nn{x-ßƒ · 9 hnh¿Ø-i-°p-dn∏v ckvem-ani \mk-cn-ix db¿Øn-∏n-sn® aqey-ß-sfbpw,...

$: Nn{X-ßƒ · 9 hnh¿Ø-I-°p-dn∏v Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® aqey-ß-sfbpw, \ne-\n¬°p∂ ASn-ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw, \¬Inb kw`m-h\Isfbpw ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-Xw]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp$
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukvtImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿, IÆq¿, ae-∏pdw

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IXtim`\ NnX-ßƒ

tUm. apkvX-z^- n-_mC

hnh¿Ø\w

ssiJv apl-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v

tUm. apkvX-z^- n-_mC (1915-˛1964)

]fin-X≥, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, ]X-]-h¿Ø-I-≥. kndn-b-bnse lnwkzn¬ 1915˛¬

P\\w. ]nXmhv: ]fin-X\pw hm‹nbpw aX- -‡-\p-am-bn-cp-∂ ssiJv lk-\n- n-

_mC. _me-\m-bn-cn-s° ]nXm-hns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI kZ- p-I-fnepw ]finX k -

I-fnepw N¿®m thZn-I-fnepw kw_-‘n®p. ]Xn-s\- m-w hb- n¬ lnwkzv ]-

≈nbn¬ ]nXm-hns\ ]Xn-\n[m\w sNbvXv JpXzp_ \n¿hln-®p. 1933˛¬ A¬-

A-kvl-¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\v tN¿∂p. I¿a-im-kvX-( n-Jvlv)

Ønepw aX-\n-Zm\ imkvX(-D-kzq-ep-±o≥)-Ønepw D∂X _ncpZw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.

1949˛¬ "Ckvem-anI \nb-a-\n¿am-Whpw Ncn-Xhpw' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ tUmIvS-

td‰v t\Sn. Cu ]_‘w ]n∂oSv A p∂Xp h aIm-\-Xplm nØ-ivco-C¬

Ckveman F∂ t]cn¬ ]pkvX-I-ambn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. lnwkznse sk°-≠dn

aZvd-k-bn¬ A[ym-]I-\m-bmWv apkvXz - n-_mC HutZym-KnIPohnXw Bcw- n-

®-Xv. ]n∂oSv At±-lhpw kl-]-h¿Ø-Icpw tN¿∂v D∂X \ne-hmcw

]pe¿Øp∂ Ad-_n- -C-kvem-anI hnZym-ebw (A¬a-AvlZp¬ Ckvem-an¬ Ad-

_n) ÿm]n-®p. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX Za-kv°kv k¿h-Iem-im-e-bn¬ \nb-a-

hn- m-K-w s]m -k-dm-bn-.

kndn-b-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ©v k¿hm-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc cwK-Øn-d-ßnb

apkvX-z - n-_m-C°v ]´mf c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ISpØ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-

h-∂p. 1931˛¬ Pbn-en-e-S-°-s∏- p. A∂-t±-l-Øn\v tIhew 16 hb- m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ad-Ãns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb i‡-amb ]Xn-tj[w ImcWw At±-lsØ hn -b-

°m≥ c-W-IqSw \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. Imcm-Kr-l-ap-‡-\mb DSs\ kndn-b-bn-

seßpw k©-cn®v oI-c- -c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n®p. 1932˛¬

ho≠pw AdÃv sNø-s∏´p. amk-ß-tfmfw Pbn-en¬ Ign-™ At±lw tamNn-X-

\mb DS-s\- D]-cn-]-T-\m¿Yw CuPn-]vXn-te°v t]mbn. kndn-b-bn¬ ©v kmam-

Py-Xz-ambn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ CuPn]vXn¬ _n´ojv ta[m-hn-Xz-am-bncp∂p. AXn-\m¬

Akvl¿ hnZym¿Yn-bm-bn-cn-s°-Øs∂ kl]mTnIsf kwL-Sn-∏n®v

_n ojpIm¿s°-Xnsc ]Nm-cWhpw ]I-S-\-ßfpw \S-Øn-. XZv -e-ambn 1934˛epw

1940˛epw Pbn-en-e-S°s∏´p. ]n∂o-S-t±lw e-kvXo-\nse _n o-j-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS

Ic-ß-fn-te¬]n-°-s∏- p. \mep-am-ksØ Imcm-Krl hmk-Øn-\p-tijw 1941˛¬

tamNn-X-\mbn. ]n∂oSv kztZ-i-tØ°v aS-ßn.

CuPn-]vXnse Pohn-X-Im-e-ØmWv apkvX-z - n-_mC A¬CJvhm-\p¬ apkven-

aq\p'ambpw AXns‚ ÿm]-I-t\-Xmhv lk-\p¬ _∂m-bp-ambpw _‘s∏- Xv.

\mń¬ Xncns®-Ønb At±lw kndn-b-bn¬ CJvhms‚ imJ ÿm]n-®p.

AtXmsS ^©v -c-W-IqSw At±-lsØ ho≠pw XS-hn-em°n. lnwkznepw

ss_dq-Ønepw e_-\m-\n-ep-ambn c≠c-h¿jw Imcm-Kr-l-Øn¬ Ign-tb-≠n-h-

∂p. Pbn¬ Pohn-X-Im-eØv IncmX-a¿Z\-ßƒ°n-c-bmb At±lw tamNn-X-\mbn

1954˛¬ c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s\-Xnsc kmbp[ kacw kwLSn-∏n®p. AXn-e-t±lw hnP-

-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1948˛¬ e-kvXo≥, PqX-∑m-cpsS ]nSn-bn-e-a¿∂-tXmsS

AXns‚ tamN\w e£y-am°n tKmZ-bn-en-d-ßn. \mń-ep-S-\ofw k∂≤ kwL-S-

\-Iƒ cq]hXvI-cn-®p. 1952˛¬ kqb-kvI-\m¬ ]iv\-Øn¬ _nó-jp-Im-cp-ambn

G‰p-ap- m≥ ap∂n- n-d-ßnb At±lw ho≠pw AdÃv sNø-s∏- p. kndn-b≥ c-W-

L-S\m \n¿am-W-k-an-Xn-bn¬ tkh\a\p-jvTn® apkvXz- - n-_mC ]m¿e-sa‚n¬

]tXyI tNcn-bp-≠m-°n. c-W-L-S-\°v Ckvem-anI kz`mhw ssIh-cp-Øp-∂-

Xn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v hln®p. tIW¬ AZo_v ioiIven cWw ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-b-

tXmsS c-W-L-S\ Zp¿_-e-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw CJvhms\ ASn-®-a¿ØpIbpw

sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v e_-\m-\n¬ Xma-k-am-°nb tUmIvS¿ kn_mC Ahn-sSbpw

CJvhms‚ kpi-‡-amb imJ-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1954˛¬ ioiIven

ÿm\- -jvS-\mb tij-amWv At±lw kndn-b-bn-te°v aS-ßn-bXv. 1947˛¬ A¬a-

\m¿ F∂ ]Xw ]kn≤o-I-cn-s®-¶nepw, ]n¬°m-e-Øv ]kn-≤o-I-cWw apS-ßn.

1955˛¬ "A»n-lm_v' ]X-Øns‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬ ]¶p-h-ln-®p. AtX-h¿jw At±lw

kndn-b-bn¬\n∂v ]kn-≤o-IcWam-cw- n® "A¬apkven-aq\m'Wv ]n∂oSv "lZm-

dXp¬ Ckvem-am'bn amdn-b-Xv. ][m\ IrXn-Iƒ: lm-IZm A√-aXv\o A¬l-bm-

Xv (Cßs\-bm-Wv PohnXw Fs∂ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xv), C-ivXn-dm-In-ø-Xp¬-C-kvemw(Ckvem-

anse tkmjy-enkw), A¬a¿-AXp _bv\¬ nJvln h¬-Jm\q≥(kvXo Ckvem-

anI \nb-a-ßƒ°pw Kh¨sa‚ v \nb-a-ßƒ°panS-bn¬), A- p-∂Xp h aIm-

\-Xplm nØ-ivco-C¬ Ckvem-an(]hm-NI Ncybpw Ckvem-anI \nba \n¿amW-

Øn¬ AXn-\p≈ ÿm\hpw), an≥ dhmbnC- l-Zm-dm-Xp-\m (Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-

IX tim`\ NnX-ßƒ), A-_q-lpdbvd _bv\¬ap-ln-∫o\ h¬-ap_vKn-Zo≥

(A_q-lp-d-bvd- -kvt\-ln-°p-∂-h-cp-tSbpw shdp-°p-∂-h-cp-tSbp-an-S-bn¬).

8

9

hnh¿Ø-I-°p-dn∏v

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® aqey-ß-sfbpw, \ne-\n¬°p∂

ASn-ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw, \¬Inb kw`m-h\Isfbpw ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-Xw

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ DØa KŸ-amWv tUmIvS¿ apkvXz^ n_m-C-

bpsS an≥ dhm-bnC lZm-d-Xn\m. AXns‚ kzX-¥-]-cn-`m-j-bmWv

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX tim`\ NnX-ßƒ. ]Zm-\p-]Z X¿P-a-°p-]-

Icw Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø\ coXn-bm-Wn-Xn¬ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v

th≠X ]tbm-P-\-I-ctam ]k-‡tam A√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah-km\

A[ymbw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p--≠v.

ZnK-¥-ßsf ]tim-`n-∏n-® D-÷ze \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \n¿am-Xm-°-

fmb apkvenw-Iƒ \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw Ipgn-bm-\-I-sf-t∏mse ]nt∂m´p

\S∂v ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mX-bn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw ]pd¥≈-s∏´ ]Xn-

Xm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wn-∂v. kaql ssNX-\ysØ DtØ--Pn-∏n®v I¿a-]-Y-

Øn -te°v \bn -°m≥ klm-b -I -amb ss]Xr -I -t_m -[w -t]mepw

Ah¿°n∂v \jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p ]pd¥-≈-s∏´

apkvenw-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS KX-Ime Ncn-XsØ kw_-‘n® [mc-W-

IqSn \jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n-∂v Ahsc c£n-°m\pw

Ncn-X-Øns‚ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb Zim-k-‘n-I-fn¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-

IX \¬Inb A-aq-ey- kw`m-h-\-I-f-\p-kva-cn-∏n-°m-\p-amWv KŸ-

Im-c-\n-hnsS, sImSnb iXp-°ƒ°p-t]mepw ad-®p-sh-°m≥ Ign-bm-

Ø-hn[w Pzen-®p-\n¬°p∂ Ht´sd Bi-b-ßƒ°pw kw`h-ßƒ°pw

A£-c-ß-fpsS Ih-N-aWn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. ]g-¶-Y-Iƒ ]d™v s]mß®w

]ISn∏n°m-\√; \jvS-t_m-[-Øns‚ Xoh-hy-Y-bn¬\n∂v I¿a-ssN-

X-\y-Øns‚ IcpØv hncn-bn-s®-Sp-°m-\mWv apkvX-z^- n-_mC CXn-

eqsS ian-°p-∂-Xv.

]apJ ]WvUn-X\pw Kth-j-I-\p-amb Sn._n. C¿hnw-Kns‚ "temI

\mK-cn-I-X°v Ckvem-ans‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ' F∂ ]uV-amb ]T\hpw

temI \mK-cn-I-X°v Ckvemw \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Isf kzX¥ Nn¥-

Icpw Ncn-X-Im-c≥amcpw Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-sb-∂-Xn-te°v shfn®w

hoip∂ "Ckvemw: \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS hnf-`qan' F∂ teJ-\hpw A\p-

_-‘-ambn -tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

k¿h i‡-\mb A√mlp CXv k¬°¿a-ambn kzoI-cn®v ]c-

tem-IØv ]Xn-êw \¬Ip-am-dm-I-s´.

tacn-°p∂v

16˛06- 1407 (15˛02˛1987)ssiJv ap-l-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v

ssiJv aplΩZv ImcIp∂v

1950 Pqsse 15˛\v at©cn°SpØ ImcIp∂nse ]peØv P\n®p. ]nXmhv]peØv aplΩZv lmPn. amXmhv Ban\. ]peØv ss]adn kvIqƒ, ImcIp∂vF.bp.]n kvIqƒ, at©cn Kh. sslkvIqƒ, ^dqJv duZXp¬ Deqw Ad_nIvtImtfPv, tImgnt°mSv F¬.Sn.Sn sk‚¿ F∂nhnSßfn¬ hnZym`ymkw.samdbq¿ hn.F®v.Fw sslkvIqfnepw FShÆ Ckvemlnb Hmdnb‚¬sslkvIqfnepw A[ym]I\mbncp∂p. Zo¿L-Imew Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKvlukv Ub-d-IvSdmbn tkh\a\p-jvTn®p. Ct∏mƒ PamAsØ Ckveman tIµ]Xn\n[n k`bnepw tIcf IqSn-bm-tem-N\ kan-Xn-bnepw AwK-am-b-tXm-sSm∏wtIcf Akn-Ã‚ v Aao¿, Ub-temKv sk‚¿ tIcf Ub-d-IvS¿ F∂o ÿm\-ßfpw hln-°p-∂p. hnh¿Ø\ßƒ Dƒs∏sS Adp]Ønbmdv IrXnIfpsSI¿ØmhmWv. G‰hpw anI® cN\°p≈ A©v Ahm¿UpIƒ t\Sn-bn´p≠v.`mcy: PamAsØ Ckveman h\nXm hn`mKw kwÿm\ skI´dn Ban\DΩp Abva≥. a°ƒ: A\okv aplΩZv, tUm. Aeo^v aplΩZv, tUm. _mkna,Abva≥ aplΩZv.

BapJw

`uXnI ]ptcm -K -Xn -bnepw imkvXob I≠p-]n -Sn -Ø-ß-fnepw

B[p\nI bpKw Ign™ Ime-L-´-ß-tf-°m-sf√mw anI-®p-\n¬°p∂p.

F∂n´pw ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mSp-I-fnse kmaq-lnI-im-kvX-⁄-∑mcpw

at\m-hn-⁄m-\n-I-fpw sshZy-hn-Zzm-∑mcpw, hn]-¬°-c-amw-hn[w h¿[n-

®p-h-cp∂ Rc-ºp-tcm-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hn`m-¥-cmWv. temIsØ BI-

∏msS Akz-ÿ-Xbpw Aº-c∏pw Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-

\m¬ B[p-\nI \mK-cn-IX t\Sn-s°m-SpØ Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ß-fp-

sSbpw t£ssa-iz-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw B\µw Bfp-Iƒ°v A]m-]y-am-

bn-cn-°p-∂p; ]cn-jvIr-X-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ hnti-jn®pw. al-Ømb imkvXo-

b-t\-´-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cm-in°pw e`n-°p∂ ku`m-

Ky-ß-sf- w-_-‘n®v 19˛mw \q‰m-≠nse Nn¥-I-∑mcpw imkvX-Im-c-

∑mcpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ kIe kpµc-kz-]v\-ßfpw ]mgv°n-\m-hp-I-

fm-bn ]-cn-W-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Bkzm-Z\ am¿K-ßƒ A\m-bm-k-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Akzm-

ÿy-ßfpw Ak-¥p-jvSn-Ifpw A[n-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw

sa®-s∏´ \mSp-I-fnse at\m-tcm-K-ß-fpsS tXmXv ]n∂m° ]tZ-i-

ßsf At]-£n®v hf-sc-°q-Sp-X-em-Wv. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°-

bnse ÿnXn-hn-h-c°-W-°p-Iƒ hkvXpX hy‡-am-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-

a-sX.

Bfp-Isf ASn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Akzmÿyw H∂pw c≠pw temI -

bp-≤-ßƒsImt≠m aq∂m-a-tØ-Xns‚ aps∂m-cp°wsImt≠m amX-

ap-≠m-b-X-√. AXns‚ Bhn¿`mhw A`n-\-h-\m-K-cn-IX kz¥w Acp-

a-a-°ƒ°v H-cp-°n-s°m-SpØ am\-knI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬\n∂m-Wv.

kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ km∂n-[yw-sIm≠p amX-hp-a√ AXp-≠m-Ip-∂-

Xv. kmam-Py-Xz-Øns‚ Iosg a¿ZnX P\X Ak-ly-amb Akz-ÿ-

X-I-f-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂Xv A\n-tj-[yw-Xs∂; F¶nepw kmam-Py-

Xz-Øns‚ ]nSn-Ø-Øn¬-s∏-SmØ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sfbpw Akw-Xr]vXn

AS-°n-hm-gp-∂p-≠v. F¥n-\-[n-Iw, kmamPy-Xz-Øns‚ KpW-t`m-‡m-

°ƒt]mepw AXn¬-\n∂v ap‡-c-√.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, hn`n-∂-ß-fmb B[p-\nI kmaq-lnI -Po-hn-X-hy-h-

ÿ-Iƒ kzoI-cn® kIe ÿeß-fnepw Akz-ÿ-XI-fp-≠v. ]Sn-

™m-d≥\m-Sp-Iƒ, ]uckvXycmPy-ßƒ, tkmhn-b‰v bq\n-b≥ F-∂p-

th-≠, Hcp ]tZihpw CXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-h-√. \mK-cn-IX ]m]n® kaq-

l-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ AXmWv sXfn-bn-

°p-∂-Xv. kvIm≥-Un-t\-hn -b≥ cmPy-ß-sf(t\m¿th, kzoU≥,

U∑m¿Iv) -t]mse G‰-hp-a-[nIw kmº-Øn-Ihpw \mK-cn-I-hp-amb

]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-®h F∂p KWn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-WnXv kw`-

hn-°p-∂-sX-∂-XsX Gsd AZv`p-X-Icw. Xß-f-\p-`-hn-°p∂ kpJ-

k-ºq¿W-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ aSp∏p-tXm-∂p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Ahn-S-ß-

fnse Bfp-Iƒ Bfl-l-Xy-bn-e-`bw tXSp-∂-sX∂ hkvXpX AXn-

tesd hnNn-X-am-Ip-∂p.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Cu Akzmÿyhpw [¿a-`w-ihpw B[p-\nI

]m›m-Xy-\m-K-cn--I-X-bp-sSbpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ XØz-im-

kvX-ß-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bm-Wv.

]m›m-Xy-\m-K-cn-IX

kvs]bn-\n-sebpw CXc CkvemanI cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw ÿm]-\-

ß-fn-eqsS Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bp-am-bp-≠mb kº¿°-Øn¬\n-

∂mWv ]m-›mXy \mK-cn-IX cq]w]m]n-®-sX∂ hkvXpX A\n--tj-

[y-am-W-t√m. apkvenw Nn¥-I-∑m¿°pw Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿°pw Ko°v XXz-

im-kvX-ß-tfmSv AXn-bmb B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ka¿Y-cmb

]m›mXy hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Ad-_n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ko°v XØz-Nn-¥bpw

KŸ-ß-fpw kzmb-Ø-am-°n. BZy-sams° N¿®v ta[m-hn-Iƒ cq£-

ambn FXn¿Øn-cp∂p; F¶nepw Ah¿ F√mw Ah-K-Wn®v ]T-\-Øn¬

apgpIn. XpS¿∂v ]Sn™m-d≥ a\- p-Iƒ hnim-e-ß-fmbn. N¿®-pIƒ

]N-cn-∏n-°p∂ Nn¥-Iƒ°pw hn⁄m-\-ßƒ°pw hncp-≤-amWv hkvXp-

X-I-sf∂v Ah¿°v t_m[y-ambn. ^ew, N¿®pw imkvXhpw XΩn-

ep≈ kpZo¿L-amb kwL-´-\-am-bn-cp∂p. imkvX-⁄-∑mcpw Zm¿i-

\n-Icpw ]e-Xcw ]oU-\-ß-f-\p-`-hn-®p. Imcm-Kr-l-ßƒ°pw \mSp-I-S-

Ø-ep-Iƒ°pw aX-`-jvSp-Iƒ°pw Ah¿ hnt[-b-cm-bn. F¶nepw Ah-

km\w, N¿®-pI-fpsS ta¬ imkvXw hnP-bw-h--cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-

Xv. AtXmsS ]iv\w Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Aßs\, hy‡-amb c≠v apJ-ap-Z-I-tfmsS ]m›mXy \mK-cn-

IX c≠v Imep-I-fn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p. Ko°v XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw

AXns‚ `uXn-Ihpw hnK-lm-cm[\m]-chp-amb kao-]-\-Øn-s‚bpw

12

apZ-bmWv Ah-bn-sem∂v. c≠m-a-tØXv, aX-tØm-Spw AXns‚ kzm[o-

\-X-I-tfmSpw aX-°m-tcm-Sp-ap≈ ISpØ iXpXbpsS apZbpw. Cu

c≠v ]tNm-Z-\--ß-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-^-e-\-ßƒ \nd™ A`n-]m-b-ß-

fmWv ]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm-ºXpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m›mXy Nn¥-I-

cn¬ \n∂v ]pdØp h∂-Xv. Ct∂mfw ]m›mXy hnNm-c-hn-lm-b- ns\

AS-°n-hmW [m¿an-Ihpw Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-amb apgp-h≥ Nn¥m-]-ÿm-

\-ßfpw Ah c≠n-s‚bpw XWen-emWv Xg-®p-h-f¿∂-Xv.

ùXnI-am-X-amb ASn-Ø-d-bn-emWv ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mK-cn-IX \ne-

\n¬°p-∂Xv. AXv aX-Øns‚ Bflo-b-X-bn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jy-a-\-

p-I-fn-ep≈ AXns‚ kzm[o-\-X-bn¬\n∂pw ap‡-a-sX. Aßs\

]m›m-Xy-cpsS ta¬ aX-Øns‚ ]nSnØw A¬]m¬]-ambn \jvS-s∏-

´ p

-sIm-≠n--cp-∂p. XZv^-e-ambn Xß-fn-t∏mƒ Bg-ta-dnb Ipgn-bnepw

AKm[-amb Akzm-ÿy-Ønep-am-sW∂v Ah¿°p-Xs∂ Adn-bmw.

Ah-cpsS Nn¥-I-∑mcpw _p≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw Xßƒ°v ssItam-iw-h∂

aX-ssNX\ywhos≠-Sp-°-W-sa-∂m-K-ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah¿°-sX-

ßs\ km[n°pw? hr£w thcp-d-°p-Ibpw ê-ß-fp-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp-Ign™nt√!

ssZhn-I-amb GXp aX-Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti-jX AXns‚ A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ°Xv a\- am-[m-\hpw kzÿ-Xbpw kw`m-h-\-sN-øp-∂p-sh-

∂-XmWv. aX-a-h¿°v Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mcw eLq-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.

thZ-\-Iƒ°v ia\w \¬Ip-∂p. hnIm-c-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p-∂p. BK-

l-ßƒ°v ISn-™m-Wn-Sp-∂p. Atd-_y≥ \mK-cn-IX ]pjv]n®v ]tim-

`n-X-am-b-t∏mƒ Ckvemw AXmWv km[n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy-\m-

K-cn -IX ip≤-amb ssZhnI ktµ-i-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ aXsØ

s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ B[mc-in-e-I-fn¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ

kz¥w k¥m-\-ßƒ°v Fs¥mcp Zpc-¥-am-WXv hcp-Øn-sh-®Xv!

hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-ßfp-sSbpw A¥-cw-KØv Bibpw Bth-

ihpw XymK-k-∂-≤-Xbpw ImcpWy-hnIm-c -hpap -W¿Øn-hn -Sp∂

Bbp[w F∆n-[-am-W-h¿ ]mgm-°n-bXv!

Htc Xqh-ep≈ c≠p ]£n-Iƒ

]m›m-Xy≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw, ]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ AXv A`n-ap-

Jo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw kwL-´-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX aX-Øns‚bpan-

S -bn¬ hn[n ]d-bp-I-b√ \man -hnsS sNøp-∂Xv; kaq-l-Øn\v

ku`mKyw kw`mh\ sNbvXv a\p-jya\- p-I-fn¬ kam-[m\w hnX-

dp-∂-Xn¬ ]Sn-™md≥ \mK-cn-IX ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sm-\p-≠mb Imc-W-ß-

fn-te°v shfn®w hoipI amX-am-Wv. Xß-fp-ambn G‰p-ap-ńb aXsØ

ssIsbm-gn®v apt∂m´p \oßm-\Xv \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn. F∂m¬, ]Zo-

13

]vX-amb ssNX-\y-Øns‚ Xtem-S-en-eq-sSbpw kPo-h-amb a\- m-

£n-bpsS aµ-lm-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw Bizm-k-taIp∂ as‰mcp aXsØ

tXSnbXp-an-√. F∂-√, AXns‚ XW¬ Bkz-Zn-°m-sX-Øs∂ kzbw

apt∂m´p t]mIm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v AXv sX‰n-≤-cn-®p. kz¥w A\p-

bm-bn-I-fpsS ta¬ Cu ùXn-I-hXvIrX \mK-cn-IX sIń-tb-¬]n®

ISpØ bmX-\-Ifp-sS ]bm-k-ßƒ eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v `c-W-Iq-S-

ß-fp-ambn klIcn-°m≥ an° ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn-sebpw N¿®p-

Iƒ C∂v Bflm¿YambmK-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. Rm≥ t\cn¬°≠ ]Sn-

™m-d≥ \mSp-I-fn-se√mw AXns‚ hnhn[ kzc-ßfpw hyXykvX

kqN-\-Ifpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.

Ct∏mƒ kzn‰vk¿e‚ v kµ¿in-°p-∂-h¿°v k¿hkm-[m-c-W-ambn

ImWm-hp∂ Hcp ImgvN-bp-≠v. N¿®-pIƒ cq]w \¬Inb "im¥n-tk-

\'-bnse AwK-ßƒ Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn¬ hmZy-kw-Ko-X-ß-tfmsS ][m\

ssaXm-\-ßfpw ]m¿°p-I-fpw ]Z-£nWw sNøp-∂p. Cu kwL-

Øn¬ bphm-°fpw bph-Xn-Ifpw Ipń-Ifpw hr≤-∑m-cp-sams° D≠m-

bn-cn°pw. Ah-¿ aX-Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ kwKo-X-km-µ-ambn Be-]n-°p-

∂p. Xm¬]-cy-ap≈ t]£-I-sc√mw Ah¿°v Np‰pw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-SpIbpw

AXv i≤n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

e≠-\nse sslUv]m¿°v kµ¿in-°p-∂-h¿°v kzX-¥-amb

]`m-jWw \S-°p∂ thZn-Iƒ ImWmw; Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fn¬ hnti-

jn®pw. N¿®p-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ kphn-ti-j-Icpw ]`m-j-I-cpsS Iq´-Øn-

ep-≠mhpw. km[y-am-hp-∂X Db¿∂ kzm[o-\-am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v

`qcn-]£w t]scbpw BI¿jn-s®-Sp-°m-\h¿ ian-°p-∂p. kn\n-am-

im-e-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ccp-ºp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb

]kw-K-]o-T-Øn¬ Ib-dn-\n¬°p∂ Hcm-sf-°m-Wmw. Abm-fpsS Iq´p-

Im-c-\m-bn-cn°pw ]kvXp-X- ]oTw Npa-°p-∂Xv. ]`m-j-I≥ P\-ßsf

D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw aX-Im-cy-ßƒ Ah¿°v hni-Zo-I-cn®p sImSp-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. Hcp Znhkw cmXn hgn-a-t[y-bp≈ kn\n-am-im-e-bpsS

hmXn¬°¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v P\-ßsf D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw kZm-Nm-c-hn-

[zw-k-I-ß-fmb kn\nam-im-e-Isf kw_-‘n®v Ahsc t_m[-hm-

∑m-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcmsf F\n°v t\cn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™p.

Bcp-sSbpw i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-amdv AXyp-®-Øn-emWv Abmƒ kwkm-

cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. t]meokv AXv ImWp-Ibpw tIƒ°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bcpw Abmsf FXn¿Øn-cp-∂n-√. F∂-√, Nne-

sc√mw AXv i≤n-°p-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw, Abm-fpsS kwkm-

c-Øm¬ kzm[o-\n-°-s∏´v kn\n-a-bn¬\n∂p ]n¥n-cn™ Hcm-sfbpw

ImWm-s\-\n°v Ign-™n-√.

F√m N¿®p-Iƒ°pw Hmtcm ktΩ-f-\-lm-fp-≠m-hp-I-sb∂ kº-

14

Zmbw bqtdm-∏nepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw C∂p km[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂p.

\rØ-ßƒ°pw hnt\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ°pw bph-

Xo-bp-hm-°ƒ AhnsS HØp-Iq-Sp-∂p. N¿®ns‚ `mK-ambn AXn-t\mSp

tN¿∂p≈ CØ-c-samcp kZ v bqtdm-∏n¬ Rm≥ kµ¿in-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn. \rØ-\r-Xy-ßƒ°pw Ifn-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ°pw a‰pap≈ CXc

kZ p-I-fn¬\n∂v H´pw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿

F\n°v kZ- pI-fpsS ÿnXn-K-Xn-Ifpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]cn-]m-Sn-

Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-X-∂p. At∏mƒ, AhnsS HØp-Iq-Sp-∂-h¿°v aX-

]-c-amb D]-tZ-i-\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Im-dpt≠m F∂p Rm≥ At±-l-

tØmSv At\z-jn®p. adp-]Sn \ntj-[-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. N¿®-pI-fp-

ambn Hcp _‘hp-an-√mØ kZ- p-I-fpsS AtX \ne-]m-SmWv Chn-

sS-bpsa-¶n¬ CXn-\p-th≠n [\w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-hgn N¿®n\v

F¥mWv t\´w F∂p Rm≥ tNmZn-®p. bph-Xo-bp-hm-°ƒ ktΩ-f-\-

ÿ-e-tØ°v hcp-tºmƒ N¿®ns‚ ap∂n-eqsS \S-°p-Ibpw AXns\

Hm¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂-Xp-Xs∂ aXnbmb t\´-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p

At±-l-Øns‚ adp-]-Sn!

Nne bqtdm-]y≥ \mSp-I-fnse tlm´-ep-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿°v

Xß-fpsS I´n-ep-Iƒ°-cnsI Hcp ]pkvXIw ImWmw. "thZ-K-Ÿ-

kplr¬ kwLw'(Association of Lovers of the Holly Bible) hI-bm-WXv.

Dd-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-apºpw DW¿∂-ti-jhpw AXv hmbn°p-I-hgn Xs‚

aX-sØbpw hnizm-k-sØbpw Hm¿°p-hm≥th-≠n-bmWv Ah-cXv

kΩm-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

bqtdm-∏nse A[nI k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fnepw ssIkvX-h-hn-Zym¿Yn-

I-fpsS kwL-S-\-Iƒ D≠v. Ah¿ hmcm-¥-tbm-K-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂p.

N¿®nse GsX-¶nepw DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏´ hy‡n-Iƒ Ah-tcmSv ]kw-

Kn-°p-Ibpw aX-X-Øz-ßfpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw Ah¿°v hnh-cn-®p-sIm-

Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Nne hnZym¿YnIsf√mw kphn-ti-j-I-cp-ambn

hnhm-Z-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm-dp-ap-≠v.

]›n-a-P¿a-\n-bnse c-W-IqSw N¿®ns‚ t]cn¬ ]uc-∑m-cn¬\n∂v

]tXyI \nIpXn ]ncn-°m-dp-≠v. aX-]-N-mc-Wm¿Y-ap≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ N¿®ns\ klm-bn-°-emWv e£yw. P¿a-\n-bnse

tImtfm¨ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Bip-]Xnbnem-bn-cp∂p Rm≥.

Fs‚ apdn-bpsS ap∂n¬ I´n-en-\`n-ap-J-ambn tXm´-Øn¬ HmSp-sIm-

≠p≈ hen-sbmcp Ipcnip ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂p. Bip-]-Xn-bnse apgp-

h≥ apdn-I-fpsS apºnepw CXp-t]m-ep-≈h ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p. amt\P-

cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿ amcp-sSbpw apdn-I-fp-sS ap≥hihpw AXn¬\n-s∂m-

gn-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Rm≥ AXns‚ cl-ky-a-t\z-jn®t∏mƒ, P\-ß-fn¬

15

aX-sØ- w-_-‘n® kvacW \ne-\n¿Øm-\mbn N¿®-pIƒ \S-Øp∂

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-am-W-h-sb∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-™p. Bip-]Xn

k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn-em-sW∂pw N¿®p-ambn AXn\v Hcp _‘-

hp-an-s√∂pw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp≠v.

tlmfn-hpUv Ct∏mƒ it≤-b-ß-fmb \nc-h[n aX-Nn-X-ßƒ ]pd-

Øn-d-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F∂ hkvXp-Xbpw hnkva-cn-°m-h-X-√.

bqtdm-∏n¬ hf-sc-tbsd ]N-cn-®p-I-gn™ "[m¿anI ]p\-cm-bp-

[o-IcW kwL-ßsf'°pdn®v(Moral Re-armament Organizations) \Ωn-e-

[nI t]cpw tIń -c n -°pw. a[y -]u -ckvXy \mSp -I -fn -te°pw

hnZqc]uckvXy ]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw Ah¿ Nne kµ¿i-\-ßƒ

kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ssItdmbpw AXn-epƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p. kn‰vk¿e-‚n¬

kpkm≥ \Kc-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Ah-cpsS tIµw Rm≥ kµ¿in-°p-

I-bp-≠m-bn. ImcpWyw, \oXn, tijvTX F∂o KpW-ßƒ B¿Pn-

°m-\mWv ]Xy£-Øn¬ Ah-cm-lzm\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

]m›mXy cmPyßfnse aX-]-chpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb \thm-t∑j

]IS-\-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xm-Wnh; Xß-fpsS \mK-cn-IX krjvSn® ]bm-

k-ßƒ eLq-I-cn-°m≥ aXsØ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n

Ahn-S-Øp-Im¿ Nn¥n-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ. F∂m¬, Ah-

cpsS aX-ta-[m-hn-I-fp-sSbpw kmaq-lnI-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cp-sSbpw Ic-

ß-fn¬\n∂v ISn-™m¨ ]q¿Wambpw \jvS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿°v

]mfw ]ng-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ B \mK-cn-I-X°v AXns‚ kzm`m-

hnI \miw kw`hn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Cu tLmc-hn-]Øv Znt\\ cq£X

]m]n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.

kmam\y-P-\-ß-fpsS [m¿anI \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm-\p≈ am¿K-

sa∂ \ne°v, bqtdm-∏ns\ aX-Øn-te°p aS-ßm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv

Iayq-Wn-k-tØm-Sp≈ hnap-J-Xbpw AXns‚ ]Nmc-WsØ kw_-

‘n® hn`m-¥n-bp-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]t£, ]Sn-™m-dp-Im-cn¬ Iayq-Wn-

k-Øns‚ ]hm--lsØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ aXw- ]-cym-]vX-a-√m-Xm-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬, aX-an-∂-hnsS Gsd Zp¿_e-am-Wv.

]m›mXy kwkvIm-c-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS ]Nm-c-W-^-e-ambn AXn-s\-∏‰n

Bg-Øn¬ kwibw P\n°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ kmº-

Øn-Ihpw kmaq-lnI-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS Iayq-Wn-ksØ ]Xn-

tcm-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Imc-Ww, ]m›mXy ss[j-WnIXt]mse ùXn-

I-am-X-amb bp‡n-hm-Zhpw ]Zm¿YsØ amXta a\- n-em-°p-∂p≈q;

AXn¬ Xr]vXn-b-S-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Iayq-Wn-kw-t]mepw Cu \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Zpc-¥-

16

kr-jvSnbpw £pZ-k-¥-Xn-bp-asX; ]m›mXy kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]m]-

ß-fn¬\n-∂v DS-se-Sp-ØXpw hn]-Øp-I-fn¬\n-∂p- hym-]n-®-Xpw.

18˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv am¿Ivkn-s‚bpw FwK¬kn-s‚bpw XØz-

imkvXw P∑-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. P¿a≥Im-c-\mb PqX-∑mcm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿.

a\p-jy\pw Ahs‚ a\- -am-[m-\-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ hºn® hnS-hp-I-fp-

≠m-°pIhgn Ah¿ Imcy-ß-sfms° Ipg-∏-Øn-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Iayq-Wnkw ssZh-Ønepw ac-Wm-\-¥-c -Po-hn-X-Øn-epap≈ hnizmkw

XI¿Øp. am\h Ncn-Xm-cw`w apX-en-t∂mfw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS s]mXp-

k-am-[m-\-Øn-\m-[m-c-ambn \ne-\n∂ [m¿an-I-aq -ey-ß-tfm-Sp≈

B`napJyw C√m-Xm-°n. \h-PmX Iayq-Wn-Ãv B-Z¿i-Øn\v Hcp

cmjvShpw e`n-®p. A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw apsº-∂-tØ-

°m-fp-ap-b¿Øp-∂-Xn-¬ AXv hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, ùXn-

I-amb XØz-im-kvXw-sIm≠v kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-I-sf-t∏mepw,

Ahsc _m[n® hnhn-[-Xcw Akz-ÿ-XI-fn¬\n∂pw am\-kn-Ihpw

kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb òXn-I-fn¬\n∂pw c£n-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-™n-

√. C\n-sbm´p Ign-bp-Ibpan√. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf hna¿in-®m¬ Xß-

fpsS KXn F¥m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂ `bw ]P-I-fn¬ -AXv ASn-t®¬]n-®n-

cn-°p-∂p. Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿ń-bnse AwK-ßsf Bth-in® `bw km[m-

cW ]uc-t‚-Xn-s\-°mƒ At\-I-an-cń IqSp-X-e-sX. ]m¿ń AwK-

ßƒ°v Xß-fpsS ]c-tam-∂X t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ A`n-]m-b-ßsf

i‡n-bmbn ]n¥p-W°p-Ibpw A‘-ambn \ymbo-I-cn -°p-Ibpw

sNømw. As√-¶n¬ kz¥w ih-°pgn tXSmw.

`b-Øn\pw hn`m-¥n°pw hn]-Øn\pw kzm¿Y-X°pw iXp-X-°p-

sa-Xnsc a\-pjy≥ kq£n-®p-sh-®n-cp∂ Ah-km-\sØ Bbp-[w-IqSn

ssZh-sØbpw aX-sØbpw \ntj-[n-°p-I-hgn Iayq-WnÃv ]Xy-b-

imkvXw \in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ AXns‚ `c-W-Iq-

S-ßƒ tkz—m-[n-Im-c-hmgvNbn-eq-sS-bpw tNmc-s°m-Xn-]q≠ ]tIm-]-

\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Xß-fpsS Iogn-ep≈ ]P-Isf Hcp]‰w a\p-jy-ar-K-

ß-fm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. a‰v am\ykaq-l-ßƒ°p-≈-Xp-t]mse kzX-¥-amb

BK-lm-`n-em-j-ßtfm DZm-Ø-amb BZ¿i-ßtfm aln-X-amb taml-

ßtfm Ah¿°n-√.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ apX-em-fnØw, Iayq-Wnkw F∂o Nnd-Ip-I-fp-]-tbm-

Kn®v ]m›m-Xy-\m-K-cn-IX a\p-jys‚ kzmÿyhpw kam-[m-\hpw

kwXr-]vXnbpw sISp-Øn-°-f-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ùXn-I-t£-ssa-iz-cy-ß-

sf-bmWv AXv AXyp-∂X e£y-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-

∂Xv ]m]n-°m≥ ]‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]cm-Pn-X-\mbn Pohn-°mw. Ahn-sS-

17

sb-Øn-t®¿∂m¬ Akz-ÿ-Xbpw aSp∏pw hnc-‡nbpw G‰p-hm-ßmw.

Bfl-l-Xy-bn-eq-sS-b-√msX AsXm-´-h-km-\n-°p-I-bp-an-√.

Nne ip -kq-N-\-Iƒ

B[ymfln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ Xß-fpsS

\mK-cn-I-Xsb _m[n® Zohmfn ]m›m-Xy¿°n∂v icn°pw t_m[y-

am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cn-e-[nI t]cpw At\z-j-W-hy-K-X-tbmsS ]uc-

kvXy-cn-te°v Xncn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS aX-Z¿i-\-ß-

fn¬\n-∂v, Xß-fpsS Bflo-b-amb iq\yX \nIØn alnX-amb a\p-

jy-Xz-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ h√Xpw e`n-°ptam F∂Xm-W-h-cpsS

]Xo£. AXn-\m-e-h¿˛hn-injym Ata-cn-°°m¿˛_p≤-a-Xhpw _lm-

bn-khpw Bt«jn-°p-∂Xv A¬]w-t]mepw AZv`p-X-I-c-a-√. F∂m¬,

Ckvemw ]pW-cp∂ ]m›m-Xy¿ s]mXpsh c≠p Xc-°m-cmWv-˛ AXn-

eqsS a\x-kw-Xr]vXn t\Sp-∂-hcpw, Bflm-hns‚ A¥¿Zmlw ian-

∏n-°p-∂-h-cpw.

^pBZv (C-t∏m-gsØ ssItdm) k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Cw•ojv

s]m^-k-dm-bn -cp -∂p, BwKe Hmdn -b‚-en -Ãmb A_q-_-Iv¿.*ssItdm-hnse Xma-k-°m-e-ØmWv At±lw Ckvemw kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

e≠≥ tZiob KŸm-e-b-Ønse ]uckvXy hn`m-K-Øns‚ Imcy-

Z¿in-bm-bn At±lw ]n∂oSv tkh\a\p-jvTn-°p-I-bp≠mbn. Xs‚

Ckvemw Bt«-jW IY hnh-cn-°th B \h-apkvenw ]d-bp-I-bp-

≠m -bn : ""]m›mXy

\mK-cn-IX kI-e-hn[ tijvT-Xbpw kuµ-cyhpw hn\-jvS-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p.''

Rm≥ tNmZn®p: ""tijvT-Xbpw am\y-Xbpw AXv hn\-jvS-am-°n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ F\n°p kwi-b-an-√. F∂m¬ kuµcyw Aß-

s\-bmtWm? kuµcyw kwc-£n-°p∂ kap-∂X \mK-cn-I-X-sb∂

\ne-°m-Wt√m P\-ß-f-Xns\ ImWp-∂Xv? ]Ir-Xn, thj-ßƒ, \K-

c-ßƒ, `h\-ßƒ, h\n-X-Iƒ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw kuµ-cyw......''

""tNX-\-bpsS tNtXm-lm-cn-Xbpw ss\k¿Kn-I-amb kwth-Z-\-ti-

jnbpw krjvSn-bpsS kuµ-cyhpw AXv ]q¿W-ambpw \in-∏n-®n-cn-

°p∂p'' ˛ At±lw Xd-∏n-®p-]-d-™p.

1956˛se Kojva-Im-eØv Rm≥ ]mco-knse ]≈n-bn¬ PpapA

]kwKw \n¿h-ln-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]hm-N-Is‚ P∑-Zn\ kvac-W-

Iƒ Ab-hn-d-°th Ckvem-ans‚ Icp-Wm-a-bhpw \oXn-\n-jvT-hp-amb

18

* Hm¿a-°p-dn-∏p-Itfm a‰p tcJ-Itfm ssIh-i-an-√mØ, hnZq-c-tZ-i-Øp-sh-®mWv Rm\n-sX-gp-Xp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ BwKe \maw tN¿°m≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√.

ssItdm bqWn-th-gvk-‰C s]m^-k¿am¿°n-S-bn¬ ]kn-≤-\m-W-t±-lw.** 1968-˛-emWv CsX-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.

ktµi-sØ-°p-dn®v Rm≥ hni-Z-ambn kwkm-cn-®p. Ckvem-ans‚ hnP-

b-ß-fnepw `c-W-ta-J-e-I-fnepw AXv F∆n[w ]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

hy‡-ambn hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. H∏w A¬Po-cn-b≥ ka-chpw

AXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ c‡-cq-jn-X-amb sImSpw-Iq-c-X-Ifpw Fs‚

\ninX hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-bn. ]≈n-bn-se-Ønb ]e-cp-ambpw

]kw-Km-\-¥cw Rm≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. Iq´-Øn¬ tdma-°m-c-\mb

apkvX^m hn¬k-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw ]mco-kn¬ C‰-en-bpsS

cmjvS-]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv Ckvemw Bt«-jn-°p-Ibpw \b-

X-¥-]-h¿Ø-\ß-fp-t]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ** At±lw

Bflm¿Y-XtbmSpw BZ¿i-Xo-h-X-tbmSpwIqSn Ckvemw kzoI-cn®

Hcp-kwLw ^©v bphm-°-fpsS t\Xm-hm-Wv. B kwL-sØ- w-_-

‘n®v A[n-I-amcpw Adn-bp-I-bn-√. BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ Ah¿ apkvX-

^-bpsS ho´n¬ HØp-Iq-Sp∂p. ]uc-kvXy-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ sh≈ hkvX-

ß-fmWv Ah-c-Wn-bm-dp-≈Xv. Nne bphm-°-sf√mw at\m-l-c-ambn

XmSn hf¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿ hnip≤ KŸw hmbn-°pIbpw

Ckvem-anI ]T-\-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. apkvX-^m-

hn¬k¨ Ft∂mSp ]d™p: ""Xß-fpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb apt∂-‰-ß-

fn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ ]I-Sn-∏n® Imcp-Wy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nß-fpsS

`mjWw ihn-®p. Ckvem-ans‚ ta¬ ]m›mXy¿ sh®p-sI´p∂ Iqc-

Xbpw \n¿Z-b-Xzhpw \ntj-[n-°-emhmw \nß-fpsS e£yw. F∂m¬

AXn\v AX-sbm∂pw ]bm-k-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. Hmtcm P\-X°pw Nne

]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠v. Imcp-Wy-sØ- w-_-‘n® ]m›m-Xy-cpsS I]S-

amb ]Nmc-W-amWv Ah-cpsS ]I-S-amb ]tXy-I-X.''

^©p-Im-cmb Cu bph-ap-kvenw-I-tfmSv Nne Ad_v kplr-Øp-

°ƒ Ckvem-ans‚ al-Øz-sØbpw, ]ptcm-Ka\ ]In-b-I-tfmSp cN-

\m-fl-I-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°m\pw kl-K-a\w sNøm-\p-ap≈ AXns‚

khntij tbmKy-X-sbbpw kw_-‘n®v kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Hc-

d_v cmPy-Øp-sh-®mWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p tXm∂p-amdv i‡n-

bm¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Sm¶p-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw hnam-\-ßƒ

kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw Iq´-Øn¬ Ah¿ ]cm-a¿in-

®p. At∏mƒ ^©v bphm-°-fn-sem-cmƒ ]d™p: ""ktlm-Z-cm, ]Sn-

™m-d≥ \mK-cn-IX t]mcm-´-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]S-t°m-∏-pI-fn-eq-sSbpw

RßfpsS Rc-ºp-Isf Xf¿Øn-b-Xn-\m-emWv Rßƒ AXn-t\mSv

hnS]d™v Ckvem-an¬ A`bw tXSn-b-Xv. Rß-fpsS Bflm-°sf

hln-®v, Rß-fnse a\p-jyXzw \in-∏n®v, tIhe `uXn-I-X-sIm≠v

tZtl-—-Isf DtØ-Pn -∏n -°p -I-bm -WXv sNbvX-Xv . AXn -\m¬

Ckvemans‚ Bflob hiw Rßƒ°v hnh-cn-®p-X-cn-I. Rßƒ am\p-

jnI al-Xzhpw Bflim¥nbpw Z¿in-°p-∂Xv AXn-emWv.''

19

akvXn-jvI-X-cw-K-ß-sf-∏‰n ]tXyI ]T\w \S-Øm-\mbn ]mco-

kn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ kzn‰vk¿e-‚ vImcn s]Ïpń Rß-tfmSv ]d-

bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""Rm≥ ]mh-s∏´ Hcp bph-Xn-bm-Wv. Fs‚ ho´p-Im-c-

b-°p∂ ]Ww Cu "hymh-km-bnI' \K-c-Øn¬ Fs‚ ]mW≥ \ne-

\n¿Øm≥-t]mepw ]cym-]vX-a-√. CsXmcp hrØn-sI´ ]´-W-am-sW∂v

\nßƒ°-dn-bm-a-t√m. Cu \Kcw a\p-jys\ Zpcm-K-lhpw hni-∏p-

ap≈ arK-am°n am‰p∂p. \nXy-hr-Øn-°mbn h√ hońepw the-°m-cn-

bmbn \n¬°m-sa-s∂-\n°p tXm∂n. ]uckvXy IpSpw-_-ß-sf-bmWv

Rm≥ kao-]n-®-Xv. ImcWw Fs‚ am\yXbpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw am\n-

°p∂ [m¿anIm-¥-co£w AhnsS e`n-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ ]Xo-£n-®p.

Aßs\ Znt\\ \n¿WnX kabw tPmen sNøm-sa∂ hyh-ÿ-bn¬

Hcn-¥y≥ IpSpw-_-hp-ambn Icmdn-te¿s∏-´p. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Fs‚

Dt±iyw k^-e-am-bn-√. Ahsc-sb√mw sh≈-°m-cpsS Bflm-°ƒ

Bth-in-®n-cp-∂p.''

Bflo-b-Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°p≈ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS aS-°-bm-X°p

XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Nne kqN-\-I-fm-Wn-h. ùXnI \mK-cn-IX

kz¥w PohnX-Øn¬ Hgp-°n-hn´ thZ-\-bp-sSbpw hn`m-¥n-bp-sSbpw

hnc-k-X-bp-sSbpw sISp-\o-cp-d-h-Iƒ Ah¿°v aSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. k¥p-

en-X-amb kao-]-\hpw, B[ym-Xvan-Ihpw [m¿anI-hp-amb t_m[-hp-

ap≈ apgp-h≥ ]m›m-Xy-cp-sSbpw kwkm-c-Øn¬ AXv ]I-S-ambn

ImWmw.

\ΩpsS _m[yX

am\-h-cmin Z¿in-®-Xn¬ sht®-ddhpw Db¿∂ ùXn-I-Po-hnXw

]Sn™md≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, \mw t\ctØ

a\ n-em-°n-b-t]mse a\p-jys\ hnP-b-hn-lm-b- n-te-°p-b¿Øm≥

AXp-amXw aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. ùXnI ]ptcm-KXn ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw

t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w DZm-Ø-amb BXvao-b-Po-hnXw

IqSn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ Hcp ]pØ≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bm-Wn-∂m-h-iyw. AXn\v

BXvao-b-X-sbbpw ùXn-I-X-sbbpw ka-RvP-k-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-

°m≥ km[n -°-Ww. c≠n-\p -an -S -bn¬ XnI™ k¥p-en -XXzw

]pe¿Øp-Ibpw thWw. H∂v as‰m-∂ns\ adn-I-S-°-cpXv. CØ-c-samcp

\mK-cn-IX Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bptam? Cu _m[yX \n¿h-ln-°m≥

GsX-¶nepw kaq-l-Øn\v km[n-°ptam?

]mivNm-Xy-tem-I-Øn\v Cu ZuXyw Gs‰-SpØp \S-ØpI km[y-

a√. ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw ùXn-I-i-‡n-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-ß-fn-em-WXv

\ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv; icn-X-s∂. ]t£ BXvao-b-cw-K-sØ -]-X\w

20

AXns‚ apgph≥ tbmKy-X-Ifpw \in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. D±n-jvS-kam[m\-

Øn-te°pw DXvIr-jvS-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°pw temIsØ \bn-°m≥ C∂v

AXns‚ ]°¬ H∂p-an-√.

Iayq-Wnkv‰v temI-Øn\v Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥

AX-t]mepw km[y-a-√. Imc-Ww, BXvao-b-X-tbmSpw aX-aq-ey-ß-

tfmSpw kZm-Nmc kn≤m-¥-ß-tfmSpw kacw ]Jym-]n®v tIhe `uXn-

I-X-bn¬ B≠n-d-ßnb ]Xy-b-im-kvX-am-WXv. ]mivNmXycpw ]uc-

kvXy-cp-amb Cu c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw Xe°p apI-fn¬ Ah-cpsS

\mK-cn-IX XI¿∂p-ho-gp-∂-Xp-hsc temI-Øns‚ Akz-ÿ-Xbpw

Akw-Xr-]vXnbpw Ah¿ ]¶p-sh-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.

hnK-lm-cm-[-\m-]-c-amb ]uc-kvXy-a-X-ßƒ°pw Cu _m[yX

Gs‰-SpØv \S-ØpI km[y-a-√. Imc-Ww, bYm¿Y \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

P\\w bpIvXn-_-‘p-c-amb PvRm\-Øn¬\n∂pw kp_-≤-amb Nn¥-

bn¬\n-∂p-am-Wv. bmYm-kvYn-Xn-I, aqV hnizm-k-ß-tfm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v

AXns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-b-sX. hnK-lm-cm-[\ CØcw ss[j-WnI

kao-]-\ß-fp-sS-sbms° iXp-hm-Wv. ]Xo-£nX \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ cN-

\m-fl-Ihpw \n¿am-W-]-c-hp-amb B[ymXvanI-X-bm-Wm-h-iyw. a\p-jy-

]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hf¿®-bp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-´p-t]m-Im≥ AXn-\p-am-Xsa

km[n°q. F∂m¬, ]uc-kvXy-amb hnK-lm-cm-[\ a\p-jys\ apc-Sn-

∏n-°p∂ \ntj-[m-Xva-I-amb B[ym-flnIXbn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. AXv

Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fn¬\n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sp-Ibpw I¿Ø-hy- \n¿hl-W-

Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-aS-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `uXnI hf¿®sb amen-\y-ambn

IW-°m-°p-∂p. AØcw amen-\y-ß-fn¬\n∂v apIvXn t\Sp-Ibpw Ah-

s°-Xn-cn¬ A¶w-sh-´p-Ibpw thW-sa∂ hmZ-am-W-h-°p-≈-Xv.

AXn-\m¬ Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\p amXta D±njvS \mK-cnI _m[yX

\nd-th-‰m≥ Ignbq˛ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-am-W-Xv. \mfsØ \mK-cn-I-X-

bpsS \n¿am-Xm-°-fm-hm≥ \ap-°-√msX a‰m¿°pw km[y-a-√. AXns‚

ImcW-ß-fn-h-bm-Wv.

1. \mK-cn-I-X-IfpsS \n¿am-W-Øn\v \nZm-\hpw klm-b-I-hp-amb

Hcp aXm-Z¿iw \ΩpsS hi-ap-≠v. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-

X-am-WXv. kz—hpw kap-÷z-ehpw kºq¿Whpw kap-∂-X-hp-amb

GI-ssZ-hXzw. AXv Adn-hns‚ BZ¿i-am-Wv. _p≤nsb BZ-cn-°p-

Ibpw Nn¥m-io-esØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°pIbpw \nKq-V-X-I-fpsS aqSp-

]-S-ßƒ hen®p-Io-dp-Ibpw sNbp∂ BZ¿iw. am\yhpw anX-hp-amb

am\p-jnI kz`mh-ß-fpsS kn≤m-¥-am-W-Xv. Hcp-Xcw Xoh-Xbpw

AXn-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Bbmk-c-ln-X-ß-fmb \nb-a-ß-fmWv AXv B-

hn-jvIcn-°p-∂-Xv. apgph≥ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw \∑-bm-WXv ap∂n¬ ImWp-

21

∂Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ t£a-Øn-sem-Xp-ßp∂ hy‡n-bpsS \∑-bpw,

hyIvXn-bpsS KpW-Øn\p lm\n-h-cp-ØmØ kmaq-ln-I-t£-a-hpw. H∏w

am\-h-cm-in-bpsS \∑°v klm-b-I-amb kmap-Zm-bnI \∑bpw AXv

kw`m-h\ sNøp-∂p. Aß-s\, h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw

tijvT-X-Iƒ°pw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°pw £Xw hcp-Øp-Itbm Ah-

bpsS A¥ v l\n-°p-Itbm sNøm-sX-Øs∂ a\p-jy-cm-in-s°m-

´msI AXv \∑ Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂p.

