nomenclature. types of chemical substances inorganic inorganic elements elements molecular molecular...
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NomenclatureNomenclature
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Types of Chemical Types of Chemical SubstancesSubstances
InorganicInorganic elementselements molecularmolecular ionicionic
OrganicOrganic aliphaticaliphatic cycliccyclic substitutedsubstituted
Common substancesCommon substances inorganic or organicinorganic or organic
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NamingNaming
must be must be simplesimple as possible as possible must be must be uniqueunique
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ElementsElements
one kind of atomone kind of atom most are most are monoatomicmonoatomic (one atom) (one atom)
Cu, Fe, Al, HeCu, Fe, Al, He 8 elements are 8 elements are diatomicdiatomic (2 atoms) (2 atoms)
HH22 N N22 O O22 F F22 Cl Cl22 Br Br22 I I22 (At (At22))
2 are 2 are polyatomicpolyatomic SS88
PP44
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Common SubstancesCommon Substances
known by names other than their known by names other than their systematic namessystematic names
be familiar withbe familiar with formulasformulas systematic namesystematic name common namecommon name
know whether systematic or common know whether systematic or common name takes precedencename takes precedence
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Common SubstancesCommon Substances
FormulaFormula Chemical NameChemical Name Common NameCommon Name
HH22OO hydrogen oxidehydrogen oxide waterwaterNaClNaCl sodium chloridesodium chloride table salttable saltHClHCl hydrogen chloridehydrogen chloride hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acidHNOHNO33 hydrogen nitratehydrogen nitrate nitric acidnitric acidHH22SOSO44 hydrogen sulfatehydrogen sulfate sulfuric acidsulfuric acidHH33POPO44 hydrogen phosphatehydrogen phosphate phosphoric acidphosphoric acidCHCH33COOHCOOH acetic acidacetic acid vinegarvinegarCaSOCaSO44 calcium sulfatecalcium sulfate gypsum (dry wall)gypsum (dry wall)NHNH33 nitrogen trihydridenitrogen trihydride ammoniaammonia
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Common SubstancesCommon Substances
FormulaFormula Chemical NameChemical Name Common NameCommon Name
HH22OO22 hydrogen peroxidehydrogen peroxide hydrogen hydrogen peroxideperoxide
CC22HH55OHOH ethanolethanol drinking alcoholdrinking alcoholCHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol wood alcoholwood alcoholCHCH44 methanemethane natural gasnatural gasOO33 ozoneozone ozoneozoneCC1212HH2222OO1111 sucrose sucrose table sugartable sugarKClKCl potassium chloridepotassium chloride potashpotashNaOHNaOH sodium hydroxidesodium hydroxide lye, caustic sodalye, caustic sodaCaOCaO calcium oxidecalcium oxide limelime
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Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds
made up of 2 non-metals bound made up of 2 non-metals bound together with covalent bonds:together with covalent bonds:
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Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds can’t predict formula so naming is done on can’t predict formula so naming is done on
a a numbering systemnumbering system.. prefixes in front of the element name tell prefixes in front of the element name tell
you how many of that element are present you how many of that element are present in the compound:in the compound:
monomono 11 hexahexa 66
didi 22 heptahepta 77
tritri 33 octaocta 88
tetratetra 44 nonanona 99
pentapenta 55 decadeca 1010
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Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds
NN22OO55
dinitrogen pentaoxide dinitrogen pentaoxide (note ending)(note ending) COCO22
carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide (no mono on first (no mono on first atom)atom)
COCO
carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide ClCl22OO77
dichlorine heptaoxidedichlorine heptaoxide
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-ides-ides
CC carbidecarbide ClCl chloridechloride
NN nitridenitride AsAs arsenidearsenide
OO oxideoxide SeSe selenideselenide
FF fluoridefluoride BrBr bromidebromide
SiSi silicidesilicide TeTe telluridetelluride
PP phosphidephosphide II iodideiodide
SS sulfidesulfide
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Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds
tetraphosphorus decaoxidetetraphosphorus decaoxide
PP44OO1010
tetrasulfur tetranitridetetrasulfur tetranitride
SS44NN44
bromine monofluoridebromine monofluoride
BrFBrF diarsenic triselenidediarsenic triselenide
AsAs22SeSe33
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
made up of cations and anions which made up of cations and anions which come together as a result of ionic come together as a result of ionic attraction:attraction:
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
there is no molecule, rather a there is no molecule, rather a crystal lattice.crystal lattice.
