Chapter OneMatter and Life

Fundamentals of General, Organic & Biological Chemistry

4th Edition

Mohammed Hashmat AliSoutheast Missouri State University

©2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

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1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science

Chemistry is often referred to as “The Central Science” because it is crucial to all other sciences.

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Matter: Anything that has mass and occupiesspace – things you can see, touch, taste, or smell.Property: a characteristic that can be used todescribe a substance. Size, color, temperature aremost familiar properties of matter. Less familiarproperties include:Chemical composition: what matter is made of.Chemical Reactivity: how matters behave.

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Physical Change: Does not alter thechemical makeup of a substance. Change isreversible. Melting of solid ice is a physicalchange. In this case only change in formtakes place and the change is reversible.Chemical Change: Alters chemical makeupof a substance. Change is irreversible.Rusting of iron is a chemical change. Here,iron combines with oxygen and produces anew substance rust.

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States of Matter

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Solids have A definite shape.A definite volume. Particles that are close together in a fixed arrangement.Particles that move very slowly.

Solids

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Liquids haveAn indefinite shape, but a definite volume.The same shape as their container. Particles that are close together, but mobile.Particles that move slowly.

Liquids

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Gases have An indefinite shape. An indefinite volume.The same shape and volume as their container.Particles that are far apart.Particles that move fast.

Gases

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Summary of the States of Matter

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Identify each as: 1) solid 2) liquid or 3) gas. ___ A. It has a definite volume, but takes the

shape of the container.__ B. Its particles are moving rapidly.

__ C. It fills the volume of a container.

__ D. It has particles in a fixed arrangement. __ E. It has particles close together that are

mobile.

Learning Check

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Identify each as: 1) solid 2) liquid or 3) gas. 2 A. It has a definite volume, but takes the

shape of the container.

3 B. Its particles are moving rapidly.

3 C. It fills the volume of a container.

1 D. It has particles in a fixed arrangement. 2 E. It has particles close together that are

mobile.

Solution

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1.3 Classification of Matter

Pure Substance: Uniform in its chemicalcomposition and properties. Sugar and water

are pure substances.Mixture: Composition and properties mayvary. Different amounts of sugar dissolvedin water will determine sweetness of water.Sugar water is an example of a mixture.

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Chemical Compounds: Substance that canbe broken down into simpler substances.Water is a chemical compound since it can bebroken down into hydrogen and oxygen bypassing electric current through it.Element: Substance that can not be brokendown chemically into simpler substances.Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen are example ofelements.

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The classification of matter is summarized in Fig 1.4below.

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1.5 Elements and Symbols

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Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary laboratory processes.Elements are the building blocks of matter.There are 115 elements known today.

gold carbon aluminum

Elements

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Sources of Some Element Names

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Every element has a symbol that represents its name.Symbols consist of 1 or 2 letters. Only the first letter in a symbol is capitalized.Examples:1-Letter Symbols 2-Letter Symbols

C carbon Co cobaltN nitrogen Ca calciumF fluorine Al aluminumO oxygen Mg magnesium

Symbols of Elements

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Several symbols are derived from Latin names.Some examples are shown below:

copper, Cu (cuprum) gold, Au (aurum)

iron, Fe (ferrum) silver, Ag (argentum)

Symbols from Latin Names

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Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are the most abundant elements in the human body.

Elements in the Body

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The physical properties of an element are the characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance.

Physical Properties

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Select the correct symbol for each:A. Calcium

1) C 2) Ca 3) CA

B. Sulfur 1) S 2) Sl 3) Su

C. Iron1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe

Learning Check

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Select the correct name for each symbol:A. N

1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickel

B. P1) potassium 2) phogiston 3) phosphorus

C. Ag1) silver 2) agean 3) gold

Learning Check

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The Periodic Table

Elements

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The periodic table arranges elements according to similar properties.

Periodic Table

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On the periodic table, each vertical column is called a group of elements.A group contains elements with similar chemical and physical properties.Each group is identified by a group number at the top of the column.The representative elements have group numbers of 1A – 8A. The transition element

Groups on the Periodic Table

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Groups and Group Numbers

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Numbering GroupsOne numbering system for groups assigns the letter A to the representative elements and the letter B to the transition elements.Another system assigns the numbers 1-18 to the columns across the periodic table.

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Group Numbers

Group numbers

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Several groups of representative elements are classified by name.

Group 1A Alkali MetalsGroup 2A Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 7A HalogensGroup 8A Noble Gases

Representative Elements

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Period

Group

Alkali M

etal

Noble G

as

Halogen

Alkali E

arth Metal

2.4

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Group 1A, thealkali metals,includes sodium, lithium, and potassium.Group 7A, the halogens, includes chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Representative Elements

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On the periodic table, each horizontal row is called a period. A period is identified by a number such as 1, 2, 3, or 4. Periods 2-7 include representative elements and transition elements.

Periods on the Periodic Table

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Identify the element described by the following:A. Element in Group 7A, Period 4

1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn

B. Element in Group 2A, Period 31) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron

Learning Check

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A. Group 7A, Period 41) Br

B. Group 2A, Period 32) magnesium

Solution

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

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Metals Are located to the left of the heavy line. Are shiny, ductile, and good conductors.

MetalloidsAre elements along the heavy line.Have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

NonmetalsAre located to the right of the heavy line.Are dull, brittle, poor conductors, and good insulators.

Metals and Nonmetals

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Comparing A Metal, Metalloid, and Nonmetal

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Identify each of the following elements as 1) metal 2) nonmetal 3) metalloid A. sodium ____B. chlorine ____C. silicon ____D. iron ____E. carbon ____

Learning Check

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Identify each of the following elements as 1) metal 2) nonmetal 3) metalloid A. sodium 1 metalB. chlorine 2 nonmetalC. silicon 3 metalloidD. iron 1 metal E. carbon 2 nonmetal

Solution

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Match the elements to the description:A. Metals in Group 4A

1) Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn

B. Nonmetals in Group 5A1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P 3) N, P, As, Sb

C. Metalloids in Group 4A1) C, Si, Ge, 2) Si, Ge 3) Si, Ge, Sn, Pb

Learning Check

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Match the elements to the description:A. Metals in Group 4A

1) Sn, Pb

B. Nonmetals in Group 5A2) N, P

C. Metalloids in Group 4A2) Si, Ge

Solution

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Chapter SummaryChemistry is the study of matter.Matter is anything that has mass and occupiesspace.Physical change does not alter the chemicalmakeup of a substance. Change is reversible.Chemical change alters chemical makeup of a

substance. Change is irreversible.Pure substances have uniform chemicalcomposition and properties.

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Chapter Summary Contd.Composition and properties of a mixture mayvary.Substance that can be broken down into

simpler substances is a chemical compound.Substance that can not be broken down

chemically into simpler substances is known as anelement.

Elements are represented by one or two lettersymbols. First letter is always capitalized and

the second letter is always a lower case.

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Chapter Summary Contd.Chemical Formula is a notation for chemicalcompound to show how many atoms of eachelement are present.Periodic Table is a representation of 113 elementsin a tabular format.Elements are roughly divided into 3 groups

MetalsNonmetalsMetalloids

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End of Chapter 1