and preserving the nation;

b. A structure or place connected to the life and work of a national hero or famous person;

c. A structure or place connected to a historical event representing the modern historical period;

d. A site with particular archaeological value; e. An assembly of architectural structures or a single architectural structure

with particular architectural or artistic value from one or several historical periods. 2. Scenic landscapes must meet at least one of the following criteria: a. A site with natural beauty or a place with both natural aesthetic value and

architectural structures with particular aesthetic value. b. A natural area with scientific value relating to geology, geomorphology,

geography, biodiversity, or a specific ecological system; or a natural area filled with material vestiges of earlier stages of the earth's development.

Article 29 Based on their historical, cultural or scientific value, historical-cultural sites

and scenic landscapes (hereafter termed "sites") may be divided into: a. Provincial-level sites with representative local value; b. National-level sites with representative national value; c. Special national-level sites with particular symbolic national value. Article 30 1. Responsibility for determining the classification of sites shall be regulated

as follows: a. The Chairs of Provincial-level People's Committee may classify provincial-

level sites; b. The Minister of Culture and Information may classify national-level sites; c. The Prime Minister may classify special national sites and consider

proposals to UNESCO to include representative Vietnamese sites as World Heritage Sites.

2. In the case of sites that have already been classified but are clearly determined not to meet the standards, or have been damaged without possibility of restoration, the responsible authorities shall have the right to cancel the status of that site.

Article 31 The procedures to classify sites shall be regulated as follows: 1. The Chairs of Provincial-level People's Committee may submit a file on a

site to the Minister of Culture and Information for classification as a national-level site;

2. The Minister of Culture and Information may submit a nomination on a site to the Prime Minister for classification as a special national site; or may submit a nomination on a nationally symbolic site to the Prime Minister, who may consider proposing to UNESCO that it be included as a World Heritage Site.

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Nomination submitted to the Prime Minister must have the written comments and evaluation of the National Council on Cultural Heritage.

Article 32 1. Protected zones of sites shall include: a. Protected zone, type Zone I, the Core Zone include cultural sites and zones

determined to contain principal elements of a cultural site. These areas should be preserved in their original condition;

b. Protected zone, type Zone II, the Buffer Zone are zones surrounding

protected areas Core Zone. Structures may be built in these areas that serve the purpose of promoting the cultural site and do not infringe upon the architecture, natural beauty, environment, or ecology of the site.

In the case that a Buffer Zone can not be clearly determined, then the determination that there is only a Core Zone shall be decided by the Chair of provincial-level People's Committee regarding a provincial-level site, by the Minister of Culture and Information regarding a national-level site, or by the Prime Minister regarding a special national site.

2. The construction of any structures in protected areas type II determined according to point 1b of this Article must have the written agreement of the Minister of Culture and Information regarding national and special national-level sites, or the written agreement of the provincial-level People's Committee chair regarding provincial-level sites.

3. Protected areas determined according to point 1 of this Article shall be marked on official maps, attached to protocol documents and confirmed by the responsible state authorities in files of cultural sites.

Article 33 1. Organizations and individuals who are the owners, managers or

administrators of cultural heritage sites have the obligation to protect that site. In case it is discovered that the site has been violated, damaged or threatened with damage, they must undertake timely preventative measures and inform the next higher level of authorities directly in charge, the local People's Committee, or the nearest state authorities responsible for culture and information.

2. Local People's Committees or state authorities responsible for culture and information who receive reports of damage or threats of damage to a cultural site must apply timely preventative and protective measures and make an immediate report to the authorities directly above them.

3. When the Ministry of Culture and Information receives reports of damage or threats of damage to a cultural site, it must supply timely guidance and direction to responsible state authorities on the local level and to the owners of the cultural heritage site to apply immediate preventative and protective measures. Regarding special national-level sites the Ministry must report to the Prime Minister.

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Article 34 Preservation, restoration and reconstruction of cultural sites must be submitted

as projects for approval of the responsible state authorities and must guarantee the optimal preservation of the principal original elements of the site.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations for the preservation, restoration and reconstruction of cultural sites.

Article 35 The responsibility for approval of projects to preserve, restore or reconstruct

cultural heritage sites shall be implemented according to the provision of this Law and other provisions of laws relating to construction.

The approval of projects to preserve, restore or reconstruct cultural sites must be done with the comments and evaluation of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

Article 36 1. The approval of projects to improve or construct structures lying outside the

protected cultural heritage areas regulated in Article 32 of this Law but considered to have the possibility of negative influence on the natural beauty, ecology or environment of the site must include the written comments and evaluation of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

2. In the case that the principal investor in a project to improve or construct a structure regulated in point 1 of this Article so requests, state authorities responsible for culture and information have the obligation to supply relevant materials and the specific requirements for protecting the site, so that the principal investor can select appropriate measures to guarantee the protection and promotion of the site.

Article 37 1. The principal investor in a project to improve or construct a structure in a

area with influence on a cultural site has the obligation to coordinate with state authorities responsible for culture and information and create the conditions allowing them to supervise the construction process.

2. During the construction process, if an object is found, that may be a cultural site, relic, antiquity or national treasure, the project holder must temporarily stop work and inform state authorities responsible for culture and information. Upon receiving this report, the state authorities responsible for culture and information must take timely measures to settle the case in order to guarantee the progress of the construction. In cases that are considered to require suspension of construction in that location in order to protect the original condition of the cultural site, the state authorities responsible for culture and information must report up for the next higher level of authorities to decide.

3. In cases that require organizing archaeological surveys or excavations, expenses for surveying or excavation shall be regulated by the government.

Article 38 Archaeological surveys and excavations may only be carried out with the

permission of the Minister of Culture and Information.

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In the case that an archaeological site is damaged or at risk of being damaged, the Minister of Culture and Information shall grant emergency permission to excavate.

Article 39 1. Organizations with an archaeological research function who wish to carry

out archaeological surveys and excavations must send an application for the archaeological survey or excavation to the Ministry of Culture and Information.

2. The Minister of Culture and Information has the obligation to grant permission for archaeological surveys or excavations within 30 days after receiving an application for the archaeological survey or excavation. In the case that permission is not granted, the reason must be clearly stated in writing.

3. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations for archaeological surveys and excavations.

Article 40 1. The Head of an archaeological survey or excavation Team must meet the

following conditions: a. Have a bachelor's degree in archaeology or a bachelor's degree in another

field related to archaeology; b. Have at least five years' direct experience in archaeological work; c. The organization applying for the archaeological survey or excavation

recommends the Head to the Ministry of Culture and Information in writing. In the case that the Head needs to be replaced, this requires the written

agreement of the Minister of Culture and Information. 2. Vietnamese organizations with an archaeological research function may

cooperate with foreign organizations and individuals to carry out archaeological surveys and excavations in Vietnam according to provisions of the law.

SECTION II RELICS, ANTIQUITIES, AND NATIONAL TREASURE

Article 41 1. All relics, antiquities and national treasures found in the process

of archaeological surveys or excavations, or discovered by organizations or individuals, must be submitted to the provincial-level museum of the place of discovery for temporary storage. The provincial-level museum has the obligation to receive and process the submission and make a report to the Ministry of Culture and Information. 2. According to the value and preservation requirements of a relic, antiquity, or national treasure as regulated in point 1 of this Article, the Minister of Culture and Information shall decide to transfer the relic, antiquity or national treasure to the appropriate state museum. 3. Organizations and individuals who discover and submit a relic, antiquity, or national treasure shall be refunded for the expenses of

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their discovery and preservation and will receive an additional reward according to the provisions of law.

Article 42 1. National treasures shall be protected and preserved with special care. The

State shall allocate a sufficient budget to purchase national treasures. 2. National treasures must be registered with the state authorities responsible

for culture and information. The State shall encourage organizations and individuals to register relics and antiquities in their possession to state authorities responsible for culture and information. Relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been registered shall be appraised by the state free of charge. The State shall also provide guidance on preservation techniques and create the conditions for their promotion. The Minister of Culture and Information shall regulate the procedures for registration of relics, antiquities and national treasures.

3. When the ownership of a national treasure is changed within the country, the original owner must notify state authorities responsible for culture and information of the full name and address of the new owner within 15 days of the change in ownership.

Article 43 1. Relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to the people, to political

or socio-political organizations must be stored in museums and may not sold or donated. Relics and antiquities under other ownership may be sold and purchase, transferred, donated or inherited domestically and abroad according to the provisions of law. National treasures under other ownership may only be sold and purchase, transferred, donated or inherited domestically, according to the provisions of law. Relics and antiquities may only be taken abroad with the permission of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

2. Relics, antiquities and national treasures may be sold and purchase at an agreed-upon price or through auction. The State shall have priority in the purchase of relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Article 44 The shipment of relics, antiquities, or national treasures abroad for display,

exhibition, research, or preservation must meet the following conditions: 1. The receiving party must have insurance covering the relic, antiquity or

national treasure; 2. The Prime Minister must give permission for the shipment of national

treasures abroad; the Minister of Culture and Information must give permission for the shipment of relics or antiquities abroad.

Article 45 Responsible state authorities must report to the Ministry of Culture and

Information regarding relics, antiquities or national treasures seized from illegal discovery, purchase, transfer, import or export. The Minister of Culture and Information shall decide to transfer the relic, antiquity or national treasure to the appropriate authorities.

Article 46

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Duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures must meet the following conditions:

1. Has a well-defined purpose; 2. Has an original for reference purposes; 3. Has a particular marking distinguishing the duplicate from the original; 4. Has the agreement of the owner of the original relic, antiquity or national

treasure; 5. Has permission of state authorities responsible for culture and information.

SECTION III MUSEUMS

Article 47 Museums are institution to preserve and display collections regarding natural

and social history (hereafter termed "collections"), in order to serve the people's needs of research, education, visiting, and cultural enjoyment.

Vietnamese museums include: 1. National museums, which are institutions to preserve and display collections

with particular national value; 2. Specialized museums, which are institutions to preserve and display

collections with particular value in one discipline; 3. Provincial-level museums, which are institutions to preserve and display

collections with particular local value; 4. Private museums, which are places to preserve and display collections on

one or more topics. Article 48 Museums have the following rights and responsibilities: 1. To collect, classify, conserve and display collections; 2. To conduct scientific research on cultural heritage; 3. To organize the promotion of cultural heritage to serve the interests of

society; 4. To develop specialized personnel; 5. To manage facilities and technical equipment; 6. To carry out international cooperation according to the provisions of the

law; 7. To carry out other rights and responsibilities according to the provisions of

the law. Article 49 The conditions to establish a museum include: 1. Has collections on one or more topics;

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2. Has the place for display, storage and conservation facilities; 3. Has the officers with a specialization appropriate to museum activities. Article 50 1. Authority to establish a museum shall be regulated as follows:

a. The Prime Minister decides to establish a national museum or specialized museum;

b. The Chair of provincial-level People's Committee decides to establish a provincial-level museum and private museums

2. Procedures to establish a museum shall be regulated as follows: a. Organizations or individuals with a need to establish a museum must send a

nomination requesting the establishment to the responsible authorities as regulated in point 1 of this Article. The file requesting the establishment of a museum shall include an application and the confirmation of responsible state authorities that the conditions in Article 49 of this Law have been met;

b. Within 30 days of receiving the nomination, the person with responsibility to decide to establish the museum has the obligation to review and determine the case. In case of refusal, the reason must be provided in writing.

Article 51 1. Museums shall be classified based on the following criteria: a. The quantity and value of the collections; b. The quality of preservation and display of the collections; c. The facilities and technical equipment; d. The level of professionalism among the specialized staff. 2. The Government shall issue specific regulations regarding the classification

of museums based on the level of attainment of the criteria stated in point 1 of this Article.

Article 52 Cultural heritage within exhibitions of traditional and memorial houses must

be protected and promoted according to the provisions of this Law. Article 53 The State shall encourage owners of relics, antiquities and national treasures to

put their collections on display and introduce them to a wide audience. When necessary, state authorities responsible for culture and information may

negotiate with owners of relics, antiquities and national treasures regarding the use of their collections for research or display in state museums.

The conditions, scope and duration of the use of relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be negotiated in writing between the owners and the state authorities responsible for culture and information.

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CHAPTER V STATE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

SECTION I

SCOPE OF STATE MANAGEMENT AND STATE AUTHORITIES MANAGING CULTURAL HERITAGE

Article 54 The scope of state management of cultural heritage shall include: 1. Development and implementation of strategies, plans, frameworks, and

policies to further the work of protecting and promoting cultural heritage; 2. Issuance and implementation of legal regulations regarding cultural

heritage; 3. Organization and guidance of activities to protect and promote cultural

heritage; communication, dissemination and legal education concerning cultural heritage;

4. Organization and management of research activities; training and preparation of specialized staff on cultural heritage;

5. Mobilization, management and use of resources to protect and promote cultural heritage;

6. Organization and provision of incentives and rewards in protection and promotion of cultural heritage;

7. Organization and management of international cooperation in protection and promotion of cultural heritage;

8. Inspection and control of the implementation of the law, settlement of petitions and complaints, and treatment of violations of the law on cultural heritage.

Article 55 1. The Government shall ensure unified state management of cultural heritage. 2. The Ministry of Culture and Information bears the primary responsibility

within the Government for implementing state management of cultural heritage. 3. All ministries, ministry-level institutions and committees under the

Government have an obligation to manage cultural heritage as assigned by the Government. The Government shall regulate specific responsibilities of ministries, ministry-level institutions and committees under the Government to work in coordination with the Ministry of Culture and Information, in order to ensure unified state management of cultural heritage.

4. People's Committees at all levels shall implement state management of cultural heritage at the local level within the scope of their rights and responsibilities delegated by the Government.

Article 56 The National Council on Cultural Heritage is the consultative council of the

Prime Minister on cultural heritage.

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The Prime Minister shall regulate the organization and activities of the National Council on Cultural Heritage.

SECTION II RESOURCES FOR ACTIVITIES TO PROTECT AND PROMOTE

CULTURAL HERITAGE Article 57 The State shall encourage and create the conditions for associations on

literature, arts, science and technology to participate in activities to protect and promote cultural heritage.

The State shall encourage participation of society in protection and promotion of cultural heritage.

Article 58 The financial resources for protection and promotion of cultural heritage shall

include: 1. The State budget; 2. Income from the use and promotion of cultural heritage; 3. Funds and donations of domestic and foreign organizations and individuals. Article 59 The State shall prioritize investment in activities to protect and promote

special national cultural heritage sites, national-level museums, national treasures, historic sites of the revolution, and intangible cultural heritage of particular value.

Article 60 Organizations and individuals who are the owners, managers or administrators

of cultural sites, collections or museums may collect admission fees and user fees for those sites, collections and museums according to the provisions of law.