chemical formula is ratio of cations chemical formula is ratio of cations to anions in crystal; to anions in crystal; formula unitformula unit
ionic substances are recognized ionic substances are recognized because they contain a because they contain a metal + metal + non-metalnon-metal
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Simple Ionic CompoundsSimple Ionic Compounds
cations from groups 1 & 2, Al, Zn, Ag, Cd, cations from groups 1 & 2, Al, Zn, Ag, Cd, NHNH44
1+1+ (all have only one possible charge) (all have only one possible charge) anions can be anything on the chart anions can be anything on the chart
(including polyatomic ions)(including polyatomic ions) only one formula unit possible, so name is only one formula unit possible, so name is
a repetition of the ion names:a repetition of the ion names:
NaClNaClNaNa1+1+ ClCl1-1-
sodium chloridesodium chloride
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Simple Ionic CompoundsSimple Ionic Compounds
NHNH44NONO33
NHNH441+1+ NONO33
1-1-
ammonium nitrateammonium nitrate AlAl22(CO(CO33))33
AlAl3+3+ COCO332-2-
aluminum aluminum carbonatecarbonate
AgAg33PPAgAg1+1+ PP3-3-
silver phosphidesilver phosphide
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Simple Ionic Compounds Simple Ionic Compounds
cadmium chloritecadmium chlorite
CdCd2+2+ ClOClO221-1-
Cd(ClOCd(ClO22))22
strontium nitridestrontium nitride
SrSr2+2+ NN3-3-
SrSr33NN22
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Stock SystemStock System
used when the cation can have more used when the cation can have more than one possible chargethan one possible charge
used for all other metals on the used for all other metals on the Periodic Table.Periodic Table.
the name of the compound includes the name of the compound includes the charge of the cation in roman the charge of the cation in roman numerals, in brackets after the cation numerals, in brackets after the cation name.name.
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The Stock System of NomenclatureThe Stock System of Nomenclature
FormulFormulaa
Charge of Charge of CationCation
Charge of Charge of AnionAnion
Name of Name of CompoundCompound
SnFSnF22 SnSn2+2+ FF1-1- Tin (II) fluorideTin (II) fluoride
SnFSnF44 SnSn4+4+ FF1-1- Tin (IV) fluorideTin (IV) fluoride
Co(ClO)Co(ClO)
33CoCo3+3+ ClOClO1-1- Cobalt (III) Cobalt (III)
hypochloritehypochlorite
MnOMnO22 MnMn4+4+ OO2-2- Manganese (IV) Manganese (IV) oxideoxide
USUS33 UU6+6+ SS2-2- Uranium (VI) Uranium (VI) sulfidesulfide
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Classical SystemClassical System
older systemolder system much, much, oldermuch, much, older largely replaced by Stock system, largely replaced by Stock system,
but is still around.but is still around. if see name be able to give formula.if see name be able to give formula. nevernever give classical name for any give classical name for any
formula.formula.
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The Stock and Classical Systems of The Stock and Classical Systems of NomenclatureNomenclature
FormulFormula a
Charge Charge of of
CationCation
Charge Charge of Anionof Anion Stock NameStock Name Classical Classical
NameName
SnFSnF22 SnSn2+2+ FF1-1- Tin (II) Tin (II) fluoride fluoride
Stannous Stannous fluoride fluoride
SnFSnF44 SnSn4+4+ FF1-1- Tin (IV) Tin (IV) fluoride fluoride
Stannic Stannic fluoride fluoride
CoClCoCl22 CoCo2+2+ ClCl11--Cobalt (II) Cobalt (II) chloride chloride
Cobaltous Cobaltous chloride chloride
CoClCoCl33 CoCo3+3+ ClCl11--Cobalt (III) Cobalt (III) chloride chloride
Cobaltic Cobaltic chloride chloride
CuCu22OO CuCu1+1+ OO2-2- Copper (I) Copper (I) oxide oxide
Cuprous Cuprous oxide oxide
CuOCuO CuCu2+2+ OO2-2- Copper (II) Copper (II) oxide oxide
Cupric Cupric oxide oxide
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Waters of HydrationWaters of Hydration
water molecules physically attached water molecules physically attached to ionic and molecular substances.to ionic and molecular substances.
