noise euro-4 thailand

8/13/2019 Noise EURO-4 Thailand

1/57

Control Strategy forControl Strategy for

Mobile Source in ThailandMobile Source in Thailand

ByBy

MrMr. Panya. Panya WarapetcharayutWarapetcharayutDirector of Automotive Air Pollution SectionDirector of Automotive Air Pollution Section

Air Quality and Noise Management BureauAir Quality and Noise Management Bureau

Pollution Control DepartmentPollution Control Department

Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment

[email protected]@pcdpcd.go..go.thth


2/57

Outlineutline Number of VehiclesNumber of Vehicles

Sources of Air PollutionSources of Air Pollution

Control Strategy for Mobile SourceControl Strategy for Mobile Source

Emission Standard for New VehiclesEmission Standard for New Vehicles

Emission Standard for InEmission Standard for In--Use VehiclesUse Vehicles

Fuel ReformulationFuel Reformulation

Gasoline Vapor Recovery SystemGasoline Vapor Recovery System

Challenge AheadChallenge Ahead


3/57

Number of carproduct, sale

and export

Number of car

product, saleand export

0

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

Economic Crisis

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

productsaleexport

Number of

motorcycleproduct, saleand export

Number ofmotorcycle

product, saleand export

Sources: The office of Industrial EconomicsSources: The office of Industrial Economics


4/57

0

5

10

15

20

MillionUnit

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005(Mar)

Motorcycle

Car

Van&Pick Up

Truck&bus

Other

Taxi

Tuk Tuk

0.37% 18.03%

3.87%

64.20%

13.53%

Other

Truck&bus

Van&Pick Up

Car

Motorcycle

No. of VehicleRegistered in Thailand

Composition of vehicles inThailand (Mar.2005)

T

HA

ILAND


5/57

0

1

2

3

4

5

MillionUnit

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005(Mar)

Motorcycle

Car

Van&Pick Up

Truck&bus

Taxi

Other

Tuk Tuk

0.26%22.04%

3.26%

37.87%

36.56%

Other

Truck&bus

Van&Pick Up

Car/Taxi/Tuk Tuk

Motorcycle

No. of VehicleRegistered in BKK

Composition of vehicles

in BKK (Mar.2005)

B

AN

GKOK


6/57

0

5

10

15

20

25

MillionUnit

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Mar

Motorcycle

Van&Pick Up

Car

Truck&bus

Tuk Tuk

Other

Taxi

0.70%17.17%

4.04%

71.32%

6.77%

Other

Truck&bus

Van&Pick Up

Car

Motorcycle

No. of Vehicle Registeredin Regional

Composition of vehicles inRegional (Mar.2005)

R

EG

IONAL


7/57

Motorcycles Sale in Thailand 1994-2005

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005(J

an-Ma

r

2 Stroke 4 Stroke Total

0

20

40

60

80

100

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

(Jan-

Mar)

2 Stroke

4 Stroke

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

2 Stroke

4 Stroke

In-Use Motorcycles in Bangkok

from 1998- 2004

MOTORCYCLE

TIS. Level 4


8/57

SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION BKK (1997SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION BKK (1997

Source

PM CO NOx SO2 HC

Mobile Source 20,602 349,771 264,648 9,973 232,9

Point Source 3,735 6,266 56,002 229,859 2,00Area Source 13,855 107,738 8,511 184 33,90

Emission Load (Ton/Year)

53.9

75.4 80.4

86.6

9.8

1.4

17.0

95.8

36.3

23.2

0.1

12.6

4.1

0.8

2.6

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

PM CO NOx SO2 HC

Mobile Point Area


9/57

Vehicle Types CO(tons)

HC(tons)

NOx(tons)

PM(tons)

Gasoline 134,311(38.4%)

35,886(15.4%)

34,133(12.9%)

701(3.4%)

Light Duty Diesel 34,821(10%)

15,749(6.8%)

65,836(24.9%)

6,366(30.9%)

Heavy dutyDiesel

68,331(19.5%)