Article 61 1. The State shall encourage organizations and individuals to make donations

and funding for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage. 2. Donations and funding for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage

shall be recognized and acknowledged in an appropriate fashion.

Article 62 Financial resources for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage shall

be managed and used purposefully and effectively.

SECTION III

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INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION REGARDING CULTURAL HERITAGE

Article 63 The State shall create policies and measures to promote cooperation with

foreign countries, organizations and individuals in protection and promotion of cultural heritage. International cooperation shall be based on respect for national independence and sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit, and compliance with the provisions of Vietnamese law and international conventions and treaties ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. These policies shall contribute to the promotion of the world's cultural heritage and cooperation and understanding among nations.

Article 64 The State shall encourage overseas Vietnamese and foreign organizations and

individuals to participate in protection and promotion of Vietnam's cultural heritage according to the provisions of law.

Article 65 The scope of international cooperation regarding cultural heritage shall

include: 1. Development and implementation of international programs and projects for

the protection and promotion of cultural heritage; 2. Participation in international organizations and conventions regarding the

protection and promotion of cultural heritage; 3. Research, application of scientific methods, and transfer of advanced

technology in preservation and restoration of cultural sites, museum construction and archaeological excavation.

4. Exchange of exhibitions regarding cultural heritage; 5. Cooperation in the safeguarding of Vietnam's cultural heritage abroad; 6. Training and preparation of individual staff and exchanging information and

experience regarding the protection and promotion of cultural heritage.

SECTION IV INSPECTION AND SETTLEMENT OF PETITIONS AND

COMPLAINTS REGARDING CULTURAL HERITAGE Article 66 State inspectors of culture and information who have the function of inspecting

the sector of cultural heritage are responsible for: 1. Inspecting compliance of the law regarding cultural heritage; 2. Inspecting implementation of plans and frameworks regarding the protection

and promotion of cultural heritage;

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3. Discovery, prevention and treatment of violations of law regarding cultural heritage, according to their respective authority;

4. Hearings and recommendations towards the settlement of disputes and complaints regarding cultural heritage;

5. Recommendation of solutions to ensure the enforcement of the law regarding cultural heritage.

Article 67 The organizations or individuals, who are inspected, has the following rights

and responsibilities: 1. Requesting a team of inspectors to provide documentation of inspection

warrants, and to conduct inspections according to the law; 2. Making a petition, complaint or lawsuit to the responsible state authorities

regarding inspection warrants, the behavior of inspectors, or the conclusions of an inspection if there is seen to be noncompliance with the law;

3. Requesting compensation for losses caused by conduct or treatment not in accordance with the law on the part of a team of inspectors or an individual inspector;

4. Carrying out the demands of the team of inspectors or an individual inspector; accommodating the inspectors in carrying out their duties; compliance with decisions made by the team of inspectors or an individual inspector according to the provisions of law.

Article 68 1. Organizations and individuals have the right to make petitions and lawsuits

against administrative decisions or administrative actions of authorities, organizations and individuals responsible for enforcement of laws regarding cultural heritage.

2. Individuals have the right to make complaints to authorities, organizations and individuals about behavior that violates the laws regarding cultural heritage.

3. Authority and procedures to settle petitions, complaints and lawsuits shall comply with the provisions of law.

CHAPTER VI INCENTIVES, REWARDS AND PUNITIVE MEASURES

Article 69 Organizations and individuals with achievements in protection and promotion

of cultural heritage shall be rewarded according to the provisions of law. Article 70 Any person, who discovers an item of cultural heritage without voluntarily

reporting it, deliberately expropriates harms or damages it, shall be prosecuted under the civil or criminal code according to the nature and severity of the violation. Any material loss must be compensated according to the provisions of law, and the item of cultural heritage shall be confiscated by the State.

Article 71

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Any person who violates the provisions of law regarding cultural heritage shall be prosecuted under the civil or criminal code according to the type and severity of the violation; any material loss must be compensated according to the provisions of law.

Article 72 Any person who abuses his or her position or authority to violate the

provisions of this Law shall be disciplined under internal procedures or prosecuted under criminal law according to the nature and severity of the violation; any material loss must be compensated according to the provisions of law.

CHAPTER VII ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS

Article 73 This Law shall enter into effect on January 1, 2002. All previous provisions in

contradiction with this Law shall be superseded. Article 74 The Government shall provide detailed regulations and guidance to implement

this Law. This law was passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic

of Vietnam at Ninth Session, Tenth Term, on June 29, 2001.

Chairman of the National Assembly signed

Nguyen Van An

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Decree 92/2002/ND-CP Passed on November 11th 2002 by the Government

On the detailed regulations to implement some articles of the Law on Cultural Heritage

The Government

Pursuant to the Law on the organization of the Government passed on 25th

December 2001; Pursuant to the Law on Cultural Heritage passed on 29th June 2001; At the request of the Minister of Culture and Information,

Decree

Chapter I

General Provisions

Article 1. Scope and object of regulation This Decree elaborates on some of the articles of the Law on Cultural

Heritage, including: the protection and promotion of both intangible and tangible heritage values; the sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures; the organization and operation of museums; the responsibilities and coordination among ministries, ministerial-level agencies, Government agencies and people's committees at all levels in the implementation of the Law on Cultural Heritage, and; the incentives and rewards for organizations and individuals that discover and hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Article 2. Intangible and tangible cultural heritage Intangible cultural heritage consists of: Languages and inscriptions; Artistic, literal and scientific works provided for in Article 747 of the Civil

Code concerning the forms of protected works of outstanding value from the historical, cultural and scientific point of view;

Oral literature, including myths, proverbs, sayings, idioms, riddles, fables, folk verses, folk poetic stories, epic poems, epic songs, funeral and ritual orations, and other forms of oral literature;

Folk performance, including music, dances, theatres, imitation games, disguise games, fashion shows, beauty shows, folk duo singing, folk games and other forms of folk performance;

Life styles and ways of life manifested by codes of conduct, persona and behavior, customary laws, village charters, moral norms, behavioral protocols in the relations with ancestors, grandparents, parents, nature, funerals, weddings, naming ceremonies, actions, greetings, invitations and other customs and habits;

Traditional festivals, including those that raise patriotism, nature-friendly attitudes, national pride, anti- foreign aggression traditions, the honor for national heroes and heroines, eminent persons of culture, the industriousness and creativity of

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the people, benevolence, the thirst for freedom and happiness and a sense of community solidarity;

Traditional handicrafts; Traditional knowledge, including that on traditional medicine and pharmacy,

culinary art, natural phenomena and production know-how, military methods, (academic) artistic and literal creation, traditional costumes, land, water, weather, climate, resources, rivers, seas, mountains, forests and other forms of knowledge.

Tangible cultural heritage consists of historical-cultural sites and scenic landscapes (hereinafter referred to as sites), relics, antiquities and national treasures.

The value of exceptional significance and scarcity of national treasures are demonstrated by the following criteria:

Bearing the original and the unique testimony to the treasure; Bearing a unique form; Containing an outstanding value of history, culture, science, and therefore: Bear the testimony to a landmark event, or are associated with the life and

career of a national hero/heroine or an eminent person; Are an artistic work known for its ideological-human value, aesthetic value

and form of expression representative of a trend, a style, an era; Are typical products of invention, creation of high practicality and of great use

in boosting the development of society in a given stage in history; Are recognized by the Prime Minister in a decision that follows the evaluation

by the National Council on Cultural Heritage. Article 3. The State's policies on the protection and promotion of cultural

heritage values The State shall protect and promote the values of cultural heritage through the

following policies: Formulating and implementing target programs to conserve cultural heritage of

outstanding value; Providing incentives and rewards to organizations and individuals that record

achievements in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values; adopting preferential policies by both spiritual and material means toward artisans and artists who bear and disseminate traditional arts and professional know-how of special value;

Developing studies on the application of scientific and technological achievements through the following activities:

Exploring and excavating archeological sites; preserving, restoring, rehabilitating and promoting site values;

Evaluating and preserving exhibits; adapting and renovating collections on display and ways of disseminating museum information;

Collecting, keeping record of and disseminating the values of intangible cultural heritage; setting up databases on intangible cultural heritage.

Training and refreshing experts and specialists in the field of cultural heritage protection and promotion;

Providing incentives and enablers for organizations and individuals, both at home and abroad, to make spiritual and material contributions to, or participate directly in, the protection and promotion of cultural heritage;

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Expanding international cooperation of various forms in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage, and by formulating and implementing international cooperation projects in conformity with the provisions of the law.

Article 4. Violations that distort cultural heritage and illegal excavations of

archeological sites Disseminating, publicizing and displaying in a manner that distorts the

contents and values of intangible cultural heritage. Altering the original elements of cultural heritage by adding, relocating and

changing exhibits in sites, or restoring and rehabilitating without respecting the original elements of sites and other activities, without the permission of the competent State agency in the field of culture and information; disseminating and presenting in a manner that distorts the contents and values of sites.

Altering the landscape environment by cutting trees, quarrying lime stones, excavating, illegally erecting buildings and other activities that cause negative impacts to cultural heritage.

The following cases are deemed illegal excavations of archeological sites: Excavating, searching for relics, antiquities and national treasures by one's

own will within protected areas and archeological sites including residential sites, graves, tool-manufacturing workshops, ramparts and other archeological sites;

Searching for and lifting by one's one will underwater relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Chapter II Protection and Promotion of Intangible Cultural Heritage Values

Article 5. Investigation, detection, inventory, classification and documentation

intangible cultural heritage The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for the

formulation of annual plans on the basis of the local operational budget, and the organization of Investigation, detection, inventory, classification and documentation of intangible cultural heritage.

Chairpersons of the people's committee of provinces and centrally run cities (hereinafter referred to as the chair of provincial-level people's committee), shall guide the documentation of intangible cultural heritage in their respective localities.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact concrete provisions on the scientific documentation of intangible cultural heritage.

Article 6. Selection of intangible cultural heritage typical of Vietnam to be proposed to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to be inscribed on the World Heritage List

Typical intangible cultural heritage is selected according to the following criteria:

Exhibiting a special value of history, culture and science; Showing a nationwide and worldwide influence in history, culture and science; Reflecting the origin and the role of intangible cultural heritage in the

community through the past and at present;

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Demonstrating a unique traditional cultural identity and a basis for the creation of new cultural values.

Procedures for the documentation of typical intangible cultural heritage: Pursuant to Item 1 of this article, the chair of people's provincial-level

committee, shall organize the guidance for the documentation of typical intangible cultural heritage following the written request made by the heritage owner and by the director of the department for culture and information;

The chair of provincial-level people's committee of the locality where the heritage belongs, shall submit the candidature files to the Minister of Culture and Information, in order for the National Council on Cultural Heritage to conduct the evaluation;

Within 45 days of receipt of the files, the National Council on Cultural Heritage shall conduct the evaluation and produce its comments in writing;

The Minister of Culture and Information shall submit the files to the Prime Minister for consideration and approval.

The candidature files of the typical intangible cultural heritage submitted to the Prime Minister shall consist of:

A letter of request by the owner of the intangible cultural heritage and the letter of agreement by the director of the department of culture and information of the locality where the typical intangible cultural heritage belongs;

All related documents on the typical intangible cultural heritage in accordance with the regulations of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);

The evaluation report by the National Council on Cultural Heritage; The proposal by the Minister of Culture and Information submitted to the

Prime Minister. The Minister of Culture and Information shall provide concrete guidelines for

the preparation of the candidature files of the typical intangible cultural heritage. Following a decision by the Prime Minister, the Minister of Culture and

Information shall be responsible for: depositing the candidature files on the typical intangible cultural heritage to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization for inscription on the World Heritage List; reporting to the Prime Minister, the chair of provincial-level people's committee and the owner of the heritage the decision of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on the intangible cultural heritage.

Article 7. Necessary measures to protect and promote the values of intangible cultural heritage

The State shall protect and promote the values of intangible cultural heritage through the following means:

Organizing the implementation of the projects on nationwide research, collection, inventory, classification of intangible cultural heritage.

Conducting regular and periodical collection, inventory, classification of intangible cultural heritage;

Reinforcing training, dissemination, publication, performance and rehabilitation of different forms of intangible cultural heritage;

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Investing in, and giving financial support to, the protection and promotion of the values of intangible cultural heritage; preventing the risks of deterioration and loss of intangible cultural heritage;

Expanding the socialization in the protection and promotion of intangible cultural heritage;

Providing free-of-charge evaluation, operational guidelines and support for archiving and preserving intangible cultural heritage at the request of organizations and/or individuals that possess intangible cultural heritage.

Article 8. Protection and development of intangible cultural heritage in the form of tongues and inscriptions of the ethnic groups in Vietnam

The State shall protect and develop the languages and inscriptions of the ethnic

groups in Vietnam through the following measures: Conducting research, collecting, preserving languages and inscriptions of

Vietnamese ethnic groups; Adopting supportive measures for the dissemination and training to preserve

and develop the languages and inscriptions of Vietnamese ethnic groups. Conducting research, disseminating information, enacting regulations and

other activities in order to preserve and develop the purity of the Vietnamese language.

Article 9. Encouraging the preservation, restoration and development of traditional handicrafts of typical value.

The State shall encourage the preservation, restoration and development of traditional handicrafts through the following measures:

Investigating and classifying traditional handicrafts nationwide; supporting the preservation and restoration of traditional handicrafts of typical value or those that are at risk of deterioration or loss;

Creating enabling conditions for the exploitation and utilization of traditional materials;

Adopting incentives and supportive policies for the utilization of traditional handicraft know-how and techniques;

Raising the awareness of handicraft products in domestic and foreign markets in various forms;

Attaching importance to, and offering enabling conditions for, the spread and transfer of skills, techniques and know-how of traditional handicrafts of typical value;

Adopting preferential taxation policies to the activities concerning the preservation, restoration and development of traditional handicrafts of typical value in conformity with the provisions of taxation laws.

Article 10. Preservation and promotion of the cultural values of traditional festivals

The State shall facilitate the preservation and promotion of the cultural values of traditional festivals through the following measures:

Creating favorable conditions for the organization of festivals; Encouraging the organization of cultural activities and folklore traditions

associated with festivals; Selectively restoring traditional ceremonies, such as rites, rituals, receptions,

processions and other traditional ceremonies;

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Encouraging the widespread presentation and dissemination at home and abroad of the origin and content of the typical and unique values of traditional festival.