name and formula recognizes their name and formula recognizes their presence.presence.
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Waters of HydrationWaters of Hydration
gypsum typically attracts 4 water gypsum typically attracts 4 water molecules per formula unit:molecules per formula unit:
CaSOCaSO44 · 4 H· 4 H22OO
name the substance then use a numbering name the substance then use a numbering prefix followed by subscript prefix followed by subscript hydratehydrate::
calcium sulfate tetrahydratecalcium sulfate tetrahydrate
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Naming Hydrated CompoundsNaming Hydrated Compounds
Formula Formula Name of CompoundName of Compound
PP22OO55 · 10 H · 10 H22OOdiphosphorus pentaoxide diphosphorus pentaoxide decahydrate decahydrate
NaNa22COCO33 · H · H22OO sodium carbonate monohydrate sodium carbonate monohydrate
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Using Ion Charge to Predict Using Ion Charge to Predict FormulasFormulas
a) Ka) K1+1+, Br, Br1-1- f) Hgf) Hg2+2+ , O , O2-2-
KBrKBr HgOHgOb) Cab) Ca2+2+, Cl, Cl1-1- g) Kg) K1+1+ , PO , PO44
3-3-
CaClCaCl22 KK33POPO44
c) Lic) Li1+1+, H, H1-1- h) Pbh) Pb4+4+, O, O2-2-
LiHLiH PbOPbO22
d) Fed) Fe3+3+, OH, OH1-1- i) NHi) NH441+1+ , SO , SO44
2-2-
Fe(OH)Fe(OH)33 (NH(NH44))22SOSO44
e) Cae) Ca2+2+, ClO, ClO441-1- j) Mgj) Mg2+2+, BO, BO33
3-3-
Ca(ClOCa(ClO44))22 MgMg33(BO(BO33))22
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Using Formulas to Predict Ion Using Formulas to Predict Ion Charge Charge
a) ZnSOa) ZnSO44 f) KSCNf) KSCN
ZnZn2+2+ SOSO442-2- KK1+1+ SCNSCN1-1-
b) Mg(NOb) Mg(NO33))22 g) Nag) Na22SeOSeO33
MgMg2+2+ NONO331-1- NaNa1+1+ SeOSeO33
2-2-
c) FeOc) FeO h) Alh) Al22(Cr(Cr22OO77))33
FeFe2+2+ OO2-2- AlAl3+3+ CrCr22OO772-2-
d) LiHCOd) LiHCO33 i) MgCi) MgC22OO44
LiLi1+1+ HCOHCO331-1- MgMg2+2+ CC22OO44
2-2-
e) Hge) Hg22ClCl22 j) SrHj) SrH22
HgHg222+2+ ClCl1-1- SrSr2+2+ HH1-1-
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1) NH3 ammonia2) Fe(NO3)2 Fe2+ NO3
1- iron (II) nitrate3) SO2 sulfur dioxide4) MgBr2 Mg2+ Br1- magnesium bromide5) GeCl4 Ge4+ Cl1- germanium (IV) chloride6) N2 nitrogen7) AlPO4 Al3+ PO4
3- aluminum phosphate8) C2H5OH ethanol9) Li2CrO4 Li1+ CrO4
2- lithium chromate10) KH K1+ H1- potassium hydride11) CuCr2O7 Cu2+ Cr2O7
2- copper (II) dichromate12) NH4NO3 NH4
1+ NO31- ammonium nitrate
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13) CO2 carbon dioxide14) P2O5 6 H2O diphosphorus pentaoxide hexahydrate15) PbO Pb2+ O2- lead (II) oxide16) BaS Ba2+ S2- barium sulfide17) S8 sulfur18) Mo(NO3)7 Mo7+ NO3
1- molybdenum (VII) nitrate19) BaH2 Ba2+ H1- barium hydride20) CaSO4 4 H2O
Ca2+ SO42- calcium sulfate
tetrahydrate21) O2 oxygen22) Al2O3 Al3+ O2- aluminum oxide23) PCl3 phosphorus trichloride24) CuSO3 Cu2+ SO3
2- copper (II) sulfite
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1) sodium fluoride Na1+ F1-
NaF2) potassium carbonate K1+ CO3
2-
K2CO3
3) aluminum sulfide Al3+ S2-
Al2S3
4) calcium bromide Ca2+ Br1-
CaBr2
5) chlorine heptafluoride ClF7
6) silver oxide Ag1+ O2- Ag2O7) ammonium sulfide NH4