17,671(7.6%)

163,703(61.8%)

10,663(51.8%)

Motorcycles 112,308(32.1%)

163,677(70.2%)

976(0.4%)

2,871(13.9%)

Total 349,771(100%)

232,973(100%)

264,648(100%)

20,602(100%)

1997 Emission Loads of Air Pollutants from Vehicles in Bangkok1997 Emission Loads of Air Pollutants from Vehicles in Bangkok

38%

10%20%

32%

7%

8%

70%

15%

Gasoline LDD HDD Motorcycles

13%

62%

0.4%

3%

31%

52%

14%

COCO HCHC NOxNOx

PMPM


10/57

Air Pollution from In-Use Vehicles (2005)

CO (%) HC

Vehicle TypeAvg. Over Std. Avg. (ppm) Over Std.

(%)

assenger Car

w/t Catalytic

w/o Catalytic

0.20

4.36

1.16

50.65

94

642

15.69

45.45

axi

w/t Catalytic

w/o Catalytic

1.02

2.61

18.51

25.0

482

1025

66.29

57.61


11/57

Air Pollution from In-Use Vehicles (Cont.) (2005)

62.59

-

10944

685

19.42

3.86

3.29

1.38

Motorcycle

- 2 Stroke

-

4 Stroke

Over Std. (%)Average (ppm)Over Std. (%)Avg. (%)

HCCOVehicle Type

12.23

0

21.3

0

Motorcycle

- 2 stroke

-4 stroke

Over Std. (%)Avg. (%)

White SmokeVehicle Type


12/57

Air Pollution from In-Use Vehicles (Cont.) (2005)

Black Smoke (%)Vehicle TypeAverage Over std.

1. Intercity Bus 58.4 69.04

2. Light Duty Diesel 57.93 60.70

3. Bangkok Private Bus 50 45.95

4. Minibus 50.09 44.22

5. Truck 47 37.98

6. Non-Routed Bus 44.08 20.51

7. BMTA Bus 31.31 6.27


13/57

Clean

Vehicleechnologies

AppropriateMaintenance

CleanFuels

Better Air QualityBetter Air Quality

Transport & Landuse Planning

Elements of a ComprehensiveElements of a ComprehensiveControl Strategy for Mobile SourceControl Strategy for Mobile Source

LowLow

EmissionsEmissions


14/57

Clean Vehicle TechnologiesClean Vehicle Technologies

Emission Standards for New VehiclesEmission Standards for New Vehicles

Light and Heavy Duty VehiclesLight and Heavy Duty Vehicles

Using European Standards as referenceUsing European Standards as reference

MotorcyclesMotorcycles

Using European and Taiwanese Standards asUsing European and Taiwanese Standards as

referencesreferences

Considering to implement EURO 3 standards in theConsidering to implement EURO 3 standards in the

near futurenear future

Emission Standards for InEmission Standards for In--Use VehiclesUse Vehicles

Automotive Emission LaboratoryAutomotive Emission Laboratory


15/57

29

yy

Pollution Control DepartmentPollution Control Department

Motorcycle LaboratoryMotorcycle Laboratory

Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory

Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory

Heavy Duty Diesel VehicleHeavy Duty Diesel VehicleLaboratory Laboratory

Heavy Duty Diesel EngineHeavy Duty Diesel Engine Laboratory Laboratory


16/57

Developing a Time Frame:TISI Standard


17/57

Developing a Time-Frame:TISI StandardType Level Reference Standard Standard Im plem entation

Motorcycles 1 ECE R 40-00 1993

2 ECE R 40-01 19943456

Taiwan,JapanTaiwan,JapanTaiwan,Japan97/24/EC(B) EURO 3

199519992004

2008 (propose)Light Duty 1 ECE 15-04 -

Gasoline 2 ECE 83(B) 1995

Vehicle 3 ECE 83-01 (B) 1996

4 93/59/EC 1997

5 94/12/EC EURO 1 1999

6 96/69/EC EURO 2 2001

7 1999/102/EC(A) EURO 3 20058 1999/102/EC(B) EURO 4 2010 (propose)