The following are strictly prohibited in the organization of festivals: Taking advantage of traditional festivals to propagate and incite subversive

activities against the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; disrupting national solidarity; disturbing social order and security;

Organizing superstitious activities and restoring backward customs; Commercializing traditional festivals in all forms; fabricating, imposing new

rituals and elements on traditional festivals; organizing illegal accommodation and belief services in the protected area of sites;

Gambling in all forms; Burning paper joss things; Other activities in violation of laws. The organization of traditional festivals is conducted in accordance with the

Regulation concerning the organization of festivals enacted by the Minister of Culture and Information.

Article 11. Authority and procedure to issue a license to overseas Vietnamese, foreign organizations and individuals that carry out research and collect intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam

Ministry of Culture and Information, departments of culture and information and State agencies that have the authority to issue licenses for the research and collection of intangible cultural heritage in Vietnam.

The procedure of issuing a license for the research and collection of intangible cultural heritage is as follows:

a. Overseas Vietnamese, foreign organizations and individuals who make request to conduct research and collect items must submit a letter of request to the Director of Department of Culture and Information, and attach a proposal that states clearly the objectives, location, duration and the Vietnamese partners that will take part in the research and collection of intangible cultural heritage.

If the location of research, collection is in two provinces or in two or more centrally-run cities, the letter of request must be submitted to the Minister of Culture and Information.

b. Within 30 days since the receipt of the letter of request, the Minister of Culture and Information or The Director of Culture and Information must take the responsibility to consider the issuance of license; if the request is turned down, the reasons must be specified in writing.

Article 12. Honor and treatment of artisans and artists The State shall accord the honor and adopt treatment policies to artisans and

artists through the following measures: 1. Conferring and conferring posthumously, orders, decorations, medals,

State Titles of honor and other forms of honor to artisans and artists who hold, preserve and spread traditional arts and professional know-how which are part of the typical intangible cultural heritage in accordance with the provisions of law;

2. Adopting the policy of facilitating and covering part of the costs for activities of creation, performance, display, presentation and product consumption to the artisans and artists who hold, preserve and spread traditional arts and professional know-how which are part of the typical intangible cultural heritage;

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3. Providing monthly allowances and other preferences to the artisans and artists who are honored with State Title but have low income, difficult circumstances and those living in difficult areas and particularly difficult areas in accordance with the provisions of law.

Chapter III Protection and Promotion of the values of intangible cultural heritage

Article 13. Classification of sites Pursuant to the criteria provided for in Article 28 of the Law on Cultural

Heritage, sites are classified as follows: 1. Historical sites (sites associated with events and eminent persons) 2. Architectural and artistic works; 3. Archeological sites; 4. Scenic landscapes. Article 14. Classification of provincial-level sites, national-level sites and

special national sites Sites specified in Article 29 of the Law on Cultural Heritage that are: historical

sites, architectural and artistic works, archeological sites and scenic landscapes, are classified as follows:

1. Provincial-level sites consist of: a. Buildings and sites that mark historical events and milestones of the locality

or are associated with the persons who historically, had a positive influence on local development;

b. Architectural and artistic works, overall urban architectures and towns of significant value within the local territory;

c. Archeological sites of significant value within the local territory; d. Natural landscapes or sites that combine natural landscapes with artistic

architectures of significant value within the local territory. 2. National-level sites consist of: a. Buildings and sites that mark important national historical events and

milestones, those that are associated with national heroes/heroines, well-known politicians, cultural activists or artists, and scientists who had an important influence on the historical development of the nation;

b. Architectural and artistic works and overall urban architecture and towns of outstanding value in different development periods of national architecture;

c. Archeological sites of outstanding value that mark different development periods of archeological culture;

d. Beautiful natural landscapes or sites that combine natural landscapes with artistic architectures, natural sites with geological, geo-phomological, geographical or ecological bio-diversity features from a scientific standpoint.

3. Special national sites consist of: a. Buildings and sites associated with events that mark the nation's important

transitions of national history, or are associated with national heroes/heroines or

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eminent persons who had a great influence on the historical development of the nation;

b. Complete original artistic architecture and overall urban architecture and towns of special value that mark different development periods of architectural art and the artistic architecture of Vietnam;

c. Archeological sites of outstanding value that mark different development periods of well-known archeological cultures of Vietnam and the world;

d. Beautiful natural landscapes or sites that combine natural landscapes with artistic architecture of special value to the nation, or natural sites with geological, geo-phomological, geographical or ecological bio-diversity features of outstanding value from a scientific standpoint and that are well-known in Vietnam and the world.

Article 15. Provisions on the preparation of site dossiers for classification 1. The Director of Culture and Information shall be accountable to the chair of

provincial people's committee in organizing the inventory and classification of sites in accordance with the criteria provided for in Article 28 of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

2. On the basis of historical, cultural and scientific values of the sites which have inventories, and are classified as provided for in Article 14 of this Decree, the Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for the preparation of site dossiers to be submitted to the competent State agencies provided for in Article 31 of the Law on Cultural Heritage to be considered for classification.

3. Site dossiers for classification consist of: a) A letter of request for classification made by the organization or individual

who possesses or is delegated to take care of the site; b) A site profile; c) A map that indicates the site location and the routes that lead to the site; d) A layout that shows the overall plan of the site, the horizontal and vertical

cross-section profiles of the site, and a detailed drawing of the architectural members with sculptural features and carvings on the scale of 1:50;

e) An album of color photos (9x12) that describe the relics, antiquities and national treasures of the site (if any);

f) An inventory of the relics, antiquities and national treasures that belong to the site;

g) A copy of the translations of the steles, parallel sentences, inscriptions, Han-Nom documents or documents in other languages about the site;

h) Reports and a map that delineates the protected area of the site which is certified and sealed by the people's committees at all levels, by the Department for Land Management and the Department of Culture and Information;

i) Submission paper on site classification as provided for in Item 1, Article 31 of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

The Minister of Culture and Information enacts concrete regulations on the form and content of site dossiers.

Article 16. Principles to delineate of the protected zones of sites 1. The delineation of protected zone I provided for in Item 1, Article 32 of the

Law on Cultural Heritage is carried out according to the following principles: a) At sites such as buildings and places associated with historical events and

the life and career of eminent persons, the delineation of protected zone I must ensure

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the reflection of outstanding developments of historical events and the keepsakes of the eminent persons associated with those sites;

b) At archeological sites, the delineation of protected zone I must ensure the status quo of the boundary of the zone where relics are found, and the topographic and landscape features are directly linked to the habitat of the creators of that archeological site;

c) At sites such as artistic architectural complexes or individual architectures, the delineation must ensure the status quo of the integrals of the sites, including yards, gardens, ponds, lakes and other elements which are linked to the sites;

d) At scenic landscapes, the delineation of protected zone I, must ensure the integrity of the natural landscape, topographic and geographic features that contain the bio-diversity and the typical ecosystem or physical traces of stages in the earth's history.

2. Protected zone II constitutes the buffer zone, which surrounds or stands

adjacent to zone I, in order to protect the landscape and the ecological environment of sites, and where the construction of facilities is permitted to serve the restoration, exploitation and promotion of the values of the sites.

The determination that a site consists of only zone I, applies when the site is located in a residential area or adjacent to buildings that cannot be relocated. In the case of a site, which consists of a number of buildings and is located in a large area, protected zone I must be defined for each component of the site.

Article 17. Authority to approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites

The authority to approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites is provided for as follows:

1. The chair of provincial-level people's committee shall approve projects for the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of provincial-level sites at the request of The Director of Culture and Information; approved projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of national-level sites and special national sites that belong to group B and group C in accordance with the provisions of law concerning construction investment following the written evaluation by the Minister of Culture and Information;

2. The Minister of Culture and Information shall approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of national-level sites and special national sites that belong to group B and group C in accordance with the provisions of law.

Where the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites are deemed irrelevant to the content of the approved project, the Minister of Culture and Information shall decide on the suspension of the project;

3. The Prime Minister shall approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites that belong to Group A, in accordance with the provisions of law concerning construction investment applied to the projects referred to in Item 1 and Item 2 of this article.

Article 18. Authority to appraise restoration and construction projects that might have negative impacts on sites

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1. The Director of Culture and Information shall appraise the projects on the restoration and construction of buildings, which are located outside the protected zones of a provincial-level site and might have negative impacts on the site.

2. The Minister of Culture and Information shall appraise the projects on the restoration and construction of buildings which are located outside the protected zones of a national-level site or a special national site and might have negative impacts on the site.

Article 19. Organizations that have the function to explore and excavate archeological site

1. State bodies for archeological studies. 2. Universities in which archeology is taught as a subject. 3. Museums and site management departments that undertake archaeological

studies. 4. Associations that undertake archaeological studies. Article 20. Funding archaeological exploration and excavation during the

restoration or construction of buildings During the restoration and construction of buildings, if relics, antiquities and

national treasures are discovered and if archaeological explorations and excavations are deemed necessary, the following provisions on archaeological exploration and excavation shall be applied:

1. In the case of state-funded projects, the fund for exploration and excavation shall be included in the total investment fund for those projects;

2. In the case of projects funded by sources other than the state budget, the funding for exploration and excavation shall be covered by the state.

The Minister of Finance shall be responsible for the consideration of funding archaeological exploration and excavation at the requests of the Minister of Culture and Information and the Chair of the provincial-level people's committee.

The Minister of Finance shall lead the coordination with the Minister of Culture and Information in enacting concrete guidelines for the procedure of supplementing and providing fund for the exploration and excavation work for the cases described in this article.

Chapter IV Relics, Antiquities and National Treasures

Article 21. The reception of relics, antiquities and national treasures

discovered during the exploration and excavation or discovered and submitted by organizations and individuals

1. All the relics, antiquities and national treasures located underground on the mainland, islands, internal waters, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf as provided for in Article 6 of the Law on Cultural Heritage, when discovered or found, belong to the State as provided for in Article 248 of the Civil Code.

2. The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for the reception of relics, antiquities and national treasures and for the temporary storage in the preservation area of the museum in the province where the relics, antiquities or

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national treasures are discovered as provided for in Item 1, Article 41 of the Law on Cultural Heritage.

3. Organizations and individuals that submit relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be commended and rewarded with an amount of money as provided for in Article 52 and 43 of this Decree.

Article 22. Sale, acquisition, protection and preservation of national treasures National treasures discovered and submitted by organizations and individuals,

must be given priority and favorable conditions of reception, protection and preservation in state museums, state banks, or state treasuries with equipment that ensure their safety.

Where national treasures are subject to auction sales, the State shall be given the favor.

The State shall guarantee the funding for the acquisition, protection and preservation of national treasures.

Article 23. Registration of relics, antiquities, national treasures The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for organizing

the registration of relics, antiquities and national treasures within their provincial territory.

The owner of a national treasure must fulfill all registration procedures with the Department of Culture and Information of the province where he/she resides. Where the owner of a national treasure is changed, within 15 days since the change of the owner, the old owner must notify the change to the Department of Culture and Information where the national treasure is registered and provide to the authority, the first name, family name and address of the new owner.

Following the registration of the national treasure, The Director of Culture and Information must make a timely notification to the Minister of Culture and Information.

Rights of the owner of the registered relics, antiquities and national treasures: To be presented with a certificate on the registration of relics, antiquities and

national treasures; To be given free-of-charge appraisal; To be given advice on the best practices concerning the preservation of relics,

antiquities and national treasures belonging to his/her ownership; To be facilitated in the promotion of the values of relics, antiquities and

national treasures. The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact the regulations on the

order and procedure for the registration of relics antiquities and national treasures. Article 24. Shipment of relics, antiquities and national treasures abroad for

display, exhibition, research or preservation The procedures for the shipment of relics, antiquities and national treasures

abroad for display, exhibition, research or preservation shall be regulated as follows: Relics and antiquities: a) Relics and antiquities belonging to national museums, with the permission

of the Minister of Culture and Information, at the written request of the director of the museum concerned;

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b) Relics and antiquities belonging to specialized museums, with the permission of the Minster for Culture and Information, at the written request of the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned;

c) Relics and antiquities belonging to provincial-level museums, with the permission of the Minister of Culture and Information, at the written request of the chair of the provincial people's committee concerned;

d) Relics, antiquities under private ownership, with the permission of the Minister of Culture and Information, at the written request of the owner of the relics or antiquities concerned.

National treasures: a) National treasures belonging to national museums, with the permission of

the Prime Minister, at the written request of the Minister of Culture and Information; b) National treasures belonging to specialized museums, with the permission

of the Prime Minister, at the written request of the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned, following a letter of accord by the Minister of Culture and Information;

c) National treasures belonging to provincial-level museums and national treasures under private ownership, with the permission of the Prime Minister, at the written request of the chair of the provincial people's committee concerned, following a letter of accord by the Minister of Culture and Information;

The insurance of relics, antiquities, national treasures shipped abroad for displays, exhibitions, research or preservation is arranged by the parties concerned, according to international practices and international conventions and treaties ratified or joined by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

The shipment, temporary export and re-import and temporary import and re-export of relics and antiquities must abide by the provisions of law on customs and other related provisions of laws.

Article 25. Issuing a license for the shipment of relics and antiquities abroad. 1. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue regulations on the

types of relics and antiquities to be shipped abroad. 2. The purchase, exchange, grant and inheritance of relics and antiquities that

do not belong to the public, political organizations, or socio-political organizations, could be conducted abroad only with a license issued by the Minister of Culture and Information.

3. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue the license for the shipment of relics and antiquities abroad.

Within 30 days of receipt of the letter of request and other related documents, the Minister of Culture and Information shall issue the license. If the request is turned down, reasons must be specified in writing.

4. The procedures for issuing a license for the shipment of relics, antiquities abroad:

a) A letter of request submitted to the Minister of Culture and Information; b) A certificate that certifies the transfer of ownership by the former owner; c) Relic and antiquity registration dossiers. 5. The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact regulations on the

purchase, exchange, grant and inheritance at home and abroad of relics and antiquities provided for in Item 2 of this article.

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Article 26. Complaints and petitions concerning the procedures for the shipment of relics and antiquities abroad

If the license for the shipment of relics and antiquities is being processed when the organization or individual, who is shipping the relics and antiquities abroad and who is not the legal owner, has a complaint made against them, is petitioned, or if the relics and antiquities are under dispute, the shipment of the relics and antiquities shall be subject to a moratorium pending a settlement according to the provisions of law concerning complaints and petitions.

Within 30 days since the receipt of the complaint or petition, if no evidence is found about the illegal ownership of or the dispute over the relics, antiquities, the relics and antiquities will be permitted to be shipped abroad upon the completion of the procedures of asking for permission.

Article 27. Authority to issue licenses for the duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures

The authority to issue the license for the duplication of relics, antiquities and

national treasures shall be regulated as follows: 1. The Minister of Culture and Information shall issue the license for the

duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to national museums and specialized museums.