1+ S2-
(NH4)2S8) barium hydroxide Ba2+ OH1-
Ba(OH)2
9) phosphorus P4
10) mercurous chloride Hg22+ Cl1-
Hg2Cl211) tin (II) nitrate Sn2+ NO3
1-
Sn(NO3)2
12) potassium bisulfite K1+ HSO31-
KHSO3
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13) calcium carbonate Ca2+ CO32- CaCO3
14) ammonium sulfite NH41+ SO3
2- (NH4)2SO3
15) iron (II) hydroxide Fe2+ OH1- Fe(OH)2
16) uranium (VI) nitrate U6+ NO31- U(NO3)6
17) ozone O3
18) lithium dichromate Li1+ Cr2O72- Li2Cr2O7
19) hydrogen nitrate H1+ NO31- HNO3
20) barium bicarbonate Ba2+ HCO31-Ba(HCO3)2
21) nitrogen dioxide NO2
22) carbon monoxide CO23) methanol CH3OH24) ammonium oxalate NH4
1+ C2O42-
(NH4)2C2O4
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Organic NomenclatureOrganic Nomenclature
3 types of organic compounds 3 types of organic compounds important for this class:important for this class: aliphatic hydrocarbons - chainsaliphatic hydrocarbons - chains cyclic hydrocarbons - ringscyclic hydrocarbons - rings aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene ringsaromatic hydrocarbons - benzene rings
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Organic Nomenclature
Naming hydrocarbons involves looking Naming hydrocarbons involves looking at 3 aspects: at 3 aspects:
1.1. Number of carbons linked in a Number of carbons linked in a continuous chain. continuous chain.
2.2. The presence of single, double or triple The presence of single, double or triple bonds in the carbon chain. bonds in the carbon chain.
3.3. The presence of structures other than The presence of structures other than hydrogen attached to the main carbon hydrogen attached to the main carbon chain (functional groups). chain (functional groups).
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1. Length of Carbon 1. Length of Carbon Chain Chain
how many carbons are bonded in a chain how many carbons are bonded in a chain gives the gives the prefixprefix of the name: of the name:
11 meth-meth- 77 hept-hept-22 eth-eth- 88 oct-oct-33 prop-prop- 99 non-non-44 but-but- 1010 dec-dec-55 pent-pent- 1111 undec-undec-66 hex-hex- 1212 dodec-dodec-
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1. Length of Carbon 1. Length of Carbon Chain Chain
other prefixes include:other prefixes include:
1313 tridec-tridec- 3030 triacont-triacont-
1414 tetradec-tetradec- 4040 tetracont-tetracont-
1515 pentadec-pentadec- 5050 pentacont-pentacont-
2020 eicos-eicos- 100100 hect-hect-
2525 pentacos-pentacos-
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2. Family Background2. Family Background
carbon atoms make 4 chemical bonds.carbon atoms make 4 chemical bonds. carbon atoms can be linked to each carbon atoms can be linked to each
other by one pair of electrons (single other by one pair of electrons (single bond), two pair (double bond), or bond), two pair (double bond), or three pair (triple bond).three pair (triple bond).
the presence of double or triple bonds the presence of double or triple bonds on the carbon chain changes the on the carbon chain changes the chemical family.chemical family.