1 ECE R 83(C) - 1995Light DutyDiesel 2 ECE R 83-01(C) - 1996

Vehicle 3 93/59/EC - 1997

4 94/12/EC EURO 1 19995 96/69/EC EURO 2 2001

6 1999/102/EC(A) EURO 3 2005

7 1999/102/EC(B) EURO 4 2010 (propose)

Heavyt Duty 1 ECE R 49-01 - -

Diesel 2 91/542(A)EEC EURO 1 1998Vehicle 3 96/1/EC EURO 2 2000

4 1999/96/EC EURO 3 2007


18/57

Emission Standards for New Motorcycles

--CO < 4.5%

2 Stroke

CO < 12.8-32 g/kmHC < 8-12 g/km

4 Stroke

CO < 17.5-35 g/km

HC < 4.2-6 g/km

2

--CO < 4.5%

2 StrokeCO < 16-40 g/km

HC < 10-15 g/km

4 Stroke

CO < 25-50 g/km

HC < 7-10 g/km

1

Test 2:IdleTest 1 : Driving Mode

Evap.OpacityEmission Limit

Level


19/57

mission Standards for New Motorcycles (Cont.

2 g/testfor 150 cc u

15%CO < 4.5%

HC according to

MONRE annouce

CO < 4.5 g/km

HC+NOx < 3 g/km4

2 g/test15%according to

MONREannoucement

Evap < 2 g/test

CO < 3.5 g/km

HC+NOx < 2 g/km

Evap >2 and< 6 g/test

CO < 3.5 g/kmHC+NOx < 1.8 g/km

5

--CO < 4.5%

HC according to

MONRE annouce

CO < 13 g/kmHC < 5 g/km3

Test 2:IdleTest 1 : Driving Mode

Evap.OpacityEmission Limit

Level


20/57

mission Standards for New Motorcycles (Cont.

2 g/test15%

(2 Strokeonly)

Size > 150 cc

Evap < 2 g/test

CO < 2 g/km

HC < 0.3 g/km

NOx < 0.15 g/km


CO < 2 g/km

HC < 0.1 g/km

NOx < 0.15 /km

CO < 2.5 or 3.0 %

HC < 1000 ppm

(under

discussion)

Size < 150 cc

Evap < 2 g/test

CO < 2 g/kmHC < 0.8 g/km

NOx < 0.15 g/km


CO < 2 g/km

HC < 0.6 g/km

NOx < 0.15 g/km6

Test 2:IdleTest 1 : Driving Mode Evap.Opacity

Emission Limit

Level

Emission Standards for



21/57


New Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles


New Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles

Level Seat RW(kg) CO HC+NOx NOx

RRWW


22/57


New Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles (Cont.)



Level Seat RW(kg) CO HC+NOx

g/km

PPCC


23/57





Level Seat RW(Kg) CO HC+NOx

PPCC


24/57

ThreeThree Way Catalytic ConverterWay Catalytic Converter


25/57

UnleadedUnleadedGasolineGasoline

ThreeThree--Way Catalytic ConverterWay Catalytic Converter

Requirements for EURO 3 & EURO 4


26/57

Requirements for EURO 3 & EURO 4

OnOn--board Diagnosticboard Diagnostic (OBD)(OBD)

VTVT--ShedShed

Fuel Quality as Directive 98/70/ECFuel Quality as Directive 98/70/EC

Sulfur in gasolineSulfur in gasoline

Maximum 150Maximum 150 ppmppm for EURO 3for EURO 3

Maximum 50Maximum 50 ppmppm for EURO 4for EURO 4Sulfur in dieselSulfur in diesel

Maximum 350Maximum 350 ppmppm for EURO 3for EURO 3

Maximum 50Maximum 50 mm for EURO 4for EURO 4




27/57


New Light Duty Diesel Vehicles


New Light Duty Diesel Vehicles

evel Seat CO HC+NOx NOx P

EEnnggiinneeCCaappaacciittyy((CCCC)) g/test


28/57




29/57


New Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (Cont.)


New Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (Cont.)

Level Seat RW(Kg) CO NOx HC +NOx PM

PPCC


30/57

New Light Duty Vehicle Emissions

Standards in Asia


31/57

Vehicle Technology TrendVehicle Technology Trend


32/57

Vehicle Technology TrendVehicle Technology Trend

Source : The Thai Automotive Industry Association (TAIA)

Noise Level Standard for New vehicleNoise Level Standard for New vehicleNoise Level Standard for New vehicle


33/57

80Max EnginePower > 150 KW

78Max Engine Powernot more than 150KW

M > 3.5tons

76M < 2 tons

Passenger Carmore than 9

seats

ECE R51-02

74All SizesPassenger Car

772 tons < M < 3.5 tons

80> 175 CC

7780 < CC < 175 ECE 41-03

75not more than 80 CC

Motorcycle

ReferenceSound Level

Limit

(dBA)Category


Accelerated Running Noise Level Standard

CCCC == engine cylinder capacityengine cylinder capacity



34/57

ECE R51-01

81P < 75 kw

84P > 150 kw

8375 kw

3.5tons

76M < 2 tons

Diesel Vehicles

ECE R51-02772 tons < M < 3.5 tons

ReferenceSound LevelLimit (dBA)

Category

Noise Level Standard for New vehicle

Accelerated Running Noise Level Standard

M = Max Mass, P = Max Engine PowerM = Max Mass, P = Max Engine Power


35/57

Emission Standard for In-Use Vehicle

Emission Standards for In-use Vehicles


36/57

Emission Standards for In use Vehicles

Pollutants Type of Vehicles Standards Measuring Device Test Procedure

50% Filter Snap Acceleration on Te

Black Smoke Diesel vehicle 45% Opacity Snap Acceleration on Te

40% Filter Full Load Test

35% Opacity Full Load Test

Gasoline vehicle 4.5% NDIR Idle Test

registered before

CO November 1, 1993

Gasoline vehicle 1.5% NDIR Idle Test

registered from

November 1, 1993

Gasoline vehicle 600 ppm NDIR Idle Test

registered before

HC November 1, 1993

Gasoline vehicle 200 ppm NDIR Idle Test

registered from


37/57

Emission Standards for InEmission Standards for In--UseUse Motorcycles

Pollutants Standard Instrument Test Method

White

Smoke

30% Opacity of Max. HP

RPMNoise 95 dB(A) Sound Level

Meter or of Max

HP RPM

Registered before 1 Jul 2006CO 4.5% NDIR IdleHC 10,000 ppm NDIR Idle

Registered from 1 Jul 2006

CO 3.5% NDIR Idle

HC 2000 ppm NDIR Idle


38/57

Fuel Reformulation

Thailand fuel specifications 2005 and 2010 (Propose):


39/57

50/10m

500 ppmSulphur

18 vol%-Olefins

35 vol%42 vol%

(35vol%

forGasoholFY 2006)

Aromatics1 vol%3.5 vol%Benzene

60 kPa

62 kPafor

Gasohol

62 kPaRVP Summer

20102005Gasoline

50/10ppm

350 ppmSulphur

11 %-Polyaromatics

357357Distillation 90C

5051CI and CN

20102005Diesel


40/57

SulfurSulfur is the nextis the next LeadLead !!!!!!