2. The Director of Culture and Information shall issue the license for the duplication of relics, antiquities and national treasures belonging to provincial-museums and for those in private ownership.

Chapter V Sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures

Article 28. Management of the sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and

national treasures 1. The State shall ensure the unified management of the sales and acquisitions

of relics, antiquities and national treasures and facilitate organizations and individuals in trading, selling and acquiring relics, antiquities and national treasures.

The trading of relics, antiquities and national treasures must comply with the provisions of the Laws on Enterprises, Taxation, Cultural Heritage, and other related provisions of laws.

2. The State shall protect the sales and acquisitions of the relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage; facilitate organizations and individuals in their transfer of ownership of relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been registered, and in the registration of the relics, antiquities and national treasures that have been acquired and sold from legal sources and have not been registered.

3. The sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures from illegal sources shall be strictly prohibited.

4. The sales and acquisitions of relics, antiquities and national treasures for the purpose of shipment abroad shall be strictly prohibited.

Article 29. Organization and operation of relic, antiquity and national treasure

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shops 1. Owners of relic, antiquity and national treasure shops must meet the

following conditions: a. Be a Vietnamese citizen with a permanent address in Vietnam; b. Hold a certificate to undertake business dealings with relics, antiquities and

national treasures; c. Own a shop with adequate space to display the relics, antiquities and

national treasures; d. Own adequate facilities for the display, preservation and protection of relics,

antiquities and national treasures. 2. The operation of relic, antiquity and national treasure shops must comply

with the following regulations: a. Only acquire and sell relics, antiquities and national treasures from and to

legal sources; b. Only acquire and sell copies of relics, antiquities and national treasures from

and to bodies, organizations and individuals with a license to make copies issued by competent state bodies as provided for in Article 27 of this Decree;

c. Copies of relics, antiquities and national treasures on display must have signs that clearly indicate that these are copies; differentiate these copies from the originals;

d. Fulfilling necessary procedures so that the state bodies provided for in Article 23 of this Decree could transfer the ownership to the acquirer of relics, antiquities and national treasures or fulfilling the procedures of asking for permission so that the acquirer could ship abroad the relics, antiquities and national treasures which belong to the category specified in Item 1 of Article 25 of this Decree;

e. Implementing the provisions of law concerning the books on the registration, sales and purchase and accountancy of relics, antiquities and national treasures as well as the obligation to pay taxes.

Article 30. Conditions, authority and procedures to grant certificates for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures.

1. The conditions for granting a certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall include:

a) Having a command of the expertise and knowledge about relics, antiquities and national treasures;

b) Not banned from the practice of the profession or activities related to cultural heritage, according to the ruling of the court; not being under criminal liability or in the term of penal arrest or administrative arrest.

2. Cadres, civil servants and officers who are working in the sector of conservation and museology shall not be permitted to open shops that sell and purchase relics, antiquities and national treasures.

3. The authority to grant a certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be regulated as follows:

The Director of Culture and Information shall grant the certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures to the owner of the shop that sells and purchases relics, antiquities and

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national treasures following the receipt of the written evaluation report by the Director General of the Department for Conservation and Museology.

Within 30 days of receipt of the required dossiers requesting for the grant of the certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures, The Director of Culture and Information must consider the grant of the certificate. If the request is turned down, reasons must be specified in writing.

4. The procedures for the grant of certificate for the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be regulated as follows:

a) The owner of the shop must deposit the dossiers to the Department for Culture and Information;

b) The dossiers on the practice of the profession of selling and purchasing relics, antiquities and national treasures shall include;

A request for the grant of certificate; Certified copies of related diplomas and certificates; A curriculum vitae certified by the people's committee of the commune, ward

or township (hereafter referred to as commune-level people's committee) in the place of the applicants residence.

Article 31. Auction of relics, antiquities and national treasures 1. Organizations and individuals who sell relics, antiquities and national

treasures at auction, must fulfill the procedures of registering the list of the sales to the Department for Culture and Information and must get permission from the Chair of the Provincial-level People's Committee.

2. The auction of relics, antiquities and national treasures must be conducted in conformity with the provisions specified in articles 452 to 458 of the Civil Code.

Chapter VI

Organization and operation of museums

Article 32. Authority to define conditions for the establishment of museums 1. The Minister of Culture and Information shall define conditions for the

establishment of national museums and specialized museums. 2. The Director of Culture and Information shall define conditions for the

establishment of provincial-level museums and private museums. 3. Within 30 days of receipt of the required dossiers, the Minister of Culture

and Information, or the Director of Culture and Information shall have the duty to define the conditions for the establishment of museums.

Article 33. Classification of museums in Vietnam Museums in Vietnam are classified as follows: a) Museums Class I; b) Museums Class II; c) Museums Class III.

Article 34. Criteria for classification of museums 1. A museum Class I must meet the following criteria:

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a. Have at least 20,000 items consisting of original documents and exhibits, of which at least 5 collections are classified as precious documents and exhibits, and at least 90% have been inventoried;

b. Have the documents and exhibits preserved and displayed by 100% modern equipment, facilities, techniques and technologies;


d. Have all civil servants, officials and officers directly involved in the professional work holding a BA degree, of which at least 40% hold a BA degree in museology;

e. Have the number of visitors reach at least 300,000 persons per annum; have the capacity to organize exhibitions and symposiums at home and abroad at least twice a year; have the capacity to conduct ministerial-level research works and participate in state-level research works; have at least 2 publications per annum.

2. A museum Class II must meet the following criteria: a. Have at least 10,000 items consisting of original documents and exhibits, of

which at least 3 collections are classified as precious documents and exhibits, and at least 80% have been inventoried;



d .Have 80% of civil servants, officials and officers directly involved in the professional work holding a BA degree, of which at least 30% hold a BA degree in museology;

e. Have the number of visitors reach at least 150,000 persons per annum; have the capacity to organize exhibitions and at least twice a year; have the capacity to conduct scientific research works; have at least one publication per annum.

3. A museum Class III must meet the following criteria: a. Have at least 5,000 items consisting of original documents and exhibits, of

which at least one collection is classified as precious documents and exhibits, and at least 70% have been inventoried;


c. Be of a solid and durable architecture, and have a reliable space, surroundings and technical infrastructure that could accommodate the regular operations of a museum; a showroom of at least 1,000 square meters; a system of preservation houses of at least 500 square meters that are classified according to materials;

d. Have 60% of civil servants, officials and officers directly involved in the professional work holding a BA degree, of which at least 25% hold a BA degree in museology;

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e. Have the number of visitors reach at least 50,000 persons per annum; have the capacity to organize exhibitions and symposiums at least once a year.

4. The Minister of Culture and Information, in collaboration with the Minister of Interior, the Minister of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, the Minister of Finance, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned, shall run the evaluation and make the decision on the classification of the museum.

Article 35. Authority and procedures to classify a museum 1. The authority to classify a museum shall be regulated as follows: a. The Minister of Culture and Information shall decide on the classification of

a Class I national museum or specialized museum on the basis of the request of the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum concerned and the written letters of accord by the Minister of Interior, the Minister of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs and the Minister of Finance;

b. The Minister of Culture and Information shall decide on the classification of a Class I provincial-level museum or private museum on the basis of the request of the head of the museum concerned and the written comments by the Chair of the provincial-level people's committee where the museum is located;

c. The head of the jurisdiction body or organization of a museum and the Chair of the provincial-level people's committee, shall issue the decision on the classification of a Class- II or Class- III museum, on the basis of the request of the head of the museum concerned and the written comments of accord by the Minister of Culture and Information.

2. Procedures to classify a museum shall be regulated as follows: a. Procedures to classify a Class-I museum. As for a Class- I museum specified in Point A, Item 1 of this article, the head

of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall submit a request and classification dossier to the Minister of Culture and Information.

As for a Class-I museum specified in Point B, Item 1 of this article, the head of the museum shall submit a request and classification dossier to the chair of the provincial-level people's committee.

The chair of the provincial-level people's committee will be given the responsibility to consider and decide on the submission of the dossiers to the Minister of Culture and Information within 30 days. In case of refusal, reasons must be specified in writing.

Within 30 days of receipt of the request and the classification dossiers, the Minister of Culture and Information shall evaluate and decide on the classification of the museum. In case of refusal, reasons must be specified in writing.

b. Procedures to classify a Class-II, Class-III museum. As for a specialized museum, the head of the museum must submit a request

and classification dossier to the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum. As for a provincial-level museum or private museum, the head of the museum must submit a request and classification dossier to the Director of Culture and Information.

Within 30 days of receipt of the request and the classification dossiers, the Director Culture and Information will be given the responsibility to consider and

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decide on the submission of the dossiers to the chair of the provincial-level people's committee.

Within 30 days of receipt of the request and the classification dossiers, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall evaluate the classification of the museum.

Within 15 days of the announcement of the evaluation results, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall the take the responsibility to submit the evaluation results to the Minister of Culture and Information. Within 15 of the receipt of the written letter of accord of the Minister of Culture and Information, the head of the jurisdiction body or organization of the museum or the chair of the provincial-level people's committee shall issue the decision on the classification of the museum. In case of refusal, reasons must be specified in writing.

Article 36. Organization and operation of private museums 1. Private museums are those that are under the ownership of one or more

individuals or the co-ownership of individuals and non-state-funded organizations. 2. Private museums operate according to the provisions of law and in

conformity with the cultural traditions and the morals and customs Vietnamese ethnic groups.

3. The Director of Culture and Information shall be responsible for assisting the chair of the provincial-level people's committee in conducting the state management for the operation of private museums.

4. The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact regulations on the organization and operation of private museums.

Article 37. Rights and duties of private museums 1. Private museums have the following rights: a. To develop collections by means of selling, purchasing, exchanging,

granting, inheriting and other means in accordance with the provisions of law; b. To legally own one or more collections; c. To collect an admission fee in accordance with the provisions of law; d. To make arrangements with state museums and other private museums for

the use of collections of intangible heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures that will serve the activities of the museums;

e. To exercise other rights in accordance with the provisions of the related laws.

2. Private museums have the following duties: a. To accommodate the demands of research, education, visitation and cultural

enjoyment of the people; b. To meet the demands for expertise of museology; c. To cooperate with competent state bodies in the field of culture and

information and other museums in order to protect and promote cultural heritage values;

d. To fulfill other duties in accordance with the provisions of law. Article 38. Deposit of collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics,

antiquities and national treasures to state museums or competent state bodies The deposit of the collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities

and national treasures to state museums or other competent state bodies shall be

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regulated as follows: 1. The owner of a collection of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities

and national treasures shall be considered not to have adequate conditions, capacity to protect and promote the values in the following cases:

a. The absence of a preservation house, appropriate technical equipment or facilities, or if the collection of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures face the risk of loss or deterioration due to war or natural calamities;

b. Insufficient professional knowledge on preservation techniques. 2. If the owner of a collection of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities

and national treasures does not have adequate conditions and capacity to organize the presentation and display to the public, the collection should be deposited to state museums in order to promote the values of the collection.

3. The state bodies that have the authority to receive the deposit of collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures shall include:

a. State museums; b. State banks or state treasuries (if relics, antiquities and national treasures are

made of gold, silver, precious stone, diamond or ancient coins). 4. State museums and authorized state bodies shall have the responsibility to

receive collections in order to protect and promote the values of the intangible heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures deposited by their owners.

The owners whose collections of intangible heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures are deposited to state museums or authorized state bodies must pay a fee in accordance with the provisions of law.

5. State museums or authorized state bodies that receive the collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures will be responsible to keep the names and addresses of the owners confidential if so requested.

6. The deposit and receipt of collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be conducted in the fashion of a contract for depositing and safekeeping properties in accordance with the provisions in the Civil Code.

The Minister of Culture and Information shall enact concrete regulations on the dossiers and procedures of depositing collections of intangible cultural heritage, relics, antiquities and national treasures.

Chapter VII

Responsibilities of ministries, ministerial bodies, government agencies and

people’s committees at all levels in the enforcement of the Law on Cultural Heritage

Article 39. Responsibilities of Ministry of Culture and Information 1. In order to be accountable to the Government in acting as the state

management agency for cultural heritage, the Ministry of Culture and Information shall have the duties and rights specified as follows:

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a. To formulate and organize the implementation of strategies, plans and policies in order to protect and promote cultural heritage values within its authority; submit strategies, plans and policies to competent levels of authorities for approval;

b. To draft and submit documents to the Government and the Prime Minister for the enactment or enacting within their authority the regulations concerning the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

c. To formulate and enact standards on professionalism and expertise for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

d. To approve and evaluate projects on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

e. To classify sites and grant site classification certificates, and to guide the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee in classifying sites and granting site classification certificates in accordance with its authority;

f. To classify museums and guide the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee in classifying museums in accordance with its authority;

g. To train, refresh and improve managerial and professional skills of cadres, civil servants and staff working in the field of protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

h. To organize and manage research works and applications of scientific and technological advances in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

i. To perform advocacy, disseminate and educate under the laws on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

j. To organize the work relating to the emulation and commendation of the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values;

k. To inspect and monitor the observance of the law on cultural heritage; settle disputes, complaints, petitions and handle offenses to the law on cultural heritage;

l. To exercise other duties and rights in accordance with other provisions of laws concerning cultural heritage.

2. The Director General of the Department of Conservation and Museology is responsible for assisting the Minister of Culture and Information in fulfilling the duties and rights specified in Item 1 of this article.

Article 40. Responsibilities of Ministry of Planning and Investment 1. Ministry of Planning and Investment in collaboration with the Ministry of

Culture and Information and relevant ministries and agencies shall formulate plans on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values.

2. Aggregate and balance annual investment capital for projects on the protection and promotion the values of special national sites, national museums, revolutionary-historical sites and intangible cultural heritage of outstanding value.

3. Evaluate projects on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values in accordance with its authority.

Article 41. Responsibilities of Ministry of Finance 1. Ministry of Finance shall ensure a regular budget for the protection and

promotion of cultural heritage. 2. Inspect the allocation, management and utilization of budget according to

the provisions of law. 3. Enact or collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information to enact

documents that regulate fees, charges and the collection, payment, management and

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utilization of fees and charges in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values in accordance with the decentralization of the Government.

4. Contain and address the illicit exports and imports of cultural heritage. Article 42. Responsibilities of Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Police and

Ministry of Trade 1. Collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information and people’s

committees at all levels to maintain security and order in the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values.

2. Collaborate with relevant ministries, agencies and people’s committees at all levels to contain, address the illicit trafficking, exchanges and movements of cultural heritage at home or the illicit shipments of relics, antiquities and national treasures abroad.