2. cN-\m-Xva-Ihpw krjvSn-]-c-hp-amb B[ym-XvanI kn≤m-¥-

Øns‚ hIvXm-°-fmWv \mw. AXv ssZhn-I-am-Wv. t]m¿°-f-Ønse

]S-bm-fn-bnepw mIvS-dn-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-bnepw ]mT-im-e-bnse A[ym-

]-I-\nepw Kth-j-Wm-e-b-Ønse Zm¿i-\n-I-\nepw \ymb-]o-T-Ønse

PUvPn-bnepw Hm^okv tPmen-bn¬ hym]r-X-\mb DtZym-K-ÿ-\nepw

t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ \mb-I-\nepw AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\ßƒ ]I-S-

ambn ImWmw. Ifn-bnepw Imcy-Ønepw, \S-Ø-Ønepw \ndpØ-

Ønepw, ]I-enepw ]mXn-cm-hnepw, Bbm-k-Ønepw A\m-bm-k-Ønepw,

B\-µ-Ønepw Akzm-ÿy-Ønepw AXns‚ km∂n[yw A\p-`-h-s∏-

Spw. AXv a\p-jys\ kºq¿W-X-bpsS kap-∂X koa-I-fn-te-°p-

b¿Øp-∂p. a\p-jy-s\bpw Ah≥ Pohn-°p∂ `qan-sbbpw Ahs‚

Iq´p-Im-cmb P\-ß-sfbpw krjvSn® ssZhsØbpw Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p.

Cu alm-]-]-©hpw AXnse Hcp LS-I-amb a\p-jy\pw AtX

kjvSm-hn-\p-amXw Iogvs∏´p Pohn-°-W-sa-∂v A-\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.

3. AXyp-Zm-Ø-amb \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \n¿an-Xn°v \mw i‡-cm-

sW∂v t\c-tØXs∂ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-

∏-d-™mepw ]N-cn-∏n-®mepw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX ]mivNmXy \mK-cn-

I-X-sb-°mƒ ]e-\n-e°pw sa®-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv kXyw.

P\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ \n oa-amb Zb, kz`m-h-Ønse am\y-X, `c-W-Ønse

\oXn, Pohn-X-Ønse DZm-Ø-amb ssNX-\yw, hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-

fnse apgp-h≥ kaq-l-ßsf-°mfpw kap-∂-X-amb \ne-hmcw Ch-bn-

sem-s°bpw ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw Nn¥m-]-c-hp-amb ]n∂m-°m-hÿ \ne-

\n-∂n-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ aln-Xhpw taml-\-hp-amb am\p-jnI

kwXr]vXn krjvSn°m≥ \ap°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ imkvXob

]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw \hw-\-h-ß-fmb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fp-sSbpw C°m-

eØv \ap-°Xv \njv]-bm-k-a-sX.

\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ISn-™m¨ ]nSn-°p-∂Xv \mam-sW-¶n¬ iq\ym-

Im-i-k-©mcw ssZh-\n-tj[Øns‚ ]Nm-c-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-°p-

I-bn√. \mw kzmbØ-am-°p∂ ka-c-km-a-Kn-Iƒ cmjvS-ß-sfbpw

kaq-l-ß-sfbpw XI¿Øv Ahsb kz¥w B⁄m-\p-h¿Øn-I-fm-

22

°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bn√. \ΩpsS ]t£-]W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ P\-

ßsf hgn-]n-g-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√. ssewKn-Im-kIvXn hf¿Øn

Acm-P-IXzw krjvSn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-

I-bn-√. kvXoIsf tIhew t`mK-h-kvXp-°-fm°n Xcw-Xm-gvØp-I-bn-

√. ]n∂m° hn`m-K-ßsf NqjWw sNøm\pw Ahsc Ah-a-Xn-°m\pw

Ah-cpsS hn`-h-ßƒ X´n-sb-Sp-°m\pw \mK-cnI ]ptcm-KXn D]-tbm-

K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-an√.

]mivNm-Xy¿°p tijw \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS [zP-hm-l-I-cm-Im≥

A¿l-X-bp≈ GI-k-ap-Zmbw \mam-sW-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Im-c-W-

ß-fm-Wnh. ]bm-k-ßƒ t]m°n am\-h-cm-in°v kam-[m-\hpw kzÿ-

Xbpw im¥nbpw \¬Ip∂ \hy-am-sbmcp \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-cn°pw AXv.

\ΩpsS BZ¿i-Øns‚ aqe-]-am-W-ß-fn-te°v \mw Xncn-®p-sN-

∂m¬, B[p-\nI am\-hn-IX Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \mK-cnI _m[yX \nd-

th-‰m≥ CXc -P-\-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-sf-°mƒ \ap-°m-W¿l-X-sb∂v ssZhn-

I-KŸw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. h¿Ko-btam hwio-btam Bb

\ΩpsS khn-ti-j-X-sIm-≠√ AXv. Ckvemw Hcn-°epw AwKo-I-cn-

°mØ anYy-I-fm-W-h. adn®v \ma-Xn-\¿l-cm-hp-∂Xv apI-fn¬ hnh-

cn® auen-IIm-c-W-ß-fm-e-sX.

hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p: ""\nßƒ P\-ßƒ°mbn \ntbm-Kn-

°-s∏´ DØa kap-Zm-b-am-Wv. \nßƒ \∑ I¬]n-°p-∂p; Xn∑

hntcm[n-°p∂p. A√m-lp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''(3:110)

\ΩpsS BZ¿i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw kz`m-h-ß-fpsS ta∑-

Ifp-am-Wn-Xv tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

as‰mcp kq‡-Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWmw: ""`qan-bn¬ \ma-h¿°v

B[n]Xyw \¬In-bm¬ \a-kvImcw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-hcpw kImØv

sImSp-°p-∂-hcpw \∑ I¬]n-°p-∂-hcpw Xn∑ hntcm-[n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-

W-h¿.''(22:41)

hnip≤ Jp¿B\n¬ thsd-sbm-cn-S-Øn-ßs\ hmbn°mw: ""\nßsf

\msamcp a[y-a-k-ap-Zm-b-am-°n. \nßƒ P\-ßƒ°v km£n-I-fm-hm≥

th≠n; ]hm-N-I≥ \nßƒ°v km£n-bm-hm\pw.''(2:143)

ZuXy\n¿h-l-W-Øn\v \sΩ t]cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS˛ kXy-

Øn-s‚bpw kpIr-X-Øn-s‚bpw kap-∂X kc-Wn-bn-te°v am\-h-k-

aq-lsØ kZm \bn-°p-I-sb∂ al-Ømb ZuXyw. AXv GsX-¶nepw

ImetØm tZitØm Xe-ap-d-bntem ]cn-an-X-a-√.

hn[n-bpsS hnfn°v DØcw \¬In-b-t∏mƒ Hcn-°¬ \mw ]Xm-I-

tb¥n; Hcn-°¬ amXw. At∏mƒ \mw am\-h-cm-insb k∑m¿K-Øn-

23

s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn-s‚bpw thZn-bn-te°p \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]n∂oSv \mw B ]XmI Xmsg-sh®v ZuXy\n¿h-l-W-Øn¬\n∂v HmSn-

sbm-fn-®p. F∂m-enXm Cu ssZhnI kq‡-ßƒ ho≠pw \tΩm-Sm-h-

iy-s∏-Sp-∂p, c≠m-a-sXm-cn-°¬°qSn B ]XmI hln-°m≥; ]pXp-

Xmbn ]Imi\mfw sImfpØn-sh-°m≥. Aßs\ \ap°v Bi-¶-

bp-sSbpw Akz-ÿ-X-bp-sSbpw tZtlNvObp-sSbpw AI-a-Øn-s‚bpw

\ncm-i-X-bp-sSbpw \nµyX-bp-sSbpw A‘-Im-c-ß-fn-e-e-bp∂ P\-k-

aq-lßsf tamNn-∏n-°mw. _m[yXm \n¿h-l-W-Øn\v \mw cwK-sØ-

Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Ah-ew_w Bfl-l-Xy -am-X-am-Wv-˛-D-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw

hnj-Zm-h-I-ß-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hy‡n-I-fpsS Bflm-lp-Xnbpw

B‰w, sslU-P≥ t_mw_p-Ifp]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ kaq-l-ß-fpsS

Iq´mb Bfl-l-Xybpw.

\mw apt∂m´v

\hy-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS hnπ-h-Im-lfw apg°n \mw cwKØp

hcp-∂Xv c≠v hn`mK-°m¿ \nµm-]q¿hw ho£n-°p-∂p.

1. ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X°v hnSp-the sNøp-∂-h¿. ]Sn-™m-dp-Im-

cp-ambn InS-]n-Sn-°m≥ ]m]vX-cmWv \msa∂ hnizmkw t]mepw

Ah¿°v \jvS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]m›m-Xy¿°v \m-b-IXzw \¬Ip-I-sb-

∂Xv Ah¿°v Nn¥n-°m≥t]mepw km[y-a-√. ]m›m-Xy-cpsS ]ng®

Nn¥-Iƒ t]dn ]t‰ ]cn-£o-Wn-X-cm-bn-´p-≠v Ah¿ F∂-Xp-Xs∂

Imc-Ww. A√m-lp-hns‚ A\p-K-l-Øm¬ AØ-c-°m-cpsS AwK-

kwJy A¬]m¬]w Ipd-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. B \m-K-cn-I-X-

bpsS A\¿Y-ßfpw Zpc-¥-^-e-ßfpw Bfp-I-fn¬ Bg-Øn¬

kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p; Zp¿_e P\-hn-`mKßfn¬ hnti-jn-

®pw. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ \Ωp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Btem-N\m

ioehpw cmjvSo -b-t_m-[hpw ip`-kq-N-I-a -sX. Xo¿®-bmbpw

]m›mXy kmam-Py-Xz- hn-I-k-\-tam-ln-I-fpsS cmjvSo-b-kzm-[o-\-

ßƒ°v i‡n Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. ]kvXpX kzm[o-\-Øn¬-\n∂p ]pd-

Øp-I-S-°pI Akm-[y-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p∂ cmjvSob t\XrXzw \mam-

h-tijamhp-I-bm-Wv. ]m›m-Xy≥ "]cn-jvIrX' \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]nSn-

Øhpw H´pw sshImsX Xo¿®-bmbpw £bn-°pw. kzX¥-Nn-¥-bpsS

h‡m-°-sf∂v kzbw Du‰w-sIm-≈p∂ ]kvXpXhn`mKw bYm¿Y-

Øn¬ Nn¥m-]-c-amb ]m∏-c-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-a-Ø-Øn-s‚-bpw AXn-

\o-N-amb ]IS\ß-fmWv ImgvNsh°p-∂-Xv.

2. ]bm-k-tl-Xp-I-amb ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \mi-Øn¬

hnizkn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]pXn-sbmcp \mK-cn-I-X-bp-ambn cwK-sØ-

24

Øm≥ \ap°p km[n-°p-sa∂v hnizkn-°m-Ø-h¿. \mapw ]m›m-Xy-

cp-am-bp≈ A\¬]-amb A¥cw ImWp-tºmƒ \hy-am-sbmcp \mK-

cn-I-X-bpsS \mbI-Xz-ta¬°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah-

cpsS ho£W-Øn¬ anYym-k-¶¬]hpw ]mgvkz-]v\hpw amX-am-Wv.

F∂m¬, ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]X-\hpw H∏w \mK-cnI

\mbIXzw \Ωn¬ hs∂-Øepw shdpw ]tØm Ccp-]tXm AºtXm

h¿jw-sIm≠v km[n-X-am-Ip-sa∂ hmZsam∂pw \ap-°n-√. Hmtcm

\mKcn-I-X-bp-sSbpw D∞m-\-]-X-\-ßƒ°v ]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Imc-W-

ß-fp-≠v. Ah°v am‰-an-√. `Z-am-sbmcp tIm´-bpsS ASn-Ø-d°v hn≈-

te-‰m¬ AXns‚ `Z-Xsb AsXm-cn-°epw _m[n-®n-ń-s√∂v Ipsd-

°mew Bfp-Iƒ°p tXm∂pw. bYm¿YØn-eXv XI¿®-bn-te°v

\oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp \mƒ AXv XI¿∂v \new-s]m-Øpw.

DW¿∂p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Xn‡-amb Nne kXy-ß-fmWv \sΩ

Xpdn®p-t\m-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS Nne \mSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v kmam-Py-i-‡n-

Iƒ \sΩ Bń-tbm-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bń-

∏m-bn-°m≥ ]mSp-s]´v ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn -°p-I-bmWv. ]m›mXy

ta¬t°m-bva-bpsS ]pXn-b kw-kvImcw ASnt®¬]n® Pohn-X-co-Xn-

I-fm-Wv \ma-`y-kn-°p-Ibpw Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. B

kwkvIm-c-amWv \ΩpsS \mSpI-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ]Sn-

™m-d≥ \mSp-I-fn-ep-≠m-°nb D¬]-∂-ß-fmWv \ap-°njvSw. Pohn-

X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-sa-Ø-emWv \ΩpsS e£yw.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ \man-t∏mƒ th≠Xv Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI am\-Z-

WvUw Aw-Ko -I-cn -°p-I-bmWv; ]pXnb \mK-cn -I-X-bp -≠m-°nb

]bmkßfpw \ΩpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-

®p-sIm-≠p≈ \qX\-am-sbmcp am\-ZWvUw. XpS¿∂v \ΩpsS e£y-

sa-s¥∂pw Nph-Sp-sh-∏p-I-sf-ß-s\-bm-sW∂pw \n¿W-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

B[p-\nI \mK-cn-IXbpsS aWvU-e-Øn¬ Np‰n-°-d-ßp-I-bmtWm \mw

th≠-Xv; \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ k©-cn-°p-Ibpw Ct∏mƒ

£tbm-∑p-J-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cpsS ]nd-sI-t∏mbn

Ah-tcm-sSm-∏-sa-Øp-Ibpw Ah-sc-Øn-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-Iƒ kzbw G‰p-

hm-ßp-I-bp-amtWm \mw sNtø-≠Xv? AtXm ]tXy-I-amb ]mX sXc-

s™-SpØv A`n-\h ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Øn\p ]nW™ ]ng-hp-I-

fn¬\n∂p ap‡-cmbn kmthiw apt∂m´p t]mhp-Itbm?

ASpØ GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒsIm≠v ùXn-I-i-‡n-bn¬ ]m›m-

Xy-tcm-sSm-∏-sa-Øm≥ \ap°v km[y-a-s√-∂Xv kXyw Xs∂. Ipd™

Imew-sIm≠v IrXn-a -D-]-K-lhpw `qJ-WvUm-¥-c- tdm-°-‰p-Ifpw \ap-

°p -≠mIp -sa∂v H´pw ]Xo -£n -°m -h -X -√. GXm\pw sIm√-

25

ßƒsIm≠v \maXv kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bm¬t∏mepw At∏m-tg-°p-a-h¿

Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ _lp-Zqcw apt∂m-´p-t]m-bn-´p-≠m-hpw.

AXn-\m¬ \ap°pw apgp-h≥ am\p-jy-I-Øn\pw ]tbm-P-\-I-c-

amb ]pXnb \mK-cnI am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ kzoI-cn®v, Ign-bp-∂X Ign-

hm¿Pn-°-emWv Ic-Wo-b-amb am¿Kw. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Ah-I-amb

]mX ]n¥p-S-cm≥ \ap°v kºq¿W kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v. AXns‚ ]Xym-

Lm-X-ßfpw ]Xn-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]Tn-®-dn-bm≥ th≠X ka-b-hp-

ap-≠v. \man-∂-I-s∏´ Ipcp-°p-I-fn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-I-S∂v `mhn `mkp-

c-am-°m≥ AXmWm-h-iyw. \ΩpsS hi-ap≈Xpw kXy-sa∂v KX-Im-

em-\p-`-h-ßƒ sXfn-bn-®-Xp-amb aqey-ßfpw am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw B

am¿Kw \ap-°-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-cpw. Aßs\ ]Xo-£-bpsS s]m≥In-

c-W-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw ]Imi-c-ln-X-am-bn-ń-√m-Ø, hnπ-h-Øns‚

A·n-Pzm-e-Iƒ sI´-S-ßn-bn-ń-√mØ, I\Ø BLm-X-ß-fp-sSbpw \nc-

¥c òj-Wn-I-fp-sSbpw \m\m-hn[ h©\-I-fp-sSbpw ap∂n¬ ASn-b-

dhp ]d-™n-ń-√mØ, \ΩpsS bmXm-kw-L-Øn\v C\nbpw apt∂m´p

t]mIm≥ Ign-bpw.

Cu ISa \mw \n¿h-ln-®m¬ a\p-jy-N-cn-XsØ AXyZv`p-X-I-c-

ambn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ \ap°v km[n-®-Xp-X-s∂. F¶n¬ Gjy-bp-sSbpw

B^n°-bp-sSbpw ta¬ Bflo-bhpw [m¿an-I-hp-amb B[n-]Xyw

t\Sm≥ \ap°v Ignbpw. At∏mƒ CXc `qJ-WvU-ßsf°mƒ kzÿ-

Xbpw kam-[m-\hpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ kwPm-X-am-hp-Ibpw Ah IqSp-

X¬ ku`m-Ky]q¿Wß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. AtXmsS am¿K-

`w-i-Øn‚ ê-ambn [m¿an-I-i‡n £bn® ]m›m-Xy-temIw \Ωn-

te°p Xncn-™p-t\m-°pw. Xß-fpsS hyYbpw thZ-\bpw ian-∏n-°m-

\m-h-iy-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ Ah¿ \Ωn¬\n∂p hmßpw. Aßs\ \mK-

cn-I-X-bpsS \mb-I-Xzhpw Ncn-X-Øns‚ \nb-¥-Whpw \Ωn¬ h∂p-

tN-cpw.

Rm≥ kz]v\w ImWp-I-b√; `mh-\sb th´-bm-Sp-I-bp-a-√. Fgp-

Øp-Im-cpsS a\- p-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-t]m-ep≈ Iam-\p-K-Xn-IXzw Ncn-

X-kw`-h-ßƒ°p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. D≠m-hm-dp-an-√. \msf F¥p kw`-

hn-°p-sa∂v B¿°pw ]h-Nn-°m-\m-hn-√. temIw bmZr-NvOn-I-X-Iƒ

\nd-™-X-sX. F∂m¬ `mhnsb kw_-‘n®v kzX-¥-ambn Nn¥n-

°m≥ AsXm-cn-°epw XS- -am-th-≠-Xn-√. Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS ho£-W-

ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS i_vZ-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kap-≤m-c-I-cpsS

kwcw-`-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Ime-Øns‚ Ic-ß-fm-Wv Ncn-X-kw-`-h-ßsf

\nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xv.

\ΩpsS \mK-cnI Ncn-X-Øn¬ lrZyhpw at\m-⁄-hp-amb \nc-

26

h[n amXr-I-I-fp-≠v. ssZh-hn-izmkw, kXy-tØm-Sp≈ ]Xn-_-≤-X,

Bflhn-izmkw hf¿Ø¬, krjvSn-I-fn¬ kuµcyw Z¿in-°¬, P\-

ß-tfmSp Icp-W-Im-Wn-°¬, Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ \oXn-]p-e¿Ø¬ XpS-

ßn-b-h-sb√mw AXns‚ cN-\m-fl-I-amb Bflo-b-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ s]Sp-

∂p. PohnX bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ \Sp-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬

`mK-`m-°m-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm-∏-amWv CsX-√mw. `c-Wm-[n-ImcnIƒ, ]WvUn-

X-∑m¿, sshcmKn-Iƒ, Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿, \mb-I-∑m¿, \ymbm-[n-]-∑m¿,

hym]m-cn-Iƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, kvXoIƒ, ]pcp-j-∑m¿, bphm-°ƒ,

hr≤-∑m¿, ]W-°m¿, ]mh-s∏-´-h¿ F√m-hcpw B Bflo-b-hyh-ÿ-

bn¬ Xpey-cm-Wv. Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS ambm-tem-IØv Ign-bp-∂-h-cp-sS-b-

√, `qan-bn¬ CXc a\p-jy-tcm-sSm∏w Pohn-®-h-cpsS, am\p-jnI

kºq¿Øn-bpsS aln-X-amb amXr-I-I-fm-W-h.

cN-\m-fl-I-amb Cu B[ym-fln-I-Xz-Øns‚ tim`\ NnX-ßƒ

]pXnbtXm ]g-btXm Bb CXc \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ Is≠-Øp-I-bn-

√. KX-Ime kaq-l-ß-fn¬ Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fmb ]e-scbpw NcnXw

I≠n-´p≠v; hnZqc ]uckvXy kaq-l-ß-fn¬ hnti-jn-®pw. apKv[-amb

Bflob ssNX-\y-Øn¬ anI-®p-\n¬°p∂ ]e-scbpw \ap-°n∂pw

ImWmw. F∂m¬ Chcpw Ah-cp-sams° \mK-cn-IXtbmSv \ntj-[m-

flI kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-®Xpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xpw. AXns‚ \n¿an-

Xn-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm-\-h¿ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p. aTß-fnepw ac-aq-´nepw ae-

ap-I-fnepw h\-K-lz-c-ß-fnepw acp-`q-an-bn-ep-am-W-h¿ hkn-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ \ΩpsS Ncn-X-Ønse Bflo-bm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ AØ-c-°m-c-√.

PohnXw sI´n-s∏m°m\p≈ ka-c-kw-cw-`-ß-fn¬ AX¿ln-°p∂ apgp-

h≥ A[zm-\-]cn-i-aßtfmSpw XymKm¿∏-W-ß-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn-bmWv

Ah¿ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xv. \mK-cn-I-X-IfpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ hnkva-

bm-h-l-amb B amXr-I-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-Xbpw al-Xzhpw AX-sX.

Ncn-X-Øns‚ hmXm-b-\-Øn-eqsS c≠m-a-sXm-cn-°¬IqSn am\y-

ambn ]th-in-°m-\mWv \map-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. kºq¿Whpw kap-∂-X-

hp-am-sbmcp `mhn-bpsS \n¿am-W-Øn\p th≠n-bm-Wn-Xv. ]nXm-°-∑m-

cp-sSbpw ]nXm-a-l-∑m-cp-sSbpw DXvIr-jvS-amb ]e ss]Xr-I-ßfpw

\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠v. Ah-cpsS hrØm-¥-ßƒ \sΩ ]pf-I-a-

Wn-bn-°p-Ibpw I¿tam-’p-I-cm-°p-Ibpw sNø-s´.

AXn-\m¬ KX-Ime Ncn-X-Ønse tim`-\-Nn-X-ßƒ \man-hnsS

A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂-Xv, ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X-sb-°mƒ DZm-Øhpw

kºq¿W-hp-amb Hcp \h\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \n¿an-Xn°v \mw i‡-

cmsW∂p sXfn-bn-°m-\mWv; ]q¿hn-I-sc-t∏mse ]pXn-sbmcp \mK-cn-

I-X-bpsS kjvSm-°-fm-hm≥ Xßƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-sW∂ hkvXpX

27

kap-Zm-b-Ønse ]pXn-b-X-e-ap-dsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw. AXn-\m¬

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bnse \nXy-l-cn-X-kva-c-W-Iƒ Ab-hn-d-°m≥

A\p-tbm-Py-amb Ah-kchpw CXp-X-s∂.

F∂m¬, \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bn-ep-≈Xp apgp-h≥ kpµ-chpw kap-

÷-e-hp-am-sW∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-sam∂pw \ap-°n-√. hogvN-I-fn-√mØ

Hscm‰ \mK-cn-I-X-tbbpw NcnXw I≠n-´n-√. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-

Xbpw CXn\-]-hm-Z-a√. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ k\m-X-\-amb

am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ßƒ i‡hpw kpµ-c-hp-am-sW∂pw F√m \yq\-X-Ifpw

Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw AXns‚-ta¬ sh®p-sI-´p-∂Xv Xosc hkvXp-Xm-]-c-

a-s√∂pw hy‡-am-°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS Dt±iyw. ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS

IÆp-Iƒ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS DZm-Ø-amb ss]Xr-I-ß-fn¬\n∂p

sX‰n-°m-\mWv ]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy-cm-

insb \mi-K¿Ø-Øn-te°p \bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kz¥w \mK-cn-

I-X-bn-te°v Ahsc BI¿jn-°-emWv e£yw. AXn-\m¬ Cu I]S

X¥w XI¿t°-≠-Xp≠v. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS \mK-cnI Ncn-X-

Øn¬ Hu∂-Xy-Øns‚ Htc-Sp-s≠-¶n¬ \yq\-X-I-fp-sSbpw tæ—-X-I-

fp-sSbpw Bbncam-bncw t]Pp-I-fpap-≠v. kz¥w kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

t\´-ßƒ ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØp∂ ]m›mXy kmam-Py-hn-I-k\ tamln-I-

fpsS D≈n-en-cp∏v ImWm-Xn-cp∂pIqSm.

a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]Imiw ]c-Øp-I-bpw Poh≥]-I-cp-

Ibpw sNbvXncp∂Xv \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v ]pXnb

Xe-ap-dsb DW¿Øm-\mWv A°m-esØ AXns‚ tim`\ NnX-ß-

fn-eqsS Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ \mw Cu IrXn-bn-eqsS A\m-h-cWw

sNøp-∂-Xv. kz¥w `qX-Im-e-a-dn-bmØ Hcp kaq-l-Øn\pw h¿Ø-am-

\-Im-eØv hnP-bw-h-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. kz¥w khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw tijvT-

X-Ifpw \ntj-[n-°p-∂-h¿°v tim`-\-amb `mhn-bn-√. `qX-sØ-°p-dn-

t®m¿Øp hn-e-]n-°p-∂Xv Ae-k-∑m-cp-sSbpw I¿a-hn-ap-J-cp-sSbpw

kz`m-h-am-Wv. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ \∑ \nd-™Xpw shfn®w hmcn-hn-X-

dp-∂-Xp-amb KX-Im-e-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xpw AXns\ AK-

Wy-am-°p-∂Xpw Akq-bm-ep-°-fp-sSbpw ]Sphn-UvVn-I-fp-sSbpw ]Ir-

X-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ ]gb \nt£-]-ßƒ

]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. \thm∞m-\-Øns‚ ]cn-WXn \n¿`-b-am-Im≥

AX-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AXns‚ hnP-b-]-Yw ]bmk-c-ln-X-am-Im≥ A-

Xv Gsd klm-b-I-hp-a-sX.

\ΩpsS \thm-∞m\w e£yw-sh°p∂ im¥n-bp-sSbpw kam-[m-

\-Øn-s‚bpw AS-bm-f-ßƒ ]I-S-am-Im≥ `qX-Ime t\´-ß-fp-ambn

AXns‚ al-Xz-ßƒ tN¿∂p-\n¬°s´! `mhn-bp-ambn AXns‚

_‘w D‰-Xm-hs´! At∏mƒ bmXm-kwLw apt∂dpw; hnShv Ah-

km-\n°pw; sI´nSw ]q¿Øn-bm-hpw.

Dt±-iy-ß-sf√mw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv A√m-lp-hm-Wv. k¿h

28

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IXtim`\ NnX-ßƒ26

AIw

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Ncn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w

a\p-jy-kvt\lw

kaXzw

kln-jvWpX

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ

Poh-Im-cpWyw

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ

ssh⁄m-\nI k -Iƒ

A\p-_‘w

temI-\m-K-cn-I-X°v Ckvem-ans‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

Ckvemw \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS hnf-`qan

27

H∂v

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsSkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

"kmwkvIm-cnI kap-∂-Xn°v a\p-jys\ klm-bn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI-

hyhÿ' F∂ \n¿h-N-\-amWv \mK-cn-I-X°v AXns‚ Ncn-X-c-N-bn-

Xm-°ƒ \¬Im-dp-≈-Xv. \mev ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv \mK-cn-IX \ne-

\n¬°p-∂-Xv: kmº-Øn-tIm¬]m-Z-\ -am¿K-ßƒ, cmjvSob hyh-ÿ-

Iƒ, [m¿anI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ, ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw Iem-]-c-hp-amb

hym]m-c-ßƒ. \mKcn-I-X-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn°v aXw, `mj, in£-Ww-

t]m-ep≈ hnhn[ t]cI-ß-fp-≠v. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ `qan-im-kvX-]-

chpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw a‰p-amb Ah-ÿ-Iƒ AXns‚ hf¿®-bn¬

hep-Xmb ]¶phln-°p-∂p.

[m¿an-Ihpw Nn¥m-]-c-hp-amb A[x]X-\-w, \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS

Aÿn-c-X, AI-a-Øn-s‚bpw Zmcn-Zy-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-ÿ, ]Xn-tj-

[-]-chpw [n°m-c-]-c-hp-amb kz`m-hw, ka¿Ycpw Bflm¿Y-X-bp-≈-

h-cp -amb t\Xm-°-fpsS A`m-hw XpS-ßn-bh \mK-cn -I-X-bpsS

hf¿®°p hnLmXwhcp-ØpIbpw ]X-\-Øn\v ]mX-sbm-cp°pIbpw

sNøp-∂p.

a\p-jym-cw`w apX¬ \mK-cn -I-X-bpsS N-cnXw XpS-ßp-∂p.

AXns‚ irwJe CS-ap-dn-bmsX XpS-cp-∂p. Hmtcm Xe-ap-d-bpw sXm´p-

h-cp-∂-h¿°v AXp ssIam-dp-∂p. GsX¶nepw `q]-tZ-i-tØmtSm P\-

hn-`m-K-tØmtSm AXn\v Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bp-an-√. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Ncn-

X-Øn¬ A¬]w Xmfp-I-sf-¶nepw Xp∂n-t®¿°mØ Hcp kap-Zm-

bhpw D≠m-Ip-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. F∂m¬, Hmtcm \mK-cn-I-Xbpw

\ne-\n¬°p∂ ASn-Ø-d-I-tf-sX∂pw Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w FX-

tØmfw al-Ø-c-am-sW∂pw Ahbn-eqsS am\-h-cmin Fs¥ms°


t\Sn-sb∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºm-gmWv Ah-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ]I-

S-am-hp-I. km¿h-eu-InI ktµ-ihpw am\pjn-I-`m-hhpw [m¿anI -ho-

£-Whpw ]mtbmKnI cq]hpw t\Snb \mK-cn-IX Ncn-X-Øn¬ \nXy-

l-cn-X-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p; A\-iz-c-amb BZ-chv B¿Pn-°p-∂p.

am\h \mK-cn -I -X-I-fpsS irwJ-e-I-fn¬ Hcp IÆn-bmWv

CkvemanI \mK-cn-I-X. AXn-\p-apºv Ht´sd \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ Ign-™p-

t]m-bn-´p-≠v. tijw XpS¿∂p hcp-∂p-ap-≠v. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

\ne-\n¬]n\v Nne LS-I-ß-fp≠v. AXns‚ Xf¿®°v GXm\pw Imc-

W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Ah hni-Zo-I-cn -°-e√ Cu N¿®-bpsS Dt±-iyw.

F∂m¬, Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tim`\ NnX-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv am\h ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS NcnXØn¬ AXp hln®

AXn-a-l-Ømb ]¶v A\mh-cWw sNøm-\m-K-ln-°p-∂p. hnizmkw,

hn⁄m-\w, kwkvIm-cw, `-c-Ww, Ie, kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb hnhn[

taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ncn-X-Øns‚ hyXykvX L´-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ tZi-ß-

fn¬ `n∂ P\-X-Iƒ°v AXp \¬Inb A\izc kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ]cn-

tim-[n-°epw AXnepƒs]Sp-∂p.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xsb kw_-‘n®p ]T\w \S-Øp-∂-hcpsS

i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p∂ khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-h-bmWv:

1. BZ¿i-]-c-amb kºq¿W GI-\m-b-I-Xz-amWv AXns‚ ASn-

Ød. A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ß-ƒ ]¶p-sh-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°mØ k¿h-i-‡-

\mb ssZh-sØ-bm-WXv ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Bcm-[n-°-s∏-SpI

Ah≥ amX-am-Wv. klmba¿Yn-°-s∏-Sp -∂-h\pw Ah≥X-s∂.

A¥ pw A]-am-\-hpw, A`n-hr-≤nbpw A[x-]-X-\-hp-sams° Ah-

¶¬\n-∂m-Wv. Ah\v A]m-]ytam Akm-[ytam Bbn H∂pw-Xs∂

BIm-i-`q-an-I-fn-en-√.

kap-∂-X-amb Cu GI-ssZ-hXz hn`m-h-\°v hºn® kzm[o-\-ap-

≠v. a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnI \ne-hm-c-ap-b¿Ø¬, NI-h¿Øn-am-cp-

sSbpw ]am-Wn-am-cp-sSbpw aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

I-fp-sSbpw ]nSnØ-Øn¬\n∂p s]mXp-P-\-ßsf tamNn-∏n-°¬, `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw `c-Wo-bcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

t]mep-≈-h-bn-se√mw AXv A\¬]-amb ]¶v hln-®n´p≠v. AXn-

eqsS kjvSmhpw ]]-©-\m-Y-\p-amb ssZh-Øn¬ ZrjvSn-Iƒ tIµoI-

cn-°-s∏-´p. BZ¿i-]-c-amb Cu khn-ti-jX Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-

bn¬ Bg-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. CXc \mK-cn-I-X-IfnteXp-

t]mse Ckvem-anI hnizm-k-Øntem Bcm-[-\m-N-S-ßp-I-fn-tem `c-

W-Im-cy-ß-fn -tem Iem-km-ln-Xy-kw-cw-` -ß-fntem _lp-ssZh

k¶¬]-Øn-s‚tbm hnK-lm-cm-[-\m-]-c-amb Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sStbm BNm-

29c-ß-fp-sStbm emRvO\-t]mepw ImWpI km[y-a-√. Ckvem-anI \mK-

cn-I-X-bn¬ tlma¿ cNn® Cen-b-Uv t]mep≈ Imhy-ßfpw hnK-lm-

cm-[-\-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ko°v kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sm-Ø-

Xns‚ Imc-Whpw AX-sX. sImØp-]-Wn-I-fnepw in¬]-hn-Zy-bnepw

Ae-¶m-c-im-kvX-Øn-epw AXn-ssh-ZKv[yw ]Z¿in-∏n-®-tXm-sSm∏w

_nw_-\n¿am-W-Ønepw NnX-c-N-\-bnepw Xm¬]cyw ]ISn-∏n-°m-Xn-

cp-∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂. _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-Øn\pw AXns‚ kIe-

hn[ Nn”-ßƒ°p-sa-Xnsc k‘n-bn-√m-k-acw ]Jym]n® Ckvemw,

]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂ XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂n-cp∂ AØcw Ie-

Iƒ°v IhmSw Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-√. alm-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]pWy-]p-cp-j-

∑m-cp-sSbpw tPXm-°-fp-sSbpw ]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]Xn-a-Iƒ

]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS amX-a-√, B[p-\n-I-\m-K-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw

]I-S-amb AS-bm-f-ß-fm-Wv. Imc-Ww, CkvemanI \mK-cn-I-X-sb-

t∏mse Ie¿∏n-√mØ GI-ssZ-h-Xzm-Z¿iØneqsS Gsd-sbm∂pw

apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥ Ah-sbm∂pw k∂-≤-a-√.

BZ¿i-Øn-ep≈ Cu GI-\m-b-IXzw Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

F√m Xe-ß-fnepw ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw \ne-\n-∂p. ]hm-N-I-Xz-Ønepw

\nb-a-\n¿amWØnepw D-t±-iy-e-£y-ß-fnepw Pohn-X-am¿K-ß-fnepw

Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-I-fnepw AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-ßƒ ]I-S-am-Wv. Ckvem-

anI Ie-I-fn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øn-b-h¿°v hnhn[ Xe-ß-fnse Cu

GI-Xm-\X ]q¿W-ambpw t_m[yambn´p-≠v. kvs]bn-\nse B\-

s°mºpw CuPn-]vXnse XpWnbpw kndn-b-bnse a¨]m-X-ßfpw Cdm-

\n-se- J-\nPßfpw FX-sbms° hyXy-kvX-ßfpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-

ß-fp-am-sW-¶nepw Ah ]Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-øp∂ `mhhpw ssienbpw

H∂p-X-s∂.

2. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS c≠m-asØ khn-ti-jX AXns‚

e£yhpw hnIm-chpw a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-am-sW-∂-X-sX. AXns‚ am\hpw

ktµ-ihpw km¿h-tZ-io-b-am-Wv. h¿K, h¿W, tZi, `mjm sshhn-

[y-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw am\-h-cmin apgp-h≥ H∂m-sW∂v AXpZvtLm-jn-

°p-∂p. A√mlp Adn-bn -°p-∂p: ""a\p-jy-tc, Hcm-Wn¬\n∂pw

s]Æn¬\n-∂p-ambn \nßsf \mw krjvSn-®p. \nßƒ At\ym\yw

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥th≠n hnhn[ h¿K-ßfpw tKmX-ß-fp-am°n. A√m-lp-

hn-¶¬ AXyp-Ø-a≥ \nß-fn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw kq£vaX ]pe¿-Øp-

∂-h-\-sX.'' (Jp. 49: 13)

km¿h-eu-InI am\pjnssIIyw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv Jp¿-B-\n-

hnsS. H∏w AXns‚ B[m-c-in-e-Iƒ kXyhpw \∑bpw am\y-X-bp-

am-sW∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ckvem-anI hnP-b-Øns‚

[zPw \m´-s∏´ P\-X-I-fn-sebpw kap-Zm-b-ß-fn-sebpw kap-∂X

Ckvem-anI\mK-cn-I-X-bpsSkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ


hy‡n-Xz-ßsf-sb√mw tIm¿Øn-W-°p∂ IÆn-bmbn AXns‚ \mK-

cn-IX h¿Øn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ckvem-ta-X-c-amb apgp-h≥ \mK-cn-I-

X-Ifpw GsX-¶nepw Htc PmXn-bnepw h¿K-Øn-epw-s]´ hy‡n-Xz-

ß-fpsS t]cn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-tºmƒ Ckvem-anI \mK-cnI ku[-

Øns‚ \n¿an-Xnbn¬ ]¶mfn-I-fmb F√m P\-X-I-fn-sebpw kap-Zm-

b-ß-fn-sebpw apgp-h≥ hy‡n-Xz-ß-fnepw apkvenw-Iƒ A`n-am-\w-sIm-

≈p-∂p. A_q-l-\o-^bpw amen°pw im^n-Cubpw AlvaZpw Jeoepw

ko_-h -b vlnbpw In≥Znbpw

K m-enbpw ^mdm-_nbpw C_v\p-dpivZpw AXp-t]m-ep-≈-hcpw `n∂-

h¿K-ß-fnepw hnhn-[-tZ-i-ß-fnepw s]´-h-cm-sW-¶nepw Ah-cn-eqsS

Ckvem-an-I -\m-K-cn-IX am\-h-cm-in°v AXyp-Zm-Øhpw A\yq-\-hp-

amb Nn¥mê-ßƒ ImgvN-sh-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

3. apgp-h≥ taJ-e-I-fnepw I¿a-a-WvU-e-ß-fnepw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-

ßƒ°v ]Y-a-ÿm-\-a-\p-h-Zn-®p-sh-∂-XmWv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-

bpsS aq∂m-asØ khn-ti-j-X. cmjvS-Øn-s‚tbm kap-Zm-b-Øn-

s‚tbm hy‡n-bp-sStbm Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n Ahsb Hcn-°epw

_en-b¿∏n-®n-√. hn[n-\ymbw, hn⁄m\w, \nb-a-\n¿am-Ww, bp≤w,

k‘n, kº-Øv, IpSpw_w F∂n-h-I-fn-se√mw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßƒ°v

khn-ti-j- ÿm-\-a\p-h-Zn-®p. ]pcm-X-\hpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb \mK-cn-

I-X-Iƒs°m∂pw B hnXm-\-Øn-te-°p-b-cm-s\-∂-√, FØn-t\m-

°m≥t]mepw Ign-™n-ń-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ a\p-jys\ ku`m-

KyØn-te°p \bn-°p∂ \mK-cn-I-X-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Ckvemw khn-

ti-j-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

4. BZ¿i-Øn¬ Atijw hn´p-hogvN A\phZn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw

Adn-hn\p ]c-a-]m-[m\yw I¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb-∂Xv Cu \mK-

cn-I-X-bpsS \mem-asØ ]tXy-I-X-b-sX. AXv _p≤n-sbbpw t_m[-

sØbpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂p. Htckabw hnNm-c-sØbpw

hnImc-sØbpw Cf-°n-hn-Sp-∂p. Ncn-X-Øn¬ as‰mcp \mK-cn-I-X°pw

Cßs\ km[n-®n-ń-√. kXy-Ønepw \oXn-bnepw ASn-bp-d®p \n∂p-

sIm≠v Hcp cmjvS-hy-hÿ \n¿an-°m≥ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X°p

km[n-®p. AtX-k-abw aX-sØbpw BZ¿i-sØbpw AXv apdp-sI-

∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmjvS-]p-tcm-K-Xnt°m \mK-cnI hnIm-k-

Ønt\m aX-sam-cn-°epw hnLmXw krjvSn--®-Xp-an-√. F∂√, aXw apgp-

h≥ t\´-ß-fp-sSbpw \nanØ-ambn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _KvZm-

Zn-sebpw ZakvI-kn-sebpw ssItdm-bn-sebpw sIm¿tZm-h-bn-sebpw

Km\-U-bn-sebpw ]≈n-`n-Øn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]Im-

i-In-c-W-ßƒ \mń-seßpw ]k-cn-∏n-®p. aXhpw cmjvShpw c≠mbn-

°m-WmØ GI-aXw Ckvem-am-Wv. F∂n´pw a[y-Ime \q‰m-≠pI-

31fn¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ kw`-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Hcp Ipg-∏hpw Ckvem-an¬ AXp-

sIm-≠p-≠m-bn-√. cmjvS-\m-b-I≥ P\-]-Xn-\n-[nbpw aX-t\-Xm-hp-am-

bn-cp-∂p. AtXmsSm∏w At±-l-Øns‚ F√m Xocp-am-\-ßfpw kXy-

Ønepw \oXn-bn-ep-a-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. aX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ ]tXy-

I- tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-h¿s°√mw A`n-]mbw ]dbmw. ]t£ \nb-a-

Øns‚ apºn¬ kI-ecpw ka-∑m¿. aX-`-‡nbpw tkh-\-k-∂-≤-X-

bp-amWv al-Xz-Øn-s‚ am\-Z-WvUw. ]hm-N-I≥ ]d™p: ""A√m-

lp-hmW! apl-Ω-Zns‚ aIƒ ^mØn-a-bmWv I´-sX-¶nepw Rm\-h-

fpsS ssI apdn-®p-I-f-bp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw.'' (_pJm-cn, apkvenw)

""krjvSn-I-sf√mw ssZh-Øns‚ Bin-X-cm-Wv. Xs‚ Bin-X¿°v

IqSp-X¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\mWv A√m-lp-hn-t\‰w ]nb-¶-c≥.''

(A¬_ m¿)

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \nZm-\-ßƒ Ch-bm-Wv. t\Xm-hnt\m aX-

]p-tcmlnX∑m¿t°m ]-am-Wn-am¿t°m ]W-°m¿t°m bmsXmcp

]tXy-I-X-bp-an-√. ""]d-bpI: Rm≥ \nßsft∏mep≈ Hcp a\p-jy≥

amX-amWv.'' (Jp. 18: 110)

5. aXm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bnepw ImW-s∏-SmØ aX

klnjvWp-X-bmWv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-j-

X. Hcp aX-Ønepw ssZh-Ønepw hniz-kn-°m-Ø-h¿ F√m aX-ß-

sfbpw H∂p-t]mse ho£n-°p-∂-Xnepw apgp-h≥ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-tfmSpw

Htc coXn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dp-∂-Xnepw AZv`p-X-an-√. F∂m¬, Xs‚ aX-

amWv kXy-sa∂pw Xs‚ BZ¿i-amWv icnbpw A\yq-\-hp-sa∂pw

hniz-kn-°p-∂-h\v hmsf-Sp-°m\pw \mSp-Iƒ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm\pw `cWw

ssIbm-fm\pw hn[n-\ymbw \S-Øm\pw th≠X Ah-kcw e`n-®n´pw,

Xs‚ aXhnizm-k-hpw BZ¿i-\n-jvTbpw A\oXn ]h¿Øn-°m\pw

AIaw ImWn-°m\pw P\-ßsf \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw aX]cn-h¿Ø\w

sNøn-°m\pw Ahs\ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ AØcw hy‡nIƒ

Ncn-X-Øn¬ AXp-ey-cmbn AXyp-∂-X-ß-fn-seØpw. Cßs\-bp≈

Hcp \mK-cn-IX AXns‚ ]q¿W-X-tbmsS ÿm]n-X-am-bm¬ AXv

F¥p-amXw DZm-Øhpw DXvIr-jvS-hp-am-bncn°psa∂v Duln-°m-a-t√m.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX CXmWv km[n-®-Xv. hcp∂ N¿®-I-fn-eqsS

AXns‚ At\Iw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn-

\m¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX Ncn-X-Øn¬ AXp-ey-a-sX. Hcp aX-amWv

AXv ÿm]n-®-Xv. F¶nepw AXv apgp-h≥ aX-ßƒ°pw-th-≠n-bp-≈-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-XbpsS Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ I≠v temIw

B›-cy-`-cn-X-cmbn Ca-sh-´msX t\m°n-\n-∂p. ap-gp-h≥ aX-Øn-sebpw

_p≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw kzX-¥-Nn-¥-Icpw AXn-¬ BIr-jvS-cmbn. P\-ßsf



`cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-Ibpw kwkvI-cn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ i‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p Ckvemw. AXv XI¿∂-t∏mƒ a‰p \mK-cn-

I-X-Iƒ \msº-Sp-Øp. AtXmsS \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS t\sc-bp≈

ho£-W-ßƒ hn`n-∂-ß-fmbn. AXns\ ]iw-kn-°p-∂-hcpw A`n-iw-

kn-°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠m-bn. AXn-s‚ A]-Zm\-ßƒ ]mSp-∂-hcpw AXn-s\

-Xnsc A]-hm-Z-ßƒ ]d-bp-∂-hcpw cwK-Øp-h-∂p. ]m›m-Xy-\n-co-£-

I-cp-sSbpw Ahÿ CXp-X-s∂. C∂v Af-hp-tIm-ep-Iƒ ]m›m-Xy-

cpsS hi-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßƒ°mWv hne. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

\mUn-an-Sn -∏p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv Ah-cm-Wv. CXc \mK-cn-I-

XIfpsS h‡m-°-sf√mw hnh-icpw Zp¿_-e-cp-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS kIe

t\´-ßfpw X´nsb-Sp-°m\pw Ah-cpsS \mSp-Iƒ A-[o-\-s∏-SpØn hmgm-

\p-amWv i‡∑m¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp-thf, F√m i‡cpw Zp¿_-e-

tcm-S-h-ew-_n-°p∂ \bw CXp-Xs∂bmbn-cn-°pw. AXn¬ Ime-tZi

hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-hn-√. F∂m¬, apkvenw-Iƒ amXw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-

am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿ i‡-scbpw Zp¿_-escbpw Htc \ne-bn¬ ho£n-

®p. Ah¿ ]m]vX-cm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ apgph≥ a\pjy-tcmSpw \njvIr-

jvS-amb \oXn ]pe¿Øn. ]m›m-Xy-s‚bpw ]uc-kvXy-s‚bpw am\yX

]cn-c-£n-®p. Dt±iyip≤n-bnepw \oXn-\n-jvT-bnepw EPp-am-\-k-X-bnepw

Ah-tcmSp InS-]n-Sn-°m-\m-cp≠v?

F∂m¬ im‡n-I-t®cn apkvenw-Iƒ-s°-Xnsc ]£-]m-X-]-c-amb

\ne]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS \mK-cn-I-Xsb A\ym-b-ambn

Ah-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ah-cp-W¿∂p ]h¿Øn-®n-s√-∂Xv

AXy¥w tJZ-I-c-a-sX. ]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ aX-]-£-]m-Xn-Ifpw kmap-

Zm-bnI hn`m-K-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. kXyw Z¿in-°m≥ Ah-cpsS ZrjvSn-

Iƒ°v km[y-a√. kz¥w kap-Zm-b-Øn-\-√msX a‰m¿°pw alXzw

hI-sh-®p-sIm-Sp-°m\pw Ah¿°p Ign-bn-√. ]t£ Ah-cpsS ]£-

]m-X-]-c-amb Cu ho£Ww apkvenw-I-fn¬t∏mepw kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn\v Hcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an-√. temIw apgp-h≥

\q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw ]mZ-]qP sNbvX \mK-cn-I-Xsb Ah-sc-¥n\v \nµy-

am-bn-°m-WWw?

A`n-\h \mK-cn-I-X-tbmSpw AXns‚ AZv`p-X-kn-≤n-I-tfmSpw

ssh⁄m-\nI hnIm-k-tØmSpw Xpe\w sNøp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS \mK-

cn-IX H∂p-a√ F∂Xm-bn-cn°mw Ah-cpsS hmZw. CXp icn-bm-sW-

¶n¬Øs∂ c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Cu ho£-WØn\p \oXo-I-c-W-

an-√.

1. F√m \mK-cn-I-X°pw c≠p LS-I-ß-fp≠v; Bflo-bhpw `uXn-

Ihpw.

33]n∂mse hcp∂ \mK-cn-I-X-I-sf√mw `u-Xn-I-h-i-Øn¬ apºp-≈-

Xn¬\n∂p anI®p\n¬°pw. Pohn-X-K-Xn-bpsS s]mXpkz`m-h-am-W-Xv.

]pXnb \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°nb t\´-ßƒ ]g-b-Xn¬\n∂p

]Xo£n-°p-∂Xv hy¿Y-am-Wv. Aßs\bmWv Imcy-ß-fpsS t]ms°-

¶n¬ Ckvem-an\p apºp≈ \mK-cn-I-X-Isf apkvenw-Iƒ°v Xcw-Xm-

gvØn-°mWmw. Imc-Ww, Ah°v kz]v\w Im-Wm≥IqSn Ign-bmØ

Pohn-X hn-`-h-ßfpw \mK-cn-I-t\-´-ß-fp-am¿Pn-°m≥ Ckvem-an\p km[n-

°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

Bflo-b-aq-ey-ß-fmWv \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ°v A\-iz-cX \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

am\-h-cm-insb D∂-Xn-bpsS DØpw-K-X-bn-te-°p-b¿Øm\pw A]-I-S-

ß-fn¬\n∂pw Akz-ÿX--I-fn¬\n∂pw c£n-°m\pw Aht° Ign-

b q .

Cu cwKØv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX apºpw ]nºp-ap≈ apgp-h≥ \mK-

cn-I-X-I-tfbpw anI-®p-\n¬°p∂p; Ncn-X-Øn¬ AXp-ey-amb ]Zhn

Ae¶-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a\p-jys\ hnP-b-Øns‚ hnlm-b n-

te-°p-b¿Øp-I-bmWv \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS e£yw. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬

]m›mXy-cp-sStbm ]uc-kvXy-cp-sStbm \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ°v A]m-]y-

am-bXv Ckvemw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

2. `uXnI am\-Z-WvU-a-\p-k-cn-®√ \mK-cn-I-X-Isf Xpe\w sNtø-

≠Xv. AXm¿Pn® euInI kn≤n-I-fp-sStbm Pohn-X-Ønepw `£-

W-Ønepw hkvX-Øn-epap-≠mb BUw_-c-X-IfpsStbm tXmXv

sh®p-a√; adn®v, a\p-jy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ AXv sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. cmPy-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-ßƒ hne-

bn-cp-Ø-s∏-SpI ]nSn-®-S-°-s∏´ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnkvXr--Xntbm ssk\n-

I-i-‡ntbm ]cn-K-Wn-®√; ]pcm-X\ Ncn-X-Ønepw a[y-Ime \q‰m-

≠p-I-fnepw \S∂ bp≤-ßƒ ssk\n-I-i-‡n-bnepw kac k÷o-I-

c-W-ß-fnepw c≠mw -temI -bp-≤-sØ-b-t]-£n®v hfsc \n m-c-am-

Wv. F∂n´pw Ah-bpsS Zqc-hym-]-I-amb e-ßfpw ]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw

]cn-K-Wn®v Ncn-X-Øn¬ Ah hne-a-Xn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Im¿tØ-Pn-b≥

P\-X-bpsS hnJym-X-\m-b-I≥ l\o-_m¬ tdma-°msc Zb-\o-b-ambn

]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb Im\n bp≤-ßƒ (The Battle at Caunae -Italy - B.C:

216) bqtdm-∏nse ssk\nI hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ C∂pw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-

Wv. Jmen-Zp-_v\p¬ heo-Zns‚ CdmJv, kndnbm hnP-b-ßƒ ]m›m-

Xy-tem-IsØ ]´m-f-°m¿ C∂pw AZv`p-Xm-Z-c-ß-tfmsS ]Tn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ckvem-anI hnPb Ncn-XØnse X¶-Øm-fp-I-fn¬ A\-

iz-cX t\Snb kw`-h-ß-fm-W-h. Im\o, _Zv¿, JmZnkn-ø, lnXzo≥

F∂o bp≤-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ B¿°pw km[y-a-√. Ime-ssZ¿Lyw



Ah-bpsS X\n-a- \-jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn--bn-´p-an-√. Imc-Ww, Ah Ncn-X-Øn¬

AXoh \n¿Wm-b-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-sb- w-_-‘n®p ]Tn-°m≥ lkz-amb Cu

hnh-cWw t]c-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂p ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. \oXn-am-\mb

A√mlp \¬Inb ""am\-h-cm-in°p amXr-I-bmbn Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬]n-

°-s∏´ DØa kap-Zmb''sa∂ hnti-jWw A\z¿Y-am-°nb Ckvem-

anI \mKcn-I-X-bpsS A\-iz-cX A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂ Nne tim`-\-

Nn-X-ß-fmWv XpS¿∂p≈ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬.

35c≠v

Ncn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]I-S-amb ]tXy-I-X-I-sf-∏‰n Ign™

A[ymb-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. BZ¿i-]-chpw [m¿an-Ihpw

`uXn-I-hp-amb hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ am\h-N-cn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb

A\-izc kzm[o-\-Øns‚ tXmXmWv \mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS \nXy-X-bpsS

\nZm-\-sa∂v AXn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. am\-h-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS Ncn-

X-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX D÷z-ehpw \n¿Wm-b-I-hp-amb ZuXyw

\n¿h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hnizmkw, hn⁄m\w, Ie, kmln-Xyw,

XØz-Nn¥ XpS-ßnb hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fn¬ Zqc-hym-]-I-ß-fmb

]Xn-^-e-\-ßfpw i‡-amb kzm[o-\hpw AXv krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu

]Xn-^-e-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]m[m-\yhpw Fs¥∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-

[n-°mw.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS A\-izc kw`m-h-\-Isf ][m-\-

ambpw A©p taJ-e-I-fn-embn kwK-ln°mw:

1. aXhpw hnizm-khpw

InkvXz_vZw Ggmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ B[p-\n-I-bpKw hsc bqtdm-

∏n-ep-≠mb aX\thm∞m\ kwcw-`-ß-fn¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-

bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ A\¬]-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-

bn-´p-≠v. Ckvemw ]Jym-]n®p: ssZhw GI-\mWv; Ah≥ amX-amWv

]c-am-[n-Imcn. Ah≥ a\p-jym-Imcw ]m]n-°n-√. A\oXn ]h¿Øn-

°p-I-bn-√. Hcp-hn[ Zu¿_-eyhpw Ahs\ _m[n-°p-I-bp-an -√.

ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°m\pw Ah-\p-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°m\pw

Ahs‚ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw a\p-jy\v kzbw km[n-

°pw. AXn\v aX-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚tbm a[y-h¿Øn-bp-sStbm Bh-iy-

an-√.''

kp]-[m-\-hpw t]m÷z-e-hp-amb Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-te°v a\p-

jy-a\- p-Iƒ Xpd-∂n-Sp-∂-Xn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ ]kvXpX ]Jym-]\w

\n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. temI-P-\X AXn-i-‡-

amb aX GIm-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Nß-e-s°-´p-I-fn¬ hcn-™p-ap-dp-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS kºØpw ico-chpw Nn¥bpw A`n-]mbkzmX-

¥y-hp-sa√mw aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn\v ASn--s∏-SpIbpw

sNbvXn-cp∂ Ime-L-´-am-W-Xv. Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≠mb Ckvem-

ans‚ hnP-b-Øn-eqsS AXv sNs∂-Ønb ]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-k-aq-

l-ßsf as‰¥n-s\-°m-fpw-aptº AXns‚ hnizm-k-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ

Ncn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Ønbkzm[o\w


kzm[o-\n-°pI kzm`m-hnIw amX-amWv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kw`-hn-®Xpw

AXp-X-s∂. InkvXz_vZw Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]e ]m›mXy Nn¥-I-

∑mcpw ]Xn-cq-]-ßsf Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xns\ FXn¿Øp. Ah¿°p-

tijw h∂-h¿ ssZh-Øn\pw Ahs‚ Zmk-∑m¿°p-an-S-bn-ep≈ a[y-

h¿Øn-Isf \ncm-I-cn-®p. t]m∏p-am-scbpw ]mXn-cn-am-scbpw ]q¿W-

ambpw am‰n-\n¿Øn, t\¿°p-t\sc hnip≤ thZ-K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]Tn-°m≥

Ah¿ P\-ßsf t]cn-∏n-®p. aXw, hnizm-kw, ssZhn-I-t_m-[\w F∂n-

h-sb- kw-_-‘n® apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw Nn¥-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw

ho£-W-ßƒ hmbn-®p-]-Tn-®-Xns‚ ê-amWv P¿a-\n-bnse s]m´-

Ã‚ v hn`m-K-Øns‚ t\Xmhv am¿ń≥eqY-dn(1483˛1546)s‚ \thm-∞m\

]ÿm-\-sa∂v ]e NcnX-K-th-j-I-∑mcpw Xd-∏n-®p-]-d-™n-´p-≠v. AXn-

\p-h-fsc apºp-Xs∂ apkvenw Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS KŸ-ßƒ em‰n≥ `mj-

bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. eqY-dpsS ImeØv bqtdm-]y≥

k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ Ah-sb-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS ]T-

\-ßƒ°v B[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. ^©v hnπ-

h-Øn¬ DZvtLm-jn-°-s∏´ aXhpw cmjvShpw XΩn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cnhv

aqt∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam \q‰m-≠p-Imew bqtdm-∏ns\ Iogvs∏-Sp-Ønb

]_e-ß-fmb Nn¥m-]-ÿm-\-ß-fpsS ê-am-sW∂v Dd-∏n-®p-]-d-bmw.

Ipcnip-bp-≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kvs]bn≥ `c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Ckvem-an-

I-\mK-cn-IX B ]ÿm-\-ßsf AXy-[nIw kzm[o-\n-®-Xm-bn-°m-

Wmw.

2. imkvX-hpw XØz-Nn-¥bpw

sshZyw, KWn-Xw, ck-X-¥w, `qan-im-kvXw, tKmf-imkvXw XpS-

ßn-b-hbnse√mw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-XbpsS kzm[o\w ]I-S-am-Wv. Ck-

s_√ (Isabella), sIm¿tZm-h (Cordoba), Km\U(Granada) XpS-ßnb ]≈n-

I-fnse \ΩpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw i_vZ-

amWv Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]Sn-™m-dns\ ]nSn-®p-W¿Øn-b-Xv. ]Y-a-L-

´Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]mT-im-e-I-fn -te°v ]em-b\w sNbvsX-Ønb

]m›mXyhnZym¿Yn-Iƒ hfsc kzX-¥-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu

hn⁄m\ßsf√mw tI´-t∏mƒ B›-cy-`-cn-X-cm-hp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kam-

\amb kml-Ncyw kz¥w \mSp-I-fn-e-h¿°v k¶¬]n-°m≥ t]mepw

km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. `qan-bpsS Id°w, AWvUm-Ir-Xn, tKmf-ß-fpsS

Ne\wt]mep≈ imkvXob hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ckvem-anI ]WvUn-

X-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ssh⁄m-\n-I-th-Zn-I-fnepw KŸ-ß-fnepw N¿®-

sN-bvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ bqtdm-]y≥ a\- p-Iƒ Ah-sb-∏-‰n -

sbms° AXn-c‰ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw aqV-[m-c-W-I-fp-amWv sh®p]p-

e¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv Ad-_n- K-Ÿ-ßƒ em‰n≥ `m-j-bn-te°v

37]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. AtXmsS Ckvem-anI Kth-j-I-cpsS

IrXn-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-d≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ [mcmf-ambn ]Tn∏n°-

s∏-´p. 12˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C_v\p-ko\m(Avicenna)bpsS A¬Jm-\q≥

F∂ hnJymX sshZy-im-kvX-KŸw em‰n-\n-te°p hnh¿Ø\w

sNø-s∏-´p. AXn-s\-°mƒ hepXpw _rl-Øpamb dmkn-bpsS

A¬lmhnbpw ]m›m-Xy¿ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. 13˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-

km-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. 16˛mw \q‰m≠v hnS-]-d-bpw-hsc bqtdm-]y≥

k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ sshZy-]-T-\-Øns‚ B[m-c-K-Ÿ-ßƒ Ah -

c-≠pambn-cp∂p. ]ns∂bpw Zo¿L-Imew Zm¿i-\nI KŸ-ßƒ Ahn-

S-ß-fnse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fmbn XpS¿∂p. apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS

cN\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw amX-amWv ]m›m-Xy¿

bh-\-Z¿i\w a\- n-em-°n-b-Xv. a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-IƒsXm´v Bdp iXm-

_vZ-Øn-e-[nIw Imew apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p bqtdm-∏ns‚

Kpcp -°-∑m -sc∂ hkvXpX \njv]-£-cmb ]e ]m›m-Xycpw

Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-®n-´p≠v.

]ap-J- ]-WvUn-X-\mb KpkvXmhv et_m¨ ]d-bp∂p: ""GI-tZiw

At©m Btdm \q‰m-≠p-Imew bqtdm-]y≥ Iem-im-e-I-fn¬ A[y-

b-\-ßƒ°m-[m-cambn kzoI-cn -®n -cp -∂Xv Ad_n KŸ-ß-fpsS

hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p; imkvX-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ hnti-jn®pw. sshZyw-

t]m-ep≈ Nne hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fn¬ Ad-_n-I-fpsS kzm[o\w

Ct∂mfw \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂n-´p-≠v F∂p ]d-bmw. Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚

A¥y-Øn¬ tamWm-_n-enbbn¬sh®v C_v\p-ko\mbpsS sshZy-K-

Ÿ-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.''

At±lw Xs∂ XpS-cp∂p: ""tdmP¿ t_-°¨(Roger Bacon), entbm-

Wm¿Uv (Leonard), F¿t\m A¬ ^¬Kp\n (Erno Al Felguni), dbva-≠v

tem´v (Raymond Lot), km≥ tXma(San Thoma), B¬_¿´v (Albert),

Akvt^m-Wnjv JivJm\n(Azfonish Qashqani) F∂n-h-sc√mw Ah-ew-

_n-®Xv Ad_n-K-Ÿ-ßƒ amX-am-Wv.''

tamtjym do\≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""alm-\mb B¬_¿´v ]q¿W-ambpw

Ahn-sk-∂(C_v\p-ko\)-tbmSp IS-s∏-ń-cn -°p-∂p. km≥ tXma

C_v\p-dp-ivZn-t\m-Spw.''

]apJ Hmdnb‚en-kv‰v knUvbq (Sideo) Fgp-Xp∂p: ""a[y Ime-

L-´-Øn¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ amX-am-bn-cp-∂p \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Aa-c-°m¿.

CXc tKmX-ß-fpsS IS-∂m-I-a-W-ß-fm¬ sRń-hn-d® bqtdm-∏ns‚

tæ—-Xbpw arKo-b-Xbpw am‰n-sb-Sp-ØXpw Ah¿X-s∂. Ad-_n-Iƒ

A\-iz-c-amb bh\ XØz-Nn-¥-I-fpsS Dd-h-I-fn-te°v Dufn-bn-ń-d-ßn.

AXnse ⁄m\-\n-[n-Iƒ t\SpI amX-a√ Ah¿ sNbvX-Xv. AXv



hnI-kn-∏n-s®Sp-°p-Ibpw ]-IrXn ]T-\-Øn\v ]pXnb ]mX sh´n-sØ-

fn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

At±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""Ad-_n-Iƒ KWn-X-im-kvX-]-T-\-ßfn¬

]tXyIw i≤- ]-Xn-∏n-®p. tPymXn-»m-kvX-Øn¬ ss\]pWyw t\Sn-

b-tXm-sSm-∏-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. KWnX hn⁄m-\-th-Zn-bn¬ hfsc

Db¿∂ hnXm-\-Øn-se-Øm-\-h¿°v Ign-™p. AXn-\m¬ B taJ-e-

bnse \ΩpsS bYm¿Y A[ym-]-I¿ Ah-cmWv.''

ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: ""Ad-_n-bn¬\n∂v em‰n-\n-te°p ]I¿Ø-s∏-

´-sX√mw \mw ]cn-tim-[\m hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ K¿_¿´v

kven^v-Ã¿ (Gerbert Salifstar) Xs‚ kvs]bn-\nse ]T-\-Øn-eqsS

t\Snb imkvX-hn-⁄m-\-ß-sf√mw InkvXz_vZw 970˛980 ImeØv

\Ωn-te°p IS-Øn-s°m-≠p-h-∂-Xmbn ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Cw•o-jp-Im-c-\mb Hm sl√m¿Uv(O' Hallard)

1100˛\pw 1128˛\panS°v kvs]bn≥, CuPn]vXv F∂o \mSpIƒ Np‰n-

k-©-cn-°p-Ibpw bq¢nUns‚ A¬-A¿Im≥ Ad-_n-bn¬\n∂p ]cn-

`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A°m-eØv ]uc-kvXy¿ AtX-°p-dn®v

A⁄-cm-bn-cp-∂p. πmt‰m ssXKqen(Plato Taiguli), Xntbm-tUm-jykv

(Theodo-sius)s‚ A¬DI¿ AXns‚ Ad-_n-]-Xn-∏v D-]-tbm-Kn®v

hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. dtUmƒ^v _qPo(Rudolf Brugie) \nhm-

k-tbm-Ky-amb ÿe-sØ -kw-_-‘n® tSmf-an(Ptolemy)bpsS `qan-im-

kvX-]-T-\-ßƒ Ad-_n-bn¬\n∂v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. entbmWm¿Uv

ss_Pn Ad-_n-I-fn¬\n∂v B¿Pn® Adn-hp-]-tbm-Kn®v 1200 ¬

B¬Pn_bn¬ Hcp KŸw cNn -°p -I -bp -≠mbn. ]Xn -aq∂mw

\q‰m≠n¬ Ipºm-\-kv\u-kn (Kumbana-snausy) "AJveoUn'(Euclid)s‚

G‰hpw \√ Ad_n X¿Pa D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv AXv ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-

b-Xv. ^mÃveq¨ _¬tKmWn (Fastloon of Bologne) tPymXn»mkvX-

Øn¬ A°m-esØ G‰hpw ]Nm-c-ap≈ lk\p-_v\p¬ sslk-

ans‚ A¬_-kz-cn-ømØv em‰n-\n-te°v ]I¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AtX

\q‰m-≠n¬Øs∂ Pdm¬Uv I¿aq\n, _Xzsse-aq-kns‚ aPkzvXnbpw

Pm_n-dns‚ hymJym-\-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v ]Tn®v bYm¿-Yhpw ]_-e-hp-

amb tPymXn»mkvX ]-iv\-ß-fn¬ ]mWvUnXyw t\Sp -Ibpw

sNbvXp. 1250˛¬ Akvt\m-^njv JivJm-\n(Aznofish Qashqani)-Xs‚

\ma-t[-b-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tPymXn-»m-kvX- Nm¿´¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

°m≥ \n¿tZin®p. tdmP¿ H∂m-a≥ (Roger I) Ad-_n -im-kvXhpw

Iebpw A`y-kn-°m≥ B⁄m-]n-®n-cp∂p; ]tXy-In®pw CZvco-kn-

bpsS KŸ-ßƒ. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ ^U-dnIv c≠m-a≥ (Frederick II)

Ad-_n-I-fpsS imkvXhpw acym-Z-Ifpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Du∂¬ \¬In.

39C_v\p-dp-ivZns‚ a°ƒ At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w sIm´m-c-Øn¬sh®v

k k y - ß - s f b p w

Pohn-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n® ]Ir-Xn-imkvXw ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p.''

tlma¬Uv (Homeld) imkvX-kw-_-‘n-bmb Xs‚ IrXn-bn-se-

gp-Xp∂p: ""cmk-a-cp-∂p-I-fp-≠m-°p∂ coXn BZyw B-hn-jvI-cn-®Xv

Ad-_n-I-fm-Wv. kendmw (Saliram) hn⁄m-\-tIµw ]kvXpX acp-

∂p-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb D]-tZ-i-ßfpw ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-

io-e-\-ßfpw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv Ah-cn¬\n-∂m-Wv. A¬]-Imew Ign-™-

t∏mƒ Z£nW bqtdm-∏n-eXv hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

NnIn-’-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ acp-∂p-Ifpw sshZy-hn-Zy-Ifpw sNSn-I-sfbpw

cmk-]-Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw ]‰n ]Tn-°m≥ ]mX-sbm-cp°n. Cu hn⁄m-\-

th-Zn-bn¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ Hcp ]pXp-bp-K-Øn\v XpS°wIpdn-®p. kky-

ß-sf -kw-_-‘n® AhcpsS Adn-hns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw a\- n-em-

°m≥ kp¬^¿Um-kn¬ Ah¿ c≠m-bncw sNSn-Iƒ tN¿Øn-cp-∂p-

sh-∂-Xp-Xs∂ aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wv. Ah¿ [mcmfw ]®-s®-Sn-Ifpw

]p√p-Ifpw tN¿Øv ]e-bn\w acp-∂p-I-fp-ap-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Ko°p-

Im-sc√mw A°m-eØv AtX-°p-dn®v ]q¿W-ambpw A⁄-cm-bn-cp-∂p.''

dmkn-sbbpw C_v\p-ko\sbbpwIpdn®v knUvtbm ]d-bp∂p:

""Ah¿ Xß-fpsS KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS Zo¿L-Imew ]m›mXy ]mT-im-e-

I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®p. C_v\p-ko\m hnZKv[ tUmIvS-sd∂

\ne-bn-emWv bqtdm-∏n¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. Ahn-S-ß-fnse hnZym-e-

b-ß-fn¬ GI-tZiw Bdp \q‰m-≠p-Imew At±-l-Øns‚ A\n-tj-

[y-amb B[n-]Xyw \ne-\n-∂p. A©p-hm-ey-ß-fp≈ A¬Jm\q\p

^nØzn∫v F∂ At±-l-Øns‚ KŸw `mjm¥-cw sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

\nc-h[n XhW apZWw sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. C-‰-en-bn-sebpw

^m≥kn-sebpw Iem-im-e-I-fn¬ AXv A[ym-]-\-Øn\v B[m-c-ambn

AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-t]m∂p.''

3. `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw

]m›m-Xy¿ s]mXp-hn-epw kv]m\n-jv Ihn-Iƒ ]tXy-In®pw

Ad_n kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hºn® kzm[o-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-cm-hp-I-bp-

≠mbn. ]Sn-™m-d≥ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ IpXn-c-∏-S-bm-fn-sbbpw [oc-X-

sbbpw kw_-‘n® ]cm-a¿i-ßfpw D]-a-Ifpw at\m-l-chpw AXym-

I¿j-I-hp-amb Im¬]-\n-I-Xbpw IS-∂p-h-∂Xv Ad-_n-K-Ÿ-ß-fn-eq-

sS-bm-Wv. ]ikvX kv]m\njv kmln-Xy-Im-c\mb A_m-\-kv ]d-

bp∂p: ""Ad-_n-Iƒ kvs]bn-\n¬ ]th-in-°p-I-bpw- A-h-cpsS Aiz-

ßfpw tbm≤m-°fpw Z£n-W-`q-J-WvU-Øn¬ hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂-Xp-hsc IpXn-c-tbm-´-sØ-°p-dn®v bqtdm-]y¿°v H∂pw Adn-bp-am-

bn-cp -∂n-√. AXv CXn-hr-Ø-am-°n-bp≈ kmln-Xyhpw Ah¿-°-v



A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.''

Ckvem-an -s\-∏‰n Zukn Hcp KŸ-sa-gp -Xn-bn-´p -≠v. AXn¬

kv]m\njv Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ A¬Km-dp(Algharu)hns‚ Hcp IØv D≤-cn-

® n - ´ p ≠ v .

bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ Ko°v, em‰n≥ `mj-I-ƒ A-h-K-Wn®v Ad-_n- `m-j-

bn¬ B`n-apJyw ImWn-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXn-bmbn IpWvTn-X-s∏-Sp∂ B

IØp-Xs∂ ]m›m-Xy-te-J-Isc A°m-eØv Ad-_n-km-lnXyw

F¥p-amXw kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wv.

At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_p≤n-Po-hn-I-sfbpw kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nn-bp-≈-

h-scbpw Ad-_n- km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Xmfm-flIX hio-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

AXn-\m-e-h¿ em‰ns\ Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw Ah-tl-fn-°p-IbpamWv.

Ah-sc-gp-Xp-∂-sXm-s°bpw Xßsf A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-cpsS `mj-

bn-em-Wv. Fs‚ ssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Ad-_n-°-Y-Ifpw Ihn-

X-Ifpw tI´v tImƒa-bn¿sIm-≈p-I-bm-Wv. apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw

Nn¥-I∑mcpsagp-Xnb KŸ-ß-fm-W-h¿ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-bnse \yq\-

X-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw Is≠-Øm-\√ Ah-c-ßs\ sNøp-∂Xv; adn®v,

Ad_n kmln-Xy-ssien kzmb-Ø-am-°m-\m-Wv. XudmØns‚bpw

C©o-en-s‚bpw hymJym-\-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-h¿ Cs∂-hnsS? GXm\pw

aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-c-√msX ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS GSp-Iƒ ]mcm-bWw

sNøp-∂-hsc-hnsS? lm, Fs¥mcp IjvSw! [nj-Wm-im-en-I-fmbn hf-

cp∂ ssIkvXh kaqlw Ad-_n`mjbnepw kmln-Xy-Øn-ep-a-√msX

as‰m-∂nepw BIrjvScm-hp-∂n-√t√m. Ah¿ Ad_nKŸ-ßƒ°v

AXn-bmb ]m[m\yw I¬]n-°p∂p. hºn® hne-sIm-SpØv AØcw

KŸ-ßƒ hmßp-∂p. Ah-sIm≠v KŸm-e-b-ßƒ \nd-°p-∂p. amX-

a-√, Ad_nKŸ-ß-fpsS hºn® tiJ-c-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\n-°p-

Ibpw Du‰w-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ssIkvXh ]pkvX-I--ß-sf-∏‰n

tI´m-e-h¿°v XnI™ ]p—hpw Ah-K-W-\-bp-am-Wv. kabw ]mgm-

°m-\-√msX H∂n\pw sIm≈m-Ø-Xmbn IW-°m°n Ah-bpsS t\sc

XnI™ Ai≤ -]p-e¿Øp-∂p. lm, IjvSw! InkvXym-\n -Iƒ

AhcpsS `mj ad-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. B `mj-bn¬ IsØ-gp-Xp∂ Bbn-c-

Øn-sem-cmƒt]mepw C∂p-≠m-hn-√. F∂m¬ Ad-_n-I-fpsS `mj \√

ssien-bn¬ \-∂mbn D≤-cn-°p∂ FXtbm t]cp≠v! Ah-c-Xn¬ Ihn-

X-Iƒ c-Nn-°p-∂p. hmKzn-em-k-Ønepw ssieo hnti-j-ß-fpsS IrXy-

X-bnepw Ad-_n-Iƒ cNn-°p-∂-h-sb-°mƒ anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂-h-bm-W-

h.''

14˛mw \q‰m-≠nepw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw cwK-Øp-h∂ ]e bqtdm-]y≥

kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS IY-I-fnepw Ihn-X-I-fnepw Ad_n kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ koam-Xo-X-amb kzm[o\w A\ntj[y-amw-hn[w ]I-S-am-Wv.

41Inkv -Xz_vZw 1349˛¬ C‰m -en -b≥ t\mh-enÃpw Ihnbpamb

s_m°mtjym (Boccaccio 1313-1375) ]Øp ]`m-X-ßƒ (Ten Morns)

F∂ Xe-s°-ń-se-gp-Xnb IY-Iƒ hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb Bbn-c-sØm-

∂p- cm-hp-I-fpsS (A¬^p ssee- hssee) ssien AtX-]Sn A\p-

I-cn-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv. hneyw tjIv-kv]n-b¿ Xs‚ \mS-I-ß-fnsem∂n¬

AtX kt¶-X-am-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. P¿a≥ \mS-I-IrØv en nwKv(Lissing)

Xs‚ \mXm≥ sshZy¿ (Natan the Physician) F∂ \mS-I-Øns‚

X¥phpw AXn¬\n-s∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv.

B[p-\nI BwKe Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]nXmhv tNmk¿(1340-1400) ka-

Im-en-I-\mb s_m°m-tjym-hn¬\n∂v [mcm-f-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. Abmƒ At±-lsØ C‰-en-bn¬sh®v I≠p-ap-ńb tij-amWv

Xs‚ hnJym-X-Ir-Xn-bmb Im‚¿_dn IY-Iƒ(Canterbury Tales) cNn-

®-Xv.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ ]kn≤ Ihn Umt‚ (1265-1321) Xs‚ ]mcXn-

I-bmX hnh-cn-°p∂ Unssh≥ tImaUn cNn-®-Xv A_p¬ Aem-

C¬ aA¿cn-bpsS cnkm-e-Xp¬ Kp^vdm\n¬\n∂pw C_v\p¬ Ad_n

kz¿K-sØ A-[n-I-cn-s®-gp-Xn-b-h-bn¬\n∂pw ]tNm-Z\-apƒs°m-≠m-

sW∂v \nch[n \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ Xd-∏n®p]d-™n-´p-≠v. Ckvem-anI \mK-

cn-I-X-bnepw Ad_n- `mjmkmln-Xy-ß-fpsS ]T-\-ß-fnepw Gsd

X¬]-c-\m-bn-cp∂ Û-dnIv c≠m-as‚ ImesØ At±-l-Øns‚

knknenbnse Xma-k-amWv AXn\p hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. Umt‚bpw

At±-lhpw XΩn¬ Acn-tÃm-én-b≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf- kw-_-‘n®v

kwhmZw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ N¿®m-hn-t[-b-amb ]e-

hn-j-b-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n® hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw Ad-_n-K-

Ÿ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX, \_n(k)-bpsS Poh-N-cn-Xhpw Umt‚°p

\√-t]mse hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ckvdm-Av, anAvdmPv kw`-h-ßfpw D]-

cn-tem-I-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-W-ßfpw Aß-s\-bm-Wv A-t±lw a\-

n-em-°n-b-Xv.

C‰-en-bnepw ^m≥knepw Atd-_y≥ kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-

Xbpw \nd-™p\n∂n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv ]o‰¿ tbm¿°v(Peter York) Pohn-

®-Xv. samWm-_n-en-b, ]mco-kv F∂o k¿h-I-em-ime IfnemWv

At±lw ]Tn®Xv. kvs]bn≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e-Ifn¬ \n∂p ]T\w

]q¿Øn-bm°n ]pd-Øp-h-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ A[ym]\w

\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. Ah¿ B[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv, Ad_n KŸ-

ßfpw.

a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Ad-_n-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ IYm-km-

ln-Xy-Øn\v bqtdm-]y≥ IY-I-fn¬ A\¬]-amb kzm[o-\-ap-≠v. 12˛mw



\q‰m≠n¬ Bbn-c-sØm∂p cmhp-Iƒ bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ hnh¿-

Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. AXn-\p-tijw ]kvXpX IrXn Ah-bnse

kmlnXy -c-N-\-I-fn¬ hºn® kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp-

ap-X¬ CXn-\Iw hnhn[ bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fn-embn B alZvKŸ-

Øns‚ ap∂q-dn -e-[nIw ]Xn-∏p -Iƒ apZWw sN-ø-s∏-ń -´p -≠v.

kzn^v‰ns‚ Pnsse^¿, Unt^mbpsS tdm_n≥k¨ Iqtkm F∂o

bmXm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ Bbn-c-sØm∂p cmhp-I-tfmSpw ]kn≤ Atd-

_y≥ Zm¿i-\n-I-\mb C_v\p Xpss^-ens‚ løp-_v\p- b-Jvfmt\mSpw

Gsd IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂psh∂v ]ap-J-cmb ]e ]m›m-Xy- \n-cq-]-I-cpw

A`n-]mb-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw Bbn-c-sØm∂p cmhpIfpsS

]cn-`m-j°v ASn-°-Sn-bp-≠mb h¿[am-\-amb ]NmcWhpw ]Xn-∏p-

I-fpsS B[n-Iyhpw AXv ]mcm-bWw sNøm\pw AXns‚ kzm[o-\-

Øn¬ B-IrjvS-cm-Im-\p-ap≈ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn\v A\n-

tj-[y-amb sXfn-hmWv.

hnhn[ ]m›mXy `mj-I-fnse Ad-_n- ]-Z-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcphnh-

cWwt]mepw Bh-iy-an√. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ ta-J-e-I-fp-

ambn _‘-s∏´ AkwJyw hm°p-Iƒ A-h-bn-se√mw ImWm-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. Ah-sb w-_-‘n® hni-Zo-I-cWw A\m-h-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬

AXn-\n-hnsS apXncp-∂n-√. anImtbens‚ ]kvXmhw Cu N¿® ChnsS

Ahkm\n-∏n-°p∂p. hkvXp-XIƒ hy‡-am-Im≥ AXp-Xs∂ [mcm-

f-am-Wv. At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""bqtdm∏v AXns‚ anI® kmln-Xy-Øn¬

Ad-_v \m-Sp-I-tfmSpw Ahn-SsØ P\-X-I-tfmSpw Gsd IS-s∏-ń-cn-

°p-∂p.''

4. \nb-a-\n¿amWw

kvs]bn-\n-sebpw a‰pw C-kvem-anI hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]T\w \S-

Ønb ]m›m-Xy -hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ Ckvem-anI I¿a-im-kvX-Ir-XnIfpw

\nb-a-\n¿amW hn[n-Ifpw Xß-fpsS amXr-`m-j-I-fn-te°v ]cn-`m-j-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A°m-eØv bqtdm-∏n¬ Ah-ew-_-\o-b-amb

cmjvSobhy-hÿtbm \oXn-]q¿hamb \nb-a-ßtfm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-

√. -s\-t∏m-fn-bs‚ ImeØv At±lw CuPn]vXv A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-

t∏mƒ amen°o aZ vl-_nse G‰hpw hnJym -X -amb I¿a -

imkvXKŸw ^©v `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibp≠mbn.

A°m-eØv `mjm-¥cw sNø-s∏´ InXm-_p¬ JeoemWv ^m≥kn-

b≥ \mK-cn-I-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xv. A∂-hnsS cq]w-

sIm≠ \nb-a-ß-sf√mw amen°o I¿a-im-kvX-hn-[n-I-tfmSv hf-sc-

* c≠mw Jeo^ Da-dn(d)t\mSv At±lw [cn® hkvX-sØ-∏‰n tNmZyw sNbvX kw`-

h-amWv kqN\. ˛ hnh:

43tbsd kmZriyw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. knUvbq- ]d-bp∂p: ""B^n-°-

bnse Ad-_n-I-fp-am-bp≈ \ΩpsS _‘w Bcw`n-®Xp apX¬ \ΩpsS

khn-tij i≤-bm-I¿jn-®Xv amen°o I¿a-im-kvX-kc-Wn-bm-Wv.

^m≥kv `c-W-IqSw tUmIvS¿ ss_dqs\, Jeoep-_v\p Ckvlm-J-

_v\n -b-AvJq_ns‚ I¿a-im-kvX-KŸw ]cn-`m-j-s∏Sp-Øm≥ Npa-

X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. InkvXz_vZw 1422˛¬ ]c-temIw ]m]n®

]apJ ]WvUn-X-\mWv Jeo¬.''

5. `c-W-Iaw

]pcmX\-Im-eØpw a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnepw km[m-cW ]uc-∑m¿°v

`cWm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-

Øm\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-`-c-Wob _‘w

ASna-˛-D-Sa _‘-am-bn-cp∂p. ]c-am-[n-Imcnbmb bP-am-\s‚ ÿm-\-

a m W v

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. P\-ßsf Abmƒ AS-°n-`-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv

X∂n-jvS-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp--sIm-≠p-Xs∂ cmjvS-Ønse `c-Wm-

[n-Imcw ]tXyI kzØm-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. a‰p kzØp-

°sf-t∏mse AXpw A\-¥-c-sa-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. AXn-

\m¬ Hcp cmPy-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Imcn as‰mcp \mńse cmPm-hns‚

aIsf hnhmlw- I-gn-®m¬ cm⁄n-bpsS `c-W-hn-lnXw e`n-°m-\mbn

bp≤w sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mepw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-

∂p. AsXmcp Ip‰-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-an-√.

A]-ImcwXs∂ c≠p-cm-Py-ßƒ bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-´m¬ hnP-bn-

°p∂ cmjvSØn\v ]cm-PnX cmPy-Ønse k¿h-kzhpw Ih¿s∂-Sp-

°m≥ A\p-hmZap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tXm¬]n-°-s∏´ \mSp amX-a-√, Ahn-

SsØ kºØpw \nhm-kn-I-fpsS am\hpw kzm-X-¥y-hpsa√mw

hnPbw hcn® `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°pw ]´mf-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-bn-

cp-∂p. C-kvem-an-I -\m-K-cn-IX \mńse km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°v `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn -I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \nco-£n-°m\pw \ncq-]Ww

sNøm\pw A-h-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Cu \ne

XpS¿∂p. Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS

am\hpw -A-¥ pw kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw ]cn-ip-≤nbpw ]cn-

c-£n-°m≥ Dd-°-sam-gn®p ]mSp-s]-Sp∂ DtZymK-ÿ-∑mcpw sXmgn-em-

fn-I-fp-a-√msX a‰m-cp-a-√. Ncn-X-Øn¬ BZy-ambn Hcp km[m-cW

]uc≥ Xs‚ `cWm[n-Imcn [cn® hkvX-sØ- w-_-‘n®p hnNm-

cW \S-Øn-bXv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bn-em-Wv. `c-W-I¿Øm-hns‚

apJ-Øp-t\m°n At±-l-a-Wn™ hkvX-sa-hn-sS-\n∂p Inń-sb-∂v ]-

c-ky-am-b-t\z-jn-°p-∂p. F∂n´pw tNmZyw sNbvX-bmsf Xq°n-s°m-

√p-Itbm \mSp-I-S-Øp-Itbm Pbn-en-e-S-°p-Itbm H∂pw sNøp-∂n-√.



]I-cw, Abm-fpsS apºn¬ IW-°p-t_m-[n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv `c-Wm-[n-

Imcn sNøp-∂Xv˛A-t±-lhpw a‰p timXm-°fpw kwXr-]vX-cm-hp-∂-

Xp-h-sc.*

Ncn-X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn Hcp km[m-cW ]uc≥ Xs‚ alm-\mb

`c-Wm-[n -Im-cn -tbm-Sn -ßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""A√tbm sXmgn -emfo!

Xm¶ƒ°v kam-[m-\-ap-≠m-hs´.'' CXv tIƒ°p∂ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Xm≥

P\-ß-fpsS tXmg-\m-sW∂v Xpd-∂w-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p. km[m-cW sXmgn-

em-fn-sb-t∏mse XnI™ hniz-kvXX-tbmSpw KpW-Imw-£-tbmSpw

Bflm¿Y-X-tbm-Spw-IqSn tkh\w \S-Ø-em-W-v Abm-fpsS _m[y-X.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Cu ]am-W-w AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]Jym-]n-

°p-Ibpw ]tbm-K-hXvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ckvem-anI kaq-l-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂ Np‰pap≈

P\XXn-Isf Cu kzmX¥y Nn¥-bp-sSbpw ]uc-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw

ssNX\yw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX Ah-bpsS _oP-ßƒ

Ah-cn¬ ]th-in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cn-eXv hf-cp-Ibpw Ne\w krjvSn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Aßs\ hnπh-ßƒ cq]wsIm≈p-Ibpw Ah

k a o - ] ÿ

k-aq-l-ß-fpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn\v \nan-Ø-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. bqtdm-

∏n¬ kw`-hn-®Xv AXm-Wv. Ip-cn-ip-bp-≤-Im-eØv ]m›m-Xy¿ kndnb-

bn¬ ]th-in-®p. At∏mƒ, t\-ctØ kvs]bn-\n¬\n∂p a\- n-em-

°nb Imcy-ß-f-h¿ t\cn¬ I≠p: km[m-cW P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°p-∂p.

`cWm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw ]uc-∑m¿°v hnt[-b-cm-Wv. AtXm-

sSm∏w Ah-cpsS apgp-h≥ IS-∏mSpw Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-tfm-Sm-Wv. amX-

a-√, km[mcW ]uc-∑m-c-√msX a‰mcpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf \nb-¥n-

°p-∂p-an√. F∂m¬ kz¥w \mń-e-h¿ A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂Xpw I≠n-cp-

∂Xpw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. aX-Øns‚ ]cn-th-

j-a-Wn™ tdmam NI-h¿Øn `c-W-Iq-SsØ \nb-¥n-°p-∂p. cmP-

im-k\ inc- m-h-ln-®n-s√-¶n¬ GXp \nan-jhpw ]pd-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-sa∂

òXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p A[n-Imcw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h¿. AtXm-sSm-∏-a-h¿

km[m-cW P\ßsf ]q¿W-ambpw ASn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

kz¥w \mńse ÿnXnbpw Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øn¬ t\cn¬°-

≠-\p-`-hn-®Xpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp ]Tn® ]m›m-Xy¿ kztZ-iØp

Xncn-s®-Øn-b-tXmsS Cf-Inh-im-bn. Aßs\ BZyw A[n-Im-cn-h¿Kw

aX-ta-[m-hn-I-fn¬\n∂p tamN\w t\Sn. ]n∂oSv P\-ßƒ `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn-I-fpsS ]nSnØ-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-I-S-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw \S∂

^©p hnπhw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® ]am-W-ß-f-[n-Ihpw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-

IX ]¥≠p \q‰m≠p-Iƒ°-∏pdw ]Jym-]n-®-h-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

45Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX bp≤-th-f-I-fn¬ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn® aln--X-amb

aqey-ßƒ AXn-\-[o-\-s∏´ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]uc-∑m-cn¬ ]Xm-]-Øn-

s‚bpw am\y-X-bp-sSbpw DXvIr-jvS- hn-Im-c-ßfpW¿Øn-hn-´p. Icm-dp-

I-tfm-Sp≈ BZ-c-hv, hnizm-k- kw-c-£Ww, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ Ah-

bpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-°¬, P\-ß-fpsS am\hpw

kzmX¥yhpw kwc-£n-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw bp≤-`q-an-bn¬ \mw

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® aqey-ß-fn¬s∏Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ aln-Xhpw ]Xm-]-

]q¿W-hp-amb a\pjy-Xz-Øns‚ A¿Y-sØ-°p-dn®v Ahsc t_m[-

hm-∑m-cm-°m≥ \ΩpsS \mKcn-I-X°v \njv]-bmkw km[n®p.

Ncn-X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn, ]cm-Pn-X-hn-`m-K-Ønse Hcp ]nXmhv hºn®

hnPbw ssIh-cn® tPXm-hmb Kh¿W-dpsS aI≥, Xs‚ aIs\

A\ym-b-ambn ASn-®-Xmbn cmjvSØnse ]c-tam-∂X `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

tbmSp ]cmXn ]d-bp-∂p. kw`hw a\- n-em-°nb DSs\ Jeo^

Kh¿W-sdbpw aI-s\bpw hnfn-®p-h-cpØn hnNm-c-W-sN-øp-∂p. Ip‰w

sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS Kh¿W-dpsS aI-s‚-ta¬ ]Xn-Inb \S-∏m-

°p-Ibpw Kh¿W¿°v i‡-amb `mj-bnepw cq£-amb ssien-bnepw

Xm°oXv \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. aIs‚ Ip‰-Øn\p Imc-W-°m-c≥

Kh¿W-dm-b-Xn-\m-¬ At±lsØ Bt£-]n-°p-Ibpw i-Im-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. amX-a-√, Jeo^ Kuc-h-kz-c-Øn¬ At±-l-tØmSp

tNmZn-°p-∂p: ""Xm¶ƒ P\ßsf ASn-a-I-fm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-sX-t∏m-

gmWv? Ah-cpsS am-Xm-°ƒ Ahsc kzX-¥-cm-bm-Wt√m ]k-hn-

®Xv?''

hy‡n-I-fnepw kaq-l-ß-fnepw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX DW¿Øn-hn´

\h-ssN-X-\yamWv B ]nXm-hns\ Kh¿W¿s°-Xnsc ]cmXn ]d-

bm≥ t]cn-∏n-®-Xv. Ckvemans‚ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-\p-apºv Abmƒ

\nµy-amb in£°pw ]nSn®p]dn°pw aX-a¿Z-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-\m-bn-

cp-∂p. As∂m-∂p-a-t±lw Cf-In-h-im-hp-Itbm thZ\ A\p-`-hn-°p-

Itbm tcmjw-sIm≈p-Itbm am\y-X°p £Xw ]-‰n-b-Xmbn a\- n-

em-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

kqcy-\p-Zn-®-t∏mƒ `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS apJ-Øp-t\m°n Cßs\ ]d-

bm≥ Abm-fpsS i_vZw s]mßn: ""Aao-dp¬ apAvan\o≥! Rm≥ A√m-

lp-hn-t\mSpw Xm¶-tfmSpw A\o-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw AI-a-Øn¬\n∂pw

A`bw tX-Sp-∂p.''

bYm¿Y-Øn-en -hnsS ]cm-Xn -°nSw \¬Inb AIaw c‡w

Nn¥tem A`n-am-\-£Xw hcp-Øtem aX-]o-U-\tam [\w ]nSn-®p-]-

dn-°tem H∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp-sIm-®p- Ip´n as‰mcp sIm®p Ip´nsb

c≠v ASn ASn®-Xm-bn-cp∂p!



kndn-b, kvs]bn≥ F∂o ]tZ-i-ß-fneqsS ]m›m-Xy¿ a[y-\q-

‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p. aX-ta-[m-hn-s°-

Xnsc `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn -I-em-]-s°mSn Db¿Øp-∂Xv AXn-\p-ap-º-h¿°v

Btem-Nn-°m≥t]mepw km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

cmPm-hn\pw NI-h¿Øn-°p-sa-Xnsc P\w Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xpw

A]-Imcw Xs∂. a¿Zn-Xsc klm-bn-°epw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb hnNm-

cW \S-Øepw Xß-fpsS AhIm-i-ambn Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-

∂n√. AtXm-sSm∏w hnizmk ho£-W-ß-fn¬ hn`n-∂X ]I-S-am-bm-

¬ ]ckv-]cw Igp-Ø-dp-°p-I-bm-W-h¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Iim-∏p-Im-

c≥ BSn-s\- A-dp-°p∂ AX \n¿hn-Im-c-X-tbmsS!

]n∂oSv \Ω-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-tXmsS Ah-cn¬ DW¿hv ]I-S-

ambn. hnπ-h-t_m[w hf¿∂p. kzmX-¥y-Nn¥ DtØ-Pn-X-ambn.

CXbpw NcnX-h-kvXpXIƒ \nehn-en-cns° C\nbpw B¿°mWv

temI-Øns‚ kzmX-¥y-Ønepw tamN-\-Ønepw Ckv -em-ans‚

kzm[o\w \ntj-[n-°m≥ Ign-bpI?

kp]-[m-\-amb A©ptaJ-e-I-fn¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS A\-

iz-c-amb kzm[o-\-Øns‚ GI-tZi NnXßfm-Wn-Xv. kap-Zmbßfp-

sSbpw \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ B kzm[o\w Gsd ]I-

S-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬, Ckvem-an -I-\m-K-cn -I-X-bpsS k¥-Xn-I-fmb

\tΩmSv AXv tamN\w t\Sn-s°m-SpØ kaq-l-ßƒ Gsd IS-s∏-´n-cn-

-°p-∂p. B ISw \ap°p Xncn®p hmß-Ww. KX-Im-e-]-Xm-]-ß-sf-∏-

‰n-bp≈ s]m≈-bmb s]mß® ]I-S-\-ß-fn-eq-sStbm hy¿Y-amb

hymtam-l-ß-fn-eq-sStbm sX‰mb am¿K-ß-fn-eq-sStbm A√; adn®v,

kz¥w \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS hnebpw \nebpw a\ n-em-°p-Ibpw ]n∂n´

]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS Hu∂Xyw Dƒs°m-≈p-I-bp-amWv th≠-Xv. \mw P\-

ßƒ°v km£n-I-fmbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv. Ahsc kXy-Øn-

te°pw \∑-bn-te°pw am\y-X-bn-te°pw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn-te°pw \bn-

°p∂ a[y-ak-ap-Zm-b-am-Wv. Aßs\ \ne-\n¬°m-\p≈ \ΩpsS Ah-

47Imiw \mw Dƒs°m-≈p-I-Xs∂ thWw. \maXv -sNøpw; A√mlp

A\p-K-ln-s®-¶n¬!

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


aq∂v

a\p-jy-kvt\lw

A\-iz-c-amb Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw A-Xns‚ kzm[o-\-

sØbpw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ B¿°pw AXns\ CXc \m-K-cn-I-X-I-

fn¬\n∂v AXpey-am-°p∂ a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb hiw ImWm-Xn-cn-°m-

\m-hn-√. Akq-b, hntZzjw, hn`m-Ko-b-X, h¿Ko-bX XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

Ckvemw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. ]I-cw, kvt\lw, kln-jvWpX, kl-I-

cWw t]mep≈ kZv-KpW-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. am\p-jnI kaXzw DZvtLm-

jn-®p. IpSpw-_w, tKmXw, PmXn, h¿Kw, kap-Zmbw XpS-ßn-b-h- a-

lØz-Øns‚ am\-ZWvU-ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ ]Xn-Xm-h-ÿ°p

hncm-a-an-´p. Aßs\ am\p-jn-ssI-Iyhpw ka-Xzhpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.

C-kvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw \nb-a-\n¿am-W-ß-

fnepw ]mtbm-KnI taJ-e-I-fnepw CsXm-s°bpw ]I-S-am-Wv.

temI-Øp≈ apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-scbpw Htc Bflm-hn¬\n∂mWv

krjvSn-®-sX∂ ]Jym-]-\-amWv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bnse kaXz

kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ XmØzn-Im-Sn-Ø-d. A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""a\p-jy-tc,

\nß-fpsS \mYs\ kq£n-°p-hn≥. Ah≥ \nßsf Htc Bflm-

hn¬\n∂p krjvSn -°pIbpw AtX Bflm-hn¬ \n∂v AXns‚

CWsb D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. A-\¥cw Ah c≠n¬\n-

∂p-ambn [mcmfw kvXo]p-cp-j-∑msc krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXh-\sX

Ah≥.'' (Jp. 4:1)

AXn-\m¬ F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w H∂m-Wv- ˛]n-∂oSv

hnhn[ tKmX-ßfpw kap-Zm-b-ßfpw -hn-`m-K-ßfpw h¿K-ßfpw tZi-

°mcpw `mj-°m-cp-ambn ]ncn-™n-´p-s≠-¶nepw icn. apgp-h≥ a\p-

jycpw Htc amXm-]n-Xm--°-fpsS a°-fm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ h¿Kw, tZiw,

`mj XpSßn-b-h-bnse sshhn[yw Ahsc At\ym\yw ]-cn-N-b-s∏-

Sm\pw klmbn-°m\pw kl-I-cn-°m\pw \∑-bn¬ GIo-I-cn-°m-\p-

amWv h-gn sXfn-bn-t°-≠-Xv. -A-√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""Htc BWn¬\n∂pw

s]Æn¬\n-∂p-amWv \nßsf \mw krjvSn-®-Xv. \nßsf tKmX-ßfpw

h¿K-ß-fp-am-°n-bXv \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥th≠n amX-

am-Wv.'' (Jp. 49:13)

Nne¿ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hu∂Xyw ]m]n-°p∂p; Nne¿ A[x-]-Xn-

°p∂p. Nne¿ [\n-I-cm-hp-∂p; A-[n-I-am-fp-Ifpw Zcn-Z-cmbn XpS-cp-∂p.

Nne¿ `cn-°p-∂p; a‰p-≈-h¿ `c-Wo-b-cmbn I-gn-bp-∂p. Nne-cpsS sXmen

shfp-°p∂p; Nne-cp-tSXv Idp-°p-∂p. CXmWv temI-L-S-\. am‰-an-

49√mØ ]m]-©nI hyh-ÿ. Cu Ncy \nXyhpw \nc-¥-c-hp-ambn

Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Xmgv-∂h-s\-°mƒ Db¿∂-ht\m,

Zcn-Z-t\-°mƒ [\n-I-t\m, `cWo-b-s\-°mƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-t°m, Idp-

Ø-h-s\-°mƒ shfp-Ø-ht\m Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bp-an-√. k¿hcpw ka-

∑m-ctX. kq£va-Xbpw Po-hn-X-hnip≤n-bpamWv al-Xz-Øns‚ am\-

ZWvUw. ""A√m-lp-hn-¶¬ \nß-fn-te-‰hpw -B-Z-c-Wo-b≥ \nß-fn-te-

‰-hp-a-[nIw kq£vaX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-c-sX.'' (Jp.49:13)

a\p-jys‚ Pb-m]P-b-ß-fpsS Af-hp-tIm¬ Ahs‚ I¿a-ß-

fmWv. hn-[n-th-f-I-fn¬ hne-I¬]n-°-s∏-SpI kZvhr-Øn-Iƒ amX-am-

Wv. as‰m∂pw aqey-h-Ø-√. ""Bsc-¶nepw AWp-Øq-°-tØmfw \∑

sNbv-Xm¬ AXns‚ êw Ah\p e`n-°pw. Bs-c-¶nepw AWp-Øq-

°-tØmfw Xn∑ sNbvXm¬ AXns‚ êw Ah-\p-≠m-Ipw.'' (Jp.

99:7,8)

Ckvem-anI kaq-l-L-S-\-bn¬ k¿hcpw ka-∑m-cm-Wv-˛-k-l-I-cn-

°p-Ibpw At\ym\yw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ.

AXnse Hcm-fpsS thZ\ F√m-h-cp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, apgp-h≥ kaq-

lhpw AXnse apgp-h≥ hy‡n-Iƒ°pw th≠n-bp≈XmWv. ]hm-N-

I≥(-k) ]-d-bp∂p: ""]c-kv]-c-kvt\lw, ImcpWyw F∂nhbnsem-

s°bpw k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ Hscm‰ icocw t]mse-bm-Wv. AXns‚

Hc-h-b-h-Øn\p thZ\ h∂m¬ as‰√m Ah-b-h-ßfpw Dd-°-sam-gn®pw

]\n®pw B thZ\-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-∂p.''(apkvenw, AlvaZv)

Cßs\ Ckvemw a\p-jy-cpsS GIXzw ]Jym-]\w sNøp-∂p.

Ah¿ Htc amXm-]n-Xm°-fpsS k¥-Xn-I-fmb ktlm-Z-c-∑m-sc-t∏m-

se-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnIamb sFI-cq]yw Hcp hr£sØ A\p-kva-cn-

∏n-°p-∂p; Hcp Im‰-Sn-®m¬ AXnse AJne inJ-c-ßfpw apgp-h≥

Ce-Ifpw H∂n-®nfIp-∂p. apI-fn-teXpw ASn-bn-teXpw XΩn¬ A¥-

c-an-√. hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ Bfp-Isf "A√tbm a\p-jytc', "BZw-k-

¥-Xn-Itf' F∂n-ßs\ \nc¥cw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNøp-∂p. am\p-

jn-I-X-bpsS GIXzw Du∂n-∏-d-bpIbmWn-hnsS Ckvemw sNøp-∂-

Xv. AXn-\m¬ B ]tbmKsØ-∏‰n ]cn-Nn-¥\w sNøp-∂Xv ê-]-

Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. C]-ImcwXs∂ HcmZ¿iw AwKo-I-cn® F√m-h-scbpw

Ch-cnse h¿W, h¿K, tZi, `mjm-ssh-Pm-Xy-ßƒ hnK-Wn®v "kXy-

hn-izm-kn-Itf', "kXy-hn-izmkw kzoIcn-®-htc' F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv

Ckvemw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXncn-°p∂-Xv. AXv Ah-cnse as‰√m

sshcp[y-ßfpw hnkva-cn-°p-Ibpw hnK-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

\nba\n¿am-W-Øns‚ \nJne taJe-I-fn-epw Ckvem-anI \mK-

cn-I hy-hÿ kºq¿W am\p-jn-I-k-aXzw \njvI¿j-tbmsS ]men-

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


®n-cn-°p∂p. Ckvem-anse AXn-]-[m-\-amb Bcm-[-\m-I¿aam-Wv \-a-

kvImcw. AXn¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ ASn-a-I-sfm-s°bpw Ahs‚ apºn¬

AWn-\n-c-°p-∂p. ]kn-U-≠v, ]-[m-\-a-¥n, cmPm-hv, t\Xm-hv, ]WvUn-

X≥, ]W-°m-c≥; B¿°pw Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bp -an -√. k¿hcpw

ka≥am¿. da-Zm-\nse hXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw H∂p-t]mse

hni-∏v kln-°p-∂p. AXn¬-\n∂p hn´p-\n¬°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂

Hcp hnin-jvS- h¿K-hp-an√. hnip≤ l÷v thf-bn¬ F√m-hcpw Htc-

Xcw hkvXw [cn-°p∂p. Htc-ÿ-eØv Htc-t]mse \n¬°p-∂p. Htc-

Xcw A\p-jvTm-\hpw Bcm-[-\bpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. i‡≥, Zp¿_-

e≥, Db¿∂-h≥, Xmgv∂-h≥, tijvT≥, km[m-c-W-°m-c≥, t\Xm-

hv, \oX≥ Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ Hc-¥-chpw H∂n-ep-an-√.

knhn¬, Inan-\¬ \nb-a-ß-fnepw Ckvemw kºq¿W am-\p-jnI

kaXzw Zo£n-°p-∂p. B taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ckvemw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-

∂Xv kXy-Øn\pw \oXn°pw amX-am-Wv. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX apgp-

h≥ a¿Zn-X¿°pw ]oUn-X¿°pw tamN-\-ta-Ip-∂, A\o-Xn-bpsS [zwk-

\-am-Wv DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip‰hmfn-Iƒs°√mw \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øns‚

tXm-X-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv in£ \¬I-s∏-Sp-I. Ah-cpsS ÿm\hpw ]Z-

hnbpw H´pw ]cn-K-W-\o-b-a-√. sIme-bmfn Bcmbmepw sIm√s∏Spw.

tamjv-Smhns‚ ssI∏Øn sImØn-\p-dp-°-s∏-Spw. AXn-I-an°v A¿l-

amb in£ e`n°pw. LmX-I-s‚bpw tamjvSmhn-s‚bpw AI-an-bp-

sSbpw ]Z-hn-Iƒ ]Xn-In-b-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. h[n-°-s∏-

´-h-s‚bpw a¿Zn-X-s‚bpw hwihpw tZihpw ]Whpw ]Z-hnbpw ]cn-

tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. ]WvUn-X≥, km[m-c-W-°m-c≥, `c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn, I¿j-I≥, h¿Ø-I-]amWn, sXmgn-em-fn, Ad-_n, A\-d_n,

]m›m-Xy≥, ]uc-kvXy≥ F√m-hcpw Htct]mse Xs∂. \nbaw apgp-

h≥ t]scbpw Hcp-t]mse ]nSn-IqSpw. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""hniz-

kn-®-h-tc, h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS hnj-b-Øn¬ Xpey-amb ]Xn-Inb \n-

ßƒ°v \n¿_-‘-am-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. kzX-¥-\p- ]-Icw Lm-X-I-\mb

kzX-¥\pw, ASn-a°p ]Icw LmX-I-\mb ASn-abpw, kvXo°p

]Icw LmX-In-bmb kvXobpw h[n-°-s∏Spw.'' (Jp. 2:178)

aX, h¿K, h¿W hyXym-k-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cp-

sSbpw am\yX ]Jym-]\w sNøp∂p Ckvem-anI \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ.

A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""\n›-b-ambpw \mw a\p-jys\ am\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.''

(Jp. 17:70)

BZw k¥-Xn-Isf A\p-K-ln® Cu BZ-c-Wo-b-X-bmWv apgp-

h≥ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw Pohn-°m\pw hniz-kn-°m\pw hn⁄m-\-am¿Pn-

°m\pw a‰p-ap≈ A-hIm-i-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. Cu auen-Im-h-

51Im-i-ß-sf√mw apgp-h≥ hy‡n-Iƒ°pw A\p-`-hn-°m-\-h-kcw \¬tI-

≠Xv `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ _m[y-X-bm-Wv. C°m-cy-ß-fn-sem∂pw a\p-

jy¿°n-S-bn¬ Hcp hn`P-\hpw ]mSn-√. am\-h-Po-hn-X-Ønse c£m-

in -£-I -fpsS ASn -ÿm\w _mly -cq -] -ßƒ°pw h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°pap]cn a\- nse Dt±-iy-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-hgn Ckvemw

am\p-jnI al-Xz-Øn-s‚ -A-Xyp-∂X hnXm-\-Øn-te°p-b-cp-∂p. ]hm-

N-I≥(k) ]d-bp∂p: ""A√mlp \nß-fpsS BIm-c-ß-fn-te-°√

t\m°p-∂Xv; \nß-fpsS a\- p-I-fn-te-°m-Wv.'' (apkvenw)

]c-tem-I-Ønse c£min£-Iƒ, ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p ]tNm-Z-

\-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ hnIm-c-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. \_n(-k) Adn-bn-

°p∂p: ""\n›-b-ambpw I¿aßƒ Ah-bpsS D-t±-iy-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.

Hmtcm a\pjy¿°pw e`n -°pI Ah-\p -t± -in -®Xp amX-amW.v''

(_pJmcn, apkvenw)

\∑, ]tcm-]-Im-cw, ssZh-]o-Xn, ]mc-XnI ]Xn-êwt]mep≈

Dt±iy-ßƒ°mWv A√m-lp-hn-¶¬ AwKo-Imcw e`n-°p-I. adn-®v,

hym]mc Xm¬]-cy-ßƒt°m ùXnI Xm¬]-cy-ßƒt°m A√.

