noaa’s next-generation polar and geostationary satellites – hurricane applications ray zehr,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications
Ray Zehr,
Mark DeMaria,
John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller
NOAA/NESDIS Office of Research and Applications, RAMM Team
CIRA, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
![Page 2: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GOES-RPlanned Launch Date, Sept. 2012
(to be preceded by 3 GOES, N-O-P, comparable to currently operational GOES-12)
• GOES-N – May 2005 launch• GOES-O – April 2007 launch• GOES-P – Oct 2008 launch• GOES N-O-P Improvements:
– Image transmission during eclipse period
-- calibration, navigation, “striping” problem
![Page 3: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
NPOESSNPOESS: National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System
- NOAA + DMSP satellite programs: NPOESS
- NPOESS Planned Launch: 2009 (first in series of 6 satellites to be launched 2009-2015)
- Last in series of currently operational NOAA satellites: Planned launch date NOAA-N, May 11, 2005
- NOAA-N’ - 2008
- Planned Launch of precursor transition satellite - (NPP – NPOESS Preparatory Project) – Oct 31, 2006
![Page 4: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GOES-R Instruments
• ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager)
• HES (Hyperspectral Environmental Suite)
• GLM (Global Lightning Mapper)
• SIS (Solar Imaging Suite)• SEISS (Space Environment In-Situ Suite)
![Page 6: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ABI
ABI: Advanced Baseline Imager
16-Channel Imager (0.47-13.3 micrometer)
0.5 km res. visible channel
1-km res. w/ 3 other daytime channels
2-km res. w/ all other channels
Improved rapid-scanning capability
![Page 7: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Comparison of 16-band GOES-R ABI with MODIS bands
GOES-R ABI MODISBand Number Wavelength (μm) Band Number Wavelength (μm)
1 (blue) 0.47 3 (blue) 0.47
2 (red) 0.64 1 (red) 0.64
3 0.86 2 0.86
4 1.38 26 1.38
5 1.61 6 1.64
6 2.26 7 2.13
7 3.9 22 3.96
8 6.15 No Equivalent No Equivalent
9 7.0 27 6.7
10 7.4 28 7.3
11 8.5 29 8.55
12 9.7 30 9.7
13 10.35 No Equivalent No Equivalent
14 11.2 31 11.0
15 12.3 32 12.0
16 13.3 33 13.3
![Page 8: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HES
Hyperspectral Environmental Suite
- replaces current GOES Sounder’s 18 spectral bands
- high spectral resolution interferometer
- 2-10 km spatial resolution
- high time resolution
![Page 9: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
NPOESS Sensors:
VIIRS
CMIS
CrIS
GPSOS
OMPS
SESS
APS
ATMS
DCS
ERBS
RADAR Altimeter
SARSAT
TSIS
ASCAT
ILRS
CRIMSS
![Page 12: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
NPOESS
- Instruments:
1) VIIRS (Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite) – NOAA AVHRR + DMSP OLS
2) CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder)
3) ATMS (Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder)
4) CMIS (Conical Scanning Microwave Imager/Sounder)
5) Radar Altimeter
![Page 13: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NPP Instruments
• VIIRS (Imager)
• CrIS (IR sounder)
• ATMS (Microwave sounder)
![Page 14: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
VIIRS
• 22 spectral bands
• 400-800-m res imaging in 6 channels
• Including Nighttime vis imaging
• Visible Infrared Imager / Radiometer Suite =VIIRS
![Page 15: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CrIS
• Temperature and humidity soundings
• Hyperspectral (over 1000 bands) Infrared
• 18.5 km nadir horizontal resolution
• Improved vertical resolution (~ 1 km)
• Improved accuracy ( 1 degK)
• Cross-track Infrared Sounder = CrIS
![Page 16: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ATMS
• Microwave sounder– 2300 km swath– 22 channels– Horizontal res similar to current AMSU A/B
• Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder = ATMS
![Page 17: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CMIS
• Microwave– 1700 km swath– 15-50 km horizontal resolution
• 77 channels 6GHz –190 GHz at variable footprint size
• Conical Scanning Microwave Imager/Sounder = CMIS
![Page 18: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GOES-R / NPOESS Research Project at NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM and CIRA/
Colorado State University
• reduce the time needed to fully utilize GOES-R and NPOESS as soon as possible after launch
• analyze case studies of tropical cyclones, lake effect snow events, and severe weather outbreaks
• use numerical simulations and existing in situ and satellite data to better understand the capabilities of these advanced instruments
![Page 19: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Project Participants• Project Leaders
– T. Vonder Haar, M. DeMaria*, J. Purdom*
• Numerical Modeling/Data Assimilation– L. Grasso, D. Zupanski, M. Zupanski
• Radiative Transfer Modeling– M. Sengupta
• Data Analysis and Training– D. Hillger*, J. Dostalek, R. Zehr*, D. Lindsey*, D. Bikos*, J. Knaff,
Bernadette Connell, Students
• Computer Support– D. Watson, H. Gosden, K. Micke
*Support from NESDIS Base or other CIRA Projects
![Page 20: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Initial Case Studies• Kansas/Oklahoma Severe Weather Outbreak, May 8-9,
2003– 286 tornados May 6-10 (5-day record), storms near ARM site
• Hurricane Lili Landfall (Sept 30-Oct 3, 2002)– Unexpected intensity changes in Gulf, aircraft GPS-sondes available
• Lake-Effect Snow, Upstate NY, Feb. 12-13, 2003– 50 inches of snow, multiple-lake bands
• California/Utah Colorado Fog Event, Jan. 12, 2004– Fresno airport closed all day, includes valley and mountain fog cases
• Hurricane Isabel near Peak Intensity, Sept 11-13, 2004– Long-lasting Cat 5 hurricane, unusual inner core structure, aircraft