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2. Family Background2. Family Background
alkanesalkanes all carbons are connected by single all carbons are connected by single
bondsbonds the suffix the suffix –ane–ane is added to the name of is added to the name of
the compoundthe compound the general formula is Cthe general formula is CnnHH2n+22n+2
hexanehexane
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alkenesalkenes the carbon chain contains at least one the carbon chain contains at least one
doubledouble bond bond the suffix the suffix –ene–ene is added to the name of is added to the name of
the compoundthe compound the general formula is Cthe general formula is CnnHH2n2n
propenepropene
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alkynesalkynes the carbon chain contains at least one the carbon chain contains at least one
tripletriple bond bond the suffix the suffix –yne–yne is added to the name of is added to the name of
the compoundthe compound the general formula is Cthe general formula is CnnHH2n-22n-2
propynepropyne
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IsomersIsomers
is defined as the structure associated is defined as the structure associated with a chemical formula.with a chemical formula.
for many organic compounds it is for many organic compounds it is possible to have more than one possible to have more than one isomer for a given formula.isomer for a given formula.
the simplest isomers are alkenes and the simplest isomers are alkenes and alkynes where the double or triple alkynes where the double or triple bond can have more than one bond can have more than one location:location:
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CC44HH88
1-butene1-butene
2-butene2-butene
number the carbons from the end closest number the carbons from the end closest to the multiple bond:to the multiple bond:
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IsomersIsomers
1- hexene1- hexene
the double bond is located closest to the double bond is located closest to the left-hand side, so that is where the left-hand side, so that is where numbering starts.numbering starts.
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IsomersIsomers
2-hexene2-hexene
the double bond is closer to the right-the double bond is closer to the right-hand side, so numbering begins hand side, so numbering begins there.there.
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IsomersIsomers
1-hexene1-hexene
1-hexene1-hexene
these two are the same molecule.these two are the same molecule.
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CC44HH66
1-butyne1-butyne
2-butyne2-butyne
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
hydrocarbon chainshydrocarbon chains halogenshalogens alcoholsalcohols
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Hydrocarbon chains are carbon Hydrocarbon chains are carbon chains attached to the main chain:chains attached to the main chain:
this is calledthis is called
methylbutanemethylbutane
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Prefixes are used to indicate the Prefixes are used to indicate the number of carbons in the chain:number of carbons in the chain:
1 carbon - 1 carbon - methyl-methyl- 2 carbons - 2 carbons - ethyl-ethyl- 3 carbons - 3 carbons - propyl-propyl-
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
when it is possible to attach the when it is possible to attach the hydrocarbon in more than 1 place hydrocarbon in more than 1 place numbering is used:numbering is used:
2-methylpentane2-methylpentane
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
3-methylpentane3-methylpentane
4-methyl-2-pentene4-methyl-2-pentene
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
2,3-dimethylpentane2,3-dimethylpentane
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
Halogens - group 17 elements - group 17 elements attached to the carbon chain:attached to the carbon chain:
1-fluoro-3-chloropentane1-fluoro-3-chloropentane
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
1-fluoro-1,1-diiodo-5,5,5-1-fluoro-1,1-diiodo-5,5,5-trichloro-trichloro-
2-pentyne2-pentyne
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
AlcoholsAlcohols - are formed when –OH - are formed when –OH groups are attached to the main groups are attached to the main chain:chain:
1-pentanol1-pentanol
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Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
2-penten-1-ol2-penten-1-ol
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
cyclopropanecyclopropane
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
cyclohexanecyclohexane
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
cyclohexenecyclohexene
2-chloro-4-fluorocyclohexene 2-chloro-4-fluorocyclohexene
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
benzenebenzene
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
benzenebenzene
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
phenolphenol
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
toluenetoluene
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Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
dichlorobenzenedichlorobenzene
ortho-ortho- meta-meta- para-para-