Article 43. Responsibilities of Ministry of Education and Training

1. Ministry of Education and Training shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information, the organization of the education on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values, the incorporation of study visits and the research of cultural heritage to the annual curricula of all schools and levels.

2. Facilitate learners’ field trips to heritage sites. Article 44. Responsibilities of Ministry of Science and Technology 1. Ministry of Science and Technology shall lead, in collaboration with the

Ministry of Culture and Information, the formulation of plans on scientific projects to protect site environment, and formulate and guide the implementation of scientific research works on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values.

2. Collaborate with relevant ministries, agencies and people’s committees at all levels in investing advanced sciences and technologies in sustainable environmental protection in localities with sites.

Article 45. Responsibilities of Ministry of Construction

1. Ministry of Construction shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and relevant ministries and agencies, the formulation of plans on construction that ensure the maintenance and promotion of cultural heritage values; establish and introduce standards and norms for the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites.

2. Collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information to enact documents that concretely regulate the evaluation of projects on the construction and upgrading of buildings which are located outside the protected area of sites, but have potentially negative impacts on the sites, or where relics, antiquities and national treasures are found during the construction or upgrading of the buildings.

Article 46. Responsibilities of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Ministry of Resources and Environment

1. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and other relevant ministries and agencies, in the formulation of plans for the protection and development of classified specialized forests, or on the use of farm lands, forest lands and hydraulic systems in keeping with the demands, maintenance and protection of sites according to the provisions of law.

2. Ministry of Resources and Environment shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and other relevant ministries and agencies, in the

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formulation of plans on nationwide land use that satisfy the requirements for the protection and promotion of cultural heritage values; collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information to draft and submit documents to the Government for enactment or to enact within its authority regulations concerning the delineation and demarcation of the protected zones of sites; guide the establishment and certification of the delineation map of the protected zones of sites.

Article 47. Responsibilities of Vietnam Tourism Administration

1. Vietnam Tourism Administration shall lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Information and other relevant ministries and agencies and people’s committees at all levels, in the organization of incorporating cultural heritage values into sustainable tourism development; the guiding of visitors in upholding regulations of cultural-historical sites and scenic landscapes.

2. Collaborate with the Ministry of Culture and Information and people’s committees at all levels to invest in the conservation, restoration of sites, craft villages, traditional festivals in tourism centers and routes; preserve and protect cultural heritage in tourism activities.

Article 48. Responsibilities of other ministries and agencies in the enforcement of the Law on Cultural Heritage

Ministries, ministerial bodies and Government agencies other than those regulated in Article 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 and 47 of this Decree, on the basis of their respective duties and rights, shall be responsible for collaborating with Ministry of Culture and Information to implement the provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage with regard to matters that fall within the scope of state management of their respective ministries or sectors.

Article 49. Responsibilities of provincial-level people’s committee

Provincial-level people’s committee’s that are involved in the state management of cultural heritage in their local jurisdiction shall have the following duties and rights:

1. To formulate plans on the protection and promotion of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in its local jurisdiction;

2. To managing the collections and research of tangible and intangible cultural heritage according to the provisions of law;

3. To guide and license the activities on the protection and promotion of cultural heritage within its local jurisdiction;

4. To decide on the establishment and classification of museums in accordance with its authority;

5. To approve projects on the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of sites in accordance with the provisions of law;

6. To conduct an inventory and registration of sites; decide on the classification and the cancellation of classification of provincial-level sites; prepare and submit to the Minister of Culture and Information scientific dossiers on the classification of national-level sites; guide the preparation of the scientific dossiers of the local intangible cultural heritage;

7. To inspect and monitor the observance of the laws concerning cultural heritage; settle complaints and petitions; commend, reward and deal with offenses to the laws concerning cultural heritage;

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8. To fulfill other duties and rights in accordance with other provisions of laws related to cultural heritage.

Article 50. Responsibilities of district-level people’s committee:

District-level people’s committee shall be responsible for the protection and promotion of the values of intangible and tangible cultural heritage in its local jurisdiction; taking preventive and protective measures, dealing with offenses; requesting competent state bodies to classify sites and formulating plans on the protection, preservation, restoration and promotion of the values of sites.

Article 51. Responsibility of commune-level people’s committee:

1. To conduct the protection and urgent preservation of cultural heritage. 2. To receive declarations and notifications concerning cultural heritage before

forwarding to upper-level authorities. 3. To request the classification of sites. 4. To prevent and contain any acts that may threaten the safety of cultural

heritage. 5. To contain and deal with superstitious practices in accordance with its

authority.

Chapter VIII Rewards for organizations and individuals who discover and hand over

relics, antiquities and national treasures Article 52. Forms of rewards for organizations and individuals who discover

and hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures

Organizations and individuals who discover relics, antiquities and national treasures and who report in a due course and voluntarily hand them over to competent state agencies of culture and information, shall be presented or posthumously presented with a Letter of Compliment, a Certificate of Compliment or medals or rewards of other forms, depending on the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures and according to the provisions of existing laws.

Depending on the value of the relics, antiquities and national treasures discovered and voluntarily handed over, organizations or individuals shall be rewarded with an amount of money according to the provisions on Article 53 of this Decree.

Article 53. Rates of cash rewards offered to organizations and individuals who discover and voluntarily hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures

The rates of in-cash rewards offered to organizations or individuals who discover and voluntarily hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be regulated as follows:

a. From 25% to 30% of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth less than 10 million dongs;

b. From 20 % to 25 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth from 10 million dongs to 20 million dongs;

c. From 15 % to 20 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 20 million dongs to 50 million dongs;

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d. From 10 % to 15 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 50 million dongs to 100 million dongs;

e. From 7 % to 10 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 100 million dongs to 200 million dongs;

f. From 5 % to 7 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 200 million dongs to 500 million dongs;

g. From 2 % to 5 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 500 million dongs to 1 billion dongs;

h. From 1 % to 2 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 1 billion dongs to 10 billion dongs;

i. From 0.5 % of the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures which are worth more than 10 billion dongs.

If organizations or individuals discover relics, antiquities and national treasures and notify in a due course to competent authorities with accurate information, they shall be offered a reward worth 10% to 20% of corresponding rates of rewards specified in Item 1 of this article.

The maximum rate of a reward against the value of relics, antiquities and national treasures specified in Item 1 and Item 2 of this article shall not exceed 200 million dongs.

Article 54. Authority and procedures to decide on the rewards offered to organizations or individuals who discover and hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures

Department of Culture and Information shall set up a council to define the value the relics and antiquities that are returned by organizations or individuals.

The Ministry of Culture and Information shall set up a council to define the value of national treasures that are returned by organizations or individuals.

Funding for the compensation of the costs associated with the discovery, preservation and rewards for organizations and individuals who discover and return relics, antiquities and national treasures, shall be allocated from the state budget according to the decision by heads of ministries, sectors and the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee of the locality where the relics, antiquities and national treasures are received and preserved.

The representative of the state museum that receives and preserves the relics, antiquities and national treasures shall have the responsibility to present the amount of the reward money to the organizations or individuals who discover and hand over the relics, antiquities and national treasures in accordance with the decision of the head of the relevant ministry, sector or the chair of the provincial-level people’s committee as specified in Item 2 of this article.

Within 30 days of receipt of the relics, antiquities and national treasures handed over by organizations or individuals or at the completion of the archeological search and excavations, the competent agencies for culture and information will set up an evaluation council to define the value of the relics, antiquities and national treasures concerned.

The presentation of the reward money to organizations or individuals who discover and voluntarily hand over relics, antiquities and national treasures shall be done within 30 days of the completion of the evaluation report on the value of the relics, antiquities and national treasures by the evaluation council.

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Chapter IX

Enforcement Provisions Article 55. Time of entry into force

This Decree shall enter into force 15 days after its signing. All previous provisions in contradiction to this Decree shall be superseded. Article 56. Guidance and enforcement of the Decree

The Minister of Culture and Information shall have the responsibility to guide and inspect the enforcement of this Decree.

Ministers, heads of ministerial agencies, Government agencies, the chair of provincial and centrally-run people’s committees shall have the responsibility to enforce this Decree.

On behalf of the Government Prime Minister

Phan Van Khai

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MINISTRY OF CULTURE

________ No.313-VH/VP

THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence – Freedom – Happiness Hanoi, 28th April 1962

MINISTER OF CULTURE

Implementing Decree 519-TTg dated 29th October 1957 by Prime Minister on

relic conservation; Pursuant to report and proposal of Department of Conservation and Museum

on ranking/classifying relics and natural beauty; To satisfy urgent requirement for management on national cultural relics while

preventing any risks to construction of new buildings in the social republic period;

DECIDES

Article 1. Officially ranking 62 relics and natural spots as national relics and natural beauties (the first period), which locates in provinces, cities, regions under special protection according to State Law throughout the nation (list of relics and natural spots is attached)

Article 2. The protection zones of these relics and natural spots consist of two sub-zones: the protection sub-zones 1 and 2.

The sub-protection zone 1 covers the relic or natural spot, which is put under

special protection provisions. It is forbidden to use, damage or having behavior posing danger to historical and architectural values of the relic and natural spot.

The protection zone 2 covers the area surrounding the relic or natural spot. Any organizations or individuals who wish to conduct activities at this area, shall receive permission from Department of Culture. Department of Culture shall submit to Ministry of Culture for approval.

Article 3. All of above mentioned relics and natural spots are under management of Departments and Services of Culture in locals where them locates in, basing on professional guide of Department of Conservation and Museum of Culture Ministry according to Decree 519-TTg dated 29th October 1957 by Prime Minister.

Article 4. Protection of relics and natural spots are common responsibilities of administrative agencies of all level. People’s Committee of all level are in charge of providing Services, Departments of Culture and organizations directly managing relics and natural spots with detailed guide; developing plan for keeping relics and natural spots under control and good protection as well as opening to public.

Article 5. The relics and natural beauties were contemporarily ranked in Circular 1060-VP/NC dated 27th July 1959 by Ministry of Culture, shall continue to be in force.

Article 6. All provisions provided in previous Circulars, Instructions on ranking relics and natural spots that are against this Decision shall be revoked.

Article 7. Chief of Culture Ministry Secretariat, Administrative Committee of all level, Services, Departments of Culture of provinces, cities and regions and

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Department of Conservation and Museum of Culture Ministry are responsible for implementing this Decision.

MINISTER OF CULTURE (signed) Hoang Minh Giam

LIST OF HISTORICAL RELICS AND LANDCAPES

OFFICIAL RANKING STAGE 1 (Attached to Decision No. 313-VH/VP on April 28, 1962 the Ministry of Culture) HANOI 1. Co Loa Citadel Complex, Belong to Quyet Tam and Viet Hung communes, Dong Anh district. 2. One Pillar Pagoda (Dien Huu pagoda), Chua Mot Cot street, of Ba Dinh district. 3. Temple of Literature, Quoc Tu Giam Street, Dong Da district. 4. Voi Phuc Temple, Thu Le village, Tu Liem district. 5. Lang pogoda, Lang village, Tu Liem district. 6. Tran Quoc Pagoda, Thanh Nien street, Ba Dinh district. 7. Quan Thanh Temple, Thanh Nien street, Ba Dinh district. 8. Hai Ba Temple (Trung Trac, Trung Nhi), Dong Nhan street, Hai Ba district. 9. Lien Phai pogada, Bach Mai street, Hai Ba district. 10. Hoang Cao Khai Complex, Thai Ha hamlet, Dong Da district. 11. Dong Da area, Thai Ha hamlet, Dong Da district. 12. Kim Lien Pagoda (Nghi Tam pagoda), An Quang commune, Tu Liem district. HAI PHONG 13. Trang Kenh Rocky area, Minh Duc commune, Thuy Nguyen district. 14. Kenh Temple (Nhan Tho temple), Le Chan street, Hai Phong. HONG QUANG 15. Ha Long Bay Complex, near the Hon Gai town, Bai Chay and Cam Pha. 16. The complex of Temple and the Mausoleums of Tran dynasty, An Binh village, Dong Trieu district. SON TAY 17. Thay Pagoda and Sai Son rocky area, Hoang Xa, Phuong Cach, Quoc Oai District. 18. Tay Phuong Pagoda, Thach Xa commune, Thach That district. 19. Chu Quyen Temple, Chu Minh commune, Quang Cat district.

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HA DONG 20. Hoang Xa Temple,Van Dinh town, Ung Hoa district. 21. Tram Pagoda, Long Chau village, Phung Chau Commune, Chuong My district. 22. Tram Gian Pagoda, Tien Lu village, Tien Phuong commune, Chuong My district. 23. Huong Pagoda and Huong Son area, Huong Son commune, My Duc district. BAC NINH 24. The Phat Tich Pagoda (Van Phuc Pagoda), Phat Tich commune, Tien Du district. 25. Dau Pagoda (Khuong Tu Pagoda), Khuong Tu village, Thuan Thanh district. 26. But Thap pagoda (Ninh Phuc pagoda), Dinh To Commune, Thuan Thanh district. 27. Dinh Bang Temple, Dinh Sang village, Tu Son district. HUNG YEN 28. Da Hoa Temple, Binh Linh commune, Khoai Chau district. 29. Binh Dan Temple of Literature, Binh Dan commune, Khoai Chau district (now Tan Dan commune, Chau Giang district). HAI DUONG 30. Kiep Bac Temple, Hung Dao commune, Chi Linh district. 31. Con Son Pagoda, Cong Hoa commune, Chi Linh district. 32. Kinh Chu cave, Pham Lenh commune, Kim Mon district. HA NAM 33. Kem Trong mount, Doan Vy village, Thanh Mai commune, Thanh Liem district. 34. Van Xa Commune House, Van Xa commune, Ly Nhan district. NAM DINH 35. Flag Column, the Quarter III, Nam Dinh city. 36. Thien Truong Temple, Loc Vuong commune, suburb of Nam Dinh City. 37. Co Trach Temple, Loc Vuong commune, suburb of Nam Dinh City. 38. Pho Minh Pagoda (Thap pagoda), Xuan Hong commune, Xuan Truong district. 39. Keo Pagoda, Xuan Khu commune, Xuan Truong district. NINH BINH 40. Duc Thuy mountain (Non Nuoc), Ninh Binh town. 41. Canh Dieu Mountain (Jade lady), Ninh Binh town. 42. Complex of Truong Yen Mountain and the temples of Dinh King and Le King, Gia Truong commune, Gia Khanh district. 43. Thien Ton grotto, Ninh My commune, Gia Khanh district. THANH HOA 44. Thieu Duong and Dong Son sites, Dong Giang, Dong Cuong communes (Dong Son district) and Thieu Tan, Thieu Khanh, Thieu Duong communes (Thieu Hoa district).