GPS-sondes available, several days of GOES super-rapid scan data
![Page 21: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
New Case Studies• Norwegian Polar Low Case, 15 Aug 2004
– Rare summertime polar low, evaluation of MODIS visible channels for ABI in convective environment, better MODIS/AVHRR time resolution
• Great Plains dust outbreak, 18 Apr 2004 – Good case for ABI product development from MODIS
• Ecuador volcanic eruption, 4 Nov 2004– Good case for ABI product development from MODIS
• Sacramento Valley fog event, 19 Nov 2004– Interesting cloud top structure
• Indian ocean tropical cyclone, 22 Jan 2005– MSG data for evaluation of ABI channels
• Hurricane Fabian, Aug. 31, 2003– NOAA G-IV Jet GPS soundings for AIRS evaluation
• Hurricane Charley, Aug. 13, 2004– Small storm for ABI Dvorak algorithm
• Severe Weather GOES Climatology, Sep 2003-Aug 2004– Cloud top structure analysis for new ABI product
![Page 22: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
GOES-R
Enhanced rapid scanning capability
![Page 30: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Simulation of GOES-R Using Numerical Cloud/Radiative Transfer Models
• Run cloud model along with a radiative transfer model to generate simulated satellite observations
• RAMS Numerical Cloud Model – Non-hydrostatic cloud model developed at CSU
– Sophisticated two-moment cloud microphysics • aggregates, graupel, hail, pristine ice, rain, and snow
– Two-way interactive moving nested grids
• RAMS initial condition from NCEP ETA model analysis
• Transfer from RAMS to WRF model in later years
![Page 32: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Synthetic 2 km ABI 10.35 µm LoopHurricane Lili Case
![Page 33: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Evaluation of AIRS Soundingsin Tropical Cyclone Environments
• Can hyperspectral observations improve sampling of hurricane environments relative to current data?– Obtain AIRS soundings for recent hurricanes with GPS
soundings from the NOAA G-IV Jet• Lili (2002), Isabel (2003), Fabian (2003)
– Use GPS sondes as ground truth– Compare AIRS sounding errors with NCEP NMN or GFS
background field soundings• Do AIRS data reveal structures not current resolved by current data
assimilation systems?
• Preliminary results for Hurricane Lili (2002) on Oct 2
![Page 35: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
AIRS/Aircraft GPS Matching Soundings
Lili 2002
Fabian 2003Isabel 2003
Granule 73
Granule 176
Storm #SoundingsLili 2002 30Isabel 2003 47Fabian 2003 6Total 83
Granule 179
![Page 36: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Preliminary Results With 22 Lili Soundings
• AIRS T errors < 1.5 oC• AIRS T errors smaller than ETA first guess in
lower troposphere• AIRS T has small bias
• AIRS Td has large moist bias
• Despite moist bias, AIRS Td has higher correlation with GPS Td than ETA first guess profiles
• Cloud contamination major source of error
![Page 37: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Hurricane Eye Soundings
• Can HES be used to monitor intensity from eye soundings?
• Test with AIRS soundings– AIRS retrievals ~48 km resolution (3 by 3 AIRS FOV’s)– HES will include ~4 km resolution
• Hurricane Isabel had large eye on 9/13 – 9/15 2003
• AIRS eye sounding from Isabel – 9/13/2003 1710 UTC
![Page 38: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Isabel Eye Sounding from AIRS
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Temperature Anomaly (C)
Pre
ss
ure
(h
Pa
)
Eye Sounding
EnvironmentSounding
Eye - Environment Temperature
Integrate Hydrostatic Equation Downward from 100 hPa to SurfaceEnvironment Sounding: Ps = 1012 hPaEye Sounding: Ps = 936 hPaAircraft Recon: Ps = 933 hPa
![Page 39: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ABI Hurricane Intensity Estimation
• Objective Dvorak method uses GOES IR channel 4– Intensity depends on coldest ring and eye temperature
• ABI improvements– 4 km reduced to 2 km– Additional channels
• Collect MODIS and AVHRR data for testing– 3 preliminary cases
• Lili 2002, Isabel 2003, Charley 2004
– Sensitivity to resolution– New algorithm development
![Page 40: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
4 km versus 2 km Imagery
![Page 41: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Potential hurricane application topics for enhanced GOES-R/NPOESS measurements
• Environmental soundings
• Eye soundings
• Improved intensity estimates
• Surface Wind Analysis
• Onset of Rapid Intensification
• Tropical Cyclone Formation
![Page 42: NOAA’s Next-Generation Polar and Geostationary Satellites – Hurricane Applications Ray Zehr, Mark DeMaria, John Knaff, Kimberly Mueller NOAA/NESDIS Office](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022110102/56649f355503460f94c53bc5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reference Information
• http://www.cira.colostate.edu/ramm/KFIntranet/GOESR_IPO/GOES-R_IPO.htm• http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/hes/publication.html• http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/goes8/goes8_refs.html
• http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/• http://www.osd.noaa.gov/goes_R/• http://www.osd.noaa.gov/GOES/goes_n.htm
• http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/nexsat_pages/nexsat_home.html
• http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/abi/• http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/HES/
• http://goespoes.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/spacecraft/r_spacecraft.html• http://www-airs.jpl.nasa.gov/• http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/satellite_67.htm
• http://www.ballaerospace.com/npoess.html
• Schmit, T., M. Gunshor, P. Menzel, J. Gurka, J. Li, and S. Bachmier, 2005: Introducing the next generation advanced baseline imager on GOES-R, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 86, 1079-1096.