A√mlp ]dbp∂p: ""\nßƒ hnP-bw-h-cn-°m-\mbn \nß-fpsS \mY\p

hgn-s∏-SpI. \∑ ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.'' (Jp. 22:78)

ChnsS \∑-bpsS hnh£ ssZhnI ]Xn-êw ]Xo-£n-®p≈

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. ùXnI ku`m-Ky-ßtfm t\´-ßtfm t\m°n

sNøp-∂-h-b-√. A√mlp Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ ]oXn ]Xo-

£n-®p amX-amWv Rßƒ \nßƒ°v Blmcw Xcp-∂-Xv; Rßƒ

\nß-fn¬\n∂p \µntbm Iqentbm Imw£n-°p-∂n√ F∂-dn-bn-®p-

sIm≠v Ahs‚ Xr]vXn-°mbn AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw A\m-Y¿°pw _‘-

\-ÿ¿°pw Ah¿ Blmcw sImSp-°p-∂p.'' (Jp. 76: 8,9)

Ckvemw a\pjy kaq-l-Øns‚ amXw GI-X-b√ ]Jym-]\w

sNøp-∂-Xv; apgp-h≥ temI-Øn-t‚-Xp-am-Wv. a\p-jy≥, Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ,

kky-e-Xm-Zn-Iƒ, ktN-X-\hpw AtN-X-\-hp-amb a‰p ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ,

`qan, CXc-tKm-f-ßƒ XpSßn F√mw A√m-lp-hns‚ hnt[-b-Xzhpw -

A-Sn-a-Øhpw AwKo-I-cn®v Ahs‚ ]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-

am-bm-Wp-≈-sX∂v AXv Ak-µn-Kv[-am-bpZvtLm-jn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ \a-

kvIm-c-Øn¬ \nc¥cw C-ßs\ ]d-bm≥ Ckvemw apkven-an-t\m-S-\p-

im-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv F¥p-amXw at\m-l-c-a√: ""k¿h-temI

c£n-Xm-hmb A√m-lp-hn-\mWv k¿h-kvXp-Xnbpw. ]ca Imcp-Wn-I\pw

Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-am-W-h≥.'' (Jp.1:2,3)

ChnsS Hmtcm apkvenapw ]c-ahpw ]q¿W-hp-amb Imcp-Wy-Øns‚

]Xo-I-amb, GI-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmb ]]-©-Øns‚

`mK-amWv Xms\∂v kzbw ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Aßs\ sNøm≥

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


Ah≥ A\p-im-kn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. temI-sc-°m-

sfms° sFiz-cy-hm-\mb A√m-lp-hn\p Xm≥ GsXmcp hnti-j-W-

amtWm \¬In-bXv, AtX Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ DZm-l-c-

W-am -Im≥ ChnsS

-Po-hn-°p∂ Hmtcm apkvenapw ian-t°-≠-Xv A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AXn-

\m-emWv Ckvemw Ahs\, Xm≥ ssZh-Øns‚ ImcpWyw Bi-bn-

®mWv Pohn-°p-∂-sX∂v A\-h-cXw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

CtX-hsc hnh-cn-®Xv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xbpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw

temI-tØmSp ]Jym-]n -°p∂ ]am-W-ßfpw XØz-ß-fp -am-Wv.

F∂m¬, ]mtbm-KnI temIØv F¥p-≠mbn? kaq-l-ß-fp-sSbpw

cmjvS-ß-fp-sSbpw ta¬ hnP-bw-h-cn-°p-Ibpw A[n-Imcw \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvX-t∏mƒ kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-sa¥v? Ckvem-anI ]am-W-ßƒ

sFIy-cm-jvS-k`-bpsS a\p-jym-h-Imi ]Jym-]\ tcJ-t]mse IS-

em-kn¬amXw ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-t∂m? sFIy-cm-jvS-k-`-bpsS a\p-jym-

h-Imi-ßƒ, AXns‚ tcJ(Charter of Human Rights)bpsS ]Jym-]-\-

Øns‚ hm¿jnIw B¿`m-S-tØmSpw h¿W-s∏m-en-a-tbmSpw BtLm-

jn-°m≥ temI cmjvS-ßƒ sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sp-∂-

Xn¬ amXw HXp-ßp-a-t√m. AXnse AwK cmjvS-ßƒ B tc-J-

bnse ]am-W-ßƒ h¿j-Ønse F√m amk-ß-fn-sebpw apgp-h≥

Znh-k-ß-fnepw \Kv\-ambpw \nµy-ambpw ewLn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

Ckvem-anse am\pjn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw XØz-ßfpw Ah ]Jym-]n-

°-s∏´ ]tZ-i-Øp-amXw ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cpt∂m; ^©v hnπhw Db¿Øn-

∏n-Sn® aqey-Xbw t]mse? (Ah AhnsS XS-hn-em-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wt√m

D≠m-b-Xv. ^m≥kns‚ Iogn-ep≈ \mSp-Iƒ°pw ta¬t°mbva kzoI-

cn® ]tZ-i-ßƒ°pw tImf-\n-cm-jvS-ßƒ°pw Ah A∏msS \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-S-ß-fnse \nhm-kn-Iƒs°m∂pw ka-

Xzw, kzmX-¥yw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂nh H´pw _m[-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.)

Ckvemw kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ h√ ]Xn-abpw ]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bmtWm

sNbvXXv; \yqtbm¿°n¬ sNbvX-t]mse? (AhnsS FØp∂

B¿°pw BZyw ImWm≥ Ign-bpI AXm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ata-cn-°-

bpsS sNbvXn-Iƒ AXns\ AXy¥w A]-lm-ky-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂p.

A\y \mSp-I-fn-eXv ASn-aØw ASn-t®¬]n-°p-∂p. tamN\w tamln-

°p∂ apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-scbpw a¿Zn-s®m-Xp-°p-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w

]pdØv kzmX-¥y-sØ-∏‰n DK≥ ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.)

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX F¥p kao-]\w kzoI-cn-®p-sh∂v \ap°v

53Ncn-X-tØmSp tNmZn-®p-t\m°mw. AXv adp-]Sn ]d-bs´. G‰hpw kXy-

k-‘-\mb km£n AXm-Wt√m. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bnse am\p-jnI

ka-Xz-Øns‚ tNtXm-lm-cnX AXnse km[m-c-W-°m-cp-sSbpw `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw \nXy hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ Fßs\ ]Xn-^-en-

®p-sh∂p ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°mw.

Hcn-°¬ A_q-Z¿dn\v Acn-iw-h∂p. At±lw Kn^m¿ tKmX-°m-

c-\mb Ad-_n-bm-bn-cp∂p. adp-]£w _nem-ep_v\p d_mlpw. Idp-

I-dpØ FtXym-]y-°m-c≥; A_q-_-Iv-dns‚ ASna. Ccp-hcpw Ckvemw

kzoI-cn® klm-_n-I-fmWv; ]hm-N-Is‚ k¥X kl-Nm-cn-Iƒ. c≠p-

t]¿°p-an-S-bn¬ X¿°w aq¿—n®p. AXv A_q-Z¿dv _nem-ens\ "Idp-

Ø-h-fpsS ]pXm' F∂p hnfn-°p-thm-f-saØn. At∏mƒ _nem¬

\_ntbmSv AtX-°p-dn®v ]cmXn ]d™p. DS≥ Ahn-Sp∂v A_q-

Z¿dn-t\mSp tNmZn®p: ""Xm¶ƒ At±-lsØ Xs‚ amXm-hns\ ]d™v

]cn-l-knt®m? Xm¶-fn-\nbpw Pmln-en-ø-Øn-t\mSp ]q¿W-ambpw hnS-

]-d-™n-´n√. AXns‚ Awi-ßƒ Xm¶-fn-en-t∏mgpw _m°n-bp≠v.

Ah¿ \nß-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv.''(_pJmcn, apkvenw)

CXp-tI´v A_qZ¿dv AXy-[nIw tJZn-°p-Ibpw A\p-Xm]w ]I-

Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _nem-en-t\mSv Xs‚ apJØv Imep-sIm≠p

Nhn´m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-thm-f-saØn B ]›m-Øm]w.

\_nbpsS ImeØv _\q-aJvkqw tKmX-Ønse Hcp kvXo

tamjWw \SØn. Ah¿ in£ \S-∏m-°-s∏-Sm-\mbn B\-bn-°-s∏´p.

AXv Jpssd -in -Isf AXy-[nIw BIp -e -Nn -Ø-cm°n. Ah-¿

At\ym\yw tNmZn®p: ""Chsc in£-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-°n-´m≥

BcmWv \ap-°p-th≠n \_nbpsS ASp-°¬ in]m¿i ]d-bpI?''

At∏m-g-h¿ A\p-kva-cn®p: ""Dkm-a-Xp-_v\p-sskZv \_ntbmSv \t∂

ASpØ hy‡n-bmWv. Ahn-Sp∂v At±-lsØ AXn-bmbn CjvS-s∏-

Sp∂p.'' Ah¿ At±l-hp-ambn hnjbw kwkm-cn®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v

Dkma \_nsb kao-]n®v ]iv\-a-h-X-cn-∏n®p. At∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v

At±-l-tØmSv ITn-\-ambn tIm]n-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂n-ßs\ tNmZn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ in£m-hn-[n-bpsS Imcy-Øn-emtWm

Xm¶-sf-t∂mSv in]m¿i ]d-bp-∂Xv?'' ]n∂oSv ]hm-N-I≥ kZ-ky-

¿°n-S-bn¬ Fgp-t∂-‰p\n∂v ]kw-Kn®p. Ahn-Sp∂v ]d™p: ""]am-

Wn-am¿ Ip‰w sNbvXm¬ shdp-sX-hn-Sp-Ibpw Zp¿_-e¿ Aßs\

]h¿Øn-®m¬ ]nSn-IqSn in£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv

\nß-fpsS ap≥Km-an-Iƒ \in-®Xv. A√m-lp-hmW! apl-Ω-Zns‚ aIƒ

^mXzn-a-bmWv I´-sX-¶nepw Rm\-h-fpsS ssI apdn-°pI Xs∂

sNøpw?''(_pJm-cn, apkvenw, AlvaZv)

I]-S-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ ssJkp_v\p apXzm-Xznb Hcp kZ-

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


nte°p IS-∂p-h∂p. AhnsS t]¿jy-°m-c-\mb k¬am\pw tdma-

°m-c-\mb kpssl_pw FtXym-]y-°m-c-\mb _nem-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

AXn-\m¬ BK-X≥ ]d™p: ""Cbmsf (\_nsb) Hukv, JkvdPv

tKmX-ßƒ Ipsd-sbms° klm-bn-®n -´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ch¿°v

(k¬am≥, kpssl_v, _nem¬) F¥m-Wn-hnsS?'' AhnsS D≠m-bn-

cp∂ apB-Zp_v\p P_¬ CXp-tI´p. At±lw Abm-fpsS ]nc-Sn°v

]nSn®pw hkvXw hen®pw ]hm-NI k∂n-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v

Abmƒ ]d™ Imcy-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\nsb Adn-bn®p. At∏mƒ Ahn-

Sp∂v Acn-i-tØmsS Fgp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw ]≈n-bn-se-Øpw-hsc Abm-

fpsS X´w ]nSn®p hen-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv P\-ßsf Hcp-an-®p-

Iq´n Ah-tcmSp ]kw-Kn®p. AXn-e-t±lw ]d™p: ""P\-ßtf, \nß-

fpsS c£n-Xmhv GI-\mWv. \nß-fp-sS-sb√mw ]nXmhv Hcm-fmWv. \nß-

fpsS aXhpw H∂p-Xs∂.'' (C_v\p Akm-In¿)

Hcn-°¬ AZn-øp_v\p lmXzn-an-ØzmCu aZo-\-bn¬ h∂p. A∂-

t±lw Ckvemw Bt«-jn-®n-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw At±lw \_nbpsS

kZ- n¬ k∂n-ln-X-\mbn. Xncp-ta-\n°p Np‰pw Ahn-SpsØ A\p-N-

c-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-c-t∏mƒ Hcp -bp≤w Ign™v aS-ßn-sb-Øn-

b-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]S-b¶n Agn-®p-am-‰n-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah¿

\_ntbmSp ImWn-°p∂ BZ-chpw kvt\lhpw At±-lsØ B›-

cy-`-cn-X-\m°n. Aß-s\-bn-cns° ]ca Zcn-Z-bmb Hcp kvXo AhnsS

IS-∂p-h∂p. aZo-\-bnse HcSn-a-s∏Æv. Ah¿ Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp ]d™p:

""Rm≥ Aß-tbmSp Hcp kzImcyw ]d-bm-\p-t±-in-°p∂p.'' At∏mƒ

Ahn-Sp∂v B kvXotbmSp ]d™p: ""aZo-\-bnse GXp sXcp-hnepw

Rm≥ \n\-°p-th≠n GI-\mbn \n∂p-X-cm-at√m.'' ]n∂oSv ]hm-N-

I≥ Ah-tcm-sSm-∂n®v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-sX√mw Zo¿L-t\cw tI´p-\n∂p.

F√mw i≤n-®p-tI´v Xncp-ta\n Xncn®p-h∂p. kw`hw t\cn¬ I≠

AZn-øns\ ]hm-N-I-\nse Cu am\p-jnI hnImcw h√msX kzm[o-

\n®p. DS≥ Xs∂ At±lw kXy-aXw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\o≠ Ccp-]-sØm∂p h¿jsØ \nc-¥c ka-c-ßƒ°pw a’-c-

ßƒ°pw tijw \_n a° Pbn-®-S°n. Xt∂mSp ]I-tbmsS s]mcp-

Xp-Ibpw Xs∂ If-hm-°p-Ibpw \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw \in-∏n-°m≥ k¿h-

i-‡nbpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h¿°n-S-bn¬ tPXm-hmbn Fgp-

t∂‰v \n∂p. F∂m¬, At∏mgpw Ahn-Sp∂v BZy-Im-eØv a°-bnse

DuSp-hgn-I-fn¬ Hfn-®n-cp∂v cl-ky-]-t_m-[\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®n-cp∂ AtX ]am-W-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-

amWv Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-®Xv. Ncn-X-Ønse A\-iz-c-amb \mK-cn-I-X-

bpsS \n¿an-Xn-°mbn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ aZo-\-bn¬ Ckvem-

anI cmjvS-Øns‚ B[m-c-in-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ ]Jym-]n-°p-

55Ibpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX AtX ]am-W-ßƒ! Zo¿L-Im-

e-ambn ]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ AtX XØz-ßfpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw

]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn ]hmN-I≥ ]Jym-]n®p. A\ym-b-ambpw

Ia-c-ln-X-ambpw kaq-l-Øn¬ hn`P\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Al-¶m-cn-

I-fmb Jpssd-in-Iƒ tIƒs°, IA-v_-bpsS Ihm-S-Øn¬ Ib-dn-\n-

∂p-sIm≠v Ahn-Sp-∂v ]d™p: ""Jpssdin kaqlta! A√mlp \nß-

fpsS ]gb s]mß-®-]-I-S-\hpw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cn¬ s]cp-a-\-Sn-

°epw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-sc√mw BZan¬\n-∂mWv; BZ-

am-sW-¶n¬ aÆn¬\n∂pw.'' ]n∂oSv Ckvemw t\ctØ ]Jym-]\w

sNbvX DZmØ aqey-ßƒ DZvtLm-jn-°p∂ ]cnip≤ hmIy-ßƒ ]mcm-

bWw sNbvXp: ""a\p-jytc, \nßsf \mw Htc BWn¬ \n∂pw

s]Æn¬ \n∂p-amWv krjvSn-®Xv. \nßsf \mw h¿K-ßfpw tKmX-

ß-fp-ambn th¿Xn-cn-®Xv \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥ th≠n-

bmWv. A√m-lp-hn-¶¬ \nß-fn-te-‰hpw BZ-c-Wo-b¿ \nßfn¬ G‰-

hp-a-[nIw kq£vaX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-csX.'' (Jp. 49:13)

a\pjycmin-bpsS a\ pw Bflmhpw \nd™p\n¬°p-am-dp≈

hn\b-Øns‚ h¿tWm-÷z-e-amb amXrI H∂mw Jeo^ A_q-_-

IvdneqsS Imew ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. A[n-Im-c-ta¬°p-∂-Xn\p apºv

Kma-Ønse A\mY _men-I°v BSp-I-fpsS ]m¬ Id-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-

cp-∂Xv At±-l-amWv. Jeo-^-bmb tijhpw At±lw Xs‚ Ncy-

bn¬ Hcp am‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn√. AtX-°p-dn®v At±lw A`n-]m-b-

s∏-´-Xn-ß-s\bmWv: ""Rm≥ t\ctØ sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp

Imcyw XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v `c-Wm-[n-Imcw Fs∂ hyXn-N-en-∏n-°m-Xn-

cn-°s´.''

Zp¿_-e-tcmSp Zb ImWn-°¬, \oXn-bn¬ \njvI¿j ]pe¿Ø¬,

kXy-tØm-Sp≈ koam-Xo-X-amb kvt\lw, km[m-cW P\-ß-tfm-

Sp≈ Akm-[m-c-W-amb A\p-Iº XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-se√mw aln-X-amb

amXr-I-bmWv Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-°¬ P\-ß-sf√mw

Hcp-t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p. k¿hcpw ka-∑m¿. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°v A\p-

h -Zn -°p -Ibpw hn[n -°p -Ibpw sNbvXn -cp∂ ]eXpw At±lw

kz¥Øn\v \ntj-[n-®n-cp∂p. P\-ßƒ hbdp \nd-°m-\mbn At±lw

hni-∏-\p-`-hn-®n-cp∂p; \m´n-seßpw Np‰n-k-©-cn®v P\-ß-fpsS t£a,

£mam-h-ÿ-Iƒ At\z-jn-®-dn-™n-cp∂p. Cu cwKØv B al÷o-

hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p AS¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-

ßfpw hnJym-X-ß-fp-amb At\Iw kw`-h-ß-fp≠v.

Hcn-°¬ Da¿ Aßm-Sn-bn-eqsS k©-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cns°, Hcp htbm-

hr-≤≥ `n£- bm-Nn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWm-\n-S-bmbn. At±lw

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


AXns‚ Imc-W-a-t\z-jn®p. Abmƒ ]d™p: ""Rm≥ C°m-Wpw-

hn[w Ing-h-\mWv. PohnXw \bn-°m\pw Pnkvb \¬Im\pw Ign-hn√.

Ah c≠n\pw th≠n bmNn-°p-I-bmWv.'' Abmƒ aZo-\-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p∂ Hcp PqX-\m-bn-cp∂p. hr≤s‚ hm°p-Iƒ Da-dnse a\p-jy-

kvt\-lnsb hnfn-®p-W¿Øn. At±lw ]d™p: ""\n›-b-ambpw \mw

Xm¶-tfmSp \oXn ImWn-®n-ń√. Xm¶ƒ bphm-hm-bn-cns° \mw Pnkvb

]ncn-s®-SpØp. Ct∏mƒ hm¿[-Iy-Øn¬ Xm¶sf ssIsbm-gn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p.'' Aßs\ Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥ At±-lsØ ssI

]nSn®v hoń-te°p Iqń-s°m-≠p-t]mbn. AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Blmcw

Abmƒ°p sImSpØp. ]n∂oSv s]mXp-J-P-\m-hns‚ Imh-¬°m-c-

t\mSv Abmƒ°pw AXp-t]m-ep-≈-h¿°pw Ah-cp-sSbpw Bin-X-

cpsSbpw Bhiyw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bXp sImSp-°m≥

I¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

aZo-\-bn¬ ]pdw-\m-ń¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp hym]m-cn-kwLw h∂p.

AXn¬ kvXoIfpw Ipń-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ Da¿ A_vZp-

¿d-lvam-\n-_v\p Hu-^n-t\mSp tNmZn®p: ""Cu cmXn Xm¶ƒ°v Ft∂m-

sSm∏w Ah¿°v Imh¬ \n∂p-IqsS?'' At±lw AXn\p kΩ-Xn®p.

Ah-cn-cp-hcpw B cmXn I®-h-S-kw-L-Øn\v Imh¬ \n∂p. c≠p-

t]cpw \a-kvI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ Da¿ Hcp Ipń-

bpsS Ic®n¬tI´p. \a-kvImcØn¬ \n∂v hnc-an® DSs\ B Ipń-

bpsS ASpØp sN∂v AXns‚ amXm-hnt\mSv ]d-™p: ""A√m-lpsh

kq£n-°p-I. Ipń-tbmSv \∂mbn s]cp-am-dp-I.'' At±lw AhnsS\n∂v

kzÿm-\Øv aS-ßn-sb-Øn-b-t∏m-tg°pw Ipń ho≠pw Ic-bm≥ XpS-

ßn. AXn-\m¬ AXns‚ ASpØp sN∂v amXm-hn-t\mSv BZy-hm-N-I-

ßƒ Bh¿Øn®p. Xncn®p h∂v \a-kvIm-c-Øn¬ ]th-in-®-t∏m-

tg°pw ho≠pw Ipń-bpsS Ic-®n¬ tI´p. \a-kvImcw ]q¿Øn-bm-

°nb DSs\ AXns‚ amXm-hns‚ ASpØv sN∂v A¬]w cq£-amb

`mj-bn-en-ßs\ ]d™p: ""\nßƒ Fs¥mcp NoØ amXmhmWv!

\nß-fpsS Ipń cmXn H∂v sskzc-ambn AS-ßn-°n-S-∂n-´p-t]m-ep-an-

√t√m.''

Xt∂mSp kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv Aao-dp¬ apAvan-\o≥ Da-dm-sW∂v B

kvXo Adn-™n-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ ]d™p: ""cmXn-bpsS BZy-

bmaw sXm´v Xm¶-sfs∂ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Rm≥

Cu Ipń-bpsS ape-IpSn am‰m≥ ian-°p-I-bmWv. AXv AXn-s\m´p

kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-an√.''

""F¥n-\mWv Ct∏m-g-Xns‚ ape-IpSn \n¿Øp-∂Xv? AXn\v c≠p

hb v XnIt™m?'' Da¿ tNmZn®p.

57""C√, ]t£, ape-IpSn amdmØ Ipń-Iƒ°v Da¿ s]mXp-ap-X-

en¬\n∂v hnln-X-a-\p-h-Zn-°n-√t√m'' Ah¿ ]d™p.

""Ipń°v FX ]mb-ambn?''

""GXm\pw amk-ßƒ'' B kvXo ]d™p.

""F¶n¬ \o ape-IpSn am‰m≥ [rXn-Iq-t´-≠-Xn√.'' CX-bp-a-dn-bn®v

Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv Xncn-®p-t]m∂p. A∂sØ At±-l-Øns‚ ]`mX

]m¿Y-\-bnse Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-bWw Ic-®n-ens‚ B[n-Iy-Øm¬

Ahy-‡-am-bn-cp∂p. \a-kvIm-c-Øn¬\n∂v hnc-an® DSs\ At±lw

P\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ Fgp-t∂‰p\n∂v Cßs\ ]d™p: ""Da-dns‚

ÿnXn-sbX IjvSw! apkvenw-I-fpsS FX Ipń-I-sf-bmWv Cbmƒ

sIm∂p-I-f-™Xv!'' ]n∂oSv hnfw-_-c-°m-c-t\mSv, Bcpw Ipń-I-fpsS

ape-IpSn am‰m≥ [rXn-Iq-t´-≠-Xn-s√∂pw P\n-®p-ho-gp∂ apgp-h≥ Ipń-

Iƒ°pw s]mXp-ap-X-en¬ \n∂p hnln-X-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw

]Jym-]n-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in®p. ]kvXpX DØ-chv \mSns‚ \m\m `mK-

ß-fn-te°pw FgpXn Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

CXn-t\-°mƒ tNtXm-l-chpw h¿tWm-÷z-e-hp-amb Hcp kw`-

hhpw Ct∂m-f-ap≈ a\p-jy-N-cnXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√. temI P\-

X-bpsS \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn-se-hn-sSbpw Da-dns‚ P\m-[n-]Xy coXn-I-tfmfw

aln-Xhpw at\m-l-c-hp-am-bXv ImWpI km[y-a√. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb

At±lw kzbw bmXm-kw-L-Øn\p Imh¬ \n¬°p∂p; Xs‚ A\p-

N-c-∑m-sc√mw kpJ-\n-Z-bn-em-bn-cns° Dd-°-sam-gn-°p∂p; A°m-esØ

AXn-i-‡-ß-fmb c≠p kmamPy i‡n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ tdma-sbbpw

t]¿jy-sbbpw Iog-S°n F√m-‰n-s\bpw \bn-°p-Ibpw \nb-¥n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ hnizmkn-I-fpsS t\Xm-hm-W-t±lw. F∂n´pw Hcp

km[m-cW ]mdm-hp-Im-cs‚ tPmen sNøp∂p. F∂nt´m? Fhn-sS-

\nt∂m h∂ B bmXm kwL-Ønse GtXm Hcp kvXobpsS Ipń-

bpsS Ic-®n¬ At±-lsØ Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. AXns\ Biz-

kn-∏n-°m≥ amXm-hn-t\mSp aq∂p-X-hW Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. A]-cn-Nn-

X-amb bmXm kwL-Ønse Ipń-I-tfmSv C∆n[w ImcpWyw ImWn-

°p∂ Bcp≠v \ΩpsS Iq´-Øn¬? aln-X-amb am\p-jn-I hnIm-c-

Øn¬ Da-dns‚ Bbncw ImXw ASp-Øp-\n¬°m≥ A¿l-X-bp≈

GXp alm-\mWv Ncn-X-Øn-ep-≈Xv?

NcnXw AXns‚ sN∏p-Xp-d∂v IqSp-X¬ tNtXm-l-c-amb kw`-h-

ßƒ \nc-Øn-sh-°p∂p. Da-dns‚ `rXy≥ Akvew ]d-bp∂p: ""Rm≥

Hcp cmXn Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o-t\m-sSm-∂n®v ]pd-s∏´p. Rßƒ aZo-\-

bn¬ \n∂p hfsc Zqsc-sbØn. Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-bn¬\n-∂-I∂

]tZi-ß-fnse Bfp-I-fpsS Ahÿ At\z-jn®p ]Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


cp∂p Rßƒ. \S-∂p-\o-ßsh A¬]-a-Ise Xo IØp-∂Xp I≠p.

At∏mƒ Da¿ ]d™p: ""h√ bmX-°m-cp-am-bn-cn°pw. cmXnbpw

XWp∏pw AhnsS Xßm≥ Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-®-Xmhmw.' Aßs\

Rßƒ Ahn-tS°p t]mbn. ASp-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Hcp kvXosbbpw

GXm\pw Ipń-I-sf-bp-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-™Xv. kvXo Hcp ]mXw

sh®v Xo IØn-°p-IbmWv; Ipń-Iƒ Np‰p-an-cp∂v Ic-bp-Ibpw H®-

bp-≠m-°p-Ibpw. Da¿ Ahsc A`n-hmZyw sNbvX-tijw Ah-cpsS

ÿnXn -K -Xn -I -ft\zjn®p. At∏mƒ

B kvXo ]d™p: "cmXnbpw XWp∏pw Imc-W-ambn Rßƒ ChnsS

Xtß-≠n-h∂p.'

"F¥n-\mWv Ipń-Iƒ Ic™v _l-fw -sh-°p-∂Xv? Ah¿s°-

¥p-]‰n?' Jeo^ tNmZn®p.

"hni∏v' kvXo ]d™p.

"Cu Nń-bn-se-¥mWv?'

"sh≈w! Ah¿ Dd-ßp-thmfw Rm\Xv Xnf-∏n®v Ahsc kam-[m-

\n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv. Rßƒ°pw Da-dn-\p-an-S-bn¬ Xo¿∏p I¬]n-°p-∂-

h≥ A√m-lp-hsX.'

"A√mlp \nß-tfmSp IcpW ImWn-°s´. Da¿ \nß-sf-°p-dn®v

Fßs\ Adn-bm-\mWv?' Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥ tNmZn®p.

"Rß-fpsS Imcyw Gs‰-Sp-°pI; F∂n´v Rßsf i≤n-°m-Xn-cn-

°p-Itbm?' kvXo Xncn-®p-tNm-Zn®p.

At∏mƒ Da¿ Fs‚ t\sc-Xn-cn™p ]d™p: "\ap°v t]mImw.'

Aßs\ Rßƒ AhnsS \n∂p aSßn. t\sc tKmX-ºp-s]mSn

kq£n® KpZm-an-te°v t]mbn. AhnsS \n∂v s]mSn-bpsS Nm°pw

shÆ-∏m-Xhpw ]pd-sØ-SpØp. Ah Xs‚ Npa-en¬ sh®p-sIm-Sp-

°m≥ Aao-dp¬ apAvan-\o≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. Ah Rm≥ Npa-∂p-sI-

≈m-sa∂v ]d™p t\m°n. ]t£ At±lw AXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. Kuc-

h-kz-c-Øn¬ Ft∂mSp tNmZn®p: "A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ Xm¶ƒ Fs‚ `mcw

Npa-°ptam?'

Aßs\ Rm≥ B NpaS v At± -l-Øns‚ Npa -en¬

sh®psImSpØp. Rß-fn-cp-hcpw \S∂v B kvXobpsS ASp-sØØn.

NpaSv AhnsS Cd°n-b-tijw AXn¬\n∂v A¬]w amhv ]pd-sØ-

SpØp. ]n∂oSv B kvXo-tbmSv ]d™p: "F\n°v kuIcyw sNbvXp-

X-cnI. Rm≥ \nßƒ-°nXv ]mIw-sNbvXpXcmw.' At±lw Xo IØn®v

AXp ]mIw sNøm≥ XpSßn. At±-l-Øns‚ \o≠ XmSn-bn-eqsS

]pI ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv Rm≥ t\cn¬ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn.

59Blmcw ]mIw-sNbvXp ]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ ]mXw Cd-°n-sh®p.

XpS¿∂v AXn¬\n∂v A¬]w Hcp ]mX-Øn-se-SpØv Ipń-Iƒ°p

sImSp-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏´p. _m°n Xm≥ XWp-∏n®psIm≈m-sa∂v Adn-

bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipń-Iƒ hni-∏-S-°p-∂-Xp-hsc B \ne XpS¿∂p.

]n∂oSv _m°n Ah¿°p-Xs∂ \¬In. Aao-dp¬ ap-A-van-\o≥ Fgp-

t∂‰p. Rm\pw IqsS Fgp-t∂‰p. At∏mƒ B kvXo ]d™p:

"A√mlp Xm¶ƒ°v DØ-a-amb ]Xn-êw \¬Is´. Da-dn-t\-°mƒ

Xm¶-fmWv Jnem-^-Øn-\¿l≥.'

At∏mƒ At±lw ]d™p: "\√Xp amXw ]d-bpI! \nßƒ

Jeo-^-bpsS ASpØp sN∂m¬ AhnsS Fs∂ ImWmw, A√mlp

A\pK-ln-s®-¶n¬.' ]ns∂ Ahn-sS-\n∂p ]ncn-™p-t]m∂p. A¬]w

]n∂n-´-tijw Ahsc \nco-£n-°m-\mbn amdn-\n∂p. B Ipń-Iƒ

kt¥m-j-tØmSpw kam-[m-\-tØm-Spw Dd-ßp-∂-Xp-hsc AhnsS

t\m°n-\n∂p. ]n∂oSv Ahn-sS-\n∂v A√m-lpsh kvXpXn®psIm≠v

Fs‚ ASp-Øp-h∂p. At±lw ]d™p: "Akveta! hni-∏mWv

Ahsc Dd-°-sam-gn-∏n-®Xpw Ic-bn-∏n-®Xpw. AXn-\m¬ Cu Ahÿ

t\cn¬ ImWp-thmfw ChnSw hnSm≥ Rm\n-jvS-s∏-ń√.''

Da-dp¬ ^mdq-Jns‚ AZzn-Xo-b-amb a\p-jy-kvt\lw A\m-h-cWw

sNøp∂ At\Iw kw`-h-ß-fp≠v. aln-X-amb AØcw amXr-I-I-fn-

sem-∂n-XmWv: ]Xn-hp-t]mse Hcp cmXn At±lw P\-ß-fpsS ÿnXn-

K-Xn-I-f-t\z-jn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ aZo-\-bpsS Hcp

Xmgvhc-bn-eqsS k©-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cns°, AhnsS Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn

sIń -bp -≠m-°nb Xºn¬\n∂v Hcp kvXobpsS Rc-°w-tI´p.

AXns‚ hmXn¬-°¬ Hcmƒ Ccn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Da¿ At±-l-

tØmSv AIØp\n∂p tIƒ°p∂ Zb-\o-b-amb Rc-°-Øns‚

ImcWw Xnc°n. Abm-fXv Adn-bn-°m≥ Iq´m-°n-bn√. hfsc \n¿_-

‘n-®-t∏mƒ ]d™p: ""AsXs‚ `mcy-bmWv. Ahƒ ]khthZ\

kln-°p-I-bmWv. Ahsf ]cn-N-cn-°m≥ ASpØv Bcp-an√.'' CXptI´v

Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥ hoń-te°p aSßn. Xs‚ `mcy DΩp-Ip-¬kq-an-

t\mSp ]d™p: (AenbpsS ]p-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿) ""A√mlp

\n\°v sIm≠p-h-∂p-X∂ Hcp ]Xn-êw \o G‰p-hm-ßpt∂m?''

""AsX-¥mWv?'' Ah¿ tNmZn®p. At∏mƒ Da¿ hnhcw kl-[¿an-

Wnsb [cn-∏n®p. XpS¿∂v \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hn-\m-h-iy-amb hkvXw,

amXmhn-\p-th≠ FÆ, Hcp ]mX-Øn¬ \ndsb tKmX-ºp-s]mSn apX-

em-bh ]pd-sØ-Sp-°m\pw Xs‚ IqsS hcm\pw Ah-tcm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ahiy hkvXp-°-sf-SpØv Aao-dp¬ apA-

van-\o≥ ap∂nepw ]nb-]Xv\n ]n∂n-ep-ambn B Xºns‚ t\sc \S∂p.

a\p-jy-kvt\lw


AhnsS FØn-b-t∏mƒ DΩp-Ip¬kq-ans\ kvXobpsS ASp-tØ-°-

b®v Da¿ `£Ww ]mIw sNøm≥ XpSßn. BK-X≥ Bsc-∂-dn-bmsX

Krl-\mY≥ kzÿm-\Øv kzÿ-\m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX B kvXo ]k-hn®p. At∏mƒ Xºn-\-

I-Øp-\n∂v DΩp-Ip¬kqw hnfn®p ]d™p: ""Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥!

Xm¶-fpsS ktlm-Z-c\v HcmÏp™v ]nd∂ kt¥m-j-hm¿Ø Adn-

bn-°pI.'' CXp-tI´v Kmao-W≥ sRń-Ø-cn®p. Xs‚ ASp-Øn-cn-°p-

∂Xv Jeo-^-bm-sW∂v At±lw At∏m-gm-W-dn-bp-∂Xv. Abmƒ BZ-

c-]q¿hw amdn-\n∂p. F∂m¬, Da¿ At±-lsØ kzÿm-\-Øn-cn-°m≥

\n¿_-‘n-°p-Ibpw Xm≥ Xøm-dm-°nb Blmcw Hcp ]mX-Øn-se-

SpØp `mcysb G¬]n-°p-Ibpw AXv B kvXosb Xo‰m-\m-h-iy-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv Blmcw ]mX-Øn-se-SpØv Kmao-W\pw

sImSpØp. F∂n-ńßs\ ]d™p: ""CXv Ign-®p-sIm-≈pI. cmXn-ap-

gp-h≥ Dd-°-sam-gn-®-Xt√?''

DΩp-Ip¬kqw ]khipiq-j-sb√mw ]q¿Øn-bm°n ]pd-Øp-h-

∂-t∏mƒ B Kmao-W-t\mSv ASp-Ø-Zn-hkw Xs‚ ASpØp hcm-\m-

h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v Aao-dp¬ apA-van-\o≥ ÿew-hn´p. Aßs\ Abmƒ

Jeo^-bpsS ASpØv sN√p-Ibpw At±lw \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hn\v

hnlnXw \n›-bn-®p sImSp°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Rm≥ ]mcm-bWw sNbvX Poh-N-cnX ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-sem∂pw

CXp-t]mse D∂-Xhpw DZm-Øhpw aln-Xhpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb Hc-

[ymbw I≠n-ń√. Ata-cn-°°p kzmX¥yw t\Sn-s°m-SpØ hmjnw-

KvS¨ Xs‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn-ep-ff sXcp-hn-eqsS \S∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ

Nne ssk\n-I¿ Hcp I√v s]m°m≥ ian-°p-∂Xpw Ah-c-Xn¬ ]cm-

P-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ImWm-\n-S-bmbn. kq∏¿sshk¿ AhnsS t\m°n-

\n-¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw At±-l-a-hsc klm-bn-°m≥ k∂-

≤-\m-bn√. At∏mƒ hmjnwKvS¨ At±-l-tØmSv I√v s]m°m≥ ]´m-

f-°msc klm-bn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏´p. ]t£, kq∏¿ssh-k¿ hnk-Ω-

Xn®p. At±lw ]d™p: ""AsXs‚ \ne-hm-c-Øn\p tN¿∂-X√.''

61CXp-tI´ hmjnw-KvS¨ Xs‚ intcm-hkvXw Agn-®p-sh®p I√v

s]m°m≥ klm-bn®p. XpS¿∂v Ah-tcm-Sn-ßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp:

""klmbw Bh-iy-ambn hcp-tºm-sg√mw hmjnw-KvS-Wns‚ hmXn-en¬

ap´pI.'' Xo¿®-bmbpw CXv hyXn-cn-‡-amb Hcp kw`hw Xs∂; hfsc

hnin-jvS-amb kz`m-h-Øns‚ sXfnhpw.... F∂m¬, Da-dns‚ amXr-

Ibpw CXpw XΩn-se¥p kmayw? At±lw cmXn Dd-°hpw hni-a-

hp-sam-gn-°p∂p; Xs‚ P\-X-bpsS Ahÿ At\z-jn®p Np‰n-°-d-

ßp∂p; A¥n-bpsS A‘-Im-c-Ønepw kz¥w kl-[¿an-Wnsb

GtXm Hcp kvXobpsS Cus‰-Sp-°m≥ Iq´n-s°m≠p t]mIp∂p; ]k-

hm-h-k-c-Øn-em-h-iy-amb hkvX-ßfpw FÆbpw a‰p hkvXp-°fpw

Xm≥Xs∂ FSp-°p∂p. \ΩpsS `mj-bn¬ cmPysØ cmPvRn-bmb,

As√-¶n¬ ]Ya h\n-X-bmb Ah¿ kqXn-I¿an-Wn-bpsS Npa-Xe

kt¥m-j-]q¿hw \n¿h-ln-°p∂p. `c-Wm-[n-Imcn ]mN-I-°m-cs‚

]Wnbpw.

`qan-bn-semcp t\Xm-hn\pw CX DXvIr-jvS-amb hnXm-\-Øn-te-°p-

b-cm≥ km[n-®n-´n√. am\p-jnI hnIm-c-ßƒ CX-tbsd am\n-°-s∏´

at‰Xp kw`hw Fhn-sS-bp≠v? Dadns‚ al-Xz-ß-fn¬ H∂p amX-am-

WnXv; acp-`q-an-bpsS aI-\mb Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØzm-_ns\ apgp-h≥

alm-∑m-cp-am¿Pn® F√m al-Xz-ß-fp-sSbpw sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-te-°p-

b¿Ønb \nc-h[n tim`\ NnX-ß-fn¬ H∂p-amXw. At±-l-am-sW-

¶n¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX kw`m-h\ sNbvX GI-k-¥m-\-hpa√.

Ckvem-ans‚ AXp-ey-amb am\p-jnI hiw hnfw-_cw sNøp∂

AXns‚ At\Iw Acpa k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ Hcmƒ amX-amWv ˛Imcp-

Wy-Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ]q¿W-X-bp-sSbpw ]Im-i-tKm-

]p-c-ß-fmbn ]tim-`n-°p∂ ]e-cn¬ Hcmƒ.

A_q-_-Iv¿, Dkvam≥, Aen, Da-dp_v\p A–n¬ Akokv, kp¬-

Øm≥ kzem-lp-±o≥ Aøq_n t]mep≈ ]fin-X-∑m-cnepw t\Xm-°-

fnepw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fnepw \mb-I-∑m-cnepw Zm¿i-\n-I-cnepw Ckvem-

anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS a\pjy kvt\l-]-c-amb hnIm-c-ßƒ Ah-bpsS

]mcayw ]m]n-®-Xns‚ At\Iw A\-izc amXr-I-Iƒ ImWmw.

kaXzw


\mev

kaXzw

h¿K h¿W hyXym-k-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw ka-∑m-

cm-sW∂v Ckvemw DZvtLm-jn-°p∂p. ka-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn

]cnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]Jym-]n®p: ""A√m-lp-hn-¶¬ \nß-fn¬ G‰hpw

BZ-c-Wo-b¿ \nß-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kq£vaX ]men-°p-∂-h-

\mWv.'' (49:13)

l÷-Xp¬ hnZm-Cse ]Jym-X-amb ]kw-K-Øn¬ ]hm-N-I≥

]d™p: ""a\p-jy-sc√mw BZ-an¬\n-∂mWv. BZw aÆn¬\n∂pw.

Ad_n°v A\-d-_n-sb-°mƒ Hcp tijvT-X-bp-an√; shfp-Ø-h\v

IdpØ-h-s\-°mfpw˛ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kq£vaX ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS-

b-√msX?'' (C_v\p kAvZv)

Ckvem-ans‚ Cu kaXz ]Jym-]\w A`n-\h \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

\mbI-∑m¿ \S-Øp-∂-t]m-ep≈ shdpw hmNmtSm-]-a√. shdpsX

]dbm\pw ]Jym-]n-°m\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ ]am-W-hp-a√. adn®v

]mtbm-KnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb kn≤m-¥-amWv. km[m-cW

kwKXn-Ifpw kw`-h-ßfpw t]mse CXpw A\m-bmkw ]tbm-K-h-

XvI-cn-°-s∏´p. khn-tij i≤tbm Xoh-b-Xv\tam th≠n-h-∂n√.

A√m-lp-hn-\p≈ ASn-aØw ]Jym-]n®pw `‡n ]I-Sn-∏n®pw

shfp-Ø-h\pw Idp-Ø-h\pw ]≈n-bn¬ Htc hcn-bn¬ tXmtfmSp tXmƒ

tN¿∂p AWn-\n-c-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ckvemw Cu kaXzw km£m-XvI-

cn®p. Idp-Ø-h≥ Xt∂mSv sXm´p-cpΩn \n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ shfp-Ø-h\v

shdpt∏m apjnt∏m tXm∂n-bn√. t\cnb Atem-k-cw-t]mepw A\p-`-

h-s∏-´n√.

hnhn[ tZi-°mcpw `mj-°mcpw h¿K-°mcpw h¿W-°mcpw Htc

hkvX-ß-f-Wn™v Htc a¥-ap-®-cn®v Htc coXn-bn¬ Bcm-[-\-I-f-

\p-jvTn-°pI hgn Ckvemw l÷n-eqsS kp]-[m-\-amb Cu ]amWw

]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn®p. AXn-\m¬ kh¿W¿°pw Ah¿W¿°p-an-S-bn¬

Hcphn[ hnth-N-\hpw Fhn-sS-bp-an√.

am\p-jnI ka-Xz-apZvtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ckvemw aln-X-amb

amXrI krjvSn®p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw it≤-b-amb `h-\-amWv

hnip≤ IAv_. Pmln-en-øm-Im-eØv Xs∂ AXv BZ-c-Wo-bhpw

]cn-ip-≤-hp-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. Ckvemw AXns\ temI-sØ-

ßp-ap≈ apkvenw-I-fpsS tIµ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ncn-X-Ønse

G‰hpw \n¿Wm-b-Ihpw \nkvXp-e-hp-amb kw`-h-amWv a°m-hn-Pbw.

63AXv \S-∂-t∏mƒ hnip≤ IA-v_-bpsS apI-fn¬ Ibdn _m¶v I¿aw

\n¿h-ln-°m\pw kXy-Øns‚ hnP-b-]-Jym-]\w \S-Øm\pw `c-

ta¬]n-°-s∏-´Xv _nem-ep_v\p d_m-lmWv. At±lw \t∂ Idp-

Ø-h-\m-bn-cp∂p. Hsc-tXym-]y≥ ASna!

F¥m-WnXv? _nem-en-s\-t∏mse IdpØ Hc-Sna IA-v_-bpsS apI-

fn¬ Im¬ sh°p-Itbm? B[p-\nI \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ°v \mb-IXzw

\¬Ip∂ Ata-cn-°-°m-c\v Cß-s\-sbm∂v k¶-¬]n-°p-I-t]mepw

km[y-a√. F∂m¬ Ckvemw ]Xn-\mev \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p aptº AXv

]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn®p. ]hm-N-I≥ _nemens\ IA-v_-bpsS s\dp-I-

bn¬ Ib-‰n-\n¿Øn-bXv shdp-sX-b√. a\p-jy-XzsØ am\n-°m≥

th≠n-bmWv; am\y-X-bp-sSbpw al-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw am\-Zfiw hn⁄m-

\hpw hnizm-khpw _p≤n-ssh-`-hhpw kz`mh sshin-jvSy-hp-am-sW∂v

]Tn-∏n-°m-\mWv. BZcWo-bX°v A¿l-am-°p-∂Xv sXmen-bpsS

Idp∏pw shfp-∏p-as√∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw. ]h¿Ø\ cwKØv

]n∂-Wn-bn-ep-≈-h¿ h¿W[m-h-fy-Øm¬ ap∂-Wn-bn-se-ØpI Ckvem-

anI \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ km[y-a√. A]-Imcw Xs∂ ss[j-WnI ]`m-

hhpw I¿a Ipi-e-Xbpw ssIap-X-em-°n-b-h¿ hnh¿W-X-bm¬ ]pdw-

X-≈-s∏-Sp∂ ]iv\-hp-an√.

A_q-Z¿dv \_nbpsS BZ-c-Wo-b-cmb ASpØ A\p-N-c-∑m-cn-sem-

cm-fm-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ At±lw _nem-ens\ "Idp-Ø-h-fpsS ]pXm'

F∂v hnfn-®m-t£-]n®p. Xncp-ta-\n°v CsXm´pw CjvS-s∏-´n√. AXn-

\m¬ A_q-Z¿dns\ i‡n-bmbn Xm°oXv sNbvXp. Kuc-h-kz-c-Øn¬

]d™p: ""Xm¶ƒ Abmsf Xs‚ amXm-hns‚ Idp∏p h¿WØns‚

t]cn¬ A]am-\nt®m? Pmln-en-ø-Øn¬\n∂v C\nbpw ap‡-am-hmØ

a\p-jy≥Xs∂ Xm¶ƒ.''

]hm-N-I≥ Adn-hn-s\bpw A⁄-X-sbbpw hyh-t—-Zn-°p-I-bm-

Wn-hnsS. am\p-jnI \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Pmln-enøm \mK-cn-I-Xbpw XΩn¬

th¿Xn-cn-°p∂p. h¿K h¿W hyXym-k-ß-ƒ°-Xo-X-amb \mK-cn-I-X-

bmWv am\p-jnIw. _p≤nbpw t_m[-hp-ap≈ am\y-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn-

°pI AXmWv. shfp-Ø-h≥ Hu∂Xyw t\Sp-Ibpw Idp-Ø-h≥ Ah-

tl-fn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sXmen-bpsS h¿W-[m-hfyw hnP-b-tlXp Bhp-

Ibpw Ah¿-WX \n¿`mKy \nan-Ø-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ \mK-cn-IX

Pmln-en-ø-ØmWv. AXn-eqsS am\-h-cmin A‘cpw Al-¶m-cn-Ifpw

A⁄cpw hnUvVn-I-fp-ambn \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]nd-tIm´v t]mIp∂p ˛]hm-

N-I≥ Pmln-en-ø-sØ∂v hnti-jn-∏n® ]Xn-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-te°v. h¿K,

h¿W hn`-P\w \S-Øp∂ ]mIrX \mK-cn-I-Xsb Ckvemw F√m-

cw-KØpw ]Xn-tcm-[n®p. PohnX-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ taJ-e-I-fnepw AXp-

ambn G‰p-ap´n; ]≈n-bn¬, ]mT-im-e-bn¬, tImS-Xn-bn¬, `c-W-Øn¬

kaXzw


F√m-bn-S-Øp-sh®pw. AXn¬ iXp-anX hyXymkw t]mepw ImWn-

®n√.

CuPn]vXv A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn apkvenw-Iƒ AhnsS ]th-

in®p. Ah¿ _m_ntem¨ tIm´-bpsS ap∂n¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n®p. CuPn-

]vXnse `c-Wm-[n-Imcn apJu-Jnkv apkvenw-I-fp-ambn kw`m-jWw

\S-Øm-\m-Klw ]I-Sn-∏n®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v tk\m-\m-b-I≥ Awdp-

_v\p¬ Bkzv At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-tØ°v Hcp ]Xn-\n[n kwLsØ

\ntbm-Kn®p. ]Øp t]cm -bn -cp∂p Ah¿. Iq´ -Øn¬ D_m-Z -

Xp_v\p zman-Xp-ap -≠m-bn-cp∂p. Idp-I-dpØ a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp∂p

At±lw; Zo¿L-Im-b\pw. Awdv At±-l-sØ-bmWv apJu-Jn-kp-ambn

kwkm-cn-°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. Aßs\ \nth-Z-I-kwLw D_m-

Z-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ ]th-in-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-

Øns‚ Idp∏v I≠v apJu-Jn-kn\v t]Sn tXm∂n. Abmƒ ]d™p:

""Cu Idp-Ø-hs\ F∂n¬ \n∂-I‰n \n¿ØpI. Rm\p-ambn kwkm-

cn-°m≥ a‰m-sc-¶nepw apt∂m-´p-h-cnI.'' CXp-tI´v ]Xn-\n-[n-kw-L-Øn-

ep-≈-h-sc√mw GI-kz-c-Øn¬ ]d™p: ""Rß-fpsS t\Xmhv At±-

l-amWv. Rß-fn¬ G‰hpw tijvT\pw A`n]mb kp_-≤-X-bp-≈-

h\pw DØ-a\pw At±-lw-Xs∂. At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-]m-bhpw hm°p-

Ifpw Rß-sf√mw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. Rß-fp-sS-sb√mw \mb-I-\mbn

\n›-bn-°-s∏-´Xv At±-l-amWv. AXn-\m¬ Rßƒ At±-l-Øns‚

A`n-]m-b-ßfpw hm°p-Ifpw ewLn-°p-I-bn√.''

Cu adp-]Sn apJu-Jn-kns\ B›-cy-`-cn-X-\m°n. Abmƒ tNmZn®p:

""\nß-sf-ß-s\-bmWv Cu Idp-Ø-hs\ t\Xm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°pI.

Abmƒ \nß-sf-°m-sf√mw Xmgv∂-h-\m-Wt√m?''

""A√, Hcn-°-ep-a√. At±-l-Øns‚ sXmen-bpsS h¿Ww Xm¶ƒ

ImWpw-hn[w Idp-∏m-sW-¶nepw ÿm\-Ønepw _p≤n-km-a¿Yy-Ønepw

A`n-]m-b-ta-∑-bnepw At±lw Rß-sf-°m-sf√mw Db-c-Øn-emWv.

Idp∏v Rßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hc-tbm-Ky-X-bp-a√'' Ah¿ GI-kz-c-Øn¬

]d™p.

""F¶n¬, Idp-Ø-ht\, hcq! Ft∂mSp kuay-ambn kwkm-cn°q!

Rm≥ Xm¶-fpsS Idp-∏ns\ h√msX `b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Xm¶-

fpsS kwkmcw cq£-am-bm¬ Fs‚ `oXn h¿[n°pw'' apJu-Jnkv

]d™p. At±-l-Øns‚ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿbpw Idp-∏n-t\m-Sp≈ `bhpw

a\- n-em-°nb D_m-ZØv Adn-bn®p: ""Rß-fpsS ssk\y-Øn¬

IdpØ Bbncw t]cp≠v. Ah-sc√mw Fs∂-°mfpw Idp-Ø-h-cmWv.''

ChnsS Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX FX- a-t\m-l-chpw DZm-Øhpw

a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-hp-am-bn-cn-°p∂p? 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]cn-jvIrX a\p-jy-

65cpƒ-s∏sS F√m-hcpw Idp∏v Hcp \yq\-X-bmbn ImWp∂p. Idp-Ø-

h≥ sh≈-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ \n¬°m≥ A¿l-\-s√∂v [cn-°p∂p. ]ns∂

Fß-s\-bmWv AØ-c-sam-cmsf t\Xmhpw tijvT\pw ]fin-X\pw

a‰p-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°pI? F∂m¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Cu am\-

Z-fi-ß-sf-sb√mw X®p-S®p. AXnse hnUvVnØw Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn®p.

Idp-Ø-h≥ hn⁄m-\-Ønepw [oc-X-bnepw A`n-]mb kp_-≤-X-

bnepw ap¥n-\n-∂-t∏m-sg√mw Ahs\ shfp-Ø-h-s\-°mƒ Db¿Øn.

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX \mb-I-Xz-Øn-te°pw t\Xr-Xz-Øn-te°pw \bn®

\nc-h[n sXmen IdpØ a\p-jy-cn¬ Hcmƒ amX-amWv D_m-Z-

Xp_v\p zmanXv.

Daho `c-Wm-[n-Imcn A_vZp¬ aen-In_v\p a¿hm≥, a°-bnse

]apJ ]fin-X\pw I¿a -imkvX hnim -c -Z\pw Cam -ap -amb

AXzmD_v\p A_o-d-_m-lb-√msX Bcpw ^Xvh-Iƒ (aX-hn-[n-Iƒ)

\¬I-cp-sX∂v \njvI¿jn-®n-cp∂p. A°mcyw hnfw-_cw hgn P\-

ßsf Adn-bn-°m≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬ BcmWo AXzmAv? IdpØ, H‰-°-Æ-\mb, aq°v ]Xn™,

apS-¥-\mb, PS-Ip-Ønb, ssI°v kzm[o-\-an-√mØ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p

At±lw. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ At±lw Xs‚

hn⁄m\ kZ- n-en-cp-∂m¬ ]™n ]mInb ]d-ºn¬ Im° Ccp-∂-

Xp-t]mse Bbn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Ckvem-anI \mKcn-IX At±-lsØ

kap-∂X ]Z-hn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn. P\-ßƒ°v aX-hn-[n-Iƒ \¬Ip∂

Camapw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v hnZym¿Yn-Isf hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂ A[ym-

]-I-\p-ambn Ah-tcm-[n®p. ka-Im-enI kaq-l-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw

kvt\lhpw al-Xzhpw AwKo-Im-chpw e`n-°p∂ ÿm\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p

Ah.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-Øn-

s‚bpw kIe taJ-e-I-fnepw \otKm-Isf ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah¿

sXmen Idp-Ø-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw Ah-cpsS sXmen-bp-sS \ndw,

Jeo^-am-cpsS ASpØv AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ Ihn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-

cp-am-Ip-∂-Xnt\m Ckvem-anI I¿a-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fn¬ B[n-Im-

cnI KŸ-ßƒ cNn-°p∂ ]WvUn-X-∑m-cm-Ip-∂-Xnt\m XS- -am-bn√.

l\^o I¿a-imkvX kc-Wn-bnse ]apJ KŸ-amb I≥kp-±-Jm-

CJns‚ hymJym -Xmhv Dkvam -\p_v\p Aen - -bveCu, \kz-

v_p¿dmbbpsS I¿Ømhv lm^nfv Pam-ep -±o≥ A_q-ap -l-ΩZv

A_vZp√m-ln_v\p bqkp^- -bveCu (acWw: ln. 762) F∂n-h¿

CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Ccp-hcpw Idp-Ø-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. FtXym-]y-bnse

"kbve-Av'Imcpw.

* 1963 Unk-º¿ 13˛\v sI\nb°v kzmX¥yw In´p-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv ˛hnh.

kaXzw


Im^q-dp¬ AJvio-Znsb Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmbn Ad-_n-I-fn-emcpw

D≠m-hn√. At±lw Hcp IdpØ ASn-a-bm-bn-cp∂p. lnPvd \memw

\q‰-m≠n¬ CuPn]vXv `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv At±-l-amWv. ]ikvX Ihn apX-

\∫n Xs‚ kvXpXn-Ko-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw lmky-I-hn-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

A\-iz-c-\m-°n-bXv Im^q-dn-s\-bmWv.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX h¿K, h¿W hnth-N-\-ßƒ-

AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. AXv Ckvem-an\v A\yhpw A]-cn-Nn-X-hp-amWv.

AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ sh≈-°m-cp-≠m-hmØ, Idp-Ø-

h-cpsS amX-amb tImf-\n-Itfm kaq-l-ßtfm ImWpI km[y-a√.

A]-Imcw Xs∂ Ah¿W-tcm-Sp≈ Ah-K-W-\tbm \nµtbm a¿Z-

\tam AhnsS Zriy-a√. ImcWw Ckvemw apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-scbpw

kXy-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw ho£W tImWn-eq-sS-bmWv t\m°p-

∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Idp∏pw shfp∏pw AXv ImWp-I-bn√; I¿aØnse

kh¿W-Xbpw Ah¿W-X-bp-a-√msX! A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""Bsc-

¶nepw AWp-Xq°w \∑-sN-bvXm¬ AXns‚ ]Xn-^-e-a-h¿°v

e`n°pw; AWp-Xq°w Xn∑ ]h¿Øn-®m¬ AXn-s‚bpw.'' (Jp. 99:7,8)

Ign™ Aº-Xp-h¿j-ambn A]q¿h-am-sb-¶nepw CØcw ]kvXm-

h-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p≠v. h¿W hnth-N\w X\n

]mIrX-am-sW-∂-Xn-¬ ]£m-¥-c-an√. Hcp ]cn-jvIrX \mK-cn-I-X°pw

AXw-Ko-I-cn-°m-\m-hn√. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ Aß-s\-sbm∂v

k¶¬]n-°m≥ t]mepw km[y-a√. am\p-jy-I-Øns‚ sFIy-Ønepw

ka-Xz-Ønepw kmtlm-Z-cy-Ønepw G‰-hp-a-[nIw ]Jym-X-amb \mK-

cn-I-X-bm-WXv.

F∂m¬ sFIy-cm-jvS-k`-bpsS cq]hXv-I-c-W-Øn\pw a\p-jym-

h-Imi ]am-W-ß-fpsS ]Jym-]-\-Øn\pw tijw ]cn-jvIr-X-amb

Ime-L-´-Ønepw ka-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ]Nm-cWw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-

cn-°p∂p. Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bnse h¿K hnth-N-\-Øns‚ Xn‡-h-i-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v \ap-°n∂pw tIƒt°≠nhcp∂p. sI\n-b-bnse `oXn-P-

\y-amb kmam-PyXz ZpjvIr-Xy-ßƒ temIsØ Xpdn-®p-t\m-°p∂p;

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ IdpØ h¿K-°mcpw \otKm-Ifpw \nµy-amb Ah-

ÿ-If-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂p. Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn¬ h¿W hnth-N-\-Øn\v

thZm¥w Na-°p∂ `c-W-Iq-S-ßfpw, sI\n-b-bnse \otKm-Isf

kmº-Øn-I-ambpw cmjvSo-b-ambpw ]oUn-∏n-°p∂ i‡n-Ifpw, Ata-

cn-°-bnse \otKm-Isf \n¿Zbw a¿Zn-s®m-Xp-°p-∂-hcpw ]n¥n-cn-∏-

Øhpw ]mIr-XXbpw ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿbpw Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]uc-

kvXy-c-s√-∂XmWv Gsd hnNnXw. sFIy-cmjvSk`-bnse h≥

cmjvS-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]ptcmKXn ]m]n® cmPy-ß-fmWv CsXms°

67sNøp-∂Xv. Ata-cn-°-bm-Wt√m bp.F≥.Hbnse G‰hpw ]apJ

i‡n. _n´-\m-sW-¶n¬ bqtdm∏nse G‰hpw henb P\m-[n-]Xy

cmPy-hp-amWv. bqtdm-]y≥ [hf ta[mhn-Xz-Øns‚ tImf-\n-bmWv

Z£n-Wm-^n°. AXpw sFIy-cmjvS-k`-bn¬ AwK-amWv. F∂m¬

AXns\ ]Xn -\n -[m\w sNøm -dp -≈Xv sh≈-°m -cmb

bqtdm-]y-cmWv. B[p-\nI ImesØ, ]cn-jvIr-X-sa∂pw ]ptcm-K-a-

\]c-sa∂pw kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ cmjvS-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-bm-

WnXv. Z£n-Wm-^n° IqSn ]m›m-Xy-cpsS `mj-bn¬ ]cn-jvIrX

\mSp-I-fn¬ s]Sp∂p. ]uc-kvXy-cp-sS-ta¬ Im´m-f-Øhpw Incm-X-Xzhpw

Btcm-]n®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mSp-Iƒ a\p-jy-N-cn-

X-Ønse G‰hpw tæOhpw lo\-hp-amb ]mX-I-ß-fmWv sNbvXp-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy≥ a\p-jys\ ]oUn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p.

a¿Zn-Xs‚ Zu¿_-eytam A⁄-Xtbm Imc-W-am-b√; sXmen-bpsS

\ndw Idp-Øp-t]m-b-Xp-sIm≠v!

h¿W hyXym-k-ß-fpsS t]cn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-_m-[y-X-I-fnse

A¥c-ßƒ°pw hn`-P-\-ßƒ°p-sa-Xnsc sFIy-cmjvSk`-bn¬

Bt^m Gjy≥ cmPy-ßƒ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ ]Xn-tj-[-hn-Im-c-ß-sf-

sb√mw AhK-Wn®v Z£n -Wm - ^n° AXns‚ Incm -X -\ -b -

Øn¬Øs∂ Dd-®p-\n¬°p-I-bmWv. Cw•≠v sI\n-b-bnse kzmX-

¥y-t]-an-I-fpsS hntam-N-\-]-ÿm-\sØ ASn-®-a¿Øp-Ibpw Xß-

fpsS Iqc-amb Iq´-s°me XpS-cp-I-bp-amWv.* kztZ-in-I-fmb 40,55,000

B^n-°-°m¿°p≈Xn-e-[nIw `qan 29,000 bqtdm-]y¿°v ]Xn-®p-sIm-

Sp-°p∂ 1915˛se `q-\nbaamWv _n´-\n-en-t∏mgpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xv.

Aßs\ bYm¿Y Ah-Im-in-I-fmb Xt±-io-bsc Ah-cpsS `qan-bn¬

\n∂pw kº-Øn¬\n∂pw tPmen-I-fn¬\n-∂pw AI‰n\n¿Øp∂p.

Ah¿ Xß-fpsS hb-ep-I-fn¬ the-sN-øp-tºmgpw hoSp-I-fn¬ hni-

an-°p-tºmgpw A\ymbambn BI-an-°-s∏-Sp∂p. `cWhpw A[n-Im-

chpw ssIb-S-°n-sh® sh≈-°m-cm¬ \nc-¥cw \n¿Zb-amb a¿Z\-

ßƒ°n-c-bm-hp∂p.

1955˛¬ \nb-an-X-\mb BZysØ kzX¥ ]Xn-\n[n Fen-b‰v

sI\n-b≥ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ \bw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:

""sI\n-b-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn®v apgp-h≥ `qanbpw

sh≈-°m¿°p-≈-XmWv. kh¿W¿°v \m´n¬ ta[m-hnXzhpw ]tXy-

I Ah-Im-i-hp -ap -s≠∂ hkvXpX Xpd∂p]d-bm-Xn -cn -°p-∂Xv

XnI™ Im]Sy-am-bn-cn°pw. \mw ]n¥p-S-cp∂ cmjvSob \b-Øn-

s‚bpw \S-∏m-°p∂ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw auenI e£yw sh≈-

°m-cpsS Hcp tImf\n ÿm]n-°-em-bn-cp∂p. C∂pw ]m›mXy `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ \bw kIe ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw sh≈-

kaXzw


°m-cn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-hp-sa∂v Dd∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xpw `q]-tZ-i-ß-sf√mw

bqtdm-]y¿°v Ah-bnse D¬]-∂-ßƒ CjvSm-\p-k-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-

°m≥ e`n-°p-sa∂v hyhÿ sNøp-∂-Xp-amWv.''

5000 G°-dn-t\-°mƒ A[n-I-an-√mØ `qan \ma-am-X-amb ]Xn-

^-eØn\v 999 h¿j-tØ°v X\n°v CjvS-ap≈ B¿°pw \¬Im≥

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn°v A\p-hmZw \¬Ip∂ hfsc hnNn-X-amb \nb-

a h p w

Ahn-sS-bp≠v. CXn≥ -e-ambn 1925 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw F√m bqtdm]y¿°pw

500 G°¿ `qan hoXw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AtX-k-abw kztZ-in-I-

fmb sI\n-b-°m¿°v F´v G°¿ am-Xta Inń-bn-cp-∂p≈q.

sXmen shfp-Ø-h-scbpw Idp-Ø-h-scbpw th¿Xn-cn-°m-\mbn

IdpØ-hsc ]tXyI tImf-\n-I-fn-emWv Xma-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Ah¿°v

sh≈-°m-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te°v ]th-i-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. C]-

Imcw-Xs∂ sh≈-°m¿ Idp-Ø-h-sc-s°m≠v hfsc Ipd™ Iqen°v

ITn-\-amb tPmen-Iƒ sNøn-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ tPmen Ign-™m¬

Ah¿W¿°v kh¿W-cpsS hb-ep-I-fn¬ Hcp \nanjw t]mepw

\n¬°m≥ A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Ahsc Xß-fpsS Nmf-I-fn-

te°pw tNcn-I-fn-te°pw Bń-tbm-Sn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. Xß-fpsS hoSp-

I-fpsS ASp-Øp-t]mepw Ahsc hcm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n√.

Ahn-sS-\n∂v \mw Ata-cn-°-bn-te°v Xncn-™m¬ Ahn-SsØ

Ah-ÿbpw H´pw `n∂-a√. F∂√, AXv IqSp-X¬ a¿at`Z-Ihpw

hn`m-¥-hp-asX. Gsd ]cn-jvIr-X-sa-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Hcm-[p-\nI

cmjvS-amWv Ata-cn°. AhnsS \yqtbm¿°v \mhn-I-Øm-h-f-Øn¬

sN∂n-d-ßp∂ Bscbpw kzmKXw sNøpI Xßsf A`n-hmZyw

sNøp∂ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ ]Xna(Statue of Liberty)bmbn-cn°pw.

tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvSWns‚bpw A_lmw en¶-s‚bpw \mń-te°v kzmK-

X-a-cp-fp∂ AXns‚ ASn-bn-en-ßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXmbn-°mWmw:

""Zp¿_-ecpw Zcn-Zcpw kzmX¥y-t]an-I-fp-amb \nß-fpsS P\-Xsb

Rßsf G¬]n-°pI. kztZ-ihpw A`-b-k-t¶-X-hp-an-√msX \nß-

fpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬ Xnßn-°q-Sp-∂-hsc Fs‚ ASp-tØ-°-b-°pI.

F¶n¬ Cu Zo]-in-Jbpambn kph¿W IhmS (Golden Gate)Øn\-

SpØv \nßsf tkhn-°m≥ Rm\p-≠m-bn-cn°pw.''

G‰hpw henb \K-chpw \mhn-I-Øm-h-f-hp-amb \yqtbm¿°n-emWv,

kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Cu ]Xna ]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´ cmPy-ØmWv Idp-

Ø-h¿K-°m-cn∂pw ISpØ a¿Z-\-ßƒ°n-c-bm-hp-∂Xv. Ncn-X-a-dn-™-

Xn¬-sh®v G‰hpw tæ—hpw \nµy-hp-amb ]mX-I-am-WnXv. \man-hnsS

GsX-¶nepw P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ ta¬ hymPm-tcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-°p-I-b√.

69Xß-fn-sX√mw sNøp-∂p-s≠∂v Ah¿Xs∂ Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn-°p∂

Imcy-amWv. hkvXp-X-I-fpsS \nP-ÿn-Xnbpw AXp-Xs∂ hy‡-am-

°p∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sk\-‰wKw Pbnwkv _mk≥kv (James Bazenz)

]d-bp∂p: ""Z£nW kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]m-ep≈ cmjvSob kaXzw

IdpØ h¿K-°m¿°n-hnsS k¶-¬]n-°pIt]mepw km[y-a√. Cu

cmPyw sh≈-°m-c-t‚-XmWv. AX-ß-s\Øs∂ Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw.''

Pohn-X-Øns‚ \nJne taJ-e-I-fnepw Idp-Ø-h¿K-°m¿s°-Xnsc

hnhn-[-Xcw a¿Z-\-ßƒ \nc-¥cw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ \mSm-WXv.

Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse Ccp-]Xv kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw

IdpØh\v sh≈-°m-tcm-sSmØv Htc ]mT-im-e-bn¬ ]Tn-°pI km[y-

a√. ankn-kn∏n `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 207˛mw Jfin-I-bn¬ C°mcyw

hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v: ""hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw in£-W-

Øn-s‚bpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ sh≈-°m-cp-sSbpw Idp-Ø-h-cp-sSbpw

Ipń-Isf th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ \njvI¿j ]pe¿tØ-≠-XmWv. AXn-\m¬

c≠v hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ Bh-iy-

amWv.''

^vtfmdnUm(Florida) kwÿm-\Øv IdpØ h¿K-°m-cpsS Ipń-

Iƒ°pw sh≈-°m-cpsS a°ƒ°pw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ amX-a√, ]mTy-]-

≤-Xn-Iƒt]mepw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw thW-sa∂v \nbaw A\pim-

kn-°p∂p.

Idp-Ø-hcpw shfp-Ø-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ hnhmlw GXm-s≠√m

kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \nb-aw-hgn hne-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. ankn-kn∏n

kwÿm-\Øv CØcw hnhm-l-ßƒ `cWLS-\m-]-c-ambn Zp¿_-e-

amWv. F∂√, sh≈-°m-c\v Hcm-fpsS c‡-Øns‚ Fń-sem-cwiw

Idp-Ø-h-t‚-Xm-sW-¶n¬ B hy‡nsb hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ ]mSn√.

sXmgn¬cw-K-Øm-sW-¶n¬ ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Idp-Ø-h¿°v

sh≈-°m-tcm-sSm∏w Htc- th-Zn-bn¬ H∂n®v the-sN-øm≥ Ah-Im-i-

an√. sh≈-°m¿ sXmgn¬im-e-I-fpsS AIØv ]th-in-°p-Ibpw

]pdØv t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp∂ hmXn-ep-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°m≥t]mepw

Idp-Ø-h¿°v ]mSn√.

kmaq-lnI -Im-cy-ß-fn¬, ]Xn-\mev kwÿm-\-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßƒ

Xoh-≠n-bm-X-°m-cmb sh≈-°msc Idp-Ø-h-cn¬ \n∂p th¿s]-Sp-

Ø-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂p. Xoh≠n Hmô-kp-Iƒ, hni-a-ap-dn-

Iƒ, _kv, sSent^m¨_qØv, Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ F√mw sht∆-sd-

Øs∂. F¥n-\-[nIw `m¥m-ip-]-Xn-Iƒ t]mepw Idp-Ø-h¿°pw

sh≈-°m¿°pw ]tXyIw ]tXy-I-amWv. shfpØ `m¥\pw IdpØ

kaXzw


`m¥\p-an-S-bnepw th¿Xn-cnhv!

1947˛¬ hmjnw-KvS-Wnse izm\ -iva-im\(Burial ground of dogs)Øns‚

DSa \otKm-Iƒ hf¿Øp∂ \mbv°-fpsS ih-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥

hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. F√m \mbv°-sfbpw Htc ÿeØv AS°w

sNøp∂-Xn¬ izm\-k-aq-l-Øn\v A]-am\w tXm∂n-b-sXm-∂p-a√

CXn\v ImcWw. adn®v, sh≈-°m¿ Xß-fpsS izm°-fpsS ih-i-co-c-

ßƒ IdpØ-h-cpsS \mbv°-fp-tS-Xns‚ IqsS adhp sNøm≥ ssha-

\kyw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-XmWsX.

\nµyhpw \nIr-jvS-hp-amb Cu kmaqlnIÿnXnsb \ymbo-I-cn-°m-\mbn

Ata-cn-°-bnse cmjvSo-b-°m¿ ]d-bm-dp≠v: ""Idp-Ø-h-tcm-Sp≈

shdp∏pw hnth-N-\hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv sXt° Ata-cn-°-bn-emWv. Imc-

W-w, AhnSw hSt° Ata-cn-°sb At]-£n®v \mK-cn-I-ambn ]n∂n-

emWv.'' F∂m¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ Cu \ymb-hm-ZsØ \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p.

DØc Ata-cn-°-bnse h≥ \K-c-ß-fn-se√mw [mcmfw \otKm-Iƒ

\t∂ \nµy-amb PohnX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp-∂Xv Gh¿°pw

ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. sImXp-Ip-Ifpw Fen-Ifpw sN≈p-Ifpw sskzc-

hn-lmcw \S-Øp∂ \pcp-ºn® CSp-ßnb sIm®p-Iq-c-I-fn-em-W-h¿ Ign-

™p-Iq-Sp-∂Xv. Ah ]e-t∏mgpw A·n-°n-c-bm-hp∂p. \yqtbm¿°nse

\otKm-bpsS Hscm‰ apdn-bn¬ (Harlem) ]sØm-ºXv t]¿ Xma-kn-

°p∂p. Ahn-SsØ Hcp ]Xw ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""lm¿e-an¬ Bfp-

Iƒ Ipan-™p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ata-cn-°-bnse P\-ßsf H∂-S¶w

Xma -kn -∏n -°p -I -bm -sW-¶n¬ apgp -h≥ Ata -cn -°°m-scbpw

\yqtbm¿°ns‚ ]mXn-`m-KØv sIm≈n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.''

hmjnw-KvS-Wnse sh≈-°m-cpsS hoSp-I-fpsS apºn¬ A_-lmw-

en-¶s‚ at\m-l-chpw ]i-kvX-hp-amb ]Xn-a-bpsS XW-en¬ c≠-c-

e£w \otKm-Iƒ Xnßn-Øm-a-kn-°p∂ tNcn-Iƒ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.

bYm¿Y-Øn-eXv \K-c-Ønse samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS \men-sem-∂p-

hcpw. arK-Xp-ey-am-W-h-cpsS PohnXw. sXmgp-Øp-I-fn-¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-

t]mse Nmf-I-fn¬ Ahcpw Pohn-°p∂p. \otKm-Iƒ°-hnsS sh≈-

°m-cpsS tlm´ep-I-fntem temUvPp-I-fntem hn-t\mZÿe-ß-fntem

]mT-im-e-I-fntem Bip-]-Xn-I-fntem N¿®p-I-fntem ]th-i-\-an√.

Hcn-°¬ ]\mam dn∏ªn-°nse Hcp Idp-Ø-h¿K-°m-c≥ hmjnw-KvS-

Wnse ItØm-en-°m-N¿®n¬ IS-∂p-sN∂p. Abm-f-hnsS ]m¿Y-\-

bn¬ apgp-In-bn-cns° Hcp ]mXncn ASpØph∂v IdpØ h¿K-

°m¿°p≈ ItØm-en-°≥ N¿®ns‚ hnemk-sa-gp-Xnb Hcp Ipdn∏v

sImSpØp. Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ B ]mXncn ]d™p: ""\K-c-Øn¬

Idp-Ø-h¿K-°m¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ItØm-en°m N¿®p≠v. Cu

\otKm-hn\v AhnsS sN∂v I¿Øm-hns‚ apºn¬ Ipºn-Sm-at√m.''

71apgp-h≥ a\p-jy¿°pw th≠n Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬]n-°-s∏´ ssZh-]p-

X\mWv tbip-sh∂v hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-

h-cpsS [mc-W-bm-WnXv.

\nµyX, ]XnXzw, tcmKw, ZmcnZyw, IjvS-∏mSv t]mep-≈-h-bm¬

]bm-k-]q¿W-amb Cu ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn-emWv H∂-c-t°mSn \otKm-

Iƒ Ign™p-Iq-Sp-∂Xv. AXv Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy \mSp-I-fnse BsI

P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Øn-sem-cwiw hcpw. Cß-s\-sb-√m-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw

sFIy-cm-jvS-k-`-bn¬ Ata-cn° kzmX-¥y-sØbpw kam-[m-\-

sØbpw kaXz-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v BW-bn-Sp-Ibpw Ah°mbn

]Jym-]-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p!

Ata-cn-°≥ KŸ-Im-c-\mb lmcn lzhm¿Uv (Harry Howard)

Fgp-Xnb \otKm-I-fpsS kzmX¥yw (The Freedom of the Negroes) F∂

IrXn-bn¬ Ahn-SsØ bYm¿Y Ahÿ A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂p≠v.

AXn-hnsS FSp-Øp-tN¿°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°p∂p.

""Z£n-Wm-^n-°-bn-sem-gn®v temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw Cu cmPy-sØ-

t∏mse sXmen-bpsS \ndw a\p-jys\ a\p-jys‚ ASn-a-bm-°nb

]tZi-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. km[m-cW A¿Y-

Øn¬ ASn-a-Ø-Øn\v A¥yw Ipdn-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-¶nepw ê-Øn¬,

]mtbm-KnI temIØv AXn∂pw XpS-cp-I-bmWv. sh≈-°m-tc-°mƒ

FXtbm Xmgv∂ ]Z-hn-bn-emWv Idp-Ø-h¿K-°m-sc-∂¿Yw. hnhn[

am¿tKW Cu Ahÿ \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ ia-ß-fmWv \S-∂p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ IdpØ-hsc Xq°n-s°m-√mt\m \mSp-I-S-

Ømt\m D≈ hn[n-I-fn-eq-sS-bmbn-cn°pw CXv \S-∏m-°s∏SpI. i‡n-

bnepw A[n-Im-c-Ønepw Bbp[-h-XvIr-X-amb temIw AXn-\w-Ko-

Imcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpw.''

Ata-cn-°≥ kmº-ØnI- hnZ-Kv[≥ anÃ¿ ^mIvS¿ _¿tem

]dbp∂p: ""knhn¬ bp≤(American Civil War) ImeØv sÛ-d¬ `c-

W-IqSØn¬ ]nSn-ap-dp-°n-bn-cp∂ DØc \K-c-ß-fnse hyh-km-bn-Iƒ

\otKm-Iƒ°v icn-bmb A¿Y-Øn-ep≈ kzmX¥yw \¬Im≥ Xosc

X¬]-c-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. \otKm-Isf ASn-a-I-fm°n Ah-cn-eqsS em`-ap-

≠m-°p∂ Z£nW `mKsØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Xßƒ°pw ]¶p-tN-c-

Wsa-∂mWv Ah-cm-K-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Utam-Im-‰nIv

]m¿ńbpw ]´m-f-°mcpw DØc kwÿm\-ß-fn¬ ap≥ bP-am-\-∑m-cp-

ambn kJy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv kXyw. \otKm-Isf ho≠pw

ASn-a-I-fm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS e£yw.''

At±lw XpS¿∂p: ""h¿W-hn-th-N-\-Øns‚ hnjw \mń-seßpw

hfsc-tbsd hym]n-®n-´p≠v. AXv Ata-cn-°≥ Pohn-XsØ Baq-emKw

kaXzw


Bthin-®n-cn-°p∂p. IdpØ \otKm-h¿K-°m-tcmSpw a‰p- \yq-\-]£

hn`m-K-ß-tfmSpw \nµy-Xbpw Ah-tl-f-\hpw ImWn-°m≥ In´p∂ Hc-

h-k-chpw ]mgm-°-cp-sX∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h-cmWv \mńse A[nI km[m-

c-W-°mcpw. `qcn-]£w t]cpw AØcw hnth-N\w \ne-\n¿Øm≥

]pXnb am¿K-ß-fm-cm-bp∂ Xnc-°n-emWv.''

Pm°veo‰pw (Jack Leet) eo tam¿ń-adpw (Lee Mortimer) ]d-bp∂p:

""temI P\-X-°n-S-bn¬ Ata-cn-°-bpsS apJ-apZ kzmX-¥y-Øns‚

]Xn-a-bm-bmW-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS \mń¬ hcp-∂-h-

scbpw A`bw tXSp-∂-h-scbpw kzmKXw sNø¬ \ap°v \n¿_-‘-

amWv. ChnsS Cdßp-∂-h-scbpw kwc-£-W-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-h-scbpw

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. a¿Z-\-Øn¬\n∂v c£-s∏t´m AI-a-

Øn¬\n∂v HmSntbm Fß-s\-bmWv BK-X-sc-Øp-∂-sX-¶nepw icn!

F∂m¬ CsX√mw Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp∂ ]Xna ]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS

Ata-cn-°°v kzmX-¥y-Øns‚bpw kaXz-Øn-s‚bpw A¿Yw ]q¿W-

ambpw hn\-jvS-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv hkvXpX.''

1946˛¬ sImf-ºnb ]´-W-Øn¬ Hcp \otKmbpw At±-l-Øns‚

amXmhpw Xß-fpsS tdUntbm \∂m-°m-\mbn Hcp dn∏-b¿ IS-bn¬

Ibdn-s®∂p. ]oSn-I-°m-c\v tdUntbm tISp-Xo¿Ø-Xns‚ ]Xn-êw

\¬In-b-tijw ]cn-tim-[n-®p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Xß-fpsS tdUntbm ]g-

b-t]mse-Ø-s∂-bm-sW-∂-h¿°v t_m[y-ambn. AXns‚ XI-cm-dp-I-

sfm∂pw Xo¿Øn-cp-∂n-s√-∂¿Yw. AXn-\m¬ B \otKm h\nX

]d™p: ""]Xnaq∂v tUmf¿ ]Xn-êw! F∂n´pw tdUntbm ]g-b-

t]m-se-Øs∂ XI-cm-dnepw!!'' At∏mƒ IS-bp-Sa Ah-cn-cp-h-scbpw

Bńb-I-‰m≥ B⁄m-]n®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v Abm-fpsS tPmen-°m-cn-

sem-cmƒ B kvXosb Nhnń. Ah¿ apJw IpØn hogp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. At∏mƒ Ah-cpsS aI\p tIm]w h∂p. Abmƒ AI-

ansb ASn®p. AtXmsS Abmƒ \new s]mØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kw`-

h-a-dn™ Ab¬°m¿ P\ßsf hnfn-®p-Iqń. Ah-sc√mw B \otKm

bphm-hns\ h[n-°-W-sa∂v hnfn-®p-]-d™p. Aßs\ Ahn-SsØ

73_lp-P-\-ßƒ HØp-IqSn Ah-cn-cp-h-tcmSpw ]Xn-Imcw sNø-W-sa-

∂m-h-iy-s∏´p. sh≈-°m-tcmSv Idp-Ø-h¿K-°m¿ Ip‰w sNbvXm-ep≈

in£ hnNm-c-Wtbm hn[ntbm IqSm-sX-Øs∂ Ah-cpsS Xe-sh-´-

emWv. F∂m¬ Ah-cn-cp-h-scbpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v c£-s∏-SpØn Pbn-

en-te-°m-\-bn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. ]t£, _lp-P\w AXp-sIm≠v

Xr]vXn-s∏-ń√. \otKm kvXobp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS aI-s‚bpw Ip‰-

ßƒ°v ]Xn-Imcw sNøm-\mbn Ah¿ Xmakn-®n-cp∂ tImf-\n-bn-

te°v sN∂p. AtXmsS ]´m-f-°m¿ AhnSw hebw sNbvXp. Ah¿

]mh-s∏´ \otKm-Isf Ah-cpsS Iqc-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ÿe-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw Bń-tbm-Sn®p. AhnSw apgp-h≥ sIm≈-b-Sn-®-tijw A·n-

°n-c-bm-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. AXp-sIm≠pw aXn-bm°msX \nc-h[n

\otKm-Isf shSn-sh®p sIm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ht´sd t]¿

-a-cn-°p-Ibpw \nc-h[n t]¿°v ]cn-°p-]-‰p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. CsX√mw

kw`hn-®Xv Hcp \otKm h\nX Xm≥ ]Ww \¬In-bn´pw X\n-s°mcp

]tbm-P-\hpw e`n-®n-s√∂v ]cmXn ]d-™-Xns‚ t]cn-emWv. ]cn-

jvIr-X-amb Ata-cn-°≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS bYm¿Y \nZ¿i-\-am-WnXv.

lnPvd \qdm-am-≠n¬, AYhm ]Xn-aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºv

CuPn-]vXnse ^¿Xq-\-Xp- u-Zm-Av F∂ kvXo, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmb

Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬- Akokn\v Hcp IØ-b®p. AXnse D≈-S-°-an-

Xm-bn-cp∂p: ""Xs‚ hońs‚ aXn¬ Dbcw Ipd-hmWv. AXn-\m¬ I≈-

∑m¿ tImgn-Isf ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hp∂p.''

IØv Inńb DSs\ Da¿ Ahn-SsØ Kh¿Wsd hnh-c-a-dn-bn-°p-

Ibpw t\cn¬s®∂v Bh-iy-am-bX Db-c-Øn¬ aXn¬ sIń-s°m-Sp-

°m≥ I¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXm-sSm∏w Kh¿Wsd Npa-X-e-

s∏-Sp-Ønb hnhcw B kvXosb IØp-hgn Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.

Aao-dp¬ apAvan-\o≥ Da-dp_v\p A_vZn¬ Akokns‚ ktµiw

e`n® Kh¿W¿ H´pw sshImsX Pok-bn¬ t]mbn ^¿Xq--\-bpsS

hoSv I≠p-]n-Sn®p. Ah¿ \t∂ IdpØ AK-Xn-bmb Hcp kvXobm-

bn-cp∂p. At±lw Jeo^ IsØ-gp-Xnb hnh-c-a-dn-bn-°p-Ibpw Ah-

cpsS aXn¬ icn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX ]Xn-aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°-∏pdw kzoI-cn®

kao]\w AXmWv. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS aln-X-ß-fmb \nc-

h[n amXrI-I-fn-sem∂v!

kln-jvWpX


A©v

kln-jvWpX

A\-iz-c-amb Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb hi-ß-

fn¬ Gsd tim`-\hpw \qX-\-hp-amb H∂m-WnXv. aX-ß-fp-sSbpw

BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw Ncn-X-Øn¬ X\n-abpw ]pXp-a-bp-ap≈ A[ymbw!

aX-ßfpw kap-Zm-b-ßfpw cq]w-\¬Inb CXc \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn-sem∂pw

CØ-c-sam∂v Zriy-a√. Ckvemw Hcp ]pXnb \mK-cn-IX hf¿Øn-

s°m-≠p-h∂p. ]t£, ]q¿hnI aX-ßƒ°v AX-¬]w-t]mepw t]md-

te¬]n-®n√. hnhn[ ho£-W-ß-tfmSpw hnNmc [mc-I-tfmSpw PohnX

kc-Wn-I-tfmSpw Akln-jvWpX ]pe¿Øn-b-Xp-an√. AXns‚ \bhpw

kao-]-\hpw kpXcmw hy‡-am-bn-cp∂p. AXv Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn ]Jym-

]n®p: ""hm°p-Iƒ i≤n®v ihn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bn-te‰w DØ-a-am-bXv

Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \ΩpsS Zmk-∑msc ip`-hr-Øm-¥-a-dn-bn-

°pI.'' (Jp. 39:17,18)

AXn-\m¬ aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bn¬ \ΩpsS auenI kn≤m-¥-ß-

fn-h-bmWv:

1. apgp-h≥ ssZhn-I-a-X-ßfpw Htc tkmX- n¬ \n∂p-≈-h-bmWv.

""\qln-t\mSpw C_vdm-lo-an-t\mSpw aqkm, Cukm F∂n-h-tcmSpw

I¬]n-®Xpw \n\-°-dn-bn®p X∂-Xp-amb AtX Zo≥ Xs∂-bmWv

Ah≥ \nßƒ°v \S-]-Sn-I-a-ambn \n›-bn-®p-X-∂Xv. AXm-bXv

\nßƒ Zo\ns\ icn°v \ne-\n¿ØpI. AXn¬ `n∂n-°-cpXv.'' (Jp.

42:13)

2. ]hm-N-I-∑m-sc√mw ]c-kv]cw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv. ssZh-Zq-X-

∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-sc√mw ka-∑m-cmWv. A°m-cy-Øn¬ B¿°pw

a‰m-sc°mfp-samcp tijvT-X-bp-an√. Ah-cn-se√mw hniz-kn-°¬ apgp-

h≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°pw \n¿_-‘-amWv. ""]d-bpI: A√m-lp-hnepw

Rßƒ°v Ah-X-cn-®p-In-´n-b-Xnepw C_vdm-low,- Ckvam-Cu¬, Ckvlm-

Jv, bAvJq_v, bA-vJq_v k¥-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿°v Ah-Xo¿W-am-b-

Xnepw aqkm°pw Cukm°pw \¬I-s∏´ am¿K-Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw

as‰√m ]hm-N-I-∑m¿°pw Xß-fpsS \mY¶¬\n∂v \¬I-s∏-´-Xnepw

Rßƒ hniz-kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Ah-cn¬ B¿°n-S-bnepw Rßƒ hnth-

N\w I¬]n-°p-∂n√. Rßƒ k¿hm-fl\m A√m-lp-hn\v Iogvs∏-Sp-

∂-h-cmWv.'' (Jp. 2:136)

3. hnizm-k-Øn\v Bscbpw \n¿_-‘n-°pI km[y-a√. hy‡n-

75bpsS kΩ-Xhpw kwXr-]vXnbpw AXn-\v A\nhmcy-amWv.

""aX-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ _em¬°m-c-a-n√. k∑m¿Kw Zp¿am¿K-

Øn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-™n-cn-°p∂p.'' (Jp. 2:256)

""\ns‚ \mY≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ ]£w, `qap-J-Øp-≈-h-sc√mw Xs∂

kXy-hn-izmkw kzoI-cn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂n-cn-s°, a\p-jy¿ kXy-

hnizmknIfmIm≥, \o Ahsc \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm?'' (Jp. 10:99)

4. F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m-tI-µ-ßƒ BZ-c-Wo-b-ß-fmWv.

apkvenw-I-fpsS ]≈n-Iƒt]mse Ahbpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

XI¿-°-s∏-SmXn-cn°pI-bpw thWw. ""a\p-jy-cn¬ Nnesc a‰p Nne-

sc-s°m≠v A√mlp ]Xn-tcm-[n-®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ssZh-\maw IqSp-

X-embn D®-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ k\ymkn aT-ßfpw InkvXy≥ N¿®p-Ifpw

PqX-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw apkvenw ]≈n-I-fp-sa√mw XI¿°-s∏-Sp-am-bn-

cp∂p.'' (Jp. 22:40)

5. aX-]-c-amb sshPmXyw ]c-kv]c h[-Øn-\n-S-h-cp-Ø-cpXv.

At\ym-\y-ap≈ BI-a-W-Øn\v \nan -Ø-am-I-cpXv. adn®v \∑

]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xnepw Xn∑sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xnepw hnizmk

sshhn-[y-X-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw kl-I-

cn-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠Xv.

""]pWy-Øn\pw ssZh-`-‡n°pw th≠n \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw

klmbn-°pI. ]m]-Øn\pw AI-a-Øn\pw \nß-f-t\ym\yw klm-

bn-°-cpXv.'' (Jp.5:2)

P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ `n∂-Xbpw th¿Xn-cn-hp-ap≈ hnj-b-ß-fn¬

Xo¿∏v I¬]n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ A√m-lp-hn\p

amX-amWv. ""InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v H-c-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-s√∂v PqX-∑m¿ ]d-

bp∂p. PqX-∑m¿°v Hc-Sn-ÿm-\-hp-an-s√∂v InkvXym-\n-Ifpw ]d-bp∂p.

Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw KŸw hmbn-°p-∂p-ap≠v. thZ-⁄m\w e`n-®n-´n-√m-

Ø-hcpw Chcn-∏-d-™-t]mse ]d-™n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ch¿ `n∂n-®n-

cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ ]p\-cp-∞m\ Znhkw A√m-lp -hn-[n-I¬]n-

°p-∂XmWv.'' (Jp.2:113)

6. P\-ßƒ°n-Sbnepw A√m-lp-hn¶epw al-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw am\y-

X-bp-sSbpw am\-Zfiw kz¥-Øn\pw kaq-l-Øn\pw \∑bpw t£ahpw

ssIh-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-emWv. ]hm-N-I≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""krjvSn-I-sf√mw

ssZh-Øns‚ Bin-X-cmWv. AXn-\m¬ A√m-lp-hn\v G‰-hp-a-[n-I-

anjvSw Xs‚ Bin-X¿°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂-h-sc-

bmWv.'' (_ m¿)

""\nß-fn¬ A√m-lp-hn-¶¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw BZ-c-Wo-b≥ G‰-hp-a-

[nIw kq£vaX ]men-°p-∂-h-\sX.'' (Jp. 49:13)

kln-jvWpX


7. \∑, _‘w, BXnYyw Ch-s°m∂pw aX-]-c-amb `n∂X

hnLmX-am-Im-h-X√. ""thZw \¬I-s∏-´-h-cpsS `£Ww \nßƒ°-

\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. \nß-fpsS Blmcw Ah¿°pw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv.

kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb ]Xn-h-X-Ifpw \nßƒ°p-apºv thZw e`n-®-h-

cn¬\n-∂p≈ ]XnhX-Ifpw ˛]c-ky-hy-`n-Nm-cn-Itfm cl-ky-Pm-c-

∑mtcm BIm-sX, \nß-f-h¿°v hnhm-l-aqeyw \¬In- IeymWw Ign-

°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬˛ \nßƒ°v A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.'' (Jp. 5:5)

8. hnhn[ aXm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ ho£W sshPm-Xy-ap≈ hnj-b-ß-

fn¬ \√ \ne-bn¬ A-t\ym\yw kwhm-Z-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmWv.

F∂m-eXv ]am-W-ß-fp-sSbpw acym-Z-bpsSbpw ]c-kv]c kwXr-]vXn-

bp-sSbpw ASnÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww: ""G‰hpw DØ-a-amb cq]-Øn-

e-√msX thZ-°m-cp-ambn \nßƒ kwhmZw \S-Ø-cpXv:'' (Jp. 29:46)

FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv tami-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Itbm Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-

ßsf Ah-tl-fn-°p-Itbm AcpXv; Ah¿ hnK-lm-cm-[-I-cm-sW-¶n¬-

t∏mepw. ""A√m-lp-hn-s\-°q-SmsX Ah¿ hnfn-®p -]m¿Yn-°p∂ ssZh-

ßsf \nßƒ iIm-cn-°-cpXv.'' (Jp. 6:108)

9. GsX-¶nepw kap-Zmbw Xß-fpsS hnizm-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬

a¿Zn-°-s∏-´m¬ \miw C√m-Xm-°m\pw hnizmkw kwc-£n-°m-\p-ambn

AI-asØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°-e-\n-hm-cy-amWv. ""\mi-an-√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw

hnt[-bXzw A√m-lp-hn-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc \nß-f-h-

tcmSv bp≤w sNøpI.'' (Jp. 2:193)

""aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \nß-fp-ambn bp≤w sNøp-Ibpw kzKr-l-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v \nßsf _ln-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw \nßsf _ln-jvI-cn-°m≥

klmbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-cp-ambn ssaXo-_‘w ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv

amXta A√mlp hntcm-[n-°p-∂p≈q.'' (Jp. 60:9)

10. aX-Øn¬ AXn-Iaw ImWn-®-hsc AXn-P-bn -°p-Itbm

kzmX¥yw XS-bm≥ Xp\n-™-hsc Xpc-Øp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ Ahsc

Xß-fpsS aX-ap-t]-£n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n®v ]Xn-Imcw sNømt\m

hnizmk-Im-cy-Øn¬ a¿Zn-°mt\m ]mSn√. Ah¿ cmjvS-Øns‚ ]c-

am-[n-Im-c-aw-Ko-I-cn-®m¬amXw aXn. At∏mƒ ""\ap-°p≈ Ah-Imi

_m[y-X-Iƒ Ah¿°p-ap-≠mIp''sa∂ XØzw \ne-hn¬ hcpw.

Ckvem-anse aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kn≤m-¥-ß-fm-

Wnh. ssZh-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ ZqX-∑m-cnepw hniz-kn-°m≥ AXv apkvenw-

Isf \n¿_-‘n-°p∂p. Ah-sc-sb√mw BZ-c-thmSpw _lp-am-\-

tØmSpw IqSn A\p-kva-cn-°m\pw AXm-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. amX-a√, Ah-

cpsS F√m

A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSpw \√- \n-e-bn¬ h¿Øn-°m\pw tami-ambn s]cp-

77amdm-Xn-cn-°m\pw DØ-a-amb hm°p-Iƒ ]d-bm\pw kuay-amb kao-

]\w kzoIcn-°m\pw Ckvemw \n¿tZ-in-°p∂p. Ab¬]-°-_‘w

\∂m-°m\pw BXnYyw kzoI-cn-°m\pw IpSpw-_-_-‘-ßfpw c‡-

Øns‚ IqSn-°-e-c-ep-Ifpw D≠m-hpw-hn[w sshhm-lnI Pohn-X-Øn-

te¿s∏Sm\pw AX-\p-hmZw \¬Ip∂p. Ckvem-anI cmjvS-km-c-Yn-

ItfmSvv A\y-a-X-ÿ-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ kwc-£n-°m\pw Ah-

cpsS hnizm-k-ß-fn-en-S-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m\pw `c-W-Øn¬ A\oXn kw`-

hn-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw i‡n-bmbn imkn-°p∂p. A]-Imcw Xs∂ s]mXp-

_m-[y-X-I-fnepw Ah-Im-i-ß-fnepw Ah¿°pw apkvenw-I-fp-tS-Xn\v

Xpey-amb Ahÿ I¬]n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m\pw Ckvem-anI ]am-W-ßƒ

B⁄m-]n-°p∂p. A\y aX-ÿ-cmb ]uc≥am-cpsS Poh\pw [\hpw

amX-a-√, A-¥ pw A`n-am-\-hpw-IqSn kwc-£n-°m\pw kpc-£n-XXzw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw Ckvem-anI `cW-Iq-S-ßƒ _m[y-ÿ-cmWv.

D]-cyp-‡ ASn-Ø-d-I-fn-emWv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX ÿm]n-X-

ambXv. Aßs\ A\y-a-X-ß-tfmSv Atijw Ak-ln-jvWpX ]pe¿-

ØmØ \mK-cn-I-X°v P∑w-\¬Inb Hcp aX-sØbpw temIw I≠p.

kmaqlnI cwK-Øp-\n∂pw s]mXp-ta-J-e-I-fn¬\n∂pw DtZym-K-ß-fn¬-

\n∂pw CXc hnizm-k-kw-ln-X-I-ƒ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-hsc AI-‰n-\n¿-

ØmØ aX-am-WXv. ]hm-N-I≥ Ckvem-anI \mK-cnI-X-bpsS B[m-

c-ine sh®Xp apX¬ AXn\v £bw _m[n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc DZm-Ø-

amb Cu kln-jvWpX ]q¿W-ambn ]men-®p-t]m-∂n-´p≠v. \n¿`m-Ky-

h-im¬ ]n∂oSv ]am-W-ßƒ ]pdw-X-≈-s∏´p. Ckvem-anI \n¿tZ-i-

ßƒ \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏´p. kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Xs∂ Xß-fpsS

aXsØ kw_-‘n®v A£-¥-hy-amb A⁄-X-bn-em≠p. AtXmsS

aln-X-amb as‰√m aqey-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-sa-∂-t]mse BZ-c-Wo-b-amb

Cu ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-\n∂pw Ah-c-I∂p.

]hm-NI Pohn-X-Øn¬

\_n aZo-\-bn-te°v lnPvd t]mb-t∏mƒ AhnsS [mcmfw PqX-

∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cmjvSo-b-cw-KØv Ahn-Sp∂v BZyw sNbvXXv Ah-

cp-ambn k‘n-sN-øp-I-bmWv. ]kvXpX Icm-dnse hyh-ÿ-I-f-\p-k-

cn®v PqX-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw kwc-£n-°m\pw Ahsc _m[n-°p∂

AIa a¿Z-\-ßƒ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m\pw apkvenw-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-bncp-

∂p. A]Im-cw-Xs∂ aZo-\sb AI-an-°p-∂-hsc t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn¬

apkvenw-Ifpw PqX-∑mcpw Hscm‰ ico-cw-t]mse Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂pw

AXn¬ ]tXyIw FSpØp ]d-™n-cp∂p. Aßs\ Ckvem-anI \mK-

cn-I-X°p ASn-Ød ]mIn-b-t∏mƒ Xs∂ ]hmN-I≥ aX-k-ln-jvWp-

X°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn.

kln-jvWpX


\_n°v thZ-°m-cmb Ab¬°m-cp -≠m-bn -cp∂p. Ahn-Sp∂v

Ah¿°v km[y-am-Ip∂ kIe kuI-cy-ßfpw D]-Im-c-ßfpw sNbvXp-

sIm-SpØp. Ah¿°v kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw Ah-cn¬\n∂h

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m-emWv Hcp PqX kvXo \_n°p

hnjw Ie¿Ønb BSp-amwkw \¬InbXv. Ah-cn¬\n∂v Blmc

]Zm¿Y-ßƒ Xncp-ta\n kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v ]Xyp-]-Imcw

sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

FtXym-]y-bn¬ \n∂v ]hm-NIs\ kµ¿in-°m-s\-Ønb ssIkv-

Xh kaqlw Ahn-SpsØ ]≈n-bn-emWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Xncp-ta\n

Ah¿°v Bh-iy-amb tkh-\-ßƒ \n¿hln-®p-sIm-Sp -°p-Ibpw

am\yamw-hn[w Ah¿°v BXn-Yy-a-cp-fp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂v Ahn-

Sp∂v Cßs\ AcpƒsN-øp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""\ΩpsS Bfp-I-fpsS ASpØv

Ah¿ BZ-cWo-b-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Rm≥ kzbw-Xs∂ Ahsc

BZ-cn-°m-\n-jvS-s∏´p.''

Hcn-°¬ \Pvdm-\nse Hcp kwLw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ aZo-\-bn-

seØn. Ahsc Xncp-ta\n Xs‚ ]≈n-bn¬ ]th-in-∏n®p. amX-a√,

Ah¿°v Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm -c - ] -Imcw ]m¿Y\ \S-Øm-\p≈

kuIcyw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Øp. Ahn-SØs∂ \_nbpw apkvenw-Ifpw

\a-kvI-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ ssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ

Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn Xß-fpsS aX-sØ- w-_-‘n®v kwhmZw \S-Øm-

\m-K-ln-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Ah-cpsS hmZ-ßƒ i≤m-]q¿hw ihn-

°p-Ibpw hfsc acym-Z-tbmsS Ah-cp-ambn kwhm-Z-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. B kwhmZw XnI™ kvt\l-tØmSpw acym-Z-tbmSpw kln-

jvWp-X-tbmSpw Db¿∂ kz`mh KpW-ß-tfmSpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ \_n apJu-Jn-kn¬\n∂v kΩm-\-ßƒ kzoI-

cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn; At±lw Ab-®p-sIm-SpØ ASna kvXosbbpw.

Ahsc Ahn-Sp∂v AXy-[nIw CjvS-s∏´p. Xncp-ta\n°v Ah-cn¬

P\n® Ip´n-bmWv C_mlow. GXm\pw amkta B Ip´n Pohn-®p≈q.

]hm-N-I≥ Xs‚ A\p-N-c-∑m¿°p \¬Inb D]-tZ-i-ß-fn-en-ßs\

ImWmw: ""\nßƒ tIm]v‰p(Jn_vXn)Iƒ°v \∑ t\cpI. \nßƒ°-

h-cp-ambn IpSpw_-_‘hpw hnhm-l-_-‘-hp-ap≠v.'' \_nbpsS

XnI®pw am\p-jnI hnIm-c-ßfn-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw DZm-Ø-hp-amb aX-k-

ln-jvWp-X-bpsS amXr-Ibpw am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-ßfpw A\p-[m-h\w sNbvX-

h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SpsØ DØcm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ. Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØzm_v

tPXm-sh∂ \ne-bn¬ ss_Xp¬ apJ-±-kn¬ ]th-in-®-t∏mƒ

At±lw apt∂m-´p-sh-°p∂ \n_-‘-\-Ifpw \n¿tZ-i-ß-fp-sa√mw

]men-°m≥ Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fmb ssIkvX-h¿ ]q¿W-ambpw k∂-≤-

cm-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Ak¿ \a-kvImc ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ Da¿ Xm≥

79\n∂n-cp∂ henb N¿®n¬ sh®v \a-kvI-cn-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bm-

Wp-≠m-bXv. ]n¬°m-eØv apkvenw-Iƒ AXns‚ t]cn¬ Ah-Im-i-

hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-Ibpw AXv ]≈n-bm°n am‰m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

tam-sb∂ Bi-¶-bm-bn-cp∂p AXn\v At±-lsØ t]cn-∏n-®Xv.

as‰m-cn -°¬ At±-l-Øns‚ CuPn-]vXnse Kh¿W¿ Awdp-

_v\p¬ Bkzv Hcp InkvXob kvXobpsS hoSv \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw

]≈n-tbmSv tN¿°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]kvXpX kvXo AtX-°p-dn®v Jeo-

^-tbmSv ]cmXn- ]-d™p. Bh-emXn e`n® DSs\ Da¿ Awdns\

hcpØn hnNm-cW sNbvXp. kw`hw kXy-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn®

At±lw Xs∂ AXn\v t]cn-∏n® ]›m-Ø-e-an-ßs\ hnh-cn®p:

apkvenw-I-fpsS AwK-kwJy hf-sc-tbsd h¿[n®p. ]≈n-bn¬ ÿe-

an-√msX ]bmkw t\cn´p. AXv hnime-am-°m≥ ian-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚

ASpØv B kvXo-bpsS hoSp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn\v \ymb-amb hne

\¬Im-sa∂v ]d™v Bh-iy-s∏-s´-¶nepw Ah¿ hn¬°m≥ k∂-≤-

bm-bn√. AXn-\m¬ hoSv s]mfn®v ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-

bXv. AXns‚ hne B kvXo°v Bh-iy-ap≈ GXv \nan-jhpw kzoI-

cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw-hn[w s]mXp-J-P-\m-hn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp∂p.

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \Ωp-sS-Im-eØv temI-sØßpw A\p-h-Zn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-am-WnXv. F∂m¬ Da-dp¬ ^mdqJns‚ kao-]\w

XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p. Awdns‚ kw`h hnh-cWw i≤n-®p-

tI-´-tijw ]≈n-bpsS ]kvXpX `mKw s]mfn-®p-am‰n ]Icw B

ssIkvXh kvXobpsS hoSv bYm-ÿm-\w ]Wn-Xp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ \n¿tZ-

in-°p-I-bm-W-t±lw sNbvXXv.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]am-W-ßƒ ]n¥p-S-c-s∏-ń-cp∂

]cnXx-ÿn-Xn-I-fn¬ kaq-lsØ \bn® kln-jvWp-X-bpsS ssNX-

\y-am-Wn-hnsS ]Im-in-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. B[p-\nI temIØpt]mepw

ImW-s∏-SmØ aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS aln-X-amb amXr-I-Iƒ \ΩpsS

\mK-cn-IX ImgvN-sh-®n-´p≠v.

A\-iz-c-amb Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ioX-f-Om-b-bn¬ ]≈n-

Ifpw N¿®p-Ifpw sXm´p-cp-Ωn-bmWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. N¿®v ta[m-

hn-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS Iogn¬ aX-]-chpw Bcm-[-\m-]-c-hp-amb F√m

Imcy-ß-fnepw ]q¿W-amb A[n-Im-chpw kzmX-¥yhpw A\p-h-Zn-°-

s∏-ń-cp∂p. Ckvem-anI cmjvSw A°m-cy-ß-fn-sem∂pw A¬]w-

t]mepw CS-s]-ń-cp-∂n√. adn®v Ah-cnse `n∂ hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬

X¿°-ßfpw ]iv\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-hp-tºmƒ Ah ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw \oXn-

]q¿hw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬]n-°m-\p-amWv ian-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-

kln-jvWpX


∂Xv.

tdmam kmam-Py-Øns‚ hmgvN-°m-eØv Ahsc A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp∂

cmP-Iob I£n-°m¿ (Malachi sect of the Greek Christians) CuPn-]vXnse

tIm]v‰-p-Isf ITn-\-ambn tZmln-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv tIm]v‰-p-

Iƒ CuPn]vXv Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXmsS Xß-fpsS A\ym-[o-\-am-°-

s∏´ N¿®p-Iƒ Xncn®p]nSn-°p-Ibpw FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv Iqc-ambn s]cp-

am-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. apkvenw-Iƒ CuPn-]vXn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂Xphsc

tIm]v‰p-Iƒ cmP-Iob I£n-s°-Xnsc Xß-fpsS ]Xn-Imc \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv tdmam kmam-PysØ ]n¥p-

W-®n-cp∂ ]kvXpX hn`mKw lmdq≥ dioZn-t\mSv ]cmXn ]d-bp-Ibpw

Xß-fpsS N¿®-pIƒ tIm]v‰-p-I-fn¬ \n∂v tamNn-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\m-h-

iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lmdq≥ dioZv Ccp-hn-`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ \oXn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

Ckvem-anI cmjvSw aX-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS taJ-e-I-fn¬

]q¿W kzmX-¥y-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sS-ta¬

Xocp-am-\-ßsf-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

`cW-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-s]-ń-cp-∂n√. tdmam `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS

ImeØv Adn-bp-Itbm A\p-`hn-°p-Itbm sNømØ kzmX-¥y-amWv

kztZ-in-I-fmb InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v apkvenw-I-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®Xv.

alm-\mb apl-Ω-Zp¬^m-Xnlv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\-m∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-

b-t∏mƒ ]q¿h-]-tZ-i-ßƒs°-√m-ap-ff ItØm-en-°≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-

kns‚ Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p AhnSw. AXn-\m¬ At±lw Ahn-SsØ

apgp-h≥ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°pw A`bw \¬In. Ah-sc√mw InkvXp-a-X-

hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS [\w, Poh≥, hnizmkw, Ipcniv XpS-

ßn-b-h-bp-sS-sb√mw kpc-£n-XXzw Dd∏phcp-Øp-Ibpw ]´mf tkh-

\-Øn¬ \n∂-hsc Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-

Iƒ°n-S -bn¬ D≠m-hp∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬]n -°m\pw

Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°m\pw aX-ta-[m-hn-Iƒ°-[n-

Imcw \¬In. `c-W-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-s]-ń√. AXn-\m¬

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ \nhm-kn-Iƒ ]gb ss_km¥n-b≥ Ime-L-

´-Øn\pw apl-Ω-Zp¬^m-Xn-lns‚ `c-W-Øn-\pan-S-bnse hy‡-amb

A¥cw kv]jvS-ambn a\- n-em°n. ss_km¥n-b-°m¿ hnhn[ hn`m-

K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]iv\-ßfpw X¿°-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXn-en-S-

s]-Sp-Ibpw ]£-]m-X-]-c-ambn s]cp-am-dp-I-bp-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.