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45. The Ho Citadel, Vinh Long and Vinh Tien communes, Vinh Loc district. 46. Lam Son Complex, Xuan Lam commune, Tho Xuan district. 47. Sam Son Complex, Quang Son commune, Quang Xuong district. KIEN AN 48. Voi Mountain, Xuan Son Mountain and Vo Mountain, Truong Thanh, An Tien, An Thang and Bac Ha communes, An Lao district. 49. Cung Chuc Commune House, Trung Lap commune, Vinh Bao district. THAI BINH 50. Keo Pagoda (Than Quang Pogada), Vu Nghia commune, Vu Tien district. 51. An Co Temple, An Thuy commune, Thuy Anh, Thai Thuy District. PHU THO 52. Hung King Temple, Hy Cuong commune, Lam Thao district. VINH PHUC 53. Binh Son Tower (Then Tower), Tam Son commune, Lap Thach district. 54. Soc Son Temple shrines, Ve Linh commune, Da Phuc district (now belongs to Hanoi). HA TINH 55. Nguyen Du’s shrines complex, Tien Dien village, Nghi Xuan district. NGHE AN 56. Dung Quyet Mountain and Phuong Hoang Trung Do complex, Vinh town. 57. Thanh Lam Mountain, Hung Nguyen district. 58. Thien Nhan Mountain and Luc Nien citadel, Huong Son district (Ha Tinh) and Nam Dan district (Nghe An). AUTONOMOUS OF THAI MEO 59. Son La Prison House, Son La. 60. Dien Bien Phu battle field, Dien Bien. LANG SON 61. Chi Lang Mountain, Ba Chau district. 62. Tam Thanh and To Thi Mountains, the Lang Son town.

Hanoi, 28th April, 1962 MINISTER OF CULTURE

(Signed and stamped)

Hoang Minh Giam

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No: 2264/QĐ-UBND --------- Thanh Hoa, 30th July 2007

DECISION

On the Establishment of Management Board for the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage

Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province

- Pursuant to Law on the organization of the people’s committee and people’s

council dated 26th November 2003; - Pursuant to Law on Cultural Heritage dated 29th June 2003; - Pursuant to Decision No. 1706/2001/QĐ-BVHTT dated 24th July 2001 by

Minister for Culture and Information on the approval of the general planning of conservation and promotion of values of cultural and historical relics and scenic spots until 2020;

- Pursuant to Decision No. 313-VH/VP dated 28th July 1962 by Minister for Culture and Information on the recognition of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel (located in Vinh Long and Vinh Tien Communes) as national heritage;

- Pursuant to Circular No 02/2005/TTLT/BVHTT-BNV dated 21st January 2005 by Ministry for Culture and Information and Ministry of Interior Affairs on functions, rights and obligations, and organization of expert agencies at the service of the people’s committee to do public management of culture and information at local level;

- Pursuant to Decision No 685/2007/QD-UBND dated 2nd March 2007 by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province on the issuance of the regulations on delegation and decentralization of administration of the public apparatus and servants;

- In the consideration of the propositions of the Director of Cultural and Information Department of Thanh Hoa Province in the Proposal No. 427/TTr-SVHTT-TC dated 18th May 2007; and of the Director of Home Affairs Department in the Proposal No. 347/TTr-SNV dated 20th July 2007;

Decides

Article 1: Set up the Management Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel

Heritage under the Cultural and Information Department of Thanh Hoa Province. The Board is a public-service-delivering agency which has legal status, stamp,

and bank account at the State Treasury. Its headquarters is located at the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage area

in Vinh Loc District. Article 2: Functions and tasks of the Board: Assisting Director of the Cultural and Information Department to manage and

promote the cultural values of the heritage, Managing, protecting and preserving the cultural heritage of the Ho Dynasty’s

Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics,

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Conserving, restoring and repairing the property on the basis of the assignments of the competent authorities,

Organizing, guiding, and giving instruction on the festival activities and tourism in the area of the heritage,

Doing research, exploiting, and promoting the cultural values of the heritage, Preparing the nomination dossier of the property for inscription of the heritage

on the world cultural heritage list. Article 3: Organization and Personnel of the Board: The Board is composed of one Director of the Board, one Deputy Director and

a number of specialists. Personnel of the Board are included in the personnel of the cultural and

information service, allocated annually by Chairman of the People’s Committee. The specific number of staff members is decided by Director of the Cultural and Information Department on the basis of its specific needs and workloads at different times.

Director of the Cultural and Information Department is responsible for the implementation of the establishment of Management Board in conformity with the current regulations of the state and provincial authorities.

Article 4: This decision takes effect since the signature date. Director General of the General Office of the Provincial People’s Committee,

Director of Home Affairs Department, Director of the Cultural and Information Department, and heads of different agencies are responsible for the execution of this decision./.

Recipients: As stipulated in the article 4; Director and Vice Directors of the People’s Committee, Archives

CHAIRMAN (Signed) Nguyen Van Loi

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No: 2298/QĐ-UBND --------- Thanh Hoa, 2nd August 2007

DECISION

On Promulgation of Regulation on the Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and

Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District – Thanh Hoa Province _______

CHAIRMAN OF THE PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE

OF THANH HOA PROVINCE - Pursuant to Law on the organization of the people’s committee and people’s

council dated 26th November 2003; - Pursuant to Law on Cultural Heritage in 2001; - Pursuant to the Government’s Ordinance No 92/2002/ND-CP dated 11th

November 2002 on the implementation of provisions of the Law on Cultural Heritage; - Pursuant to Decision No 05/2003/QD-BVHTT dated 6th February 2003 by

Minister for Culture and Information on the issuance of the Statute on conservation, repair, and restoration of cultural and historical relics and beauty spots;

- In consideration of the proposition of Director of the Cultural and Information Department in the Proposal No 647/TTr-SVHTT dated 9th July 2007;

Decides Article 1: Enclosed with this decision is the Regulation on Management,

Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District – Thanh Hoa Province.

Article 2: This decision takes effect since the signature date. Article 3: Director General of General Office of the People’s Committee of

Thanh Hoa Province, Director of the Cultural and Information Department, Director of the Planning and Investment Department, Director of the Construction Department, Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Department, Director of the Tourism Department, Director of the Trade Department, Director of the Home Affairs Department, Director of the Justice Department; Chairmen of the People Committees of Vinh Loc, Yen Dinh, Cam Thuy, Tho Xuan, and other communes where relics are located in and relevant agencies and persons in charge bear responsibilities to implement this Decision./.


CHAIRMAN (Signed)

NGUYEN VAN LOI

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The Socialist Republic of Vietnam Independence – Freedom – Happiness

_____ ---------

THE REGULATION Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial

Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province

(Issued together with Decision No. 2298/QD – UBND dated 02nd August, 2007 by The Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa Province)

_______

Chapter 1 General Regulations

Article 1: Sphere and object of the Statute:

1. The Statute defines specific sphere of protective area of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics in Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province.

2. Every organization, every agency and every citizen are responsible and obligated to manage, protect and promote the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics.

3. Every organization, every agency and every citizen are encouraged to contribute intellectually, physically and financially to conserving, repairing, restoring and promoting the values of the historical and cultural relic of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics (thereafter called the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage).

Article 2: The Planning of the Protection Area (Pursuant to the Decision No 313-VH/VP dated 28th July 1962 by Minister for Culture and Information recognizing the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty as the national heritage)

1. The area of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage is encompassed of the Protection Area I and Protection Area II:

a. Protection Area I is defined from the outer edge of moat inward, including:

architectural monuments, landscapes of the Inner City and the area outside the Inner City and inside the moat, and the moat.

- The Inner City covers an area of 769.086 square meters in total, bounded from

the frontage of the stone walls, gates and the whole inner area behind the wall. It is now under the administrative authority of Vinh Long commune and Vinh Tien commune.

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To the South: the area is bordered from frontage of the stone wall which is 883.5 meters long (the South Gate is at the centre of this wall), located now in the Vinh Tien commune inward to the Inner City area. To the North: the area is delimited from frontage of the stone wall which is 883.5 meters long (the North Gate is at the centre of this wall) and now located in the Vinh Tien commune, inward to the Inner City. To the East: The area is bounded from facade of the stone wall which is 870.5 meters long (the East Gate is at the centre of this wall), encompassing Binh Khuong Temple which is located in the Dong Mon hamlet, Vinh Long commune, inward to the Inner City. To the West: The area is bounded from frontage of the stone wall which is 870.5 meters long (the West Gate is at the centre of this wall) located in the Vinh Tien commune, inward to the Inner City.

- The area outside the Inner City and inside the moat is delimited from the feet of four stone walls (the eastern, the western, the southern, and the northern) outward to the inner edge of the moat (the eastern, the western, the southern, and the northern) and the whole area of the Binh Khuong Temple in the Dong Mon Village, Vinh Long Commune.

- The moat is the second architectural circle of the Ho-Dynasty Citadel Relics

(after La Thanh). The moat is the water trench ditched around the stone walls in the all four directions in order to directly protect the inner city.

b. Protection Area II:

This area is bounded from the outer edge of the moat (in the direction of stone walls and gates) outward. It has 500 meters length encompassing the common houses of Dong Mon hamlet and Tay Giai hamlet, the ancient house of Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung, villagers’ dwellings, transportation-irrigation works, and agricultural areas. To the East: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the Eastern moat outward, now located in Vinh Long commune. To the South: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the southern moat outward, located now in Vinh Tien commune and Vinh Yen commune. To the North: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the northern moat outward, now located in Vinh Tien commune and Vinh Yen commune. To the West: The area is bounded from the outer edge of the Western moat, located in Vinh Tien commune and Vinh Yen commune.

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2. Adjoining monuments: a. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Dong Mon Village, Vinh

Long commune b. The historical relic of Giang Pagoda (Tuong Van Pagoda) in Vinh Loc Town. c. The cultural-historical relic of Nhan Lo Pagoda in Vinh Thanh commune. d. The cultural-historical relic of Tran Khat Chan Temple in Vinh Thanh

commune. e. The cultural-historical relic of the Nam Giao Altar in Vinh Thanh commune. f. The cultural-historical relic of My Dam Lake in Vinh Yen commune. g. The cultural-historical relic of Yen Ton mountain in Vinh Yen commune. h. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Yen Ton Thuong Village,

Vinh Yen commune. i. The cultural-historical relic of Nang Cave in Vinh Yen commune. j. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Tam Tong, Vinh Tien

commune. k. The architecture and artistic relic of the ancient house of Mr. Pham Ngoc Tung

in Vinh Tien commune. l. The cultural-historical relic of common house of Tay Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien

commune. m. The cultural-historical relic of Linh Giang Pagoda in Vinh Tien commune. n. La Thanh (Earthern wall) of the Ho-Dynasty Citadel relic.

Area I and Area II of adjoining monuments are protected according to the heritage preservation maps approved by competent authorities in compliance with Law on Cultural Heritage and its implementation instructions. Article 3: Principles of management, protection and development of relic values

1. Guarantee of the originality and the sustainability of any structures of the heritage.

2. Management and protection of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage should be linked to environment protection, and the conservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritages.

3. Conservation of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel heritage must be coupled with the development in a way to not only ensure sustainability and stability, but also make full use of the strengths of the heritage in the service of socio-economic development of the province.

Chapter II: Specific Regulations

Article 4: In Protection Area I:

1. In Area I, it is forbidden: - To grazing cattle and poultry, dump industrial, agricultural, and daily life

waste that may damage the landscapes and environment of the heritage.

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- To use the space of the heritage to dry and preserve agricultural products, construction materials and others to serve daily life demands.

- To circulate motor-driven vehicles, simple carriages and cattle-driven carriages in Area I (except under special circumstances with permission by the Management Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage or by the People’s Committee of the Vinh Loc district).

- To illegally explore and excavate illegally artifacts and antiques in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel and adjoining relics.


2. Beside complying with stipulations of Item 1 of this Article, organizations, agencies, and individuals have to abide by specific stipulations as follows:

a. In the area of the Inner City: - It is forbidden for organizations, agencies, and individuals to intervene in any

form without permission to affect the architecture and landscape of the Inner City, such as leveling the ground, building up works, digging ponds or lakes, and exploiting soil and stone.


b. In the area outside the Inner City and inside the moat: - It is prohibited to build up construction works, houses, and huts used to watch

crops as well as farms to raise poultry and cattle which could damage the heritage’s architecture, environment and landscape.

- It is forbidden to dig up lakes and ponds, and plant perennials without planning approved by the competent authorities.

c. The area of the moat: - It is forbidden to level up the surface of the moat to build up houses and farms,

cultivate, plant perennials, and construct irrigation systems. The present state of the area leveled up in the past (where is used to cultivate now) must be maintained.

- It is strictly forbidden to use water bodies of the moat to produce aquatic products and raise water-birds.

Article 5: In Protection Area II: 1. Households, organizations, agencies located in this area, when building up

new works or repairing or upgrading their houses or offices, must abide by the stipulations of the Law on Cultural Heritage and Construction Law, .




Article 6: Adjoining relics 1. La Thanh (Earthen Wall):

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La Thanh must be managed and protected in its present state as stipulated in the Law on Cultural Heritage. Presently, several sections of La Thanh have remained in good shape in the administrative boundaries of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc communes. The Cultural and Information Department, together with the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District and competent agencies, the People’s Committees of Vinh Long and Vinh Phuc communes to set up scientific profile to make management, protection, and coordination in line with the Law on Cultural Heritage. 2. Nam Giao Altar The Altar is an extremely important monument associated with the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage. The protection area of the Citadel Heritage amounts to 43,264.7 square meters of which Protection Area I (inviolable area) covers 30,069 square meters and Protection Area II 13,195.7 square meters. The protection area of the Nam Giao Altar is located in the administrative region of the People’s Committees of Vinh Loc Town and Vinh Thanh Commune. Hereafter are specific regulations on management and protection of this Altar: a. It is prohibited to bury dead people and build graves; dump industrial,

agricultural, and daily-life wastes; put up architectural works, farms, transportation and irrigation systems; dig lakes, ponds, and wells; graze cattle and plant perennials against approved plans (within the protection areas of the Nam Giao Altar and Don Son mountain), which damage the foundation, environment and landscape of these areas.

b. Organizations and individuals are forbidden to explore and to excavate

illegally in any form to search for artifact, natural resources and architectural materials in the protection areas.

c. Other adjoining relics not governed by this statute must be managed and

protected by law on the basis of the map of protection area of each relic which was approved by competent authorities.

Article 7: Regulations on planting and trimming trees in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics:

1. It is encouraged to plant verdurous trees to defend the existing construction works in the Protection Area II of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics. The plantation in this area must be in line with the planning approved by competent authorities.