41/57

SulfurSulfurin Gasolinein Gasoline

Highly efficient catalysts are much

more sensitive to sulfur(if a catalyst is 99%efficient, a 1% decrease in efficiency will doubleemission)

Advanced technologies such as lean

NOx traps and NOx reduction catalysts

require < 5 ppm sulfur to operate

CO (CO +H O)

Sulfur Effects


42/57

Hot Platinum

surface (Precious

Metal)

CO (HC)

O2

CO2

(CO2+H

2O)

NOx

N2

NOxO

2

Hot Rhodium

surface

(Precious Metal)

Zeolite or refractory oxide support

Precious Metal

SOSO33

SOSO44

Transition

Metal

HH22SOSO44

OO

22

Sulfate

make

Sulfur

inhibition

Sulfate Poisoni

SOSO22

Impact ofImpact of SulfurSulfurOn Exhaust EmissionsOn Exhaust Emissions


43/57

from Gasoline Vehiclesfrom Gasoline Vehicles

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

CO/10 HC NOx

800 ppm 500 ppm 150 ppm

0

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.2

g/km

EURO 2EURO 2VehiclesVehicles

EURO 3EURO 3

VehiclesVehicles

--5.9%5.9% --6.2%6.2% --10.8%10.8% --10.8%10.8%

--22.1%22.1% --23.5%23.5%

--18%18%

--11.6%11.6%--34.9%34.9%--17.7%17.7%

--2828

--16.1%16.1%

Impact ofImpact of SulfurSulfur On Diesel VehiclesOn Diesel Vehicles


44/57

pp

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

g

/km

CO/10 HC NOx PM

500 ppm 350 ppm 50 ppm

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

g/km

EURO 2EURO 2

VehiclesVehicles

EURO 3EURO 3

VehiclesVehicles

--29.1%29.1%

--25.3%25.3%

--4.2%4.2%

--12.7%12.7%

--47.3%47.3%

--48.4%48.4%

--4.6%4.6% --24.24.

--30.5%30.5%

--22.7%22.7%

--1.8%1.8% --15.6%15.6%

--51.9%51.9%

--38.3%38.3%

--4.5%4.5%

--27.9%27.9%

chematic of Diesel Particles and Vapor Phase Compounchematic of Diesel Particles and Vapor Phase Compound


45/57

f p pf p p

Vapor PhaseVapor Phase

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

SulfateSulfate (SO(SO44))

AdsorbedAdsorbed


Soluble OrganicSoluble Organic

Fraction (SOF)/Fraction (SOF)/

Particle PhaseParticle Phase


SolidsSolids

(SOL)(SOL)

Solid Carbon Spheres (0.01Solid Carbon Spheres (0.01 --

0.08 mm diameter) combine to0.08 mm diameter) combine to

make Particle Agglomeratesmake Particle Agglomerates

(0.05(0.05 -- 1.0 mm diameter with1.0 mm diameter with

Adsorbed HydrocarbonsAdsorbed Hydrocarbons

Adsorbed HydrocarbonsAdsorbed Hydrocarbons

Liquid CondensedLiquid Condensed

Hydrocarbon ParticlesHydrocarbon Particles

SulfateSulfate with Hydrationwith Hydration

Diesel Oxidation CatalystDiesel Oxidation Catalyst


46/57

Diesel Oxidation CatalystDiesel Oxidation Catalyst

needs lowneeds low--sulfur diesel (350sulfur diesel (350ppmppm or less)or less)

PAHC2H2n+2

SO2+H2OMetals

SootCO + 1/2 O2HC + O2PAH + O2

Aldehydes + O2

CO2CO2 + H2O

CO2 + H2O

CO2 + H2O

Flow through monolith

with catalytic coating

SO2+H2O

Metals

Soot

CO

Aldehydes

HC

PAH

SO2NOx

CO2H2O

SO2/SO3

NOx

Diesel Particulate FilterDiesel Particulate Filter


47/57

Diesel Particulate FilterDiesel Particulate Filter

needs nearneeds near--zero sulfur diesel (10zero sulfur diesel (10ppmppm or less)or less)

Diesel Particulate FiltersDiesel Particulate Filters


48/57

Trapped PMCell Plugs

Exhaust

(PM, CO, HC)

Enter

Ceramic Honeycomb Wall

Exhaust (CO2, H

2O)