Ah-sc-√m-bvt∏mgpw Xß-fpsS I£n°pw N¿®ns‚ Bfp-Iƒ°pw

A\p-Iq-e-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-fm-sW-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ \mńse

ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-I-fmb \nhm-kn-Iƒ ]pXnb Ckvem-anI `c-

81W-Iq-S-Øn¬ AXn-bmbn Biz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]q¿W-amb hnizmkw

]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. DZm-Ø-amb aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bn-e-h¿

A\¬]amb Bfl\n¿hrXn A\p-`-hn®p. t\ctØ \S-∂p-t]m-∂n-

cp∂ kz¥w aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS `c-W-Im-eØv kam-\-amb kml-N-

cytam Ah-ÿtbm k¶-¬]m-Xo-X-am-bn-cp∂p.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ apl-Ω-Zp¬^m-Xnlv tdma≥ ]mXn-bm¿°o-kn\v

cmjvS-Øn-\-IØv as‰mcp cmjvS-Øns‚ ]Z-hnbpw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-\p-

≈n¬ Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ÿm\hp-amWv \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]mXn-

bm¿°okpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Ckvem-anI cmjvSw \¬Inb Cu B\p-

Iqeyw \o≠ A™qdv h¿j-°mew A\p-`-hn®p. Ah¿°v k¿hhn[

kzmX-¥y-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v Ah¿ ssk\n-

Itam kmº-Øn-Itam Bb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw _m[y-Xbpw hln-

t°≠n h∂n-cp-∂n√. F√mw `c-W-IqSw \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Xpey-X-bn-√mØ Cu aX-k-

ln-jvWpX 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Ønepw 20˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-

`-Ønepw ]m›m-Xy≥ sshtZ-in-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ IS-∂p-h-c-hn\pw

lo\-amb ASn-aØw ASn-t®¬]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Aßs\ \ne-hn-ep≈

Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]X-\-Øn\pw ]mX-sbm-cp-°n-sb-∂Xv

F¥p-amXw ZpxJ ]cy-h-km-bnbpw k¶S-I-c-hp-a√!

Ckvem-anI apt∂-‰-Øn-s‚bpw hmgvN-bp-sSbpw ImeØv \nc-h[n

Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fn¬ apkvenw-Ifpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw H∂n®v Xß-

fpsS aX-m\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. \Pvdm-\nse

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v \_n Xs‚ ]≈n-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ \a-kvI-cn-®p-

sIm-≠n-cns° Xß-fpsS Bcm-[\m I¿a-ß-f-\p-jvTn-°m≥ F∆n-[-

amWv kuIcyw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX∂v \mw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn.

]n∂oSv ZakvI-knse tbml-∂m≥ N¿®n¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kΩ-

X-tØmSpw kwXr-]vXn-tbmSpw IqSn Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw Hcp-an®v Bcm-[-

\m-I¿a-ßƒ \n¿hln®p-sIm≠n-cp∂p. Aßs\ ]mXn-`mKw apkvenw-

Ifpw ]mXn-`mKw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv

Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-sf√mw Ckvemw Bt«jn-®-t∏mƒ amX-amWv AXv

Da-ho- a-kvPn-Zm°n ]cnh¿-Øn-∏n-®Xv.

Htc Bcm-[-\m-e-b-Øn¬ c≠v hyXykvX aX-hn-`m-K-°m¿ kz¥w

Bcm-[-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Zriyw Ckvem-anI

\mKcn-I-X-bpsS XW-ene-√msX am\-h-N-cnXw as‰-hn-sSbpw I≠n-

´n√. apkvenw-Iƒ hnip≤ IA-v_-bpsS t\sc Xncn™v \a-kvI-cn-

°p∂p. sXm´-SpØv InkvXym-\n-Iƒ as‰mcp Zni-bn-te°v A`n-ap-J-

ambn Xß-fpsS ]m¿Y-\-Ifpw \n¿h-ln-°p∂p. NcnXw I≠ Gsd

hnkvabP\yhpw AZz-nXo-b-hp-amb kw`-h-am-WnXv. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-

kln-jvWpX


IX Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® DZmØ-amb aX-k-ln-jvWp-X-bmWv al-Ømb

CØcw A\p-`-h-ßƒ°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-bXv.

C]-Im-cw-Xs∂ Ckvem-anI cmjvSw PmXnbpw aXhpw kap-Zm-

bhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°msX tbmKycpw A¿l-cp-amb ]uc-∑m¿s°√mw

DtZym-K-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp∂p. CXpw Ckvem-ans‚ aX-k-ln-jvWp-X°v

a - X n - b m b

sXfn -hmWv. Daho, A∫mko `c-W-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ssIkvXh

tUmIvS¿-am¿°v Jeo-^-am-cpsS ASpØv ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-t]mepw

e`n-®n-cp∂p. Za-kvI-knepw _KvZm-Zn-ep-ap-ff sshZy-]m-T-im-e-Iƒ°v

Zo¿L-Imew ta¬t\m´w hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p. C_v\p-A-

m¬ F∂ ssIkvXh tUmIvS-dm-bn-cp∂p apB-hn-b-bpsS sIm´mc

sshZy≥. At±-l-Øns‚ Imcy-Z¿in k¿Pq¨ F∂ InkvXym-\nbpw.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ a¿hm≥ CuPn-]vXnse `c-W-ta-J-e-I-fn¬

AXt\-jykn(Athanaseus)s\ \nb-an -°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Abm-fpsS

as‰mcp t]¿ CkvlmJv F∂m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv At±lw cmjvS-Ønse

Sjdn Hm^ok-sd∂ D∂X DtZym-Kw-t]mepw hln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

B ssIkvXh t\Xmhv hfsc kºØpw kuI-cy-hp-ap≈ hy‡n-

bm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øn\v \mem-bncw `rXy-∑mcpw [mcmfw hoSp-Ifpw

Ht´sd ÿe-ßfpw tXm´-ßfpw kz¿W tiJ-c-ß-fp-sa-√m-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. At±lw dplmbn¬ \n¿an® N¿®ns‚ Iogn¬ hmS-I°v \¬Im-

\mbn \m\qdv IS-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. A_vZp¬ aen-In_v-\p-a¿hm≥

Xs‚ sIm®p ktlm-Z-c≥ A_vZp¬ Ako-kns\ hnZy A`y-kn-∏n-

°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp -Øn-bn -cp -∂Xv At±-l-sØ-bmWv. ]n∂oSv

CuPn]vXv Kh¿W-dmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw alm-\mb Da¿ c≠m-

as‚ ]nXm-hm-Im≥ ku`mKyw kn≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX A_vZp¬ A-

kokv sNdp-∏-Im-eØv Adnhv B¿Pn-®Xv Hcp ssIkvXh ]fin-X-

\n¬\n-∂m-sW-∂¿Yw.

Jeo -^-am -cpsS ASpØv D∂Xÿm\w A-e -¶ -cn -®n -cp∂

tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ G‰hpw ]kn-≤-\mb hy‡n-bmWv _KvXbv iqCs‚

aI≥ tPm¿Pv. At±lw Jeo^m a≥kq-dns‚ D‰ anX-am-bn-cp∂p.

At±-l-Øn\v Jeo^-bpsS ASpØv hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. tPm¿Pns‚ hni-a-Ønepw kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fnepw a≥kq¿

kZm i≤n-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m-emWv Jeo^ At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-

tØ°v kpµ-cn-I-fmb aq∂v kvXo-Isf ]d-™-b®v Ah-cn¬\n∂v

CjvS-ap-≈-hsf hnhmlw Ign°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-´Xv. tPm¿Pns‚ `mcy

hfsc hr≤-bm-bn-cp∂p. F¶nepw At±lw Ah¿ Pohn-®n-cns°

]pXnb hnhm-l-Øn\v k∂-≤-\m-bn√. ImcWw, AXv At±-l-Øn\v

aX-]-c-ambn hne-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. tPm¿Pns‚ Cu kao-]\w Jeo-

83^sb AXy-[nIw kt¥m-jn-∏n®p. At±lsØ IqSp-X¬ BZ-cn-

°m≥ Cu kw`hw CS-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]n∂oSv At±-l-Øn\v tcmK-am-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-tØ°v

a≥kq¿ \S-∂p-sN-√p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ hnZ-Kv[-amb ipiq-j-°mbn

AXnYn-a-µn-c-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F¶nepw B tUmIvS¿ Xs‚ P∑-\m-´n-te°v t]mIm-\mWm-K-ln-®Xv.

ac-W-a-S-™m¬ ]q¿hn-I-cpsS ASpØv ad-am-S-s∏-S-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

e£yw. Cu L´-Øn¬ a≥kq¿ At±-l-tØmSv Ckvemw Bt«-jn-

°m≥ kvt\l-]q¿hw Bh-iy-s∏´p. Xs‚ D‰-an-X-amb tUmIvS¿

kz¿Km-h-Im-in-bm-h-W-sa∂ AXn-bmb BK-l-am-bn-cp∂p Jeo-^sb

AXn\v t]cn-∏n-®Xv. F¶nepw tPm¿Pv AXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. Abmƒ

]d™p: ""Rm≥ Fs‚ ]q¿hn-I-tcm-sSmØv Ign-bm-\mWm-K-ln-°p-

∂Xv; AXp \c-I-Øn-em-bmepw kz¿K-Øn-em-bmepw.'' CXp-tI´

a≥kq¿ A¬]w-t]mepw shdp∏v ]I-Sn-∏n-°msX At±-lsØ kztZ-

i-tØ°v bmX-bb°p-Ibpw ]Xn-\m-bncw Zo\m¿ \¬Ip-Ibpw IqsS

klm-bn-Isf Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

InkvXp -aX hnizm -knbmb _m\ms‚ aI≥ k¬a-hbvln

(Salmavaihi) Bbn-cp∂p apAvX-kn-ans‚ tUmIvS¿. At±-l-Øns‚

acWw apAvXkn-ans\ h√msX thZ-\n-∏n®p. k¥w aX-N-S-ß-\p-k-

cn®v cmP-Iob _lp-a-Xn-I-tfm-sS-bmWv Abmƒ ad-am-S-s∏-´Xv.

C]-Im-cw-Xs∂ apXh-°n-ens‚ sIm´mc sshZy≥ K_n-tbens‚

aI≥ _KvX-bviq-Av Bbn-cp∂p. cmjvS-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v Jeo-

^-bpsS Xpey ]Z-hn-bm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp -∂Xv. hkvXw, kpÿnXn,

kºØv, kpJ-ku-I-cy-ßƒ Ch-bn-sem∂pw Hcp hyXym-k-hp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂n√.

CtX-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv Ihn-Iƒ°pw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿°pw

Jeo^-am-cpsS ASp-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. Ah-cpsS aXhpw kap-

Zm-bhpw A°m-cy-Øn¬ ]iv\tam ]cn-K-W-\o-btam Bbn-cp-∂n√.

Daho `c-W-Im-eØv AJvX-en-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\hpw ]Z-hnbpw

Gh¿°pw kp]-cn-Nn-X-asX.

aX-]-c-amb hyXym-k-ßƒ hnK-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Jeo-^-am-sc-

t∏mse a‰v D∂X hy‡n-Ifpw Aapkvenw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cp-ambn

D‰ kulrZw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p. A·n-bm-cm-[-I-cmb aPq-kn-Ifnse

km_n-D-I-fn¬s∏´ C_vdm-lo-ap-_v\p ln-em¬ cmjvS-Ønse kap-

∂X ]Z-hn-bn-se-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. \m´nse Ihn-I-sf√mw At±-lsØ

AXy-[nIw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw hfsc hne I¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

At±-lhpw apkvenw ]fin-X-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw XΩn¬

kln-jvWpX


\t∂ ASp -Ø

-_-‘hpw D‰ kulr-Z-hp-amWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Abmƒ ac-W-a-S-

™-t∏mƒ inbm-°-fpsS t\Xmhpw lmin-an-øm-°-fpsS Xe-h-\p-amb

ico-^p¿cnZm Xs‚ A\-iz-c-amb Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS AKm-[-amb A\p-

tim-N\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-tim-N\

Imhy-ß-fnen-ßs\ ImWmw:

""Bsc-bmWv ]e-I-bn-se-Sp-Ø-sX∂v Xm¶ƒ i≤n-®n-´pt≠m? kZ-

ns‚ ]Imiw AW-™p-t]m-b-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂pw? Aß-bpsS

icocw aÆn¬ sh°p-∂-Xn\p apºv F\n-°-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√; ]¿h-

X-ß-sfbpw Ipgn-I-fn¬ AS-°w-sN-øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v.''

]n∂oSv Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-hptºm-sg√mw ico v At±-lsØ kw_-‘n®

A\p-tim-N-\-Imhyw Be-]n-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ ZpxJw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Abm-fpsS ivaim-\-Øn-\-cn-In-eqsS \S-∂p-t]m-

Ish ico-^p¿cnZm Ic-®n¬ ISn-®-a¿Øn timIkm-µ-amb kzc-Øn¬

]mSn:

""CXn-eqsS t]mIp∂ bmX-°m-tcmSv Rm≥ ]d-bp∂p: \nß-fn-

hnsS (ivaim-\-Øn-\-cnsI) h∂p \n¬°pI, \nßƒ°v Rm≥ al-

Øz-Øns‚ imJ-bpsS GIm-¥-hmkw ImWn-®p-Xcmw.

Xm¶-fpsS hntbm-K-Øm¬ hWn-X-amb a\- n\v Bizmkw e`n-

°-s´-sb-∂m-K-ln-®mWv Rm≥ Xm¶-fpsS t]cn-e-\p-tim-Nn-®Xv.

F∂m¬ AsXs‚ ZpxJw A[n-I-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. hnem-]-

Km-\-sam-cn-°epw AXm-e-]n-°p-∂-hs‚ timIw ian-∏n-°p-I-bn√.

Xm¶-fpsS t]cn-ep≈ tcmZ-\-ßƒ Hcp ]tbm-P-\hpw sNøp-I-bn-

s√∂v Rm≥ a\- n-em-°p∂p. ]t£, hymtam-l-ß-sfs∂ IqSp-X¬

hymtam-ln B°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''

Jeo-^-am-cpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬, `n∂-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Ifpw hnhn[

hn`mK-°mcpw hyXykvX ho£m-K-Xn -°m-cp -amb ]fin-X-∑m¿

hn⁄m\ kZ p-I-fn¬ ktΩ-fn-®n-cp∂p. Jen^m aA-vaqs‚ hnJym-

X-amb hn⁄m-\-thZn-bn¬ hnhn[ aX-°mcpw hyXykvX hn`m-K-

°mcpw HØp-Iq-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. aX-Im-cy-ßsf kw_-‘n®

hnhm-Z-ß-f-√mØ F√m-hn[ hn⁄m\ N¿®-Ifpw At±lw A\p-h-

Zn-®n-cp∂p. hn`m-Kob ]iv\-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ ap≥I-cp-

X-se∂ \ne-bn-emWv aX N¿®-Iƒ°v \nb-¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-

∂Xv. s]mXp˛tZiob˛ssh⁄m-\nI kZ p-Ifp(General National Aca-

demic Circles)sS ÿnXnbpw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Je-^p-_v\p¬ -ap-k∂m

]d-bp∂p: ""_kzd-bn¬ ]Øp ]fin-X-∑m¿ Ahn-SsØ hn⁄m\

85kZ- n¬ ktΩ-fn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Adnhn¬ Ahsc AXn-P-

bn-°p∂ Bcpw A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. it≤-b-cmb B ]fin-

X-h-cy-∑m-cn-h-cm-bn-cp∂p:

1. hymI-cW ]fin-X-\mb Jeo-ep_v\p AlvaZv (kp∂n)

2. Ihn-bmb lpabvcn (ioCu)

3. kzmen-lp_v\p A_vZn¬ Jp±qkv (\mkvXn-I≥)

4. kp^vbm-\p_v\p aPm-in-Av (Jmcn-Pn-I-fn¬s∏´ kz^vco hn`m-

K-°mc≥)

5. _»m-dp_v\p _p¿Zv (ipDu_n hn`m-K-°mc≥)

6. lΩmZv APvdZv (tZiob hmZn-bmb \nco-iz-c-hmZn)

7. Ihn-bmb C_v\p- d-A-vkp¬ PmeqØv (PqX≥)

8. Zm¿i-\n-I-\mb C_v-\p-\-fo¿ (InkvXy≥)

9. Da-dp-_v\p¬ apA-ønZv (aPqkn)

10. Ihn C_v\p-kn-\m-\p¬ l¿dm\n (kzm_n-Av)

Ch-sc√mw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v Ihn-X-Iƒ sNm√p-Ibpw hm¿Ø-Iƒ

ssIam-dp-Ibpw kvt\l-]q¿hw kwhmZw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

Ah-cpsS aX-hn-izm-k-ßfpw ho£-W-ßfpw hfsc `n∂-ßfpw ]c-

kv]c hncp-≤-ß-fp-am-sW∂ hkvXpX hy‡-am-hm-Ø-hn[w kulr-

Z-]q¿W-am-bn-cp∂p B A¥-co£w. Cu aX-k-ln-jvWpX IpSpw-_-

ß-fn-te°pw hoSp-I-fn-te°pw IqSn hym]n-®n-cp∂p. Aßs\ Htc -ho-

ń¬ hyXy-kvXamb \mev ho£m-K-Xn-Iƒ sh®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-h¿ HØp-

Iq-Sn-bn-cp∂p. Hcmƒ kp∂n, c≠m-a≥ ioCu, aq∂m-a≥ JmcnPn, \mem-

a≥ apA-vX-kven. F∂n´pw F√m-hcpw ]q¿W -tbm-Pn-t∏msS Ign-™p-

IqSn. F∂√, Htc hoń¬ `‡-\mb hnizm-knbpw hnt\m-Z-]-nb-\mb-

A[¿aImcnbpw HØp-Iq-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Hcmƒ Xs‚ Bcm-[-

\m-I¿a-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-\m-hp∂p; CX-c≥ Xs‚ Zp¿hr-Øn-I-fnepw.

CØ-c-samcp kw`hw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv.

c≠v ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Hcp hoń¬ Xma-kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ASn-

bnse Xń¬ ]c-a-`-‡\pw k®-cn-X-\p-amb hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p; apI-

fnse \ne-bn¬ ISpØ A[¿aImcnbpw. Hcp Znhkw apI-fnse apdn-

bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Bƒ Xs‚ Iq´p-Im-tcm-sSmØv BSnbpw ]mSnbpw

Ifn®pw ckn®pw cmXn Dd-°-sam-gn®p i_vZ-ap-≠m-°n-s°m-≠n-cp∂p.

CXv ASn-`m-K-Øp≈ `‡-\mb ktlm-Z-c\v Ak-ly-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw

At±-l-Øns‚ \nZ°v `wKw hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬

A[¿aImcn-bmb Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚ t\sc Xe \oń hnfn®v

tNmZn®p:

kln-jvWpX


""Xn∑°v Bkq-XWw sNøp-∂-h¿, A√mlp Ahsc `qan-bn¬

BgvØn-°-f-bp-∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n®v \n¿`-b-cm-bn-cn-°-bmtWm.''

(Jp.16:45)

s]s´∂v ktlm-Z-cs‚ adp-]-Snbpw h∂p. AXpw Hcp Jp¿-B≥

hmIy-am-bn-cp∂p. ""\o Ah¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cns° A√mlp Ahsc

in£n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂n√.'' (Jp. 8:33)

A\y-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw aX-]-c-amb

BtLmj-ß-fnepw Ah-bpsS Ae-¶m-c-ßfnepw ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-

Ønepw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kln-jvWpX \√-t]mse ]I-S-

amWv. Daho `c-W-Im-ew-sXm´v InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS aX-N-S-

ßp-Ifpw D’-h-ßfpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv s]mXp \nc-Øp-I-fn¬ sh®m-

bn-cp∂p. Ipcniv Npa∂v tLmj-bm-X-Iƒ \S-ØpI Ah¿ ]Xn-hm-

°n-bn-cp∂p. aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m-¿ AXn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂Xv Xß-fpsS

BNmc hkvX-ß-f-Wn-™mWv. Hcn-°¬ ]mXn-bm¿°okv an®¬

(Michal) henb Hcp tLmj-bm-X-bmbn Ae-Ivkm-≠nbm ]´-W-Øn¬

]th-in®p. Ipcnipw sagpIp-Xncnbpw ss__nfpw Npa-∂-h-cmWv

AXns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]pWy-hm-f-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS ]mXn-

bm¿°o-kns‚ alXzw Dds° hnfn®p ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. lnim-

ap_v\p A_vZn¬ aen-°ns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p ]kvXpX kw`hw.

lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ ImeØv CuÃ¿ BtLm-j-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ henb Ipcniv Npa∂v hºn® ]I-S\w \S-Øn-bn-

cp∂p.

Alvk-\p-Ø-Jmkow F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ aJvZnkn ]d-bp∂p:

""ssIkv-Xh BtLm-j-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v iodmkv N¥ Ae-¶-cn-

°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ss\¬ \Zn-bn¬ shf-f-ap-b-cp-Ibpw AtXm-S-

\p-_-‘n®v Inkv-Xym-\n-Iƒ Ipcnip Ib-‰-am-tLm-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

tºmƒ CuPn-]vXv hmkn-Ifpw AXn¬ AXn-Yn-I-fmbn kw_-‘n-®n-

cp∂p.''

aJvcokn Xs‚ JpXz-Xzv F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""AJvio-

Zo-ß-fpsS ImeØv km[m-cW P\-ßƒ amtam-Zok \√ \ne-bn¬

BtLm-jn-®n-cp∂p. ln. 230˛¬ amtam-Zo-k-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v hfsc

at\m-l-c-amb Hcm-tLmjw \S∂p. At∏mƒ A¬a-\o¬ Zzo]nse

]tXyI sIm´m-c-Øn¬ AJvioZo NI-h¿Øn apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p- XzKvPv

AsX√mw ho£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. At±-l-Øn\p Np‰pw Bbncw _lp-

im-Jm-hn-f°pX´p-Iƒ (Chandeliers) Xqßn-°n-S∂v ]Im-in-°p-∂p-≠m-

bn-cp∂p. km[m-cW P\-ßfpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v sagpIpXncn-Ifpw

87]¥ßfpw hnf-°p-Ifpw IØn-®p-sh-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Pe-ti-J-c-Øn\pw

kw`-c-Wn°pw Np‰pw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v apkvenw-Ifpw InkvXym-\n-

Ifpw Hcp-an-®p-IqSn. P\-_m-lpeyw ImcWw \Zo-Xo-cØpw hoSp-I-

fpsS ta¬∏pc-I-fnepw Im¬sh-°m-\n-S-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. A∂v P\-ßƒ

Xßƒ°p-≈-Xn¬sh®v G‰hpw at\m-l-c-amb tamSn-bp≈ hkvX-

ß-fmWv AWn-™n-cp-∂Xv. Aßs\ amtam-Zokm BtLm-j-Øn¬

F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpw kt¥m-j-]q¿hw ]s¶-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

]m›m-Xy¿ Ipcn-ins‚ t]cn¬ apkvenw-I-fpsSbpw Ah-cpsS cmjvS-

Øn-s‚bpw ta¬ Ncn-X-Øn-te-‰hpw Iqchpw òI-c-hp-amb a¿Z-\-ß-

f-gn-®p-hn´ Ipcn-ip-bp≤ Ime-Øp-t]mepw Cu kvt\l ]I-S-\-ßƒ°v

t]md-te-‰n-cp-∂n√. AXv Ahn-cmaw XpS¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Ahn-kva-c-

Wo-b-amb Hcm-›-cy-asX. k©m-cn-bmb C_v\p-Pp-ss_¿ Xs‚

bmXm-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""apkvenw˛ssIkvXh hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-

S-bn¬ Ipg-∏-Øns‚ A·n-÷zm-e-Iƒ Bfn-°-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-

t∏mgpw Ccp-hn-`m-Khpw ]e NS-ßp-I-fnepw HØp-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-

XmWv Gsd AZv`p-X-Icw. ssIkvXh˛apkvenw kulrZ ]Xn-\n[n

kwL-ßƒ Aßp-anßpw t]mbpw h∂pw-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. bp≤-cw-KØv

apJm-apJw t\m°n\n¬s°-Xs∂ CsX√mw \n¿hn·w XpS¿∂p.

CuPn]vXn¬ \n∂v Z-a-kvI-kn-te°pw AhnsS \n∂v ^m≥kn-te-

°pap≈ bmXm-kw-L-ß-fpsS ]bmW-Øn\v Hcp hnLm-Xhpw kw`-

hn-®n-cp-∂n√. ssIkvXh \mSp-I-fn-eqsS apkvenw-Iƒ k©-cn-°p-

tºmƒ Ah¿ Xt±i `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ°v \nIpXn \¬In-bn-cp∂p. AXv

bmXm kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Dd∏v IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. C]-Im-cw-Xs∂

apkvenw \mSp-I-fn-eqsS ssIkvXh hym]mc kwL-ßƒ k©-cn-

°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS Nc-°p-Iƒ°pw Uyqń CuSm-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. ]c-

kv]c tbmPn -t∏mSpw Xr]vXn -tbmSpw \oXn]q¿hhp-am -bn -cp∂p

CsX√mw \S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. tbm≤m-°ƒ bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ s]mcpXn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmgpw P\-ßƒ kulr-Zhpw ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-Whpw

XpS¿∂p t]m∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. temIhpw AXnse B[n-]-Xyhpw

bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-°p-∂-h¿°m-bn-cp∂p.''

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX ImgvN-sh® DZmØ-amb aX-k-ln-jvWp-X°v

KX-Ime Ncn-X-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw kam-\X Is≠-ØpI km[y-a√.

kXysØ am\n-°p∂ apgph≥ ]m›mXy Ncn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw Ckvem-

ans‚ klnjv-WpX AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ alXzw Du∂n-∏-d-

bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.

]ikvX Ata-cn-°≥ Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Um∏¿ (Drapper) ]d-bp∂p:

""Jeo-^-am-cpsS ImesØ BZy-Ime apkvenw-Iƒ PqX˛ssIkvXh

kln-jvWpX


]fin-X-∑msc BZ-cn-°pI amX-a√, Ahsc AXn-a-l-Ømb DØ-c-

hm-ZnXz-ß-tf¬]n-°p-Ibpw c-W-cw-KsØ Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ \nb-

an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. lmdq≥ dioZv \mńse ]mT-im-e-I-fpsS

ta[mhn-bmbn \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv amk-hbvln(Mas waih)bpsS aI≥

tPmWn-s\-bmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ \mtSm aXtam GsX∂v ]iv\-am-

°n-bn√. ssh⁄m-\nI tbmKy-Xbpw Ignhpw amXta IW-°n-se-

Sp-Øn-cp-∂p≈q.''

]ikvX Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb sh¬kv (Wells) Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]-\-

ßƒ A\m-h-cWw sNøsh ]d-bp∂p: ""am\yhpw \oXn]q¿hhp-amb

CS-]-g-I-en\v temIØv aln-X-amb ]mc-ºcyw ÿm]n-X-ambn. AXv

P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ am\y-X-bp-sSbpw HuZm-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ssNX\yw

DtØ-Pn-∏n®p. D∂-X-amb a\p-jyXzw hf¿Øn. ]mtbm-Kn-I-ß-fmb

XØz-ßƒ \S∏m°n. a\p-jy-Xz-ap-ff kaq-lsØ krjvSn®p. KX-

Ime kaq-l-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ kmaqlnI tZmlhpw ]mcp-jy-hp-

a-h¿ \nb¥n®p. AXv kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Imcp-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw

HuZm-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ssNX-\y-Øm¬ \nc-X-am-bn-cp∂p.''

Sn¿\q¨ ]d-bp∂p: ""Kmb-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-

Øn¬ aXw CS-s]ńcp∂n√.''

enô _qń-Ã¬ (Liefy Brutistal) ]Ømw \q‰m-≠nse kvs]bn-

\ns\ kw_-‘n® Xs‚ KŸ-Øn¬ (Spain of the Tenth Century) Fgp-

Xp∂p: ""A°m-esØ A[nI Kpa-kvX≥amcpw skI-´dn-amcpw PqX-

∑mtcm InkvXym-\n-Itfm Bbn-cp∂p. [mcmfw PqX˛ssIkvXh¿

DtZym-K-ßƒ t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ `c-W-]-chpw bp≤-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-

ß-fn¬t∏mepw ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. bqtdm-]y≥ \mSp-I-fn¬ Jeo-^-

amsc ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Aw_m-k-U¿am-cmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®

PqX-∑m¿ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''

lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ ImeØv Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øns‚ ÿnXn-K-

Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn-°sh k¿ am¿°v sskkv (Sir Mark Syce) Fgp-Xp∂p:

""Inkv-Xym-\n-Ifpw hnK-lm-cm-[-Icpw PqX-∑mcpw apkvenw-Ifpw A°m-

eØv `cWcwK-ß-fn¬ tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂p.''

a[y-[-c-Wymgn Zzo]p-Iƒ (Mediterranean Island), C‰en, kzn‰vk¿e‚ v,

^m≥kv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Ad-_n-I-fpsS t]mcm´ Ncn-X-Øn¬ dnt\m

]d-bp∂p: ""kvs]bn-\n¬ apkvenw-Iƒ InkvXym-\n-I-tfmSv hfsc \√

\ne-bn-emWvv h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

apkvenw Nn”-ßƒ ]men-°m\pw i≤n-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m-e-h¿ Xß-

fpsS Ipń-I-fpsS tNem-I¿aw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ]∂n-amwkw `£n-®n-

89

cp∂pan√.''

B¿tWmƒUv (Arnold) ssIkvXh I£n-Iƒ°n-S-bnse aX-hn-

`mKo-b-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°sh Fgp-Xp∂p: ""F∂m¬ Ckvem-anse kln-

jvWpXm kn≤m¥w CXp-t]m-ep≈ AI-a-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\njn-≤-am-°n--bn-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ apkvenw-Iƒ a‰p-hn-`m-K-ß-tfmSv

ho£W hyXym-k-ßƒ sh®p-]p-e¿Ø-nbn-cp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w apgp-h≥

ssIkvXh ]uc-∑m-tcmSpw \ymb-amb \ne-bn¬ \oXn-]q¿hw s]cp-

am-dm≥ ian-°p-∂-Xn¬ hogvN-h-cp-Ønbn-´n-s√∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-

hp∂p. AXns‚ ]I-S-amb DZm-l-c-W-amWv CuPn-]vXn¬ kw`-hn-

®Xv. tIm]v‰-p-Iƒ AhnSw Pbn-®-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ ss_km¥n-b-°m¿

ÿew-hn´ kµ¿`-ap-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Ah¿ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®p-

I-sf√mw sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw ssI-his∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv apkvenw-Iƒ Ah bYm¿Y Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v aS-°n-

s°m-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Im¿ AXn-\mbn Xß-fpsS

Ah-Imiw sXfn-bn-°p∂ ]am-W-ßƒ lmP-cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

Ckvem-an-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ kph¿W-Im-eØv apkvenw ]uc-∑m¿

ssIkvX-h-cp-ambn ]pe¿Ønb D‰ kulr-Zhpw kln-jvWp-Xbpw

]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Gh¿°pw P\-ßsf Ckvem-an-te°v \bn-®Xv hmfm-

sW∂ ]NmcWw ]q¿W-ambpw hmkvXh hncp-≤-am-sW∂v hy‡-

amIpw.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX-bnse aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xsb kw_-‘n®v

CX-tbsd DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ \ncØn D]-\y-kn-°m≥ ImcWw ]£-

]mXn-I-fmb ]m›m-Xy¿ \ΩpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ \S-Ønb IS-∂m-I-a-

W-ßƒ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ AX-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-h-∂-Xn-\m-emWv. apkvenw-

Iƒ a‰p-≈-hsc \n¿_-‘-]q¿hw aX-Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw A\y-hn-

`m-K-ßsf k¿h-hnt[-\bpw \nµn-°p-Ibpw a¿Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]cp-

°-∑m-cm-sW-∂-h¿ ]N-cn-∏n®p. bYm¿Y-Øn-e-h¿°v Gsd \∂m-bn-

cp-∂Xv CØ-c-samcp hnhm-Z-Øn\v hmXn¬ Xpd-°m-Xn-cn-°-em-bn-cp∂p.

k¶p-NnX aX-]£]mXn-Xz-tØmsS Ah¿ apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xnsc Agn-


®p-hn´ Ipcn-ip-bp≤hpw kvs]bn≥ BI-a-Whpw \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-

Ønse t]mcm-´-ßfpw t_m[-ap≈ GsXmcp ]m›m-Xy-s\bpw

e÷n®v Xe-Xm-gvØm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m°pw. amX-a√, Ah¿ ]c-

kv]cw \S-Ønb lo\-amb t]mcm-´-ßƒ NcnXImc-∑m¿s°m∂pw

\ntj-[n-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w kphn-Zn-X-asX. ItØm-en-°-scbpw s]m´-

Ã‚p-Im-scbpw Iq´-s°me sNbvX kw`-h-am-Wn-hnsS kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

]tXy-In®pw sk‚ v s_¿tXm¬ayp-hnse Iq´-s°m-ebpw ]m∏m-bnkw

bqtdm-]y≥ P\-X-bn¬ Xß-fpsS FXn-cm-fn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Agn-®p-hn´

BI-a-Whpw A]-Imcw Xs∂ a[y \q‰m≠p-I-fnse \ymb-hn-Nm-

cW k`(Inquisition Court)bpsS Iq-c-X-Ifpw ad-°pI km[y-a√.

hnizmk˛ho£W sshPm-Xy-ßƒ sh®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-h-tcmSv G‰-hp-

a-[nIw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw Akq-bbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ hn`mKw ]m›m-

Xy-cm-sW∂v Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn hy‡-am-°p∂p. FXn-

cm-fn-Iƒ kz¥w h¿K-Ønepw h¿W-Ønepw s]´-h-cm-sW-¶n¬-t∏mepw

A`n-]mb hyXym-k-ap-≈-h-tcmSv kln-jvWpX ]pe¿Øm-\-h¿°v Ign-

bp-I-bn√. ]q¿h-Ime Ncn-X-ß-fn-sem∂pw Ah¿ aX-k-ln-jvWpX

Fs¥∂v Adn-™n-´p-t]m-ep-an√. aX-ssa-Xn°v Hscm‰ DZm-l-c-Ww-

t]mepw Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fn¬ ImWp-I-bn√. C∂pw apkvenw-

Iƒs°-Xnsc cmjvSo-b-Øn-s‚bpw kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw apJm-h-

c-W-a-Wn™v IS-∂m-I-aWw \S-Øp-∂Xv ISpØ aX-]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-

amWv. C∂pw ad°v ]n∂n-ep-≈Xv aXm-‘-X-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-am-sW-

∂¿Yw.

Cu N¿® Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv \ΩpsS aX-k-ln-jvWp-

X°pw Ah-cpsS Ak-ln-jvWp-X°pw Hcp sXfn-hp-IqSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p∂p. hfsc ]ap-J-\mb Hcp

ssIkvXh ]ptcm -ln -Xs‚ km£y-am -WXv . At± -l-Øns‚

kq£vaX kpk-Ω-Xhpw A\n-tj-[y-hp-asX. 12˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ Pohn® A≥Xm-°nbbnse ]mXn-bm¿°okv aoJm-

Cuen(Michael)-t‚Xm-WXv. ]q¿h N¿®pIƒ (Eastern Churches) Ckvem-

an-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ A©v \q‰m≠v ]n∂n-´-tijw apkvenw-I-fpsS kln-

jvWp-X-sbbpw Ah-tbm-Sp≈ tdma-°m-cpsS BI-aW kz`m-hhpw

At±-l-an-ßs\ hnh-cn-°p∂p: ""i‡n-bp-sSbpw al-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw

B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-Im-inbpw ]Xn-Inb kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h-\p-

amb ssZhw cmjvS -` -cWw Ah-\p -t± -in°pw

hn[-am°p∂p. AX-h-\n-NvOn-°p-∂-h¿°v \¬Ip∂p. Aßs\ \nµysc

am\y-∑m-cm-°p∂p. Xmgv∂-hsc Db¿Øp∂p. ssZhw tdma-m°m-cpsS

\io-I-cW IrXy-ßƒ I≠-t∏mƒ, A[n-Im-c-i-‡n-bn-eq∂n\n∂v

91Xßƒ°-[o-\-s∏´ \mSp-I-fnse N¿®p-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw hoSp-

Iƒ Ih¿® \S-Øp-Ibpw Icp-Wbpw Zb-bpan-√msX a¿Z-\-ß-f-gn-®p-

hn -Sp -Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ah≥ Ckvam-Cu¬ k¥Xn(Ad-_n-

Iƒ)Isf sX°p-\n∂v (Atd_y≥ D]-Zzo]v) \ntbm-Kn®p. Aßs\

Ah-cpsS ssII-fn-eqsS \sΩ tdmam-°m-cpsS ]nSnØ-Øn¬\n∂v

tamNn-∏n®p. apkvenw-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xyhpw `cWhpw hcn-I-hgn \ap°p

Nne \jvS-ß-sfms° kw`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-∂Xv t\cp-Xs∂. \ap°v Nne

ItØm-en°m N¿®p-Iƒ \jvS-s∏´p. Ah J¬J-Zq-\n-b-°m¿°v

\¬Ip -I -bm -Wp -≠m -bXv . C∂pw Ah Ah-cpsS \nb- ¥-W-

Øn¬Xs∂. apkvenw A[n-\n-th-i-L-´-Øn¬ \m´nse N¿®-pIƒ

BcpsS A[o-\-X-bn -emtWm D≠m-bn-cp -∂Xv AX-h¿°p-Xs∂

\¬IpI aqe-am-WnXv kw`-hn®Xv. lnwknse IØo-Uepw ludm-

\nse N¿®pw \ap°v \jvS-s∏-´Xv A∂mWv. \n m-c-amb Cu \jvSw

tdma-°m-cpsS AIa a¿Z\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-]-c-amb

]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tamN\w t\Sn-b-Xn-t\mSv Xpe\w sNøp-

tºmƒ \t∂ \n m-c-ambn tXm∂p∂p. \ma-\p-`-hn-°p∂ \n¿`-b-Xzhpw

kam-[m-\hpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ hnti-jn®pw.''

KpkvXm-hv e-t_mWn(Gustav Lebon)s‚ hm°p-Iƒ Gsd it≤-b-

ß-fsX: ""Ad-_n-I-sf-t∏mse kln-jvWp-°-fmb hnP-bn-I-sfbpw

Ckvem-an-s\-t∏mse kln-jvWpX ]pe¿Øp∂ aX-tØbpw temI-

Øn\v ]cn-N-b-an√.'' Cu ]kvXmhw apkvenw-I-tfmSv \oXn ImWn-®n-

cn-°p∂p. AXns\-°m-fp-]cn kXy-tØmSv ]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp∂p.

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


Bdv

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-amb hi-ß-fn¬ Gsd

it≤-bhpw \qX-\-hp-amb H∂m-WnXv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mK-

cn-IX AZzn-Xo-b-asX. k‘n-bp-sSbpw kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kµ¿`-

ß-fn¬ ]cp-j-]-Ir-X-cmb ]mIr-X-∑m¿ t]mepw ASp-Ø-h-tcmSv HuZm-

cyhpw Ab¬°m-tcmSv acym-Zbpw Zp¿_-e-tcmSv Imcp-Wyhpw kplr-

Øp-°-tfmSv kuay-Xbpw kz¥-°m-tcmSv k¬kz-`mhhpw ]I-Sn-∏n-

°m-dp≠v. F∂m¬ bp≤cwKØv \√ s]cp-am-‰hpw iXp-°-tfmSv

kuay-Xbpw kvXoI-tfmSpw Ip´n-I-tfmSpw hr≤-∑m-tcmSpw Imcp-

Wyhpw ]cm-Pn-X-tcmSv kln-jvWp-Xbpw ]pe¿Øm≥ A[nI kaq-

l-ßƒ°pw km[y-a√. an° ssk\nI t\Xm-°ƒ°pw CØcw KpW-

ßƒ kz¥-am-°m-\m-hn√. c‡w ImWp-tºmƒ tNmc°v NqSp-]n-Sn°pw.

iXpX, Akq-bbpw ]Ibpw Cf-°n-hnSpw. hnPbw tPXm-°sf D∑-

Ø-cm°pw. AX-hsc A[n-Ia-[nIw ]Xn-Im-c-Øn\pw ]cm-I-a-Øn\pw

t]cn-∏n°pw. cmjvS-ß-fpsS ]pXn-bXpw ]g-b-Xp-amb NcnXw

AXmWv; F∂√, Jm_o¬ Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ lm_o-ens‚ c‡w

Nn¥n-b-Xp-ap-X-ep≈ A\p-`-hw-Xs∂ Aß-s\-bmWv. ""Ah-cn-cp-hcpw

Hmtcm _en AdpØ kµ¿`w. Aßs\ Ah-cn-sem-cm-fn¬ \n∂Xv

kzoI-cn-°-s∏´p. F∂m¬ CX-c-\n¬\n-∂Xv kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-

bn√. Ah≥ ]d™p: "Xo¿®-bmbpw \ns∂ Rm≥ sIm∂p-I-fbpw.'

ktlm-Z-c≥ ]d™p: "`‡-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p amXta A√mlp kzoI-cn-

°p-I-bp≈q.' (Jp. 5:27)

Chn-sS-bmWv NcnXw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \mb-I≥am¿°v

A\-iz-c-X-bpsS Inco-S-a-Wn-bn-°p∂Xv. Ah¿ km[m-cW ssk\n-

Itcm ]uc-∑mtcm tPXm-°tfm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Itfm F∂Xv ]iv\-

a√. ]cm-I-a-Øn\pw ]Xn-Im-c-Øn\pw c‡-s®m-cn-®n-en\pw t]cn-∏n-

°p∂ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-fnepw ISpØ t]mcm-´-Øns‚ thZn-I-fnepw

Ah-sc√mw Ah-ew-_n® \oXn-]q¿hhpw Icp-Wm-\n-c-Xhpw am\p-jn-

I-hp-amb kao-]-\-ß-fn¬ as‰√m \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw h‡m-°-fn¬

\n∂v ]q¿W-ambpw th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. bp≤-a-cym-Z-I-fpsS Ncn-X-

Øn¬ AXp-eyhpw AZv`p-X-I-c-hp-amb Cu hisØ kw_-‘n®v

NcnXw kXy-k-‘-ambpw A\n-tj-[y-ambpw ]d-™p-X-∂n-√m-bn-cp-

s∂-¶n¬ AsXms° shdpw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw ]tbm-K-km-[y-X-bn-√mØ

]pcm-W-ßfpw amX-am-sW∂v Rm≥ ]dbp-am-bn-cp∂p.

93ImSØw temIsØ Iogvs∏-Sp-Ønb Ime-ØmWv \ΩpsS \mK-

cn-I-X-bpsS \ntbm-K-ap-≠m-bXv. i‡¿ Zp¿_-esc sIm√p∂p; Bbp-

[-[m-cn-Iƒ \ncm-bp-[sc ASn-a-I-fm-°p∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ aX-

\n-b-a-ßfpw kaq-l-ßfpw P\-X-Ifpw cmjvS-ßfpw Hcp ]cn-[nbpw

\nb-¥-W-hp-an-√msX bp≤w A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. AXv AI-a-]-c-amtWm At√ F∂v Bcpw At\z-jn-®n-cp-

∂n√. ssIbq-°p-≈-h-sc√mw a‰p-≈-hsc AI-an®v Iogvs∏-SpØn Ah-

cpsS InS-∏mSw ssIb-S-°p-Ibpw aXw-am-‰-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-°p-Ibpw

kvXo]p-cp-j-∑msc ASn-a-I-fm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXn-sem∂pw-

Ah-¿ H-c-]-cm-[hpw hogvNbpw Z¿in-®n-cp-∂n√. F∂m¬ a\p-jyXzw

h\y-ar-K-ß-fpsS hnXm-\-tØmfw XmWp-t]mb Cu AI-a-hyhÿ

AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX k∂-≤-am-bn√. adn®v kap-

Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bnse ]c-kv]c _‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w At\ym-\y-

ap≈ klm-bhpw AwKo-Im-c-hp-am-sW∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-WXv

sNbvXXv.

""a\p-jytc! Htc kvXobn¬\n∂pw ]pcp-j-\n¬\n∂p-amWv

\nßsf \mw krjvSn-®Xv. \mw \nßsf hnhn[ P\-X-Ifpw tKmX-

ß-fp-am°n Xncn-®Xv \nß-f-t\ym\yw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ th≠n-bmWv.''

(Jp. 49:13)

AXn-\m¬ kap-Zm-bßƒ°n-S-bnse km[m-cW _‘w kam-[m-

\-Ønepw kpc-£-bn-ep-a-[n-jvTn-X-asX. ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Itf! \nßƒ

]q¿W-ambpw Ckvem-an¬ ]th-in-°pI.'' (Jp. 2:208)

GsX-¶nepw hn`mKw adp-`m-K-Øns‚ ta¬ bp≤hpw iXp-Xbpw

amX-am-W-h-ew-_n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ ]Xn-tbm-Kn-Isf ]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-

\p≈ Xøm-sd-Sp∏v A\n-hm-cy-asX. A∆n[w sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ iXpX

i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AIaw A[n-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw: ""Ah¿s°-Xnsc

km[y-am-hp∂X i‡n kw`-cn-°p-Ibpw k÷-ambn \n¬°p∂ Aiz-

\n-csb Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNøpI. AXp-hgn \nßƒ°v `b-s∏-SpØmw;

\nß-fp-sSbpw A√m-lp-hn-s‚bpw iXp-°sf.'' (Jp. 8:60)

F∂m¬ ]kvXpX hn`mKw iXpX Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw kam-[m-

\-Øn\v k∂-≤-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ A\p-Iq-e-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-°-

¬ A\n-hm-cy-asX. ""Ah¿ k‘n-bpsS `mK-tØ°v Nmbp∂ ]£w

Xm¶fpw AXn\v Xøm-dm-hpI. A√m-lp-hn¬ `c-ta¬]n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI.''(Jp.8:61)

iXp-°ƒ bp≤-Øn-\mWv apXn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ i‡n i‡nsb

]Xn-tcm-[n°pw. iXp-X°v XØp-ey-amb ]Xn-^-ehpw: ""\nß-tfmSv

bp≤w sNøp-∂-h¿s°-Xnsc A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ \nßfpw

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


bp≤w sNøpI.'' (Jp. 2:190)

Npcp-°-Øn¬, Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS aqe-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ

[\w sIm≈-b-Sn-°m\pw P\-XXn-I-fpsS am\w-sI-Sp-Øm\pw Ahsc

Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ bp≤w \njn-≤-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬

c≠p ImcW-ß-fmWv bp≤w A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am°pI:

1. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ BZ¿i, hnizmk, kwkvImc, kwc-£Ww.

2. P\-X-bpsS kzmX-¥yhpw tamN-\hpw c£bpw Dd-∏p-hcp-Ø¬.

AtX-°p-dn®v A√mlp ]d-bp∂p: ""Ipg-∏-an-√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw B[n-

]Xyw A√m-lp-hn-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc \nß-f-h-tcmSv

bp≤w sNøp-hn≥. F∂m-e-h¿ hnc-an-°p-∂psh-¶n¬ AI-an-I-tfm-S-

√msX Hc-I-a-hp-an√.'' (Jp. 2:193)

bp≤-]-Jym-]\w \S-Øp∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ hnizmk kzmX¥yw

amX-a√; apgp-h≥ BZ¿i-ß-fpsS kzmX-¥yhpw F√maX-ß-fp-sSbpw

Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw AXn¬s∏-Sp∂p. ""P\-ß-fn¬

Nnesc a‰p-Nn-e-sc-s°m≠v A√mlp ]Xn-tcm-[n-®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬

ssZh-\maw A[n-I-ambn A\p-kva-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ k\ym-kn-a-T-ßfpw

N¿®p-Ifpw PqX-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfpw apkvenw ]f-fn-I-fp-sa√mw XI¿°-

s ∏ - S p - a m - b n - c p ∂ p . ' '

(Jp. 22:40)

kz¥w kzmX-¥yhpw am\hpw c£n-°m-s\-∂-t]mse CXc hn`m-

K-ß-fnse a¿Zn-X¿°pw Zp¿_-e¿°pw th≠n ]Xntcm-[n-°epw \n¿_-

‘-am-sW∂ ]Jym-]\w \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-Xsb Gsd aln-X-am-

°p∂p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ \nßƒs°-¥psIm≠v bp≤w

sNbvXp-IqSm? "Rß-fpsS \mYm! AI-an-I-f-[n-h-kn-°p∂ Cu

\m´n¬\n∂v Rßsf \o tamNn-∏n-t°-Wta; \ns‚ hI-bmbn Hcp

c£m-[n-Im-cn-sbbpw Rßƒ°v \o \ntbm-Kn-t°-Wta; \ns‚ hI-

bmbn Hcp klm-b-I-s\bpw Rßƒ°v \ntbm-Kn-®p-X-tcWta' F∂p

tIWp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]oUn-X-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw kvXoIƒ°pw

Ip´n-Iƒ°pw th≠n \nßƒs°-¥p-sIm≠v bp≤w sNbvXp-IqSm?''

(Jp. 4:75)

BZ¿iw, hnizmkw, kzmX¥yw, kam-[m\w F∂n-h-bpsS kwc-

£Ww ]Jym-]\w sNøp∂ bp≤-amWv Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

`mj-bn¬ A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn-ep≈ t]mcm´w. AXn¬ c‡-km-

£n-I-fm-hp-∂-h¿°mWv kz¿Kw kΩm-\n-°-s∏-SpI. A√m-lp-hn-te-

°-Sp-∏n-°p∂ bp≤hpw AXsX. AsXm-gn-®p-≈-sX√mw AI-a-Øn-

s‚bpw \mi-Øn-s‚bpw am¿K-Ønse bp≤-ß-fmWv. Ckvemw A\p-

h-Zn® hnip≤ bp≤-sØbpw CXc kaq-l-ßƒ \bn-°m-dp≈ bp≤-

95ß-sfbpw Jp¿-B≥ Cßs\ Xmc-Xayw sNøp∂p: ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-

Iƒ A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ bp≤w-sN-øp∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]nim-

Nns‚ Iq´p-Im-tcmSv \nßƒ t]mcm-SpI. ]nim-Nns‚ IpX¥w Gsd

Zp¿_ew Xs∂.'' (Jp. 4:76)

Ckvemw ssZh-am¿K-Øn¬ bp≤w ]Jym-]n-°p∂p. Ahs‚

am¿Kw \∑-bp-sSbpw kXy-Øn-s‚bpw am\y-X-bp-sS-Xp-asX. a‰p-≈-

h¿ ]nimNn-s‚bpw ]cm-I-an-I-fp-sSbpw ]mX-bn¬ s]mcp-Xp∂p. ]nim-

Nns‚ ]mX \mihpw Ipg-∏hpw AI-a-hp-asX.

Ckvem-anse bp≤-ß-fpsS e£yw CsXm-s°-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ kXy-

Øn-s‚bpw \∑-bp-sSbpw t]cn¬ t]mcm´w ]Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ AXv

A[¿a-Øn-s‚bpw Ak-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Xn∑-bp-sSbpw am¿K-a-h-ew-_n-

°m≥ Hcn-°epw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Ctßm´v bp≤w sNøp-

Ibpw AXn-Iaw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂h-tcm-S-√msX t]mcm´w

]mSn-s√∂v Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX \njvI¿jn-°p∂p: ""h√-hcpw \nß-

tfmSv AXn-Iaw sNbvXm¬, \nß-tfmSv AXn-Iaw sNbvX ]Imcw

Ah-tcmSv \nßfpw ]Icw sNbvXp-sIm-≈pI. F∂m¬ A√m-lpsh

kq£n-°pI. Adn-bpI! A√mlp kq£vam-ep-°-tfm-sSm∏w Xs∂.''

(Jp. 2:194)

AYhm \mw Cu ]cn[n ewLn-°p-Ibpw Ctßm´v bp≤w sNøm-

Ø-h-tcmSv Atßm´v bp≤w sNøp-Ibpw D]-Z-hn-°m-Ø-hsc tZmln-

°p-I-bp-am-sW-¶n¬ \mw AXn-I-an-I-fm-bn-Øocpw; hnip≤ bp≤sØ

AXns‚ Dt±-iy-e-£y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sX‰n-®-hcpw. ""\nß-tfmSv bp≤w

sNøp∂-h¿s°-Xnsc A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ \nßfpw bp≤w-sN-

øpI. F∂m¬ AXn-Iaw AcpXv. A√mlp AXn-I-a-Im-cn-Isf CjvS-

s∏-Sp-∂n-√-Xs∂.'' (Jp. 2:190)

""a¿Zn-X¿ AI-a-a-\p-`-hn-®-tijw ]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-

sh-¶n¬ Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ H-c-]-cm-[-hp-an√. F∂m¬ Bfp-Isf tZmln-

°p-Ibpw A\ym-b-ambn `qan-bn¬ AXn-Iaw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-h¿ Ip‰-hm-fn-IƒXs∂. Ah¿°p Xs∂-bmWv thZ-\tbdnb

in£.'' (Jp. 42:41,42)

bp≤-ap-≠m-bm¬ \msam-cn-°epw \ΩpsS XØz-ßfpw kn≤m-¥-

ßfpw hnkva-cn-°m-h-X√. Aßs\ IqcX ImWn-°p-Ibpw Ipg-∏-ap-

≠m-°p-Ibpw AIaw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ hcp-Øp-

Ibpw AcpXv. Xo¿®-bmbpw A√m-lp-hn-\p-th≠n amX-ap≈ ]pWy-

bp≤w AXns‚ XpS-°-Ønepw i‡n-]m-]n®v NqSv ]nSn-°p-tºmgpw

am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ßƒ apdpsI ]nSn-°p-I-Xs∂ thWw. AXn-\m-emWv

lZvdØv A_q_Iv¿, Dkm-a-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ssk\ysØ

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


C ß s \

D]-tZ-in-®Xv. Ncn-X-Øn¬ apsºm-cn-°epw CØ-c-sam-∂p-≠m-bn-ń√:

""AwK-tOZw \S-Ø-cpXv. sIm®p Ipń-Isf sIm√-cpXv. htbm-hr-≤-

scbpw h\n-X-I-sfbpw h[n-°-cpXv. Cu¥-∏-\-s®Sn ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-Itbm

Icn-®p-I-f-bp-Itbm sNø-cpXv. ê-hr-£-ßƒ shń-\-in-∏n-°-cpXv.

Blm-cm-h-iyØn-\-√msX BSv, amSv, H´-Iw F∂n-hsb sIm√-cpXv.

k\ym-kn-a-T-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-b-h-cpsS Acn-In-eqsS

\nßƒ t]mIp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ahsc \nßƒ hnt´-°pI. Ah¿ Xß-

fpsS hrØn-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-bn-s°m-≈s´.''

Cß-s\-bmWv A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn-ep≈ hnip≤ bp≤w. AXv

\mi-Øn\pw iXp-X-°pw-th-≠n-bp-≈-X√. Icp-Wm¿Zhpw am\p-jn-

I-hp-amb aqey-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-bmWv Cu bp≤w XpS-cpI. c≠n-

sem∂v kw`hn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc ˛hnPbw As√-¶n¬ k‘n. k‘n-bmWv

kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ AXnse Icm-dp-Iƒ AXy[nIw BZ-co-W-b-

ß-f-sX. Ah ]men-°¬ \n¿_-‘hpw. ""A√m-lpsh ap≥\n¿Øn

\nßƒ h√ Icmdpw sNøp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°pI. kXyw

Dd-∏n® tijw AXv ewLn-°-cpXv. A√m-lpsh \nßƒ km£n-bm-

° n - s h - ® n - ´ p - ≠ t √ m . ' '

(Jp. 16:91)

AYhm hnP-b-amWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ kXy-Øn\p th≠n

tIm]n-°p-Ibpw s]mcp-Xp-Ibpw AtX ]mX-bn¬ c‡-km-£y-Øn-

s\m-cp-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cpsS hnP-b-amWv. AXn-\m¬ `qan-bn¬ kXy-

Øns‚ kvXw`-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m\pw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnse Ipg-∏hpw

AI-ahpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p-amWv ian-°pI. ""\mw `qan-bn-e-h¿°v

kuIcyw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ Ah¿ \a-kvImcw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

kImØv \¬Ip-Ibpw \∑ I¬]n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ XS-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.

Imcy-ß-fpsS A¥y-êw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv A√m-lp-hn-¶esX.'' (Jp.