2. It must be permitted by the Management Board or the People’s Committee of

Vinh Loc commune to cut down, trim up roots and branches of perennials which are likely to break down, causing accidents and damages to the monuments of the protection area, Protection Area I.

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3. The verdurous spaces and gardens of every historical, cultural relic and

landscape in the protection areas must be protected and preserved. Scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of the heritage must best preserve these verdurous spaces.

Article 8: Regulations on discovery and handling of the items of Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics

1. In Protection Area II which is inhabited, during construction of civil works (houses, roads, irrigation systems, and etc.), if artifacts and antiques are discovered, the owners must stop the execution and report it to the Management Board or the local People’s committees.

2. When organizations and individuals uncover artifacts related to the Ho

Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics, they have to report and hand them over to the Management Board or the local people’s committees immediately. The Management Board then has to report to the competent state authorities to reward those organizations and individuals for the handed-over items (the current state and location of the relevant items should be maintained)

Article 9: Regulations on scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics:

1. The scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration must be in conformity with Law on Cultural Heritage, Construction Law, Decision No.05/2003/QD-BVHTT dated 6/2/2003 by Minister for Culture and Information on the issuance of statutes on conservation, improvement and restoration of historical and cultural relics, and scenic spots; General Planning of Conservation, Restoration and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics.

2. Approved scientific research, conservation, improvement and restoration of

monuments in the protection areas of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics must report to the Culture and Information Department in writing in the service of guidance, monitoring, and supervision. If wrongdoings are found, the process must be stopped and reported to Thanh Hoa People’s Committee and Ministry of Culture and Information to ask for guidance.

Article 10: The fund for conservation, improvement, restoration and promotion of the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics:

1. The fund for conservation, improvement, restoration and promotion of the heritage value is contributed by voluntarily organizations and individuals; and extracted from state budget.

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2. The fund aims at conserving, improving, and restoring relics of the Ho

Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics.

Chapter III Organization of Implementation

Article 11: Obligations of the Thanh Hoa Cultural and Information Department

1. The Cultural and Information Department is responsible for assisting the Provincial people’s committee to comprehensively administratively manage conservation of cultural heritages in the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics in Vinh Loc district; organizing and coordinating with relevant bodies and the people’s committee of Vinh Loc District to implement successfully management, protection and promotion of the value of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics in line with Law on Cultural Heritage.

2. The Management and Conservation Board of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial

Citadel Heritage subordinate to the Cultural and Information Department is responsible for managing, protecting, exploiting and to promote the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics .

Article 12: Obligations of the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc:

The people’s committee of Vinh Loc is responsible for coordinating with the Cultural and Information Department to implement assignments by the provincial people’s committee to manage, to protect, to exploit and to promote the values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics, guide the relevant communal people committees to coordinate with the Management Board to protect heritage within their administrative areas as stipulated in this Statute and other legal regulations. Article 13: Obligations of the people’s committees in the communes and towns where relics are located:

The people’s committees of communes and towns are responsible for coordinating with the Management Board to protect and to prevent violations which damage architecture of landscapes and protection areas in the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics. Upon receiving information on any violation of those relics, the committees should take measure to immediately prevent and protect, and promptly report to the People’s Committee of Vinh Loc District and the Cultural and Information Department.

Chapter IV Reward and Punishment

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Article 14: Reward

Organizations and individuals who have an excellent record of management, protection and promotion of values of the heritage as stipulated in this Statute, will be rewarded in line with the State’s regulations. Article 15: Punishment

Organizations, individuals who violate this Statute will be administratively or criminally punished on the basis of severity of the violation and of legal regulations.

Chapter V Execution Provision

Article 16: Any previous regulations on management, protection and promotion of the value of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and adjoining relics against this statute are abolished.

During the execution of this Statute, if any issue arises, the provincial people’s committee must be informed to promptly consider appropriate amendment or supplement of the Statute.

PP. CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN

Signed

Vuong Van Viet

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-------------------------------------

MINUTES OF THE LOCALIZATION OF PROTECTED AREA FOR THE INNER CITADEL OF THE HO DYNASTY

Vinh Tien - Vinh Long commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province Pursuant to the Cultural Heritage Law by the National Assembly of Socialist

Republic of Vietnam passed on June 29, 2001. President signed Decree No. 09/2001/L-CTN on July 12, 2001.



Pursuant to the Regulation on Management, Protection and Promotion of the Values of the Ho Dynasty’s Imperial Citadel Heritage and Adjoining Relics in Vinh Loc District – Thanh Hoa Province (issued under the Decision 2298/QD-UBND, dated 02/8/2007 by the presidents Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee).


- Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee

- Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism - Thanh Hoa provincial Department of Natural Resources – Environment

- Vinh Loc District People's Committee - Relic and Landscape Management Board

- Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information

- Vinh Loc Division of Natural Resources – Environment

- Vinh Tien Communal People's Committee - Vinh Long Communal People's Committee

Held at the meeting hall of Ho Citadel Management Board to discuss on localized protect heritage core area.

All participants in the conference have agreed the following issues: I. Evaluation of Relic value (Summary of historic contents and cultural

values of the relic site) The Ho Citadel was built in 1397 by Ho Quy Ly with the aim of moving

capital to change the monarchy, and prepared to deal with the Ming invaders. In 1400, Ho Quy Ly throne founded the Ho Dynasty (1400-1407), the Tay Do became the

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capital of the Dai Ngu. Besides the role as a capital, Ho citadel is a work of the military's defense impregnable. Its architecture and building materials was assessed "is one of the most beautiful architecture in Vietnam" (L.Bezacie, Vietnamese Art).

With historical value, particularly important of architecture, Ho Citadel has been ranked by Ministry of Culture as the Relics and Cultural history of the National in 1962. At present, the Ho Citadel directed by the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to concerned authorities to build dossiers science is nominated UNESCO world cultural heritage.

II. Regulations of heritage core protection area: Based on the relic site value as mentioned above, the meeting agreed on the

need to set up a protection zone of Ho Citadel cultural heritage core area to serve the management, protection and prohibit all invasive.


This area has 1.412.621m2 (142,262.1 hectares), including the whole inner city area and a stone outer area (the Eastern, Western, Southern, Northern). This area defined as follows:

The West: Next to adjacent road Tay Giai hamlet, Vinh Tien commune, including land plot No. 965/250; 1109/2283; 1054/2423; 982/1278; 1020/209; 981/342; 947/274; 916/343 ; 884/482; 817/505; 816/482; 743/704; 707/547; 668/298; 626/836; 541/474; 502/203; 460/217; 459/203; 424/292; 390 / 225; 357/503; 325/571; 292/655; 248/585; 211/520; 177/510; 143/553; 117/433; 77/406; 46/428; 6/448 (map sheet No. 8, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-8). 808/203; 775/196; 742/192; 741/205; 710/205; 687/811; 663/660; 662/293; 641/642; 640/674; 620/774; 603/503; 602 / 229; 581/521; a plot 565/911; a plot 547/608; a plot 142/589 (sheet map No 4, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw on June 2001, check on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-4); a plot 565/911; 145/167; a plot 547/608; a plot 142/589 (3 map sheets, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1 / 2000, which draw in June / 2001, check on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-3).

The East: next to road adjoining the East Gate, Vinh Long commune in the land plot No: 80/264; 77/3711 (map sheet No25, map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw on March 2002, check on December 2002, approved December 30, 2002, signs 227482-25) 1434/6338; 1328/768; 1314/876; 1303/630; 1273/838; 1248/361; 1216 / 365; 1215/328; 1188/572; 1159/786; 1121/1703; 1450/33242; 916/411; 880/348; 849/309; 815/585; 755/884; 721/432; 692/442 ; 663/295; 662/292; 636/317; 635/304; 611/339; 587/301; 586/316; 558/297; 524/400; 417/568; 312/66 (map sheet No 21 , map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, on test in December 2002, approved December 30, 2002, signs 227482-21).

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The North: Next to the road that borders of Tien Vinh and Vinh Long commune in the land plots No: a plot 142/589 (map sheet No 3, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which drawing in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-3); 537/747; 538/562; 539/659; 524/603; 525/508; 526/580 ; 510/659; 511/745; 512/315; 494/656; 495/588; 496/588; 485/635; 486/498; 487/611; 472/314; 473/694; 474/345; 457 / 763; 458/375; 448/1178; 424/9163; 387/345; 327/5035; 253/1582; a plot 273/25441; 152/873 (map sheet No 4, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-4).

The South: Next to bordering of internal roads of Vinh Tien, the land plot No: 1130/20527; 1086/245; 1087/293; 1088/294; 1089/299; 1090/398; 1057/568; 1058 / 441; 1059/306; 1080/283; 1061/251; 1062/240; 1063/242; 1030/311; 1031/301; 1032/257; 1033/309; 1034/341; 1035/299; 1036/297; 1037/317; 992/312; 993/245; 994/273; 995/295; 996/286; 997/437; 998/448; 999/291; 960/370; 961/304; 962/294; 963 / 414; 964/265; 965/250; 966/275; 967/350; 928/385; 929/255; 930/256; 931/267; 932/550; 933/220; 896/272; 897/283; 898/551; 899/274; 900/319; 901/380 ( Map sheet No. 8, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved December 12, 2001, signs 223483-8); 402/389; 403/964; 378/610; 349/663; 278/751; 279/324; 280/388; 281/342; 282/231; 283/250; 284/316; 285/190; 286/237; 287/373; 243/207; 244/278; 245/280; 246/301; 217/642; 218/654; 219/261; 220 / 325; 221/389; 198/408; 190/393; 191/563; 192/424; 176/284; 168/715; 169/375; 170/637; 171/266; 149/346; 150/395; 151/488; 131/512; 132/363; 133/551; 134/617; 135/408; 110/301; 111/328; 112/311; 113/701; 114/304; 97/440; 115 / 281; 98/236; 99/224; 77/7244 (map sheet No 9, map of Vinh Tien, scale 1/2000, which draw in June 2001, test on October 2001, approved 12 / December 2001, signs 223483-9); a plot 80/264 (map sheet No 25, map of Vinh Long, scale of 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, checks in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-25).


1. Vinh Long Communal People's Committee 2. Vinh Tien Communal People's Committee

3. Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information 4. Vinh Loc Division of Natural Resources - Environment 5. Relic and Landscape Management Board 6. Vinh Loc district People's Committee

7. Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism 8. Thanh Hoa provincial Department of Natural Resources - Environment

9. Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee

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THANH HOA PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITEE DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE AND INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT BOARD OF RELICS AND BEAUTY SPOTS


-------------------------------------

MINUTES OF THE LOCALIZATION OF PROTECTED AREA FOR THE NAM GIAO ALTAR

Vinh Thanh Commune, Vinh Loc District , Thanh Hoa Province Pursuant to the Cultural Heritage Law dated 29th June 2001 promulgated by

the Government; Pursuant to the Decree No. 92/2002/ N§ - CP dated 11st November 2002 issued by

the Government. On this day of 09 February 2007, a meeting with the participation of the

representatives of: Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee;

Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information; Thanh Hoa Provincial Relics and Landscape Management Board;

Vinh Loc District People’s Committee; Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information;

Vinh Loc District Department of Natural Resources and Environment;

Vinh Thanh Communal People’s Committee; and

Vinh Loc Town People’s Committee. Held at the conference room of Vinh Loc District People’s Committee to discuss the

ranking of the Nam Giao Altar relic site. All participants in the conference have agreed the following issues:

I. Evaluation of Relic Value: (Summary of historic contents and cultural value of the relic site)

Based on the historical records and the results of archaeological survey and excavation on June to July 2004 of the Vietnam Institute of Archaeology and Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information, some issues on the size and architecture of the Nam Giao Altar relic site at Don Son mountain, Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province are clarified. The relic site is about two hectares wide and its foundation is still clear. From the archaeological surveys and excavations, some artifacts in earth’s womb show abundance and a great value on cultural study of the Tran – Ho period in Thanh Hoa in particular and in the whole country in general. In some archaeologists’ judgment, up to now/ so far this site has been the oldest and the most undamaged relic of Nam Giao Altar type found in Vietnam. It is obvious that the Nam Giao Altar relic in Tay Do is a special site in

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national architectural heritages and it is very necessary to be preserved and brought into play.

II. Regulations of relic protection area Based on the relic site value as above mentioned, we agree that all measures should be taken to preserve this site. In the short term, the relic protection area should be localized to prevent any violation.

Protection area I Protection area I consists of the relic. This area is inviolable. All remaining

original factors such as location, technical material, type, nuance, lay-out, colour, including decorative details and movables of the relic should be preserved. Any move of location, change or addition of any new status quo of the relic, in spite of the smallest things, must be rigidly prohibited.

This area combining the whole Nam Giao Altar relic site and surroundings covers 30069.0m2 in area, including land plots No. 5/17435.6; 6/5550.4; 7/1507.8; 8/515.8; 9/284.1; 11/663.6; 12/368.4; 13/671.0 (Map No. 10, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); Land plots No. 7/217.1; 8/336.9; 9/376.8; 10/481.8 (Map No. 12, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); Plots No. 404/3703; 456/592; 476/343; 475/586; 499/885; 498/487 and a part of the plot No. 500/1058 (Map No. 9, Vinh Thanh commune land survey map approved in October 2003); and the remaining area of the Area I is in Dun mountain (Localized Area I, Maps 1/500 and 1/1.000).

Protection area II Protection area II is a buffer zone bordering on the protection area I of 13.195 m2 in area, including land plots No. 316.0; 5/347.9; 6/220.7; 13/361.3; 14/292.3; 11/516.3; 12/482.6 (Map No. 12, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); A part of the plots No. 4/4029.7; 5/17435.6 (Map No. 10, Vinh Loc town land survey map approved in December 1998: 220485-8-b); Plots No. 498/487.0; 526/447.0; 527/710.0; A part of the plot No. 500/1058.0 (Map No. 9, Vinh Thanh commune land survey map approved in October 2003); and the remaining area of the Area II is in Dun mountain (Localized Area I, Maps 1/500 and 1/1.000).

III. Recommendations The whole conference agree to kindly request Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s

Committee and the Ministry of Culture and Information to study, consider, and make a decision on ranking the Nam Giao Altar Relic Site at Don Son mountain, Vinh Thanh commune, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province as a historical –cultural architectural and archaeological relic site.

This Minutes is adopted by all participants in the conference to be signed in their respective names below: 1- Specialized agencies at central and local level (Thanh Hoa province) 2- District (Town) People’s Committee and Department of Culture and Information.