Out

Reductions:-80 to 95% PM

-80-100% HC, C

-80%+ toxins

Issues to balance:

sulfate formation

regeneration and

back pressure Fuel Economy

Fuels Reformulation: The Way ForwardFuels Reformulation: The Way Forward


49/57

Fuels Reformulation: The Way ForwardFuels Reformulation: The Way Forward

Recognize the need for improvements in fuelquality

Work together with the governmental and otherorganizations to achieve an optimum solution

Fuel quality strategies need to be developed andenacted jointly with vehicle emissions standards

Strategies need to be accompanied bysustainable incentive packages

New vehicle standards would require clean fuelsto reduce emission and high performance

Gasoline Vapor Recovery System


50/57

Stage I at Bulk Terminal,Tank Trucks, and

Service Stations

Effective immediately for new facilities in Bangkok, Nonthaburi,

Pratum Thani, and Samut Prakarn

Used to be scheduled to be effective on January 1, 2000 for

existing facilities located in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pratum Thani,

and Samut Prakarn, however, due to economic crisis, it is

postponed to January 2001

Volatile organic compound emissions of Stage I at bulk terminalsmust not be more than 17 mg/liter of vapor vented which is

equivalent to 10 mg/liter of gasoline loaded

Implementation in other provinces will be considered in the future



51/57

Stage II at Service Stations

Effective immediately for new and existing service

stations located on the side of the streets having

the width between 8 to 12 meters or located in thebuilding in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pratum Thani, and

Samut Prakan

Implementation in other service stations and in

other provinces will be considered in the future


Stage II Vapor Recovery System at Service Station


52/57

Emission Standard for Gasoline Vapor Recover Unit (VRU)Emission Standard for Gasoline Vapor Recover Unit (VRU)


53/57

p ( )

Emission Standard Value

(1-hr average )

US.EPA Method 18 : Measurement of Gaseous Organic

Compound Emission by Gas Chromatography

US.EPA Method 25A : Determination of Total Gaseou

Organic Concentration Using a Flame Ionization

Analyzer or

Pollutants Method

Total VOCs

58 Millgram total VOCs/Liter

in Emitted Vapor (1 July 2001)

17 Millgram total VOCs/Liter

in Emitted Vapor (1 July 2002)

US.EPA Method 25B : Determination of Total Gaseous

Organic Concentration Using a Nondispersive Infrared

Analyzer

Remark:Remark: Reference condition is 25Reference condition is 25 C at 1C at 1 atmatm or 760 mmHg Excess Air of 50% or ator 760 mmHg Excess Air of 50% or atOxygen of 7% and Dry BasisOxygen of 7% and Dry Basis

Source :Source : Notification of Ministry of Science, Technology and EnvironmentNotification of Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment published inpublished inthe Royal Government Gazette,the Royal Government Gazette, Vol.118 Special Part 58D, date June 20,Vol.118 Special Part 58D, date June 20,

B.E. 2544 (2001)B.E. 2544 (2001) Challenges headhallenges head

1) Targeting PM reductions in BKK


54/57

1) Targeting PM reductions in BKK

More effective I/M program Cleaner city buses

Low S fuels and alternative fuels

2) Improving air quality management

Improving of air emission and noise standards

Strengthening enforcement

Applying economic instruments

3) Improving public transport & transport management

Improving coverage and efficiency of MRT

Improving city bus operation and reducing smoke

belching buses

Priority lanes and traffic management

Improving traffic regulation enforcement

Encouraging non-motorization transport


55/57

Challenges headhallenges head


56/57

6) Harnessing global opportunities for local airquality improvement

Actions taken to tackle global warming couldalso benefit local and national air quality

Preparation for the implementation of theClean Development Mechanism (CDM)

CO2 reduction from energy and industrial

sectors Bio-gas generation from waste to energy

CO2 sequestration through reforestation

and afforestation

Cleaner VehiclesCleaner Vehicles && Cleaner FuelCleaner Fuel


57/57

Cleaner VehiclesCleaner Vehicles && Cleaner FuelCleaner Fuel........

........For The Better Air QualityFor The Better Air Quality

www.pcd.go.thwww.pcd.go.th

noise euro-4 thailand

Documents