22:41)

hnPbw hcn-°p∂ cmjvS-Øns‚ tPmen-Ifpw hnP-bm-\-¥-c-ap≈

ktµ-i-ßfpw \n¿W-bn-°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS. Bflm-hns‚ Hu∂Xyw,

kaql-Øn¬ \oXn, \∑sb XpW-°¬, P\-ßƒ°v D]-Imcw hcp-

Ø¬, `qan-bn¬ \mihpw Xn∑bpw XSb¬ F∂n-hbm-Wh.

\ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ bp≤-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ßfpw aqey-

ßfpw Ch-sbm-s°-bmWv. bp≤-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ [m¿anI aqey-

ßƒ aqs∂Æ-asX. \oXn, ImcpWyw, hmKvZØ ]me-\w.

* ]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂ bqkp^v \_n** Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn-ep≈ Aapkvenw ]uc-∑m¿

97bp≤w kam-[m\ ÿm]-\-Øn-s\∂ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

kn≤m¥w ÿm]n-°m≥ ChnsS \¬I-s∏´ XmØznI hni-Zo-I-c-W-

ßƒ amXw ]cym-]vX-a-s√∂v Rm≥ a\- n-em-°p∂p. ImcWw Hcp

kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw Hu∂-Xy-Øn\pw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn\pw tIh-e-X-Øz-

ß ƒ

sXfn-hm-Ip-I-bn√. ]cp-jhpw ]mIr-Xhpw a\p-jyXz lo\hpw Icp-

Wm-c-ln-X-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w P\-Øns‚ apºn¬

alnX-amb Bi-b-ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ FXtbm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-

ßsf \mw I≠-XmWv. kmamPy i‡n-Iƒ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ ImWn®

the-Iƒ B¿°pw A⁄m-X-a-√t√m˛Ah-cpsS Iqc-X-bp-sSbpw hj-

f-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn-X-Øn\v A[n-I-sam∂pw Ime-∏-g-°-hp-an√. AXn-

\m¬ bp≤-kw-_-‘-amb Ckvem-anI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ]mtbm-Kn-I-tem-

IØv F¥v sNbvXp-sh∂v \ap°v t\m°mw. At∏mƒ Nne apJ-ßƒ

Idp-°p-Ibpw a‰p-Nn-eXv ]Im-in-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ImcWw \man-

hnsS a‰p P\-X-I-fn¬\n-s∂√mw khn-ti-j-cm-bn-Øocp∂p. cW-`q-an-

bn¬ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-amb aqey-ßƒ apdpsI ]nSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw

X-\n-®m-Wv. as‰mcp P\X°pw \mK-cn-I-X°pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ \tΩm-

sSm∏w \n¬°m-\m-hn√.

BZy-ambn \ap°v ]hm-NI\n¬\n-∂m-cw-`n°mw. \ΩpsS \mK-cn-

I-X-bpsS in¬]nbpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw \nba hyh-

ÿ-I-fp-sSbpw A[ym-]-I\pw At±-l-am-Wt√m. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-

I-X-bpsS e£y-Øn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-Øn-s‚bpw ktµ-i-Øn-s‚bpw

kXy-k-‘-amb amXr-I-bmWv apl-ΩZv \_n. Xncp-ta\nsbt∏mse

at‰sX-¶nepw ]hmN-It\m ]cn-jvI¿Ømthm ssZh-Zq-Xt\m Xs‚

BZ¿i ]t_m-[\ am¿K-Øn¬ AX-tbsd a¿Z-\hpw ]bmkhpw

]oU-\hpw A\p-`-hn-®-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. a°-bnse ]Xn-aq∂v h¿jw

]hm-N-I\pw A\p-N-c-∑mcpw ISpØ h©-\-Iƒ°pw tZml-ßƒ°pw

Bt£-]-Øn\pw AI-a-ßƒ°pw Cc-bmbn. Xncp-ta-\n-sbbpw A\p-

bm-bn-I-sfbpw hI-h-cp-Øm≥ Ht´sd KqVm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \S∂p. aZo-

\-bnse ]Øp-h¿jw ]q¿W-ambpw ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-s‚Xpw t]mcm-´-

Øn-s‚-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. ac-W-Øn\v sXm´p-apºv Atd-_y≥ D]-Zzo]v

A[o-\-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc bp≤-hkvXw Agn-®p-sh-°m≥ Xncp-ta-\n°v

Ah-kcw e`n-®n-cp-∂n√. B bp≤-ß-fn¬ kw_-‘n®v Bbp-[-sa-

SpØv s]mcp-Xp-Ibpw acn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-t°¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX FXn-

cm-fn-Iƒ c‡-Zm-ln-Ifpw ]Xn-Im-c-tam-ln-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]S-

°-f-Øn¬ ]hm-NIs‚ s]cp-am‰w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p? Ckvem-anI

\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS h‡mhv, P\-ß-tfmSv ]Jym-]n® AXns‚ XØz-

ßƒ F∆n[w ]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn®p?

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


DlpZn¬ \_nbpsS \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ \ncm-I-cn®v apkvenw-Iƒ ]n¥n-

cn-™p-t]m-hp-Ibpw ]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ ]hm-N-Is\ hebw sNbvXv h[n-

®p-I-f-bm≥ Bhpw-hn[w ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ GXm\pw A\p-

N-c-∑m¿ Ahn-SpsØ c£n-°m-\mbn Poh-∑-cW t]mcm´w \SØn.

Aßs\ Xncp-ta\n bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ \n∂v ap-dn-th‰v ]pd-Øp-h∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ ap≥]√v s]m´p-Ibpw apJØv apdnhv ]‰p-Ibpw kz¥w

A¶n-bpsS IÆn-Iƒ IhnƒØ-S-Øn¬ X´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ

\_nbpsS Nne A\p-N-c-∑m¿ ]d™p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ ZqXtc,

Xm¶ƒ iXp -°ƒ

s°-Xnsc ]m¿Yn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬.'' F∂m¬ ]hm-N-Is‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-

an-Xm-bn-cp∂p: ""A√mlp Fs∂ \ntbm-Kn-®Xv P\-ßsf i]n-°p-∂-

h-\m-b√. ]t_m-[-I-\m-bmWv. Ah¿°v Imcp-Wy-ambpw. A√m-lpth,

\o Fs‚ P\-X°v am¿KZ¿i\w \¬tI-Wta! Ah¿ Adn-hn-√m-Ø-

h-cmWv.'' bp≤-Øn\v \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kXy-Øns‚ `mj-bm-WnXv.

c‡w Nn¥m-\p≈ BKl-a√; Zp¿am¿Kn-Isf t\¿h-gn-bn-te°v \bn-

°m≥ AS¿°-f-Øn-en-d-ßnb ssZh-Zq-Xs‚ `mj!

CtX DlpZv bp≤-Øn¬ ]apJ t]mcm-fn-bmb lZvdØv lwk

h[n°-s∏´p. ]hm-NIs‚ ]nXr-hy-\mb At±lw [oc-cmb Atd-

_y≥ tbm≤m-°-fn¬ ]ap-J\pw ]kn-≤-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. hlvin F∂

Hcm-fmWv At±-lsØ h[n®Xv. A_q-kp-^vbms‚ `mcy lnµv Bbn-

cp∂p AXn\-bmsf t]cn-∏n-®Xv. Aßs\ lwk acn-®p-ho-W-t∏mƒ

lnµv B [oc-tbm-≤m-hns‚ Icƒ ]ngp-sXSp°p-Ibpw Xs‚ tIm]hpw

]X-nIm-c-hmRvObpw ian-°p-thmfw ISn-®p-Xp-∏-pIbpw sNbvXp.

]n∂oSv lnµpw hlvinbpw Ckvemw Bt«-jn®p. At∏mƒ \_n

bpsS kao-]-\-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p? Ahn-Sp∂v lnµn\v am∏p-sIm-SpØp.

as‰m∂pw sNbvXn√. hlvin Ckvemw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv At±-

l-tØmSv ]d™p: ""km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ Xm¶ƒ Rß-fn¬ \n∂¬]w

Zqsc amdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn°pw.'' kz¥w ]nXr-hys\ Iqc-

ambn sIme-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ Icƒ ISn-®p-Xp-∏p-Ibpw

sNbvX-h-tcm-Sp≈ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \b-am-bn-cp∂p CXv!

Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ iXp-]-£sØ Hcp kvXo h[n-°-s∏-´Xv ]hmN-

Is‚ i≤-bn¬s∏´p. At∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v A\n-jvShpw Aa¿jhpw

]ISn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-ßs\ ]d™p: ""kvXoI-sf- sIm-√p-∂Xv Rm≥

\nß-tfmSv hne-°n-bn-´nt√? Ah¿ \nß-tfmSv bp≤w sNbvXn-cp-

∂n√t√m.'' ssk\y-ßsf \bn-°p-Ibpw ]S-°-f-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX t]mcm-fn-bmb ]hm-N-I≥ Db¿∂ am\p-jnI aqey-

ßƒ ]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn-°-bm-Wn-hnsS.

99a°m hnP-b-L-´-Øn¬ ]Xn-\m-bncw tbm≤m-°-fpsS t\Xm-hm-bn-

s°m≠v \_n AhnsS ]th-in®p. Ahn-Sp∂v IA-v_-bpsS hmXn-

en¬ Ib-dn-\n∂p. Jpssd-in-Iƒ H∂-S¶w Iog-Sßn Im¬®p-h-´n¬

AWn-\n-c-∂n-cn-°p∂p. \o≠ Ccp-]-sØm∂v h¿jsØ ]Xn-tcm-[-

Øn-\p-tijw tPXm-hmbn amdn-b -]-hm-N-Is‚ Xocp-am\w ]Xo-£n-

®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wh¿. At∏mƒ At±lw Ah-tcmSv tNmZn®p: ""\nßsf

Rms\¥v sNøp -

sa-∂mWv \nßƒ ]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv?'' Ah¿ ]d™p: ""\√Xv!

ImcWw Xm¶ƒ am\y-\mb ktlm-Z-c-\mWv. am\y\mb ktlm-Z-cs‚

aI\pw.'' AXn\v ]hm-NIs‚ ]Xn-I-cWw C]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p:

" " F s ‚

ktlm-Z-c≥ bqkp^v* apºv ]d-™Xv Xs∂-bmWv C∂v Rm≥ \nß-

tfmSpw ]d-bp-∂Xv: C∂v \nßƒs°-Xnsc ]Xn-Im-c-an√. A√mlp

\nßƒ°v s]mdp-Øp-X-cs´. Ah≥ G‰-hp-a-[nIw IcpW ImWn-°p-

∂-h-\sX. AXn-\m¬ \nßƒ t]mIq! \nßƒ kzX-¥-cmWv.'' am\-

h-Xsb \∑ ]Tn-∏n® ]hm-N-I-\mb apl-Ω-Zm-WnXv. A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw

ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ°pw th≠n c‡w Nn¥p-Ibpw hnP-b-hn-Imcw D∑-

Ø-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvX c‡-Zm-ln-bmb ssk\nI ta[m-hn-b√.

Xncp-ta-\n°p tijw Ahn-SpsØ A\p-N-c-∑mcpw DØ-cm-[n-Im-cn-

Ifpw Xß-fpsS bp≤-ß-fnepw hnP-b-ß-fnepw ]hm-N-Is\ ]q¿W-

ambpw ]n¥p-S¿∂p. Ah¿ At±lw ImWn® hgn-bn-eqsS k©-cn®p.

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® XØz-ßƒ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®p. G‰hpw ]bm-k-I-c-amb

]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-fn¬t∏mepw ]mfn-t∏m-bn√. al-Ømb hnP-b-ßƒ

ssIh-∂-t∏mƒ D∂-X-amb XØz-ßfpw aqey-ßfpw hnkva-cn-®-Xp-an√.

Aßs\ Ah¿ ]hmN-I≥ IØn®p-sh® hnf-°n¬ \n∂v shfn®w

sImfp-Øn-sb-SpØv Ahn-Sp∂v sXfn-bn® ]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn®p.

e_-\m-\nse \nhm-kn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ Xß-fpsS Kh¿W¿ Aen-

øp_v\p A_vZn-√m-ln_v\n A∫mkns\Xnsc Iem-]-s°m-Sn-bp-

b¿Øn. AXn-\m¬ At±lw Ah-tcmSv bp≤w sNbvXv hnPbw hcn®p.

At∏mƒ Ah-cn¬ Nnesc Xß-fpsS Xm-a-kÿ-eØp\n∂v a‰n-S-ß-

fn-te°v am‰n-∏m¿∏n®v Ahsc hn`-Pn-°p-∂Xv \√-Xm-sW∂v At±-l-

Øn\v tXm∂n. ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-ß-fnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn∂v

km[m-cW Ah-ew-_n-°m-dp≈ coXn-Isf At]-£n®v FXtbm

\n m-c-am-WnXv. F∂m¬ AXns‚ t\sc kndn-b-bnse ]fin-X\pw

Nn¥-I-\p-amb Camw HukCu ]Xn-I-cn-®Xv F]-Im-c-am-sWt∂m?

hnπ-h-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-Ø-hsc ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-sc-t∏mse in£n-°p-

∂-Xnepw e_-\m-\nse \nhm-kn-I-fn¬ Nnesc am‰n-Øm-a-kn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xnepw X\n-°p≈ i‡-amb Aa¿jw ]ISn-∏n®pw Kh¿Wsd

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


hna¿in®pw At±-l-Øn\v IsØ-gp-Xp-I-bmWv B ]fin-X-h-cy≥

sNbvXXv. At±-l-a-b® ktµ-i-Øn-en-ßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p:

""Xm¶ƒ e_-\m≥a-e-bn¬\n∂v Nne ZnΩn**Isf h[n-®n-´p -

s≠∂pw a‰p -Nn -esc am‰n -Øm-a-kn-∏n -®n -´p -s≠∂pw Adn-bm≥

Ign™p. Ah-cn¬ Nne-sc√mw Iem]Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-cmWv. GsX-

¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ sX‰ns‚ t]cn¬ Xm¶ƒ Fß-s\-bmWv

P\-ßsf H∂-S¶w in£n-°pI? Aßs\ kz¥w kzØp-°-fn¬

\n∂pw hoSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw Ahsc AI‰n\n¿Øp-Itbm? Bcpw as‰m-

cm-fpsS ]m]-êw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-s√-∂m-Wt√m A√m-lp-hns‚

hn[n. G‰hpw \√ \ne-]mSpw icn-bmb coXnbpw AXsX. Xm¶ƒ

]men-°m\pw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m\pw G‰-hp-a-[nIw IS-s∏-´Xv \_nbpsS

D]-tZ-i-amWv. Ahn-Sp∂v Acpƒ sNøp∂p: "Bsc-¶nepw ZnΩnsb

tZmln-°p-Itbm Akm-[y-am-b-Xn\v \n¿_-‘n-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬

A¥y-Zn -\-Øn¬ Rm\-hs‚ iXp-hm-bn -cn°pw' (A_q-Zm -hqZv ,

ss_lJn).

Xm≥ \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-hsc BZ-c-]q¿hw Xncn®psIm≠p-h-cn-I-b-

√msX e_-\m≥ Kh¿W¿°v KXy-¥-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Cu kw`-h-

hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw ^©p-Im¿ \ΩpsS \mSv

`cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cns° \mw Ah-cp-ambn \S-Ønb kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬

Ah¿ \tΩm-Sv A-h-ew-_n® \bhpw C∂v DØ-cm-^n-°-bnse Ad-

_n-I-tfmSv kzoI-cn-°p∂ kao-]-\hpw \ap-°n-hnsS A\p-kva-cn-°m-

hp-∂-XmWv. H‰-b-Sn°v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fpIsf-bm-W-h¿ ]c-

tem-I-tØ-°-b-°p-∂Xv. Zi-°-W-°n\v \K-c-ßfpw Kma-ßfpw Ah-

bpsS \nhm-kn-I-tfm-sSm∏w \in-∏n®v \new-]-cn-im-°p∂p. Ahn-S-ß-

fn-emcpw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂n-ń-√m-Ø-hn[w XI¿Øv Xcn-∏-W-am-°p∂p.

êkv-Xo≥ kzmX¥yka-c-Øn¬ Ad-_n-I-tfmSv Cw•o-jp-Im¿

kzoI-cn® ]mIr-X-amb coXn-Ifpw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-Xs∂. B[p-\nI

]cnjvIrX \m-K-cn-I-X-I-fpsS Cu s\dn-tI-Sp-Iƒ°v \Sp-hn¬ \n¬°p-

tºmƒ bp≤-ß-fnepw hnP-b-ß-fnepw Ckvemw Ah-ew-_n® AXn-a-

ln-X-amb amXr-I-Iƒ B¿°pw A\m-bmkw a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

Dadp_v\p A_vZn¬ Akokv A[n-Im-c-ta-s‰-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ka¿J-

¥n¬\n∂v Hcp \nth-Z-I-kwLw At±-lsØ kµ¿in®p. apkvenw

tk\m-\m-b-I≥ JpssX_ Xß-fpsS ]´-W-Øn¬ ]th-in®v AhnsS

* Cu kw`-hsØ kw_-‘n®v ]kn≤ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb Kn∫¨ Fgp-Xp∂p:""InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ssZh-Øn-\mbn c‡-]-¶n-e-amb Hc¿®-\-Xs∂ \S-Ø-s∏´p.

aq∂p Znh-k-a-h¿ Iqc-amb Iq´-s°m-e-Iƒ \SØn. arX-i-co-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-Zv`-hn® tcmK-_o-P-ßƒ Hcp-Xcw ]I¿®-hym[n ]cØn. Ipcnip ssk\yw Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bncw apkvenw-Isf hmfn-∂n-c-bm°n. \nc-]-cm-[-cmb PqXsc Ah-cpsS tZhm-e-

101apkvenw-Isf A\ym-b-ambn IpSn-bncpØn-b-Xmbn Ah-c-t±-l-tØmSv

]cm-Xn-s∏´p. DSs\ Ah-cpsS Bh-em-Xnsb kw_-‘n®v At\z-jn-

°m≥ Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ \n›bn-°m≥ Da¿ c≠m-a≥ Ahn-SsØ

Xs‚ Kh¿W-tdmSv \n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. apkvenw-Iƒ ka¿J-

¥n¬\n∂v ]pdØv t]mIW-sa-∂mWv hn[n-sb-¶n¬ Ah-c-ßs\

sNø-W-sa∂pw I¬]n®p.

Aßs\ Kh¿W¿ Ah-cpsS ]cm-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]Tn-°m-\mbn Pao-

Av_p\p lmfn-dp¬_m-Pnsb \ymbm-[-n]-\mbn \n›-bn®p. F∂m¬

apkven-amb B PUvPn hn[n-®Xv apkvenw-Iƒ ]pdØv t]mI-W-sa-

∂m-bn-cp∂p! amX-a√, apkvenw tk\m-\m-b-I≥ Ckvem-anI bp≤

acym-Z-I-f-\p-k-cn®v Ah-cp-am-bp-≠m-°nb Icm-dp-I-sf√mw Zp¿_-e-s∏-

Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah¿°v ap∂-dn-bn∏v \¬In-b-tijw s]s´∂v AI-an-

°msX, Ah¿ ka-c-k-÷-cm-hp-∂-Xvhsc ImØn-cn -°-W-sa∂pw

At±lw \n¿tZ-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn!

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Xpey-X-bn-√m-Ø-hn[w cmjvSw AXns‚ ssk\y-Øn-s‚bpw

tk\m-\m-b-I-s‚bpw ta¬ C∆n[w \oXn \S-Øp-∂Xv t\cn¬Im-Wm-

\n-S-bmb ka¿J¥vhmkn-Iƒ ]d™p: ""Cu kaq-l-tØmSv bp≤w

sNøp-∂Xv icn-b√. Ah-cpsS `cWw A\p-K-lhpw Imcp-Wy-hp-am-

bn-cn°pw.'' Aßs\ Ckvem-an-I-tk\ AhnsS Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xn-

e-h¿ kwXr]vXn ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw apkvenw-Iƒ Xßƒ°n-S-bn¬

Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu kw`-h-Øn\v kam-\-X-sb-hnsS? ssk\yw Hcp ]´Ww Pbn-

®-S°n AXn¬ ]th-in-°p∂p; At∏mƒ ]cm-Pn-X¿ hnP-bn-®-h-cpsS

`cW-Iq-S-tØmSv ]cmXn ]d-bp∂p; Aßs\ Ahn-SsØ \ymbm-[n-

]≥ hnPbw hcn® tk\-s°-Xnsc hn[n ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ

b-ß-fn -en´ v Zln -∏n®p. '' ]apJ

Ncn-X-]-fin-X-\mb an¬kv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]mbm-[n-Iytam A_-e-I-fmb kvXoI-fpsS \n -lm-b-Xtbm em‰n≥ In¶-c-∑m¿ ]cn-K-Wn-®n√. tKl-ßƒ hnip≤ hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fmbn KWn-®-Xp-an√.'' At±lw Xs∂ as‰m-cn-SØv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""]cm-

Pn-Xsc s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p. amdn¬ Ip™p-ßsf tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-®n-cp∂ kvXoIfpw _men-Im-_m-e-∑m-cp-sa√mw \n¿Zbw h[n-°-s∏´p. sXcp-hp-I-fnepwAßm-Sn-I-fnepw Pdq-k-e-anse hmk-iq-\y-amb ÿe-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw kvXoI-fp-sSbpw

]pcp-j-∑m-cp-sSbpw ih-i-co-c-ßfpw sIm®p-Ip-´n-I-fpsS tOZn-°-s∏´ Ah-b-h-ßfpwNnX-dn-°n-S∂p. Zo\-Z-b-m-ep-X-bmtem [¿a-t_m-[-Ømtem Bcp-sSbpw a\ v Aen-™n√. AwKhn-tOZw sNø-s∏´ ih-i-co-ßƒ Da-dns‚ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v c‡-

Øn-eqsS ap‰-tØ-s°m-gp-In-h∂p. A‰p-hoW ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Hgp-In-h∂v a‰v ih-i-co-c-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂p-\n∂p. Cu hnip≤ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sh®p-amXw ]Xn-\m-bncwt]sc inc-tOZw sNbvXn-cp∂p. No¥n-°-f-b-s∏-´Xpw Xe-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb ico-c-

`m-K-ß-sf-°mƒ `oI-c-am-bn-cp∂p apkvenw-I-fpsS c‡-Øn¬ Ipfn-®p-\n∂ tPXm-°-fpsS _o`’ cq]-ßƒ. Ah¿ Hcp hn`m-KsØ Iqc-ambn sIms∂m-Sp°n. a‰p-≈-hsc tZhm-e-b-ß-fp-sSbpw kvXw`-ß-fp-sSbpw apI-fn¬ \n∂v Xmtg-s°-dn™p.''

˛ hnh.


\mSp-hn-S-W-sa∂v \n¿tZin-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p; F∂n´v Xt±-i-hm-kn-

Iƒ tPXm-°ƒ AhnSw hnSp-∂-Xn¬ Akw-Xr]vXn ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

AXp hne-°p-Ibpw sNøpI! B[p-\n-Ihpw ]pcm-X-\-hp-amb Ncn-X-

Øn-se-hn-sSbpw CXn\v XeyX ImWpI km[y-a√. Ckvem-anI tk\

kXy-Øn-s‚bpw [¿a-Øn-s‚bpw XØz-ß-fm¬ C∆n[w _‘n-X-am-

b-t]mse kz¥w A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ CØcw aqey-ßƒ apdpsI∏nSn-°m≥

\n¿_-‘n-X-amb as‰mcp bp≤hpw thsd ImWp-I-bn√. Hscm‰ P\-

X-bnepw kap-Zm-b-Ønepw Rm\n-Xn\v kam-\X Z¿in-®n-´n√.

tPXm-°-fmb apkvenw ssk\yw Za-kvI-kpw lnwkpw kndn-b-

bnse a‰v \K-c-ßfpw Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ \nhm-kn-I-

fp-ambn k‘n-bp-≠m°n. Ahsc ]cm-I-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]Xn-tcm-[n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]I-c-ambn \n›nX kwJy kzoI-

cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ lncm-¢n-‰kv apkvenw-Isf t\cn-Sm≥

hfsc henb ssk\ysØ k÷-am-°n-bn-´p-s≠∂ hnhcw e`n-®-

t∏mƒ Ahsc t\cn-Sm≥ G‰hpw \√- am¿Kw Pbn-®-S-°nb hnhn[

]´-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]n∑mdn F√m-hcpw Hcp ÿeØv Hcp-an-®p-Iq-S-em-

sW∂v apkvenw tk\m-\m-b-I≥am¿ a\ n-em°n. AX-\p-k-cn®v Za-

kvI-kn-sebpw lnwkzn-sebpw a‰p ]´-W-ß-fn-sebpw apkvenw ]´m-

f-°m¿ ]n∑mdn.

At∏mƒ JmenZp_v\p¬ -h-eoZv lnwkzv hmkn-I-sfbpw A_q-

Dss_Z Za-kvI-kp-Im-scbpw a‰p tk\m-\m-b-I-∑m¿ CXc \K-c-hm-

kn-I-sfbpw Hcp-an-®p-Iq´n Ah-tcm-Sn-ßs\ ]d™p: ""Rßƒ \nß-

fn¬-\n∂p [\w kzoI-cn -®n -cp -∂Xv \nßsf kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw

\nßƒ°p th≠n ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNøm-sa∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

emWv. F∂m¬ Rß-fn-t∏mƒ t]mhp-I-bmWv. \nß-fpsS kwc-£Ww

Rßƒ°v km[y-a-√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ \nß-fpsS [\w

Rßƒ \nßƒ°p-X-s∂-bnXm aS-°n-Ø-cp∂p.''

CXp-tI´v B›-cy-`-cn-X-cmb \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ ]d™p: ""\nßƒ

Xncn®phcm≥ ssZhw XpW-°s´. Ah≥ \nßsf klm-bn-°p-am-dm-

Is´. ssZh-amW! \nß-fpsS `c-Whpw \oXn-bp-sam-s°-bmWv tdmam-

°m-cpsS AI-a-sØ-°mfpw A\o-Xn-sb-°mfpw Rßƒt°sd ]nb-

¶cw. ssZh-ØmW! \nß-fpsS ÿm\Øv Ah-cm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ah¿

FSpØ H∂pw Rßƒ°v Xncn®pXcp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂√; AtXm-

sSm∏w IqsS-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-bp-t∂-S-tØmfw Ah¿ ssIh-i-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp∂p.''

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ AXn-sem-c-Zv`p-X-hp-an√. B[p-\nI temIØpw

GsX-¶nepw ]´m-f-Øn\v h√ ]´-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n∑m-td-≠n-h-∂m¬

iXp-hn\v D]-I-cn-°p∂ H∂pw AhnsS hnt´-°p∂ ]Xn-hn-√t√m. AXn-

103\m¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bn¬ kw`-hn-®-Xn\v kam-\-amb h√Xpw

Bsc-¶nepw tIń-´pt≠m? A√m-lp-hmW! D∂-X-amb amXr-I-bnepw

AXns‚ hnP-b-Ønepw Rm≥ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬; Aßs\

C∂sØ cmjvSo-b-°m-sc-t∏mse Xß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-Øn\p apºn¬

apgp-h≥ aqey-ßfpw XØz-ßfpw _en-I-gn-°p-∂-h-cpsS KW-Øn-em-

bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, apkvenw tk\m-\m-b-I-∑m¿ Db¿∂ amXr-Ibpw DZm-

Ø-amb XØz-ßfpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®Xv XnI™ hnUvVn-Øhpw _p≤n-

iq-\y-X-bp-am-sW∂v Rm\pw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m-e-h¿ hnizm-kn-

I-fpsS kaq-l-am-bn-cp∂p. ]h¿Øn-°m-ØXv ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-

‘n-Xcpw.

kndn-b-bn¬ XmXm-cn-I-fp-am-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ [mcmfw apkvenw-

Ifpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw PqX-∑mcpw XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-°-s∏´p.

]n∂oSv XmXmcn t\Xm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w ssiJp¬ Ckvemw C_v\p-ssØ-

anø _‘-\-ÿ-cpsS tamN-\-]iv\w N¿®-sN-bvX-t∏mƒ apkvenw XS-

hp-Imsc amXw kzX-¥-cm-°m-sa∂v hm°p-sIm-SpØp. InkvXym-\n-

I-sfbpw PqX-∑m-scbpw tamNn-∏n -°m-\m-hn -s√-∂-dn -bn -°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

F∂m¬ ssiJp¬ Ckvemw CXw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. At±lw ]Jym-

]n®p: ""apgp-h≥ InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw PqX-∑m-scbpw tamNn-∏n-°p-I-

Xs∂ thWw. Imc-Ww A-h¿ Rß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-ep-≈-h-

cmWv. apkvenw-I-fn¬ \ns∂-∂-t]mse Ah-cn¬(ZnΩn-Iƒ)\n∂v

Bscbpw _‘-\-ÿ-cmbn hnt´-°m≥ Rß-f-\p-h-Zn-°n√.''

a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy¿ Ckvem-anI temI-Øns‚ t\sc

Agn®p-hn´ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-Øns‚ IY tIń-ńt√? apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-

fpsS apgph≥ aqey-ßfpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®p, Icm-dp-Iƒ ]men®p. F∂m¬

adp-]£w h©\ ImWn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. \mw kln-jvWpX

]pe¿Ønb-t∏mƒ Ipcnip ssk\n-I¿ ]Xn-Imc \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ apgpIn.

Ckvem-anI ssk\yw c‡w Nn¥m-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]c-am-h[n ian-®-t∏mƒ

Ah¿ Ign-bp-∂X tNmc-sbm-gp-°m-\mWv _≤-∏mSv ImWn-®Xv. Ah¿

ct‡m-’h-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw AXn¬ `m¥-amb \n¿hr-Xnbpw

ss]im-Nn-I-amb kwXr-]vXnbpw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

c≠mw IS-∂m-I-a-W-th-f-bn¬ Ipcnip tk\ al-dp-∂p-A-vam-\n-

se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ah-c-hnSw D]-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-tfmSv

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ

* ]apJ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb an¬kv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Pdqkew hn´v At\Iw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ A≥Xzm-In-b-bn¬ t]mbn. s_ml-a≠p Ahsc kzoI-cn-®n-s√∂p amX-a√,

sImc-Smhv sIm≠-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Aøq-_n-bpsS ASp-°¬ sN∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿ th≠-hn[w kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. ˛hnh:

** At±-l-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb Cu kz`mhw hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]kn≤ Ncn-X-]-

WvUnX-\mb an°mUv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""At±lw XS-hp-Im-cmb Ipń-Isf amXm-


Iog-S-ßm≥ I¬]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS Poh\pw [\hpw

am\hpw kwc-£n-°m-sa∂v Dd∏p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ ]tZ-

i-hm-kn-Iƒ Iog-S-ßn-b -ti-j-w A-h¿ ]´-W-Øn¬ ]th-in®v \S-

Ønb Iqc-X-Ifpw hj-f-Ø-ßfpw hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-ß-fsX. AhnSw

BI-an®v Adp-sIme \S-Ønb ssk\n-I-tcm-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne

^©v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS IW-°-\p-k-cn®v Hcp e£-tØmfw t]¿

\njvI-cpWw h[n°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah-cn¬ kvXoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw

hr≤-∑m-cp-sa-√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

]n∂oSv Ipcnip ssk\yw ss_Xp¬ap-J-±-kn-te°v ]bmWw

XpS¿∂p. AhnSw D]-tcm-[n®p. AtXmsS Xßƒ ]cm-Pn-X-cm-sW∂pw

c£m-am¿K-an-s√∂pw a\- n-em-°nb Ahn-S-Øp-Im¿ iXp-ssk-\y-

Øns‚ ta[mhn sS¶m¿Un (Tankard) t\mSp A`-b-am-h-iy-s∏´p.

Poh\pw kzØn\pw kwc-£Ww tXSn. At∏mƒ At±-lw A-h¿°v

Xs‚ ]XmI -\¬Ip-Ibpw AXv akvPn-Zp¬ AJvkzm-bn¬ ÿm]n®v

AhnsS \n¿`-b-cmbn A`bw ]m]n-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ah¿°v kI-e-hn[ kwc-£-Whpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Dd-∏p-\¬In.

AX-\p-k-cn®v JpZvkv hmkn-Iƒ akvPnZp¬ AJvkzmbn¬ sSm¶m¿Uv

\¬Inb ]XmI \mń. AXns‚ Iosg A`bw tXSn. Aßs\

kvXoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw hr≤-∑m-cp-sa√mw AhnsS HØp-IqSn. Ah-sc-

s°m-≠-hnSw Xnßn-\n-d™p. AtXmsS Ipcn-ip-tk\ AhnsS IS-

∂p-sN∂v Ahsc H∂-S¶w Iim∏p \S-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Ad-

hp-im-e-bn¬ BSp-Isf Adp-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse! Aßs\ ]cn-ip-≤-amb

B ]≈n-bn¬ Im¬ap-t´mfw c‡w Xfw-sI-ń-\n∂p. B ]´-W-Ønse

apgp-h≥ t]scbpw Ah¿ sIms∂m-Sp°n. Acn™p hogvØ-s∏´

ssIIm-ep-Ifpw tOZn-°-s∏´ inc- p-Ifpw sImØn-\p-dp-°-s∏´ ico-

c-`m-K-ßfpw Ahn-SsØ \nc-Øp-I-fn-se√mw Ip∂p-IqSn. A∂v akvPn-

Zp¬ AJvkzm-bpsS AI-Øp-amXw Iim∏v sNø-s∏-´-h¿ Fgp-]-Xn-

\m-bn-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Ah-

cn¬ hfsc hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kvXoIfpw Ipń-Ifpw hr≤-∑m-cp-am-

° ƒ ° p w`¿Øm-°-∑msc `mcy-am¿°pw hn´p-sIm-SpØp. At\Iw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsShne-]n-Sn® hkvXp-°-fp-t]-£n®v, £oWn-X-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw tcmKn-I-fmb

kplr-Øp-°-sfbpw sIm≠p-t]mbn. Cu ImgvN kzem-lp-±os\ BIp-e-Nn-Ø-\m°n.At±lw ]cm-Pn-X-cmb iXp-°ƒ°v Bh-iy-amb km[-\-ßfpw kΩm-\-ßfpw\¬In. Ah¿°mbn Bip-]-Xn-I-fp-≠m-°p-Ibpw £oWn-Xsc \K-c-Øn¬ Xma-

kn-°m-\\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' s]m^-k¿ Kn∫¨ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""kzem-lp-±os‚ Zbm-]q¿Wamb s]cp-am‰w \ΩpsS kvt\l _lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-I-f¿ln-°p-∂-h-bmWv.'' A_ql-±mZv ]d-bp∂p: ""hr≤-cmb InkvXym-\n-Isf Npa-en-te-‰n-t∏m-

Ip-∂Xv I≠-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øn\v a\- -en™p. Ah¿°v [mcmfw [\w `mKn-®p-sIm-SpØp. bmXm-hm-l-\-ßƒ \¬In. kvXo-I-tfmSpw Ipń-I-tfmSpw Atß-b-‰sØ A\p-Iº ImWn®p.'' ˛ hnh.

105bn-cp∂p. Bcm-[-\-bn¬ apgp-In-°-gn-™n-cp∂ Ht´sd `‡-∑mcpw

\n¿Zbw h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cn¬s∏-Sp∂p. lmhq! Fs¥mcp IqcX! F¥v

cuZ-amb ct‡m-’hw! AXpw B ]pWy \K-c-Øn¬sh®v! FX

_o`-’-am-bmWv s]cp-am-dn-bXv! *

Hscm‰ ^©v Ncn-X-Im-c≥ t]mepw Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ \ntj-[n-

®n-´n√. F∂√, Ah-cn-e-[n-Iw-t]cpw A`n-am-\-]q¿hw AtX-°p-dn®v

A\p-kva-cn-°m-dmWv ]Xnhv.

Iqc-amb Cu Iq´-s°me Ign™v sXmÆqdv h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw

kp¬Øm≥ kzem-lq-±o≥ Aøq_n ss_Xp¬ apJ-±kv tamNn-∏n®p.

At∏m-g-t±lw Fß-s\-bmWv ]Xn-Imcw sNbvXXv? AhnsS Hcp

e£-Øn-e-[nIw ]c-tZ-in-I-fmb ]m›m-Xy-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahsc H∂-

S¶w sIms∂m-Sp°ntbm? Hcn-°-ep-an√. adn®v Ah-cpsS Poh\pw

kzØn\pw A`n-am-\-Øn\pw kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. B

bp≤-°p-‰-hm-fn-I-fn¬ kº-∂-cn¬\n∂v amXw ]ng CuSm°n Ah-

sc-sb√mw ]pdØp t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn®p. \mSp-hn-Sm≥ \m¬]Xv Znh-kw

A-h[n \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ F¨]-Xn-\m-bncw t]¿ Hcp

]bm-k-hp-a-\p-`hn-°msX kpc-£n-X-cmbn ]´-Ww-hn´p. Ah¿ D°m-

t]m-ep≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse kz¥-°m-cpsS kao-]-tØ-°p-t]mbn. Ah-

ti-jn® Zcn-Z-sc-sb√mw ]ng-sbm∂pw CuSm-°m-sX-bmWv kzem-lp-

±o≥ Aøq_n hn´b®Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ kz¥w kzsØ-

SpØv c≠m-bncw t]cpsS ]ng HSp -°p-I-bp -≠mbn. B[p-\nI

temIsØ ]cn-jvIrX \mSp-I-fnse tPXm-hmb GsXmcp `c-Wm-[n-

Im-cn°pw k¶¬]n-°m≥t]mepw km[y-a-√mØX -am-\yhpw D∂-X-

hp-amb kao-]-\-amWv A∂v Aøq_n kvXoI-tfmSv kzoI-cn-®Xv.

A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ InkvXy≥ ]mXn-bm¿°okv ÿew hnSm-\m-

Klw ]I-Sn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ kI-e-hn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-SpØp.

Abm-fp-sS-hiw aX-]-c-amb BtLm-j-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n® NS-ßp-I-

fn¬\n∂pw AJvkzm-bn¬ \n∂pw kzKvcn¬\n∂pw a‰pw e`n® Aaq-

ey-amb kº-Øp-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Aøq_nbpsS Nne A\p-N-c-∑m¿

hºn® B [\-ti-Jcw I≠p-sI-´m≥ At±-l-tØm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p.

F∂m¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Icp-Ø-\mb B h‡m-hns‚

]Xn-I-c-W-an-Xm-bn-cp∂p: ""Rm≥ At±-lsØ h©n-°p-I-bn√.''

Aßs\ kzem-lp-±o≥ Aøq_n at‰-sXmcp km[m-c-W-°m-c-\n¬

\n∂pw CuSm-°p∂ ]ng amXw kzoI-cn®v At±-l-sØbpw kzX-¥-

\m-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

Ipcnip bp≤ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Gsd tNtXm-l-c-amb hiw ss_Xp¬

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ

* l_vkv_¿Kv (Habsburg or Hasburg) Hcp P¿a≥ IpSpw-_-am-Wv. 1273 apX¬ 1918

hsc-bp≈ \nc-h[n hnip≤ tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn-am¿ Cu IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.


apJ-±-kn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-k-c-Øp-\n∂pw ]pd-Øp-I-S∂ ]c-tZ-in-I-fmb

ssIkvXh hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv At±lw kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-amWv.

Ahsc Ah-cpsS Bƒ°m¿ Xma-kn-°p∂ kzJ¿, kmbnZv F∂n-hn-

S-ß-fn-te°v kpc-£n-X-am-sb-Øn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah-cpsS kwc-

£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn IqsS ]mdm-hp-Imsc \ntbm-Kn-°p-It]mepw

sNbvXp. Xm\p-ambn bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xs∂bpw A\p-N-c-∑m-

scbpw \in-∏n-°m≥ ]c-am-h[n ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvX iXp-ssk-\y-

tØmSv kzem-lp-±o≥ CØ-c-samcp \ne-]m-SmWv FSp-ØXv. CsX√mw

tIƒ°p-tºmƒ B¿°mWv tcmam-©-ap-≠m-hm-Xn-cn-°pI? BcpsS

lrZ-b-amWv Xkn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI? ]mgvkz-]v\-a√, kXy-amWv Xßfo

ihn-°p-∂-sX∂v kwi-bn-®p-\n¬-°msX hniz-kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂

Bcp≠v? F∂m¬ kwK-Xn-Iƒ Chn-Sw-sIm-≠-h-km-\n-®n-´n√. _m°n-

IqSn tIƒ°pI.

GXm\pw ssIkvXh kvXoIƒ HØp-IqSn kzem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-

_nsb kao-]n®p. Ah-c-t±-l-tØmSv ]d™p: ""Rßƒ, _‘-\-ÿ-

cm-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvX ssIkvXh tk\m-\n-

Ifp-sSbpw ^©p-Im-cp-sSbpw `mcy-amcpw a°-fp-amWv. Rßƒ°v

IpSpw-_-ß-fn√. A`bw \¬Im≥ a‰m-cp-an√.'' Aßs\ Ah-scms°

Ic-™-t∏mƒ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ \nd-Ip-S-am-bn-cp∂ Aøq-_n°pw IÆo-

c-S-°m≥ Ign-™n√. kvt\l-hm-’ey hnIm-c-ß-fm¬ At±-l-Øns‚

\b-\-ßfpw \\™p. H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX F√m-h-scbpw XS-hp-Im-

cpsS ASp-sØ-Øn®p. Ah-cp-sS-sb√mw kz¥-°msc DSs\ tamNn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. D‰-h¿ ac-W-a-S™v hn[-h-Ifpw A\m-Y-I-fp-am-b-

h¿°v [mcmfw [\w \¬In Biz-kn-∏n®p. Ahsc BZ-c-]q¿hw Ah-

cp-t±-in-°p-t∂-SØv FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXm-sSm∏w

_‘-\-Øn¬\n∂v tamNn-X-cmb iXp-ssk-\y-Øn\v Xß-fpsS

kvXoI-tfmSpw Ip´n-I-tfm-Sp-sam∏w ssIkvXh tIµ-ß-fmb kzJ¿,

D°m t]mep≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ t]mbn kz¥-°m-tcmSv tNcm≥ th≠

kuI-cy-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn.

F∂m¬ adp-h-iØv ssIkvXh kaqlw kz¥w ktlm-Z-c≥am-

tcmSv kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p? AXv a\ n-em-°p-tºm-gmWv

CkvemanI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ta∑bpw anIhpw at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw

\∂mbn ]I-S-am-hpI. GXm\pw ZcnZ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ss_Xp¬

a p J - ± - k v

D-t]-£n®v A≥XzmInbmbn-te°v t]mbn. F¶nepw Ahn-SsØ

ssIkvXh `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Ahsc kzoI-cn-°m≥ k∂-≤-am-bn√.

AXn-\m-e-h¿ Xncn-®p-h-cn-Ibm-Wp-≠m-bXv. apkvenw-Iƒ Ah¿°v \n -

t¶mNw A`bw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. as‰mcp kwLw ssIkvX-h¿

107e_-\m-\nse Snt∏m-fnbnte°v t]mbn. A∂-hnSw em‰n≥ `c-W-Øn≥

Io-gn-em-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Xß-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-∑msc Ah¿ kzoI-cn-

®n-s√∂p amX-a√; Ah-cpsS hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ [\-sa√mw Ah¿

sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. t\ctØ AJvkzm hn´p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ

apkvenw-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p [\-sa√mw.*

Ipcnip bp≤-Øn¬ kzem-lp-±o≥ Aøq_n iXp-°-tfmSv kzoI-

cn® kao-]\w ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒt]mse ]`m-]q-cn-X-asX. At±-l-

Øns‚ kz`mh ip≤nbpw s]cp-am‰ amlm-flyhpw ]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-sf-

t∏mepw ]e-t∏mgpw B›-cy-`-cn-X-cm-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. kw`hhnh-c-W-

ap-≠m-bXv \ΩpsS Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ah Ahn-

iz-k-\o-b-ßfpw IS-¶-Y-I-fp-ambn apZ-Ip-Ø-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬

a‰p ]e hkvXp-X-I-sf-bpw-t]mse dn®m¿Up-ambn _‘-s∏´ kw`-

hhpw ]m›m-Xy¿Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv. Ipcnip tbm≤m-°-

fpsS k¿h ssk\ym-[n-]\pw Ah-cn-te‰w [oc-\p-amb hy‡n-bm-bn-

cp∂p At±lw. cW-`q-an-bn¬ Abmƒ°v tcmKw _m[n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

A\y-\m-ń-em-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZ-Kv[-cmb tUmIvS¿am-scbpw Bh-iy-

amb acp-∂p-Ifpw e`y-am-bn-cp-∂n√. hnh-c-a-dn™ kzem-lp-±o≥ Xs‚

tUmIvSsd Ab®psImSpØp. Bhiy-amb ]g-ßfpw FØn®p. Ccp-

hn-`m-Khpw XΩn¬ tLmc-amb bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cns° ka-c-ap-J-

Øp-sh®v iXp-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ \mb-I-t\mSv kzoI-cn® kao-]-\-am-WnXv.

Hcn-°¬ Hcp ssIkvXh kvXo Ic-™p-sIm≠v Aøq-_n-bpsS

IqSm -c -Øn¬ sN∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠v ]´m -f -°m¿ Xs‚

Ip™ns\ Xń-sb-Sp-Ø-Xmbn ]cm-Xn-s∏´p. kvXobpsS kw`h hnh-

cWw tI´v At±-l-Øns‚ IÆp-Iƒ \nd™p. DSs\ Ipńsb sXc-

™p-]n-Sn-°m≥ DØ-c-hn-Sp-Ibpw th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. H´pw sshImsX AXns\ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw amXm-hns\

G¬]n-°p-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. amX-a√, \n¿`-bbpw kam-[m\ NnØ-bp-

ambn kz¥w Xmh-f-Øn-te°v aS-ßm≥ km[n-°p-amdv B kvXotbm-

sSm∏w At±lw ]mdm-hp-Imsc ]d-™-b-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kw`-

hhpw ]m›m-Xy¿Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmWv.**

kp¬Øm≥ apl-ΩZv c≠m-a≥ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ A[o-\-s∏-

Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Abm-tkm^n-bm-(St.Sophia)bnse N¿®n¬ ]th-in®p.

aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ Ahn-sS-bmWv A`bw tXSn-bn-cp-∂Xv. At±lw

hfsc am\y-ambn Ah-tcmSv s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw kwc-£-Whpw kpc-£n-

X-Xzhpw Dd∏v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. IqSmsX, AhnsS hn-lz-e-cmbn

Ign-™n-cp∂ ssIkvXh kaq-l-tØmSv \n¿`-b-cmbn kz¥w \mSp-

I-fn-te°v aS-ßm≥ \n¿tZ-in®p. ]n∂oSv Ah-cpsS Imcy-ß-sf√mw

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]iv\-ßƒ ]Tn®v ]cn-l-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ah¿°v Xß-fpsS hy‡n-\n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m-\-\p-hmZw

\¬In. aX-I¿a-ßƒ°pw Bcm-[\m NS-ßp-Iƒ°pw ]q¿W kzmX-

¥y-a-\p-h-Zn®p. ]tXyIw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°m≥ kΩXw

sImSpØp. amX-a√, ssIkvXh ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v kz¥w CjvS-a-

\p-k-cn®v Xß-fpsS _nj-∏ns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬In.

AX-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿ P\m-Un-bqkns\ _nj-∏mbn Ah-tcm-[n®p.

ss_km¥n-b≥ `c-W-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-hn[w A¥-t msS

]kvXpX sXc-s™-Sp∏v BtLm-jn -°m≥th≠ \S-]SnIƒ

kp¬Øm≥ apl-ΩZv c≠m-a≥ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. F∂n´v At±-

l-an-ßs\ ]d™p: ""Xm¶ƒ F√m- ÿ-eØpw ka-bØpw Fs‚

kplr-Ømb _nj-∏m-bn-cn°pw. Xm¶-fpsS ap≥Km-an-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂

apgp-h≥ Ah-Imi-ßfpw ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Xm¶ƒ°p-ap≠m-bn-cn°pw.''

]n∂oSv at\m-l-c-amb Hcp IpXn-csb At±-l-Øn\v \¬In. `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-∂-t]mse kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\v ]tXyIw ]mdm-hp-

Imsc \n›-bn-®p-sIm-SpØp. At±-l-Øn-\p-th≠n k÷-am-°nb Ac-

a-\-bn-te°v IqsS A\p-K-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw Ahn-

SsØ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®v \nb-a-ßƒ Xm≥ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xmbn

Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw _nj∏v Ah kwc-£n-°p-sa∂v ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. amX-a√, bp≤ka-bØv ]´m-f-°m¿ ]nSn-s®-SpØ F√m-]p-

cm-h-kvXp-°fpw hnip≤ Nn”-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Ah-sbms° N¿®p-

I-sfbpw aT-ß-sfbpw G¬]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ kp¬Øm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^mXnlv CsX√mw

sNbvXXv GsX-¶nepw k‘n-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ th≠n-

bm-bn-cp-∂n√. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\-m∏nƒ Pbn-®-S-°p-tºmƒ At±lw

InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn CØ-c-samcp Icmdpw hyh-ÿbpw D≠m-°n-

bn-cp-∂n√. F∂n´pw CX D∂-X-amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-®Xpw kwc-

£-Whpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw \¬In-bXpw At±-l-Øns‚ DZm-c-X°pw

am\y-X°pw Db¿∂ aqey-t_m-[-Øn-\p-ap≈ aln-X-amb DZm-l-c-W-

asX. CXn≥^-e-ambn, kz¥w aX°m-cmb ss_km¥nb≥ `c-Wm-

[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Iogn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Xßƒ°v c£bpw \n¿`-

b-Xzhpw aX-kzm-X-¥yhpw ]pXnb Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Øn-em-sW∂v

Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fmb ssIkvXh hnizmkn-Iƒ°v XnI®pw t_m[y-

ambn.

]n∂oSv Dkvam-\nbm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ko°v kwÿm-\-ßƒ,

_ƒtK-dnb t]mep≈ ]cn-kc ]tZ-i-ßƒ Pbn-®-S-°n-b-t∏mgpw Ahn-

* Hcp \mW-bw.

109SsØ ssIkvXh ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSv CtX kulr-Z-]q¿W-amb kao-

]\w Xs∂-bmWv kzoI-cn-®Xv. AtX-k-abw bqtdm-∏n¬ as‰-hn-sSbpw

Ah¿°v CX-tbsd DZm-c-amb s]cp-am‰w e`n-®n-cp-∂n√. lwKdnbnse

¢n^Wn(Cliffon)-s‚ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw Sm≥k¿^m-\nbbnse GI-

ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fmb ssIkvX-hcpw(Unitarian Christians), Xoh-hm-Zn-

I-fm-bn-cp∂ l_vkv_¿Kv* IpSpw-_Øns‚ Iogn¬ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-s\-

°mƒ Dkvam-\nb `c-W-Øn¬ Pohn-°m-\mWn-jvS-s∏-´Xv. knte-

knbbnse s]m´-Ã‚ v hn`m-K-°m¿ Xp¿°n apkvenw `cWIqS-Øn\p

Iogn-ep≈ aX-kzm-X-¥ysØ hfsc aXn-t∏mSpw ]Xym-itbmSpw-Iq-

Sn-bmWv ho£n-®p-sIm≠n-cp-∂Xv. amX-a√, Ckvem-an-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v

Iogvs∏´v aX-kzmX¥yw kºm-Zn-°m-\-h¿ AXy-[nIw Hu’pIyw

ImWn-°p-I-IqSn sNbv-Xn-cp∂p.

apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-fpsS `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn-ep≈ ssIkvXh ktlm-

Z-c-ß-tfmSv C∆n[w aln-X-amb aX-k-ln-jvWp-Xbpw am\y-amb kao-

]-\hpw kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mgpw bqtdm-]y≥ \mSp-I-fnse

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kz¥w aX-°m-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ISpØ

a¿Z-\-ßƒ°pw aX-hn-`m-Ko-b-X-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ ]£-]m-Xn-Xz -

ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-cmbn ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. aX-]-c-amb

I£n-Xz-Øns‚ t]cn-e-h¿ ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-°p-Ibpw c‡w Nn¥p-

Ibpw Iem-]-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. 17˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ A≥Xzm -°nbbnse ]mXn -bm¿°o-km -bn -cp∂ a°m-cn -

tbmkv(Maccarios) t]mf-≠nse tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hn`mKw Xß-

fpsS Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ktlm-Z-c-ßƒs°-Xnsc sNbvXp-Iq-´nb

sImSpw Iqc-X-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""\njvTpccpw aX-hn-cp-

≤-cp-amb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS ssII-fm¬ Ign™ \m¬]Xv,

AºXv sIm√-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Iqc-ambn sIme-sN-ø-s∏´ Bbnc-°-

W-°n\v c‡-km-£n-Iƒ°p-th≠n Rßƒ Ht´sd NpSp-I-Æo-scm-

gp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS FÆw Fgp-]-X-\m-bn-c-tØmfw

hcpw. AXn-\m¬ h©-Itc, tæNvO-∑mtc, inem-lr-Z-btc, kvXoIfpw

]ptcm-ln-X-Ifpw F¥v ]m]-amWv ]h¿Øn-®Xv? \nßƒ Incm-X-ambn

Iim-∏p-sN-øm≥amXw Fs¥m-c-]-cm-[-amWv sIm®p _men-Im-_m-e-

∑mcpw amXm-°fpw Ah-cpsS inip-°fpw sNbvXXv? Ahsc Rm≥

h©-I-sc∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv Ah¿ \mi-Im-cn-I-fmb hnK-lm-cm-[-

I-sc-°mfpw tæNvOcpw \n¿Zbcpw lo\-cp-am-sW∂v kzbw sXfn-bn®-

Xn-\m-emWv. Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Im-tcmSv kzoI-cn® Iqc-amb kao-]-\-

ß-fn-eqsS Xßƒ \mi-Im-cn-I-fm-sW∂v Xpd∂p ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-

W-h¿ sNbvXXv. Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Imsc \mam-h-ti-j-am-°m-sa∂

]Xo£-tbm-sS-bmWv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ Cu sImSpw Iqc-X-I-

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


sf√mw ImWn-®Xv.

""ssZhw Xp¿°n `c-W-Iq-SsØ A\-iz-c-am-°s´! Ah¿ \nIpXn

(Pnkvb) ]ncn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ A\y-a-X-ßsf Ah-

scm´pw tZmln-°p-∂n√. cmPy-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ InkvXym-\n-Itfm, \mkn-

cn-Itfm, PqX-∑mtcm, kman-cn-Itfm F∂Xv Ah¿°v ]iv\-a√.

]t£, A`n-i-]vX-amb t]mf-≠p-Im¿ Xß-fpsS ssIkvXh ktlm-

Z-c-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v `q\n-Ip-Xnbpw a‰p Ic-ßfpw ]ncn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-

amXw aXn-bm-°n-bn√. k∑-\-t msS Ahsc tkhn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw

B ssIkvXh hnizmkn-Isf Ah-cpsS iXp-°fpw a¿Z-I-cp-amb

PqX-∑m-cpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. Ah-cm-

sW-¶n¬ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v N¿®v ]Wn-bm-\p≈ kuI-cyw-t]mepw

sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-h-cmWv, aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah-Kmlw

t\Snb Hscm‰ ]mXn-cn-sbbpw Pohn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø-hcpw.''

Abm-tkm^nb A[o-\-s∏-Sp -Ønb kp¬Øm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬

^mXnlv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ssIkvX-h-tcmSv ImWn® BZ-

chpw Ah¿°v A\p-h-Zn-®p-sImSpØ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw A\p-kva-cn-°p-

tºmƒ adp-h-ihpw-IqSn a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv Gsd \∂m-bn-cn°pw. 1204˛¬

bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v Cc-®p-I-b-dnb Ipcn-ip-tk-\m-\n-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S°n. A∂-h¿ Xß-fpsS Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ktlm-Z-c-

ß-tfm-S-\p-h¿Øn® \ne-]m-Sn-s\-∏‰n t]m∏v C∂-sk‚ v aq∂m-a≥

Cßs\ ]dbp∂p: ""tbip-hns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ aX-

Øns‚ klm-bn -Ifpw ssIkvX-h -X -bpsS G‰hpw henb

iXp(hnh£ Ckvem-asX)hns\-Xnsc Xß-fpsS JUvKsaSp°m≥

IS-s∏´hcm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m-e-h¿ Xß-fpsS hmfq-cn-bXv BZ-c-Wo-b-

amb ssIkvXh c‡w Nn¥m -\mWv .