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3- Party Committee, People’s Committee, Fatherland Front, and Department of Culture and Information at Communal (ward) level.

IV. Confirmed by relevant agencies 1- Vinh Thanh Communal People’s Committee (signed)

2- Vinh Loc Town People’s Committee (signed) 3- Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information (signed)

4- Vinh Loc District Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed)

5- Vinh Loc District People’s Committee (signed)

6- Thanh Hoa Provincial Relics and Landscape Management Board (signed) 7- Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture and Information (signed)

8- Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed) 9- Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee (signed)

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THANH HOA PROVINCIAL PEOPLE’S COMMITEE DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE AND INFORMATION

MANAGEMENT BOARD OF RELICS AND BEAUTY SPOTS


-------------------------------------

MINUTES OF THE LOCALIZATION OF PROTECTED AREA FOR THE LA THANH OUTER WALL

Vinh Long Commune, Vinh Loc District, Thanh Hoa Province Pursuant to the Cultural Heritage Law by the National Assembly of Socialist

Republic of Vietnam passed on June 29, 2001. President signed Decree No. 09/2001/L-CTN on July 12, 2001.



Pursuant to the Management Regulation, Security, Promoting the value of relics of the Ho Citadel and the surrounding monuments at Vinh Loc district (issued under Decision 2298/QD-UBND, dated 02/8/2007 of the presidents Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee).


- Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee - Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism - Thanh Hoa provincial Department of Natural Resources – Environment - Vinh Loc District People's Committee - Relic and Landscape Management Board - Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information - Vinh Loc Division of Natural Resources – Environment - Vinh Long Communal People's Committee Held at the meeting hall of Ho Citadel Management Board to discuss on

localized protect heritage core area. All participants in the conference have agreed the following issues: I. Evaluation of Relic value (Summary of historic contents and cultural

values of the relic site) The Ho Imperial Citadel has been ranked by the Ministry of Culture as a

National Relics and Cultural history in 1962. Overall architecture of the Ho Imperial Citadel is visible to the internal and La Thanh. La Thanh is a outer ring of the inner capital, distant is about 2-3km, tasked with the curved river (Buoi River, Ma river) as defensive line for the internal security. The Dai Viet Chronicles have been recorded an events of the Ho Dynasty constructed the La Thanh as following: "September in Ky Mao (1399), Ho Quy Ly asked Tran Ninh courting people of Thanh Hoa county planting bamboo at the west of La Thanh, the south from Don Son, the north from An Ton to Bao Dam gate, the west from Kha Lang market at Vuc Son to Loi Giang river,

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made a wall" (Dai Viet Chronicles, Social Sciences Publishing House, Hanoi, 1973, p. 227).

Over 600 years of existence, the La Thanh at Vinh Long commune is still preserved relatively intact. This part of La Thanh ensures conditions for the management, conservation, tourism and scientific research. La Thanh placement about 2km to the east from the Ho Imperial Citadel.

La Thanh is a part of the overall architecture of the ancient relics of the Ho Imperial Citadel. Therefore, the localized core protected area of La Thanh required to conservation planning and the overall architecture of this ancient capital.

II. Regulations of heritage core protection area: Based on the relic site value as mentioned above, the meeting agreed on the

need to set up a protection zone of La Thanh, a cultural heritage core area (belongs to Vinh Long commune) to serve the management, protection and prohibit all invasive.


This part of La Thanh has total of 86.400m2 (8.64 ha) with a length of 1137.26m, 50m wide on average runs east - west colonial administration of Vinh Long commune. This area is defined as follows:

The north of La Thanh (from the Highway No.45) of contiguous plots of land as follows: 388/603; 386/483; 344/461; 345/223; 346/243; 347/549 ; 348/696; 349/64; 339/1313; 338/945; 310/1309; 295/74; 294/771; 273/308; 274/436; 256/194; 232/3784; 221/1205; 189 / 2037; 199/119; 198/325; 169/1949; 168/1410; 143/608 121/4416 (map sheet No. 12, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, tested December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-12); the plot number 594/398; 593/419; 549/746; 553/390; 548/374; 547/289 ; 546/756; 513/345; 514/399; 504/367; 503/496; 502/744; 501/355; 500/762; 467/426; 499/187; 469/763; 470/417; 471/496; 455/861; 454/473; 453/460; 452/305; 451/399; 424/446; 425/379; 426/503; 428/1036; 399/277; 398/957; 376/1162 ; 349/391 378/819; 347/1146; 333/590; 334/212; 335/575; 336/1578; 311/625; 337/520; 309/1637; 300/1817; 301/1108; 265/1029; 320/79; 308/425 (map sheet 11, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, tested in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-11).

The south (from the Highway 45) of contiguous plots of land as follows: 428/358; 389/173; 426/821; 390/699; 391/645; 385/528 ; 384/572; 350/572; 351/281; 337/846; 336/464; 311/87; 312/972; 313/575; 293/684; 275/481; 255/289; 254/160; 253 / 451; 247/178; 249/548; 231/206; 229/536; 223/670; 197/255; 196/121; 195/142; 194/141; 192/426 (map sheet No.12, cadastral map of Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, tested in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-12); the plot number: 671/311; 670 / 512; 669/1094; 638/689; 639/811; 636/423; 634/442; 596/361; 597/63; 599/805; 592/360; 554/774; 555/872; 545/658 ; 515/589; 496/492; 472/4476; 473/830; 474/958; 475/481; 449/870; 448/1019; 429/168; 430/162; 431/2339; 397/178; 396 / 183; 395/504; 379/120; 393/949; 380/538; 381/212; 345/266; 344/545; 343/1564 (map sheet No.11, cadastral map of

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Vinh Long, scale 1/2000, which draw in March 2002, test in December 2002, approved December 30th, 2002, signs 227482-11).


1. Vinh Long Communal People’s Committee (signed)

2. Vinh Loc District Department of Culture and Information (signed) 3. Vinh Loc District Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed)

4. Thanh Hoa Provincial Relics and Landscape Management Board (signed) 5. Vinh Loc District People's Committee (signed)

6. Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism (signed) 7. Thanh Hoa Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (signed)

8. Thanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee (signed)

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PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF

THANH HOA PROVINCE _________

No: 3341 /QĐ-UBND

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam Independence – Freedom - Happiness

___________

Thanh Hoa, September 21, 2010

DECISION

On the Establishment of the Conservation Centre for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty

(on the basis of the Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty) The Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa, - Pursuant to the Law on Organization of the People’s Council and People’s Committee issued on November 26, 2003; - Pursuant to the Intersectoral Notice 43/2008/TTLT-BVHTTDL-BNV dated 06/06/2008 by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Ministry of Home Affairs defining the functions, rights and responsibilities and organizational structure of provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, an affiliate to the Provincial People’s Committee and the Office of Culture and Information, an affiliate to the Communal People’s Committee; - Pursuant to Decision 3130/QĐ-UBND dated 07/10/2008 by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa on the functions, rights and responsibilities and organizational structure of agencies in charge of culture, sports and tourism that are affiliated to the People’s Committees at provincial and district levels; - At the proposals of the Director of the Provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism in Proposal 1568/TTr-SVHTTDL dated 09/9/2010 and the Director of the Provincial Department of Home Affairs in Proposal 349/TTr-SNV dated 14/9/2010

Decides: Article 1: To establish the Conservation Centre for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty on the basis of the Management Board of the Ho Citadel. This centre will be an affiliate to the Provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism. The Conservation Centre will be an income-generating agency and should be partially responsible for funding its own activities and operation. With a legal status, the Centre has its own seal and bank account. The headquarters of the Centre is located in Vinh Tien Commune, Vinh Loc District of Thanh Hoa Province. Article 2: The responsibilities of the Centre include:

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1. Developing short-term and long-term plans of operation and submit these plans to the higher authorities for approval before implementing these plans in accordance with the currently valid regulations and laws.

2. Examining the historical and cultural values of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, conducting research and conservation and restoration projects for the Citadel of Ho Dynasty; revitalizing and enhancing the traditional cultural values of the site. 3. Managing and safeguarding the moveable and immoveable properties while

strictly prohibiting all forms of encroachment and harm inflicted upon the relic; cooperate closely with the local authorities to develop an interpretation plan and involve the local people in the protection of the site.

4. Organizing exhibitions to introduce the tangible and intangible cultural heritage to the public and the visitor.

5. Carrying out research, collection and conservation of selected intangible cultural and artistic values of the Ho Citadel in order to enhance the enrich the traditional national identities, for the benefit of the province.

6. Developing partnership programmes with international organizations, especially with UNESCO and trying to make full use of the technical and financial assistance from governmental and non-governmental organizations around the world; contribution from individuals inside and outside the country; managing and using effectively the funding from the government for the restoration, repair, embellishment and conservation of the nominated property in accordance with the regulations and laws.

7. Examining the economic potential of the property complex of the Ho Citadel and carrying out lawful exploitation of its economic values.

8. Managing the properties, supplies, equipment and human resources according to the instructions from the Provincial People’s Committee.

9. Fulfilling other assignments when necessary. Article 3. Organizational structure and staffing 3.1. Organizational structure The organizational structure of the Conservation Centre of the Ho Citadel

includes one director, two vice directors and three specialized offices. The Director of the provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism is

to decide on the establishment and dissolution of specialized offices and the specific undertaking of each individual or office in the Conservation Centre of the Ho Dynasty.

3.2. Staffing: Annually, the Chairperson of the Provincial People’s Committee is to decide on the staffing of the Centre. Those employed will be staffed under the provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

In 2010 the number of staffed employees and employees by contract in the

Centre include: - 03 three staffed employees and 08 employees by short-term contract who

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285

have been paid from the current government budget allocated to the Centre. - 04 newly-staffed employees. New or additional contracts can be made by the Director of the Centre,

depending on the amount of work and the financial capacity of the Centre and in accordance with the terms and provisions of the Law on Labour; the Centre takes responsibility for paying additional contracts

Article 4: This decision enters into effect since the date of signature. The Head of the Office of Provincial People’s Committee, the Director of the

Provincial Department of Home Affairs, the Director of the Provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the Head of the Management Board of the Ho Citadel and heads of relevant agencies are responsible for the implementation of this decision.

Chairman (signed)

Mai Van Ninh

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286


_________

No: 3341 /QĐ-UBND

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam Independence – Freedom -

Happiness ___________

Thanh Hoa, September 21, 2010

DECISION On the Establishment of the Conservation Centre for the Citadel of the Ho

Dynasty (on the basis of the Management Board of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty)

The Chairman of the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa, - Pursuant to the Law on Organization of the People’s Council and People’s Committee issued on November 26, 2003; - Pursuant to the Intersectoral Notice 43/2008/TTLT-BVHTTDL-BNV dated 06/06/2008 by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Ministry of Home Affairs defining the functions, rights and responsibilities and organizational structure of provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, an affiliate to the Provincial People’s Committee and the Office of Culture and Information, an affiliate to the Communal People’s Committee; - Pursuant to Decision 3130/QĐ-UBND dated 07/10/2008 by the People’s Committee of Thanh Hoa on the functions, rights and responsibilities and organizational structure of agencies in charge of culture, sports and tourism that are affiliated to the People’s Committees at provincial and district levels; - At the proposals of the Director of the Provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism in Proposal 1568/TTr-SVHTTDL dated 09/9/2010 and the Director of the Provincial Department of Home Affairs in Proposal 349/TTr-SNV dated 14/9/2010

Decides: Article 1: To establish the Conservation Centre for the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty on the basis of the Management Board of the Ho Citadel. This centre will be an affiliate to the Provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism. The Conservation Centre will be an income-generating agency and should be partially responsible for funding its own activities and operation. With a legal status, the Centre has its own seal and bank account. The headquarters of the Centre is located in Vinh Tien Commune, Vinh Loc District of Thanh Hoa Province. Article 2: The responsibilities of the Centre include:

1. Developing short-term and long-term plans of operation and submit these plans to the higher authorities for approval before implementing these plans in accordance with the currently valid regulations and laws.

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287

2. Examining the historical and cultural values of the Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, conducting research and conservation and restoration projects for the Citadel of Ho Dynasty; revitalizing and enhancing the traditional cultural values of the site. 3. Managing and safeguarding the moveable and immoveable properties while

strictly prohibiting all forms of encroachment and harm inflicted upon the relic; cooperate closely with the local authorities to develop an interpretation plan and involve the local people in the protection of the site.

4. Organizing exhibitions to introduce the tangible and intangible cultural heritage to the public and the visitor.

5. Carrying out research, collection and conservation of selected intangible cultural and artistic values of the Ho Citadel in order to enhance the enrich the traditional national identities, for the benefit of the province.

6. Developing partnership programmes with international organizations, especially with UNESCO and trying to make full use of the technical and financial assistance from governmental and non-governmental organizations around the world; contribution from individuals inside and outside the country; managing and using effectively the funding from the government for the restoration, repair, embellishment and conservation of the nominated property in accordance with the regulations and laws.

7. Examining the economic potential of the property complex of the Ho Citadel and carrying out lawful exploitation of its economic values.

8. Managing the properties, supplies, equipment and human resources according to the instructions from the Provincial People’s Committee.

9. Fulfilling other assignments when necessary. Article 3. Organizational structure and staffing 3.1. Organizational structure The organizational structure of the Conservation Centre of the Ho Citadel

includes one director, two vice directors and three specialized offices. The Director of the provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism is

to decide on the establishment and dissolution of specialized offices and the specific undertaking of each individual or office in the Conservation Centre of the Ho Dynasty.

3.2. Staffing: Annually, the Chairperson of the Provincial People’s Committee is to decide on the staffing of the Centre. Those employed will be staffed under the provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

In 2010 the number of staffed employees and employees by contract in the

Centre include: - 03 three staffed employees and 08 employees by short-term contract who

have been paid from the current government budget allocated to the Centre. - 04 newly-staffed employees. New or additional contracts can be made by the Director of the Centre,

APPENDICES


288

depending on the amount of work and the financial capacity of the Centre and in accordance with the terms and provisions of the Law on Labour; the Centre takes responsibility for paying additional contracts

Article 4: This decision enters into effect since the date of signature. The Head of the Office of Provincial People’s Committee, the Director of the

Provincial Department of Home Affairs, the Director of the Provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the Head of the Management Board of the Ho Citadel and heads of relevant agencies are responsible for the implementation of this decision.

Chairman (signed)

Mai Van Ninh

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


5

Vinh Thanh commune and encompasses the Don Son mountain to finally arrives to the village of Ho Nam (Vinh Khang commune), where the Buoi and Ma rivers join.

Map of the Nominated Property, showing boundaries and Buffer zone:

Map 1. The boundaries of the Nominated area and Buffer zone