AXn-eqsS krjvSn® c‡-∏p-g-bneh¿ apßn. aXw, ]mbw, h¿Kw

t]mep-≈-h-sbm-∂p-a-h¿ ]cn-K-Wn-®-tX-bn√. ]I¬sh-fn-®-Øn¬-t∏m-

ep-a-h¿ _em¬kw-K-ß-fn¬ apgpIn. ]ptcm-ln-X-Ifpw I\ym-kvXo-

Ifpw amXm-°-fp-sams° ]´m-f-°m-cpsS ]mIr-X-amb Ima-tI-fn-Iƒ°n-

c-bm-bn. NIh¿ØnamcpsS [\-ti-Jcßfpw ]W-°m-cpsS kzØp-

°fpw sIm≈-sN-bvXXp-sIm-≠p-am-X-a-h¿ aXn-bm-°n-bn√. N¿®-pI-

fpsS kºØp-I-fnepw `qan-I-fn-epw-IqSn Ah¿ ssIsh®p. N¿®-pI-

fpsS BZc-Wo-b-X-Iƒ ]n®n-®o¥n. Ipcn-ip-Ifpw hnip≤ Ombm-Nn-

X-ßfpw kvamc-I-ß-fp-sa-√m-a-h¿ sIm≈-b-Sn®p.''

hnJymX Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb Nmd¬ ssU¬ (Charal Dale) Fgp-Xp∂p:

""atZm-∑-Ø-cmb ]´m-f-°m¿ Abmtkm^nbm N¿®n¬ ]th-in®p.

Ah¿ hnip≤ thZ-K-Ÿ-ßƒ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS

111]S-ßƒ \ne-Øn´v Nhn-ń-tØ-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. NoØ-bmb Hcp

kvXo ]mXn-bm¿°o-kns‚ Itk-c-bn-en-cp∂v Dds° ]m´p-]mSn. \K-

c-Ønse aX-kwkvIm-c-ß-sfm-s°-bp-a-h¿ XpS-®p-am‰n. kz¿W-Øn-

s‚bpw sh≈n-bp-sSbpw \mW-b-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ah-

sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb ]Xna-I-sf-√m-a-h¿ Xń-sb-SpØp.''

Gsd ZpxJ-]q¿Wamb Cu kw`-h-Øn\v km£yw-h-ln® Hcp-

]m-Xncn tbip-hns‚ ssk\yw sNbvX-Xp-t]mse apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ Cu \K-c-tØmSv Hcn-°epw s]cp-am-dn-bn-ń-s√∂v Xpd∂pkΩ-

Xn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. As√-¶nepw AXm¿°mWv \ntj-[n-°m≥ Ign-

bpI? kp¬Øm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬ ^m-Xnlv AhnSw A[o-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bt∏mƒ A\ph¿Øn® coXn \mw \√-t]mse a\- n-em°nbXm-

Wt√m. ItØm-en°m hn`m-K-Øn¬ \n∂v Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkp-Im¿°-

p≠m-b-Xp-t]m-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw k¶p-Nn-X-

Xz-Øn-s‚bpw h¿Ko-bX-bp-sSbpw ]oUm-\p-`-h-ß-fn-sem-∂p-t]mepw

Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-f-∂\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√. Ah¿ as‰mcp aX-Øns‚ A\p-

bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenw-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n´pw A\p-`hw AXm-bn-cp∂p.

kvs]bn-\nse apkvenw tPXm-°ƒ ]pe¿Ønb kz`mh aln-abpw

Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-tfmSv kzoI-cn® DZm-c-amb kao-]-\hpw ]cm-Pn-X-tcm-

sS-SpØ am\y-amb \ne-]mSpw Imcp-Wy-]q¿Wamb s]cp-am-‰hpw ]d-

™-dn-bn-t°-≠-Xn-√m-Ø-hn[w kphn-Zn-X-amWv. F∂m¬, Akv_m-\nb

(Spani-ards)°m¿ Ahn-SsØ Ah-km-\sØ apkvenw `q]-tZ-i-amb

Km\U Iog-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ ImWn® sImSpw Iqc-X-Iƒ hnh-c-Wm-Xo-

X-asX. apkvenw-I-fpsS aXhpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw A`n-am-\hpw

kºØpw kpc£n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Dd∏v \¬Ip∂ Adp-]-Xn-e-[nIw

Icm-dp-I-f-h¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ H∂p-t]m-ep-a-h¿ ]men-®n√.

Gs‰-SpØ Hcp-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw \n¿hln-®-Xp-an√. Poh-s\-Sp-°p-∂-

X n e p w

c‡-sam-gp-°p-∂-Xnepw [\w sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-∂-Xnepw Hcp Ipd-hp-a-

h ¿

hcp-Øn-bn√. Akv_m-\n-b-°m¿ Km\U Iogvs∏-SpØn ap∏-Ønc≠v

h¿jw ]n∂n-´-t∏m-tg°pw 1524˛¬ kvs]bn-\nse apgp-h≥ apkvenw

]≈n-Ifpw N¿®pI-fm°n am‰n-b-Xmbn t]m∏v ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

]n∂oSv \mep h¿jw-IqSn ]n∂n-´-t∏m-tg°pw kvs]bn\n-seßpw Hscm‰

apkvenw t]mep-an-√m-Xmbn. CXmWv Ah-cpsS kln-jvWp-X-bpsS

kmºnƒ! Icm¿ ]me-\-Øns‚ êw!

F∂m¬ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS Cu sImSpw Iqc-Xbpw Icm¿ew-L-\hpw

\tΩmSp amX-ap-≈-X√; apkvenw-I-tfmSv ImWn-®-Xn-sem´pw Ipd-bm-

bp≤-acym-Z-Iƒ


Ø-hn[w Ah-c-t\ym\yw Aß-s\-sbms° sNøm-dp≠v. A[n-\n-hnjvS

]tZi-ßƒ Ing-°mbmepw ]Sn-™m-dm-bmepw Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-tfmSv

Iqchpw \n¿Z-b-hp-amb kao-]-\-am-W-h¿ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]cm-Pn-

X¿ apkvenw-I-fm-bmepw ssIkvX-h-cm-bmepw ]m›m-Xy-cpsS s]cp-

am‰w ]cpjhpw ]mIr-Xhpw Xs∂. Xß-fpsS Iqc-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v

Ah¿Xs∂ kzbw kwkm-cn-°m-dp≠v.

eqbnkv Ggm-as‚ ]tXyI ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ HmtUm-Uvh√n

NI-h¿Øn-tbm-sSm∏w c≠mw Ipcnip bp≤-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-I-

bp-≠mbn. ]n∂oSv At±lw t\cn¬°≠ kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-®-Xn-ß-

s\-bmWv:

""Ipcnip bp≤-°m¿ Gjym-ssa-\-dn-eqsS ss_Xp¬ apJ-±-kn-te°v

t]mIm≥ ian-°sh ^nPnbbnse ]¿hX ]tZ-i-Øp-sh®v Xp¿°n-

I-fn¬ \n∂v hºn® ]cm-Pbw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h∂p. 1148˛embn-cp∂p

AXv. hfsc ]bm-k-ßƒ kln®v Ipcnip tk\ C‰-en-bpsS Xoc-\-

K-cØn-seØn. Aßs\ kap-Zw-hgn A¥m-°n-b-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ

Ko°p-Im¿ Ah-tcmSv Ht´sd Bh-iy-ß-fp-∂-bn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

Ipcnip tk\m-\n-Iƒ°v Xß-fnse tcmKn-I-sfbpw ]mh-ß-sfbpw

apdnhp ]‰n-b-h-scbpw Ko°p-Im-cpsS Imcp-Wy-Øn\v hntS-≠n-h∂p.

bYm¿Y-Øn-e-h¿ kJy-I-£n-I-fn¬s∏´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Ko°p-

Im¿ kz¥w aX-°m-cmb Ipcnip tbm≤m-°-tfmSv ISpØ h©-\-bm-

Wv ImWn-®Xv. tcmKn-Isf NnIn-’n®p t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Zp¿_esc

kpc-£n-X-ambn kwc-£n-°m\pw eqbnkv Ah-cn-tem-tcm-cp-Ø¿°pw

A™qdv am¿°v (Mark)* hoXw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. F∂m¬ Ipcnip

ssk\yw C‰en hn´ DSs\ Ko°p-Im¿ \ncm-bp-[-cmb Cu Ipcnip

tbm≤m-°sf kw_-‘n®v Xp¿-°n-Iƒ°v hnhcw \¬In. Aßs\

tcmKn-Ifpw Ah-icpw lX-`m-Ky-cp-amb Ah¿ hni∏pw Zml-hp-a-\p-`-

hn® v ]bm -k-s∏ -Sp -∂Xpw FXn -cm -fn -I -fpsS

BI-a-W-ßƒ°n-cm-bmbn XI¿∂v Xcn-∏-W-am-Ip-∂Xpw ]Xo-£n-

®n-cn-°-bm-Wv Ko°p-Im¿ sNbvXXv, ]bm-k-I-c-amb Ahn-SsØ

113PohnX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kz¥w Xmh-f-ß-fn-te°v Xncn-°-sh-

bmWv Xp¿°n-I-f-hsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bXv. ISpØ \ncm-i-bm¬ C‰en hn´-

h¿ ap∆m-bn-ctam \mem-bn-ctam hcp-am-bn-cp∂p. ssk\n-I-Øm-h-f-Øn¬

h∂v Xp¿°n-Iƒ Ahsc BI-an-°p-Ibpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Xß-fpsS hnPbw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mbn Ah¿ Ipcnip ssk\n-

Isc XI¿Øv Xcn -∏-W-am°n. A∂v AXn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏´

ssIkvXh tbm≤m-°ƒt]mepw AXy-[nIw \ncm-i-cm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-

cpsS Ah-i-Xbpw \n -lm-b-Xbpw I≠p a\- -en™ apkvenw

tbm≤m-°ƒ AXnc‰ ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Ah-cnse

tcmKn-Isf NnIn-’n-°p-Ibpw hni-∂p-h-e-™-h¿°v Blmcw \¬Ip-

Ibpw DZm-Ø-amb DZm-c-X-tbmSpw DXvIr-jvS-amb am\y-X-tbmSpw Ah-

tcmSv s]cp-am-dp-I-bp-ap-≠mbn. amX-a√, i‡n-bp-]-tbm-Kn®pw h©n®pw

Ko°p-Im¿ Ah-cn¬\n∂v ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Ønb ^©v \mW-b-ßƒ

apkvenw-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-SpØv Ah-cnse ]mh-ßƒ°v Xncn®p \¬Ip-I-

t]m-ep-ap-≠mbn. Ipcnip tk\m-\n-Iƒ°v kz¥w aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fmb

Ko°p-Im-cn¬ \n∂-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h∂ Iqc-X°pw Ahn-izm-kn-I-fn¬

(apkvenw-Iƒ) \n∂p-≠mb Icp-Wm-]q¿Wamb s]cp-am-‰-ßƒ°p-an-S-

bn¬ hf-sc-tbsd A¥c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ko°p-Im¿ Ah-cn-e-h-ti-

jn-®n-cp∂ A¬]w hn`-h-ßƒ Xń-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ahsc Ah-tl-

fn-°p-Ibpw a¿Zn-°p-I-bp-amWv sNbvXXv. Ipcnip tbm≤m-°-fn¬ Nne¿

Xßƒ°p-≠mb `n∂-amb A\p`-h-ßƒ Imc-W-ambn Xßsf

c£n® apkvenw-I-fpsS aXw kzoIcn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.''

Hcp ]mNo\ Ncn-X-Im-c≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-ß-f-hsc

Iqc-ambn a¿Zn®p. F∂m¬ ]mK≥kv Ah¿°v A`-bhpw kwc-£-

Whpw hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw AhtcmSp hfsc DZm-c-amb kao-]\w

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' Poh-t\msS Ah-ti-jn® ap∆m-bn-c-Øn-

e-[nIw t]¿ Xp¿°n-I-fpsS IqsS tNcp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. lm, IjvSw!

Cu Zbbpw Icp-Wbpw h©-\-sb-°mƒ Iqcw-Xs∂! Xp¿°n-I-f-

h¿°v sdmń \¬In, Ah-cpsS BZ¿i hnizm-k-ßƒ Ih-¿s∂-SpØp.

F¶nepw Ah-cm-cpw-Xs∂ Hcm-sfbpw Xs‚ aX-ap-t]-£n-°m≥ \n¿_-

‘n-®n-ń-s√∂v Dd-∏n®v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah-c¿∏n® aln-X-amb

tkh-\-ßƒ°v A¿l-amb ]Xn-^-e-a-h¿°v e`n-s®∂p amXw.

As√-¶n¬, \msa-¥n-\n-ßs\ ]nt∂m´v t]mIWw? c≠p temI

bp≤-ß-fn¬ ]m›mXy kmamPy i‡n-I-f-\p-h¿Øn® \ne-]mSpw,

kzoI-cn® Iqc-amb kao-]-\hpw Xs∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°m≥

]cym-]vX-amWv. A]-Imcw Xs∂ ]uckvXy Ad_v ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

Ah¿ ImWn® Iqc-X-I-fm¿°pw A⁄m-X-a-√t√m. bp≤-Ønepw

Poh-Im-cpWyw


`c-W-Ønepw ]Sn-™m-d≥ a\ v sh®p-]p-e¿Øp∂ ]mIr-X-Xbpw

]mcp-jyhpw Ah-sb√mw kv]jvS-am-bn-Øs∂ A\mh-cWw sNøp∂p.

AtXm-sSm∏w A¥m-cmjvS thZn-I-fn¬sh®v Imcp-Wy-sØbpw a\p-

jy-Xz-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v Ah¿ \S-Øp∂ ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ Xß-

fpsS \nµy-amb Im]Syw temI-Øns‚ apºn¬ Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. AhcpsS h©-\m-fl-I-amb \bw a\- n-em-°mØ Bcpw

C∂p-≠m-hn√. bp≤-cw-KØpw tImf-\n-I-fnse A[n-\n-hnjvS \mSp-I-

fnepw `c-W-ta-J-e-bnepw ]m›m-Xy¿ A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ ImS-Øhpw

tZmlhpw hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-asX. Ah-cpsS c‡-Zmlw A\-¥w -Xs∂.

a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]Sn-™m-dp-Im¿ Imń-°q-ńb hj-f-Ø-ßƒ \mK-

cnI in£Ww e`n-°m-ØXn\mem-sW∂v ]d™v \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂-

h¿ Ah-cpsS C∂sØ sNbvXn-Isf Fß-s\-bmWv BZ¿i-h-XvI-

cn-°pI? Ah-cn-t∏mƒ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \mb-I-∑mcpw imkvX-Ønepw

Ie-bnepw I≠p-]n-SnØ-ß-fnepw temI-Øns‚ Kpcp-°-∑m-cpam-Wt√m.

F∂m¬ bYm¿Y ]iv\w AX√, \ΩpsS ho£-W-Øn-eXv ASn-

ÿm\ ]Ir-X-Øn-t‚XmWv. IrXnaamb apgp-h≥ Imń-°q-´-ep-

Isfbpw sNbvXn-I-sf-bpw AXv AXn-P-bn-°p∂p. hnK-lm-cm-[-Icpw

ImS-∑m-cp-amb tKmX-h¿K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS

]Ir-X-Ønepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw Ah-cpsS Cu ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ \neo-

\-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn-e-h¿ Cu ]mIrX ]Ir-X-

Øn\v aX-Øns‚ ]cn-thjw \¬In. Xß-fpsS ImS-Ø-Øn\v B[ym-

fln-I-X-bpsS Ip∏m-b-a-Wn-bn®p. C∂v AtX aen-\-X-I-sf-b-h¿ ]cn-

jvIm-c-Øns‚ ]ń¬ s]mXn™p Hfn-∏n-®p-sh-°m-\mWv ian-°p-∂Xv.

AXn-\m¬ Gsd D®-Øn¬ apg-°-s∏-Sp∂ "kam-[m\w', "kpc-£n-

XXzw', "kwkvImcw', "]cn-jvImcw' t]mep≈ ]Z-ß-fn∂v ]m›m-Xy-

cpsS \njvTp-c-X-bpsS ]cym-b-ß-fmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ah-sc∂pw

Fhn-sSbpw Ip‰-hm-fn-Ifpw Iqc-∑mcpw c‡-Zm-ln-Ifpw ssIbq-°ns‚

D]m-k-I-cp-asX. ]mIr-Xcpw k¶p-NnX a\-kvIcpw ]£-]m-Xn-Ifpw

Xs∂. F∂n-´p-a-h¿ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xsb ]mIr-X-sa-∂m-t£-

]n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ hnP-b-ßsf Iqc-sa∂v apZ-Ip-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. H∏w, Xß-fpsS kmam-Py-XzsØ Imcp-Wy-ambn hnti-jn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CsX-ßs\ km[n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv Gsd

AZv`p-X-Icw!

bYm¿Y-Øn¬, \Ωp-sSbpw Ah-cp-sSbpw Ahÿ Hcp Ihn ]mSn-

b-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv:

""\mw A[n-Im-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ \ΩpsS ]IrXw am∏p

-\¬I-em-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, \nßƒ `cWw ssIbm-fn-b-t∏mƒ Nmen-

115s´m-gp-Inb tNmc Xmgvh-c-I-fn¬ Xfw-sI-´n-\n¬°p∂p.

""\ap-°n-S-bnse A¥cw A¬]w-t]mepw B›-cy-P-\y-a√. Hmtcm

]mX-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-tØ°v Xpfp-ºpI AXn-\p-≈n-ep-≈-Xm-

Wt√m.''

Poh-Im-cpWyw


Ggv

Poh-Im-cpWyw

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tNtXm-lm-cn-Xsb kw_-‘n® N¿®-

bn¬ AXn-hn-in-jvS-amb hnj-b-am-WnXv-˛C°m-eØv Gsd ]pXp-a-bp-

≈-X-s√-¶nepw. B[p-\n-I-bp-Kw-hsc a\p-tjy-Xc Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ Icp-

Wbpw Zbbpw A¿ln-°p-∂p-sh∂p s]mXp-hn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-

cp-∂n√. C∂pw ]e kaq-l-ßfpw Xß-fpsS BtLm-j-ß-fnepw Imbn-

I-ta-f-I-fnepw Pohn-Isf sIm∂p-hn-t\m-Zn-°m-dp≠v. Chn-sS-bmWv

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX XØz-Ønepw ]tbm-K-Ønepw XnI™ Imcp-

Wy-Øn-s‚bpw teme-hn-Im-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-ambn ]Xy-£-s∏-

´Xv. Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfmSv Ckvemw ImWn-°p∂ Icp-Wbpw Zbbpw

kq£va-amb ]T-\-a¿ln-°p∂p.

Pohn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS \mK-cn-IX

Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ H∂m-asØ XØzw Ah-bpsS temIhpw a\p-jy-

cp-tS-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv F∂-XsX. F√m Pohn-Iƒ°pw Ah-

bp-tS-Xmb ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]Ir-X-ßfpw hnIm-c-ß-fp-ap≠v. ""`qan-

bn¬ k©cn-°p∂ P¥p-°fpw Nnd-Ip-I-fn¬ ]d-°p∂ ]d-h-I-fp-

sa√mw \nß-sf-t∏m-ep≈ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv.'' (Jp. 6:33)

a\p-jy-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ Ahbpw Icp-W-b¿ln-°p∂p. ]hm-N-

I≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""IcpW ImWn-°p-∂-h-tcmSv ]ca Imcp-Wn-I-\mb

A√m-lphpw IcpW sNøp∂p.'' (Alva-Zv, A_q-Zm-hq-Zv, Xn¿an-Zn,

lmInw)

""IcpW sImSp-Ø-h\v Cl-]c ku`m-Ky-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Xs‚

hnlnXw In´p∂p.'' (AlvaZv)

F∂√, Pohn-I-tfm-Sp≈ ImcpWyw kz¿K-]-th-i-Øn\p t]mepw

Imc-W-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p. \_n Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""Hcmƒ hgn-bn-eqsS \S-

∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Abmƒ°v ITn-\-amb Zmlw tXm∂n-b-t∏mƒ

Ahn-sS-°≠ Hcp InW-‰n-en-dßn sh≈w IpSn®p. Ic°p Ib-dn-b-

t∏mƒ Hcp \mb-bp≠v Zmlm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ \mhv \o´n aÆv I∏p∂p.

At∏mƒ Abmƒ Bfl-KXw sNbvXp: Rm≥ A\p-`-hn-®-Xp-t]mse

Cu \mbbpw ITn-\-amb Zml-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v. XpS¿∂v, Abmƒ

InW-‰n-en-dßn Xs‚ jq\ndsb sh≈-sa-SpØv \mb-°v -sIm-SpØp.

\mb A-sX√mw IpSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ A√mlp At±-

l-tØmSv \µn-Im-Wn®p. Abm-fpsS ]m]-ßƒ s]mdp-Øp-sIm-SpØp.

117At∏mƒ kzlm-_n-Iƒ tNmZn®p: "A√m-lp-hns‚ ZqXtc, arK-ß-

fpsS Imcy-Ønepw Rßƒ°v ]Xn-^-e-apt≠m?' ]hm-N-I≥ ]Xnh-

Nn®p: "Poh-\p≈ F√m-‰n-s‚ Imcy-Ønepw \nßƒ°v ]Xn-^-e-ap≠v.''

(_pJmcn, apkvenw)

C]-Imcw Xs∂ Ah-tbm-Sp≈ Iqc-X- \-c-IØn-te°pw \bn-

°p∂p. Xncp-ta\n Acpƒ sNøp∂p: ""Hcp ]q® -Im-cWw Hcp kvXo

\c-I-Øn¬ ]th-in®p. Ahƒ AXns\ sIń-bn´p. F∂n´v Blmcw

\¬In-bn√. `qan-bnse ]mWn-Isf ]nSn-®p-Xn-∂m≥ hn´-b-®-Xp-an√.''

(_pJmcn, apkvenw)

Pohn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Zb kw_-‘n® Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]-\-ßƒ ChnSw

sIm≠-h-km-\n-°p-∂n√. khmcnarK-ßƒ k©-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-

tºmg-√msX, Hcn-SØp \n¬°p-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS ]pdØv Zo¿L-t\-

c-an-cn-°p-∂Xv AXv \njn-≤-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. \_n \n¿tZ-in-°p∂p:

""\nß-fpsS khmcnarK-ß-fpsS apXp-Ip-Iƒ \nßƒ Itk-c-I-fm-°-

cpXv.'' (AlvaZv, lmInw)

Blmcw e`n-°msX Ah saen-bm\pw £oWn-°m\pw CS-h-cp-

Ø-cpXv. Hcn-°¬, ]hm-N-I≥ hni∂v hb-sdm-ńb Hscm-´-I-Øn-\-cn-

In-eqsS \S-°m-\n-S-bmbn. At∏mƒ, Ahn-Sp∂v B⁄m-]n®p: ""kwkm-

c-ti-jn-bn-√mØ Cu arK-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \nßƒ A√m-lpsh

kq£n-°pI. Ah°v Btcm-Ky-ap-≈-t∏mƒ \nß-f-hsb khmcn sNøp-

Ibpw Bl-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.'' (A_q-Zm-hq-Zv, C_v\pJpsskax)

arK-ßsf Aan-X-ambn tPmen sNøn®v ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw \njn-

≤-asX. \_n Hcn-°¬ Hcp A≥kzm-cn-bpsS tXm´-Øn¬ ]th-in®p.

AhnsS Hscm-´-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xncp-ta\nsb I≠-t∏mƒ AXp thZ-

\-tbmsS Rcßn IÆn¬ sh≈w \nd®p. At∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v

AXns‚ IÆo¿ XpS-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw A-Xns\ XS-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

XpS¿∂v, AXns‚ DS-a-ÿ≥ Bcm-sW∂v At\z-jn®p. At∏mƒ DS-

a-ÿ≥ ]d™p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚ ZqXtc, AXv Ft‚-XmWv.'' DSs\

Ahn-Sp∂v At±-l-tØmSv tNmZn®p: ""Xm¶-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-ep≈ Cu

arK-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Xm¶ƒ A√m-lpsh kq£n-°p-∂nt√?

Xm¶ƒ AXns\ ]ńWn-°n-Sp-Ibpw A[zm-\-`mc-Øm¬ Xf¿Øp-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xmbn AsX-t∂mSv ]cm-Xn-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.'' (Alva-Zv, A_q-Zm-

hqZv)

tIhew hnt\m-Z-Øn\p th≠n Pohn-Isf th´-bm-Sp-∂Xpw hne-

°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. \_n Adn-bn-°p∂p: ""Bsc-¶nepw A\m-h-iy-ambn

Hcp ]£nsb sIm∂m¬ A¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬ AXp Ae-ap-d-bn-´p-sIm≠v

A√mlp-hn-t\m-Sn-ßs\ ]dbpw: "\mYm! C∂-bmƒ A\m-h-iy-ambn

Poh-Im-cpWyw


Fs∂ sIm∂n-cn-°p∂p. Hcm-h-iy-Øn\pw th≠n-b√ Abm-sfs∂

h[n®Xv.'' (\-km-Cu, C_v\p ln∫m≥)

AkvX-]-tbm-Khpw shSn-sh∏pw a‰pw ]cn-io-en-°m≥ D∂-ambn

Pohn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw \njn-≤w-Xs∂. ""Poh-\p-≈-Xns\ D∂w-

sh°p-∂-hs\ \_n i]n-®n-cn-°p∂p.'' (_pJmcn, apkvenw)

amX-a√, I∂p-Im-en-Isf XΩn¬ IpØn-°p-∂Xpw tImgn-t∏m-cp-

t]mep≈ a’-c-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw hne-°-s∏-´-XsX. AXp-

t]mse-Øs∂, arK-ß-fpsS apJØv XosIm≠v AS-bm-f-an-Sp-∂Xpw

\_n ITn-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Hcn-°¬ Ahn-Sp∂v, apJØv

NqSpsh°-s∏´ Hcp Igp-X-bpsS Acn-In-eqsS \S-°m-\n-S-bmbn.

At∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n ]d™p: ""AXns\ NqSp-sh-®-hs\ A√mlp i]n-

®n-cn-°p∂p.'' (Xz_v-dm\n)

`£-Wm-h-iy-Øn\v Pohn-Isf Adp-t°-≠n-h-cp-tºmgpw Ah-tbmSv

IcpW ImWn-°Ww. Bbp[w aq¿®-Iq-´p-Ibpw sh≈w sImSp-°p-

Ibpw thWw. Adp-Ø-tijw Poh≥ t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv tXmep

s]mfn-°-cpXv. ]hm-N-I≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""A√mlp F√m Imcy-Ønepw

\∑ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬, \nßƒ sIm√p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \√

\ne-bn¬ sIm√pI. Adp-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv \√ \ne-bn-em-°pI.

hmbvØe aq¿®-Iq-´p-Ibpw Dcp-hn\v Bizmkw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpI.''

(apkvenw, A_q-Zm-hqZv, amenIv, Xn¿anZn)

IØn aq¿® hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºv Dcp-hns\ Iim-∏n-\mbn InS-

Øp-∂-Xp-t]mepw Iqchpw hne-°-s∏-´-Xp-am-sW∂v Ckvemw ]Tn-∏n-

°p∂p. Hcmƒ Dcp-hns\ InS-Øn-b-tijw IØn aq¿® Iq´p-I-bm-bn-

cp∂p. At∏mƒ \_n At±-l-tØmSv tNmZn®p: ""Xm¶-f-Xns\ ]e-X-

hW sIm√m-\m-K-ln-°pt∂m? InS-Øp-∂-Xn\p aptº hmbvØe aq¿®-

sh-∏n-®p-IqtS?''(Xz-_vdm-\n, lmInw)

A_vZp-√m-ln_v\p akv-DuZv D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""Rßƒ \_ntbmsSm-

∂n®v Hcp bmX-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. hgn-bn¬ AS-°m-°nfn t]mep≈ Hcp

]£nsb I≠p. AXn-t\m-sSm-∂n®v c≠v Ipń-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Rßƒ B c≠v Ipń-I-sf-bp-sa-SpØp. AtXmsS B ]£n h∂v

Nnd-In-´-Sn-°m≥ XpSßn. ]n∂oSv ]hm-N-I≥ h∂-t∏mƒ tNmZn®p:

"AXns‚ Ipń-Isf FSpØv Bcm-W-Xns\ thZ-\n-∏n-®Xv? AXns‚

Ip™p-ßsf Xncn®p \¬Iq!' Rßƒ Ddp-ºp-Isf Icn-®p-I-f™

ÿew I≠-t∏mƒ

Xncp-ta\n tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn: "Bcm-WnXv Icn-®Xv?' "Rß-

fmsW'∂v adp]Sn ]d-™-t∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v Acpƒ sNbvXp: "A·n-

bpsS \mY-\mb A√m-lp-hn-\-√msX A·n-sIm≠v H∂n-s\bpw in£n-

119°m≥ Ah-Im-i-an√.'' (A_q-Zm-hqZv)

Poh-Im-cpWy \nb-a-ßƒ

apkvenw ]fin-X-∑m¿ Cu A[ym-]-\-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬, Pohn-

I-tfmSv Icp-W-tbmsS h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-a-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-

®n-´p≠v. Ckvem-anI aqey-ß-fn¬ \n∂h¿ \n¿≤m-cWw sNbvX hn[n-

Isf Cßs\ kwK-ln°mw:

Pohn-Iƒ°v Blmcw \¬Im≥ DS-a-ÿ≥ _m[y-ÿ-\mWv.

AXn¬ hogvN hcp-Øp∂ DS-a-ÿ¿ Ah°v `£Ww sImSp-°mt\m,

AX-s√-¶n¬ Ahsb hn¬°mt\m, `£y-h-kvXp-hm-sW-¶n¬ Adp-

°mt\m AsXm-∂p-an-s√-¶n¬ Ahsb Blm-chpw A`-bhpw e`n-

°p-∂n-SØv FØn-°mt\m \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Ip∂p. A∂w

tXSm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w A‘X _m[n® ]q® Hcp hoń¬ A`bw

tXSn-bm¬, ho´p-Sa AXn\p `£Ww \¬Im≥ _m[y-ÿ-\m-sW-

∂p-hsc ]e I¿a-im-kvX-]-fin-X-∑mcpw ]d-™n-´p≠v. arK-ßsf

Ign-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ `mcw hln∏n-°p-∂Xpw hne-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Bsc-

¶nepw Hcp hmS-I-ar-KsØ AXns‚ Ign-hn¬ Ihn™ `mcw hln-∏n-

®m¬ B arK-Øns‚ hne Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ AXns‚ DS-a-ÿ\v Ah-

Im-i-ap≠v. Igp-X-sbbpw tImh¿I-gp-X-sb-bp-sa√mw hln-∏n-°m-hp∂

`mc-]-cn-[nbpw ]fin-X-∑m¿ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≠v. Cßs\, Nne¿ \n›-

bn® ]cn-[nsb a‰p Nne¿ hna¿in-®-Xmbpw ImWmw. "tImh¿I-gp-

X°v \n›-bn® ]cn[n \oXn-]q¿h-I-amWv. ]t£, Igp-X-tbmSv ImWn-

®Xv ISpØ A\o-Xn-bmWv.'

Hcp Pohn as‰m-∂ns\ tZmln-°p-Ibpw sIm√p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-

sh-¶n¬ a\p-jy-sc-sb-∂-t]mse Ahsb hnNm-cW sNøp-Ibpw

in£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv k¶-¬]m-Xo-X-amWv. F∂m¬, "Ipddw'

sNbvX Pohn-bpsS DS-a-ÿ≥ AXns\ kq£n-°p-∂-Xnepw sIń-bn-

Sp-∂-Xnepw Ai≤ ImWn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬, Abmƒ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-

XmWv.

Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-Ønepw \nba hyh-ÿ-bnepw Pohn-I-tfmSv

kzoI-cn-t°≠ Imcp-WysØ kw_-‘n® \nb-a-ßfpw XØz-ß-fp-

am-Wnh. F∂m¬, Ah-bpsS ]tbm-K-h-XvI-cWw F∆n-[-am-bn-cp∂p?

AXpw ]cn-tim-[-\-b¿ln-°p∂p.

PohIm-cpWyw ]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬

\_n Hcp- bm-X-bn-em-bn-cns° Hcp A≥kzmcn kvXo, Xm≥

khmcn sNøp∂ H´-IsØ i]n-°p-∂Xv tIƒ°m-\n-S-bmbn. AXn¬

\ockw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ahn-Sp∂v B kvXotbmSv ]d™p: ""AXn-

Poh-Im-cpWyw


t∑-ep-≈Xv FSp-Øp-am-‰p-Ibpw AXns\ hn´-b-°p-Ibpw sNøpI. AXv

GXm-bmepw i]n-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wt√m.'' Aßs\, Ah-cn¬\n∂v B H´-

IsØ ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS \S-∂p-t]m-

hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcpw Ahsc kao-]n-®-Xp-t]m-ep-an√. (apkvenw)

Hcmƒ Adp-°m≥th≠n BSns\ Imep-]n-Sn®v hen-°p-∂Xp I≠

Da-dp¬ -^mdqJv ]d™p: ""\n\°v \miw! AXns\ \√ \ne-bn¬

ac-W-Øn-te°v \bn-°pI.''

C]-Imcw Xs∂, Ckvem-anI cmjvS kmc-Yn-Iƒ Poh-Pm-e-ß-

tfmSv IcpW ImWn-°m\pw Ahsb tZmln-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw \n¿tZ-

in-°p∂ s]mXp ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ \S-ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.

\ymbamb Bh-iy-Øn-\-√msX P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS IpXn-c-Isf

HmSn-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°m≥ Da-dp-_v\p-A-_vZn¬-A-kokv Xs‚

Kh¿W¿am-tcm-Sp≈ ktµ-i-Øn¬ DØ-chv \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. `mc-

ta-dn-bXpw ASn-h-iØv Ccpºv LSn-∏n-®-Xp-amb Po\n D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

Bscbpw A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-sX∂v, s]mXp-h-gn-Iƒ kwc-£n-°m≥ \nbp-

‡-cmb `S-∑m-tcmSv At±lw I¬]n®p. arK-ßsf NΩ-´n-sIm≠v Iqc-

ambn ASn-°p-∂Xpw ap\-bp≈ km[-\-ßƒsIm≠v IpØp-∂Xpw

At±lw hne°n. arK-ßsf AanX `mcw hln-∏n-°p-∂Xpw bmX-

°n-S-bn¬ Iqc-ambn ASn-°p-∂Xpw a‰pw XS-b¬ A°m-eØv hgn

kwc-£W `S-∑m-cpsS _m[yX Bbn-cp∂p. Aßs\ s]cp-am-dp-∂-

hsc acymZ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw in£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp∂p. ""am¿K

kwc-£-I≥ \∑-bpsS coXn-I-f-h-ew-_n-°m≥ P\-ßsf \n¿_-‘n-

°p-I-Xs∂ thWw. AXn-\m¬, km[y-am-b-Xn-e-∏pdw `mcw arK-ßsf

hln-∏n-°-cpXv. Ahsb Iqc-ambn ASn-°-cpXv. `mcw Ib‰n s]mXp-

ÿ-eØv \n¿Ø-cpXv. `mcw hln-°p-tºmƒ hfsc thK-Øn¬ HmSn-

°-cpXv. ImcWw, AsX√mw Ckvemw \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. I∂p-Im-

en-I-fpsS Blm-c-Im-cy-Øn¬ P\w A√m-lpsh kq£n-°p-I-Xs∂

thWw. Ah-bpsS hni∏v am‰p-∂-Xn-¬ i≤ ]Xn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

AXn¬ hogvN ImWn-°-cpXv. Blm-c-Øns‚ Af-hnepw KpW-Ønepw

Ipdhv hcp-Ø-cp-sX-∂¿Yw.''

P¥p-t£-a-Øn\v hJv^v kzØp-°ƒ

kmaqlnI ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°v henb ]¶v A\p-

h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. tcmKw _m[n® Pohn-Isf NnIn’n°m\pw hm¿[-

Iyhpw Ah-i-Xbpw _m[n-®-hsb kwc-£n-°m\pw ]tXyI hJv-

^p-IƒXs∂ ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. Za-kvI-knse "A¬a-

d-Pp¬ AJvZ¿' C∆n[w hJv^v sNø-s∏´ ]tZ-i-amWv (Cu ÿew

C∂v tZiob Ifn-ÿ-e-amWv). ]tbm-P-\-aq-ey-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ DS-a-

121ÿ¿ Dt]-£n-°p∂, hm¿[Iyw _m[n®v Ah-i-amb H´-I-ßƒ°v

ta™p-\-S-°m-\mbn hJv^v sNø-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p AhnSw. C]-Im-

cw-Xs∂, Za-kvI-knse hJv^p-I-fn¬ ]q®-Iƒ°v Xn∂m\pw Ifn-

°m\pw Xma-kn-°m-\p-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-°p-th≠n

\o°n -sh-°-s∏´ ]tXyI ssaXm -\ -ß-fn¬ \qdp -°-W-°n\v

XSn®psImgpØ ]q®-Iƒ kwc-£n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

Pohn-I-fpsS t£a- Xm¬]-cy-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI kaqlw sNs∂-

Ønb Cu hnXm-\-tØmfw Db¿∂ as‰mcp hn`m-K-hp-an√. KX-Ime

Ncn-X-Ønepw ka-Im-enI kaq-l-Ønepw AXv A\p-]-a-amWv. ]apJ

klm-_n-bmb A_p-±¿ZmC\v Hscm-´-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bk-∂-a-c-W-

\m-bn-cns° At±lw AXns\ hnfn®v Cßs\ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn:

""A√tbm H´-Ita! \o \ns‚ \mY-s‚-b-Sp-°¬ Fs‚ iXp-hm-I-

cpXv. \ns‚ Ignhn-\-∏pdw Rm≥ \ns∂ `mcw hln-∏n-®n-ń√.''

AZn-øp_v\p lmXnw Ddp-ºp-Iƒ°v sdmń ]n∂n-bn- p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw

F∂n-ń -ßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp∂p. ""Ahbpw \ΩpsS

Ab¬°m-cmWv. Ah-tbmSpw \ap°v _m[y-X-bp≠v.''

alm-\mb Camw A_q-C-kvlm-J-»o-dmkn Hcn-°¬ Xs‚ Iq´p-

Im-tcm-sSm-∂n®v \S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t\sc

Hcp \mb h∂p. A\p-N-c-∑m-cn-sem-cmƒ AXns\ XS™p. DSs\

iodmkn At±-lsØ hne-°n-s°m≠v tNmZn®p: ""hgn-bpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ \mapw AXpw Xpeym-h-Im-in-I-fm-sW∂v Xm¶ƒ°-dn-™p-

IqtS?''

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX ImgvN-sh® aln-X-amb Cu amXr-I-I-

fpsS ta∑bpw Xnf-°hpw IqSp-X¬ ]I-S-am-hpI a‰p P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ

]pcm-X-\-Im-eØpw a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnepw Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfmSv s]cp-am-

dn-bn-cp-∂Xv F∆n-[-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-°p-tºm-gmWv.

P¥p-°-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]\w CXc kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬

arK-ßtfm Ah-bpsS DS-atbm h√ sX‰pw sNbvXm¬ arK-ß-

tfmSv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂Xv _p≤nbpw Nn¥-bp-ap≈ a\p-jy-t\m-sS-∂-

t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xv AZv`p-X-I-c-am-bn-tØm-∂n-tb°mw. F∂m¬

]pcm-X-\-Im-eØpw a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnepw amX-a√, 19˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc

hnNn-X-amb Cu A-hÿ XpS-cp-I-bp-≠mbn. a\p-jy-s\-t∏mse CXc

Pohn-Ifpw hnNm-c-W°v hnt[-b-am-bn-cp∂p. XShv, \mSp-I-S-Ø¬, h[-

in£ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw a\p-jy¿s°-∂-t]mse Ahbv°pw _m[-

I-am-bn-cp∂p.

PqX-\n-b-a-Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWmw: ""Imf Hcp- ]p-cp-j-s\tbm

kvXosbtbm IpØp-Ibpw IptØ-‰-bmƒ acn-°m-\n-S-bm-hp-I-bp-am-

Poh-Im-cpWyw


sW-¶n¬ Imfsb Fdn-™p-sIm-√¬ \n¿_-‘-amWv. AXns‚ amwkw

`£n-°¬ \njn-≤-hp-asX.... AXns‚ DS-a-ÿs\ \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw

thWw.'' C]-Imcw Xs∂ PqX-\n -b-a -a -\p -k-cn®v GsX-¶nepw

kvXotbm ]pcp-jt\m arKsØ t`mKn-®m¬ ]kvXpX a\p-jy-t\m-

sSm∏w arKhpw sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv.

P¥p-°ƒ°p-th≠n tImS-Xn-Iƒ

]pcm-X\ Ko°v \nb-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v a\p-jys‚ Poh-lm-\n°v Imc-

W-am-Ip∂ Pohn-I-sfbpw ]Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw hnNm-cW sNøm≥

]tXyI tImS-Xn-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu tImSXn _¿Sm-\n-b¨

(Berteoneon) F∂ t]cnem-W-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. πmt‰m Xs‚ \nb-a-ßƒ

F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ Hcp P¥p, a\p-jys\ sIm∂m¬ Abm-fpsS IpSpw-

_-ßƒ°v ]kvXpX P¥p-hn-s\-Xnsc tImSXn Ib-dm≥ hyh-ÿ-

bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. h[n-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS Ah-

Im-in-Iƒ°v `qhp-S-a-I-fn¬ \n∂v \ymbm-[n-]s\ \n›-bn-°m-\p≈

Ah-Im-i-hpap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ip‰w sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´m¬ ]Xn-In-b-sb-

t∂mWw, Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb P¥p h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ ihw

\mńs‚ ]pdØp sIm≠p-t]mbn D-t]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.

Hcp AtN-X\ hkvXp a\p-jys‚ ta¬ hogp-Ibpw A°m-c-W-

Øm¬ a\p-jy≥ acn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬, sIm√-s∏-´-hs‚ ASpØ

_‘p-°ƒ Abm-fpsS Ab¬°m-cn-sem-cmsf \ymbm-[n-]-\mbn sXc-

s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw Abmƒ ]kvXpX ]Zm¿YsØ \mSp-I-S-Øm≥ hn[n-

°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xpw Ah-cpsS ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬, Poh-

Pm-e-ßsf sIme-]m-X-I-a-√mØ Ip‰-ßƒ°pw in£n-®n-cp∂p. \mb,

a\p-jys\ ISn-®m¬ ISn-tb‰ a\p-jy\v AXn-t\mSv ]Xn-Imcw

sNømw. AXn-\p-th≠n \mbsb, ISn-tb‰ BfpsS apºn-se-Øn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°m≥ AXns‚ DS-a-ÿ≥ _m[y-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂p. C]-Imcw

Xs∂ Nne-t∏mƒ Xs‚ bP-am-\-s‚tbm Abm-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-

s‚tbm Ip‰-ßƒ°pw Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ in£n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. aX-Ønt\m

cmjvS-Ønt\m FXnsc sNbvX Ip‰-Øns‚ t]cn¬ h[-in-£°v

hn[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-hs‚ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw hf¿Øp-P-¥p-°fpw Abm-

fpsS D-Sa-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ as‰√m hkvXp-°fpw I≠p-sI-´mt\m Icn-

®p-I-f-bmt\m hn[n-°-s∏-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.

Dgp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Hcm-fpsS Imf as‰m-cm-fpsS hnf-bn-se-ßm\pw

IS-∂m¬, ]pcm-X\ tdma≥ \nb-a-Øn¬ AXn-s\bpw AXns‚ DS-a-

ÿ-s\bpw h[-in-£°v hn[n-°m-\p≈ hIp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \mb,

a\p-jys\ ISn-®m¬ ISn-tb‰ a\p-jy\v CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ AXns\ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw B \nbahyhÿ A\p-

123

im-kn-®n-cp∂p. GsX-¶nepw Pohn Xs‚ bP-am-\-t‚-X-√mØ hnftbm

]pt√m Xn∂mepw Aß-s\-Øs∂.

tdma-°m-cp-sSbpw Ko°pIm-cp-sSbpw \nb-a-ßƒ t]mse-Ø-s∂

-bmbn-cp∂p, Poh-Pm-e-ßsf in£n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]pcm-X\ P¿a≥

\nba-ßfpw.

F∂m¬, ]pcm-X\ t]¿jy-°m-cpsS coXn-bm-bn-cp∂p Gsd

hnNnXw. \mb B´n≥Ip-´nsb ISn-®p-sIm-√p-Itbm a\p-jys\ ISn®p

]cpt°¬]n-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ BZy-X-hW heXp sNhnbpw

Bh¿Øn-®m¬ CSXp sNhnbpw aq∂mw XhW heXp Imepw \memw

XhW CS-Xp- Imepw A©mw XhW hmepw apdn-®p-I-f-bp-I-bmWv

sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.

a[y-Ime bqtdm-]y≥ kaq-l-ß-fn¬ ^m≥kmWv 13˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Ip‰-ß-f-p-sSbpw in£-I-fp-sSbpw ]iv\w

a\p-jy-cp-tS-sX-∂-t]mse \nb-am-\p-krX am¿K-Øn-eqsS hyh-ÿm-

]nX tImS-Xn°v apºmsI sIm≠p-h∂ ssIkvXh cmjvSw. ]n∂oSv

14˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ km¿Uo-\n-b-bn¬ CtX \nbaw Xs∂

]Jym-]n®p. AXn-\p-tijw, 15˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬

s_¬Pn-bhpw AtX hyhÿ \S-∏m°n. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-

Øn¬ tlmf≠v, P¿a\n, C‰en, kzoU≥ F∂o cmjvS-ßfpw AXp-

Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn®p. knknen-bnse Nne hn`m-K-ßƒ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠p-

hsc Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v \S]Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂p.

bqtdm-]y≥ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ Pohn-Iƒs°-Xnsc tIsk-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv

Ip‰-Øn-\n-c-bm-b-h-cp-sStbm k¿°m¿ ]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sStbm ]cm-Xn-

b-\p-k-cn-®mWv. Ip‰-hm-fn-bmb Pohn-bpsS Bƒ°m¿ tImS-Xn-bn¬

lmP-cmbn AXns\ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv.

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ


At∏mƒ ap≥I-cp-X-se∂ \ne-bn¬ ]kvXpX Pohnsb AdÃv

sNøm≥ tImSXn DØ-c-hnSpw! ]n∂oSv hn[n ]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw henb

P\-°q-´-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ in£ \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøpw; a\p-

jy-cpsS ta¬ in£ \S-∏m-°s∏Sp∂ t]mse-Øs∂! Fdn™pw

Xe sh´nbpw Xosh®pw arK-ß-fn¬ h[-in£ \S-∏m-°n-bn-cp∂p. Nne-

t∏mƒ sIm√p-∂-Xn\p apºv Nne Ah-b-h-ßƒ apdn-s®-Sp-Øn-cp∂p.

Cu hnNm-c-Wbpw hn[nbpw tImS-Xn-bp-sams° hfsc Kuc-h-tØm-

sSbpw Imcy-t_m-[-tØm-sS-bp-am-W-h¿ \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. P¥p-

°ƒs°-Xnsc hn[n-°m≥ tImSXn \n¿_-‘n-X-am-Ip-∂-Xns\ kw_-

‘n® Ah-cpsS ]cm-a¿iw AXmWv sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv: ""\oXn Dd-∏p-

h-cp-Øm≥ Cu P¥p-hns\ h[n-°-W-sa∂v hn[n-°p∂p'', ""Iqchpw

tæ—-hp-amb ]mXIw sNbvX-Xns‚ t]cn¬ AXns\ Iqin-°-W-sa∂v

hn[n-°p∂p'' F∂n-ß-s\-bm-W-h¿ ]kvXm-hn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]IrXn \nb-

a-ß-fn¬ A\m-h-iy-ambn CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Xßƒ Poh-Pm-e-

ßƒs°-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-sX∂ bqtdm-]y-cpsS hmZw

Gsd hnNn-X-amWv.

Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ B`n-Nmc I¿a-ßfpw Btcm-]n-°-s∏- n-cp∂p.

AXn\v \¬In-bn-cp∂ in£ Ahsb Np´p-I-f-b-em-bn-cp∂p. CØcw

in£ \S-∏m-°m≥ henb BtLm-j-ßƒ Xs∂ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-

cp∂p. hnd-Ip-sI-´p-Iƒ sIm≠p-h∂v ssaXm-\-a-[y-Øn¬ sh°p-I-

bm-bn-cp∂p Bcm-®m¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. in£ hn[n-°-s∏´ Pohn-Iƒ

Ccp-ºp-Iq-SpI-fn¬ _‘n®v lmP-cm-°-s∏-Sp∂p. in£ \S-∏m-°m-

\p≈ ka-b-am-bm¬ GXm\pw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-tfm-

sSm-∂n®v ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah-cn-sem-cmƒ Ccp-ssI-I-fnepw hnd-In\v

Xo sImfp-Øm-\p≈ Xos°m-≈n-I-fp-ambn apt∂m-´p-hcp∂p. ]n∂oSv

`c-Wm-[n-Imcn h[-in-£°v hn[n-°-s∏´ Pohn-Isf A·nIp-WvU-

Øn-se-dn-bm≥ B⁄m-]n-°p∂p. AtXmsS in£ \S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw Ah Nmc-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂p˛amcWw sNbvX-Xn-\p≈

in£!

ck-I-c-amb Nne tIkp-Iƒ

a[y\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ bqtdm-]y¿ P¥p-Pme-ßƒs°-Xnsc \S-Ønb

]kn-≤-amb Nne hn[n-Iƒ ]tXyIw ]kvXm-hy-asX. Ah-bn-te-

‰hpw ck-I-chpw ]i-kvX-hp-am-bXv 15˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ^m≥knse

HIvtShv (Octave) \K-c-Øn¬ Fen-Iƒs°-Xnsc \S-∂-XmWv. P\-ß-

fpsS sskzcw sISp-Øp-amdv cuZ-`m-h-Øn¬ tdmUp-I-fn¬ Xnßn-°qSn

F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- Ip‰w. tIkv XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Fen-I-fpsS `mKw hmZn-

°m-\mbn A°m-eØv ^m≥knse ]kn≤ h°o-em-bn-cp∂ jmkm-

125\nb (Shasania) lmP-cmbn Ah[n Bh-iy-s∏´p. Xß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬

Ah-icpw tcmKn-Ifpw ape-Ip-Sn-°p-∂-h-cp-sams° D≈-Xn-\m¬ Fen-

Iƒ°v tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-Im≥ km[n-®n-ń√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

AXn\v At±lw D∂-bn® \ymbw. IqSp-X¬ ka-b-a-\p-h-Zn®v as‰m-c-

h-kcw \¬In-bm¬ tImSXn apºmsI lmP-cm-Im≥ km[n-°p-sa∂pw

At±lw t_m[n-∏n-®p. tImSXn AX-\p-h-Zn®v tIkv \oń-sh®p.

F∂m¬ \n¿WnX ka-bØv Fen-Iƒ tImS-Xnbnse-Øn-bn√.

At∏mƒ Ah-cpsS h°o¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ t_m[n-∏n-®p: ""tImS-Xn-bpsS

imk\ Fen-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. ChnsS lmP-cm-Im≥ BK-ln-

°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]t£, bphtdmW¿, Fs‚ I£n-Iƒ tImS-Xn-

bn¬ h∂m¬ ]q®-Iƒ D]-Z-hn-°p-tam-sb∂v `b-s∏-SpI-bmWv.''

At∏mƒ apJy-\ym-bm-[n-]≥ ]Jym-]n®p: ""Poh\v òj-Wn-bp-≈-h¿°v

\n¿`-bXzw \¬tI-≠Xv tImSXn-bpsS _m[y-X-bmWv.'' aqjnI

kaqlw sXcp-hn-eqsS hcp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Ah-bpsS kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ cmPysØ apgp-h≥ ]q®-I-sfbpw XS-hn-em-°m≥ `c-W-

Iq-S-tØmSv I¬]n-°-W-sa∂v h°o¬ tImS-Xn-tbm-S-t]-£n®p. \oXn-

t_m-[-ap≈ tImSXn AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

XpS¿∂v Fen-Iƒ tImS-Xn-bn¬ hcp-tºmƒ t]Sn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn

\mbv°fpw ]q®-Ifpw sXcp-hn-en-d-ßp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v DØ-

chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°-s∏´p. ]t£, Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ AXv ewLn®p.

Aßs\ Fen-Iƒ°v \ymb-amb ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\v Ah-kcw \ntj-

[n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ Ah \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fm-sW∂v hn[n ]Jym-]n-°m≥

tImSXn \n¿_-‘n-X-ambn. CØ-c-samcp hn[n kºm-Zn-®-Xns‚ t]cn¬

]Xn-`mKw hmZn® h°o-en\v hym]-I-amb ]kn≤n e`n®p. At±lw

Fen-I-fn¬ \n∂v ôkv CuSm-°n-bn-cpt∂m Ct√-sb∂v \ap-°-dn-bn√.

Hcp-]t£, ]Xn-^-e-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw IS-em-kp-

Ifpw Xßƒ Im¿∂p \in-∏n-°p-I-bn-s√∂v Fen-Iƒ Dd∏p sImSp-

Øn-cn°pw!

ap -bn´ ]qh≥tImgn

a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ P¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ°mbp-≠m-bn-cp∂ tImS-Xn-Iƒ

\S-Ønb hn[n-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ]pXp-a-bp-≈Xv 1474˛¬ D≠m-b-XmWv.

kzn‰vk¿e-‚ nse _m¬ \K-c-Øn¬ Hcp ]qh≥tIm-gn -s°-Xnsc

tImSXn-bn¬ tI v h∂p. AXv ap´-bn´p F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cmXn. A°m-

esØ ]m›m-Xy-cpsS ho£-W-Øn-eXv ISpØ ]mX-I-am-bn-cp∂p.

amc-W-°m¿ Xß-fpsS ss]im-NnI e£y-ßƒ°p-th≠n ]qh≥tIm-

gn-bpsS ap´ D]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-s≠∂v P\w ]cs° [cn-®p-t]m-∂n-cp∂p.

Aßs\, tImgn tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cm-°-s∏´p.

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ


tImgn-`mKw h°o¬ tNmZn®p: ""Fs‚ I£n, ]qh≥tImgn

Fßs\-bmWv Cu kw`-h-Øn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-bm-IpI? AXn\v Cu

Ip‰-Øn¬\n∂p amdn\n¬°m≥ Hcp am¿K-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√t√m.''

F∂m¬ tImSXn Cu hmZ-aw-Ko-I-cn-®n√. AXn-\m¬ ]qh≥tImgn

h[-in-£°p hn[n-°-s∏´p. hn[n°v \ymbw ]d-™-Xn-]-Im-c-am-bn-

cp∂p: ""a‰p ]qh≥-tIm-gn-Iƒ°v Hcp ]mT-am-Im≥ th≠n.''

]pgp-°fpw ]Xn-Iƒ

1495˛¬ ^m≥knepw ck-I-c-amb Hcp kw`-h-ap-≠mbn. km≥Pq-

en-b≥ ]tZ-isØ ap¥n-cn-tØm-´-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿ¿ sNSn-Iƒ \in-

∏n-°p∂ ]pgp-°ƒs°-Xnsc tIkv sImSpØp. ap¥n-cn-h≈n \in-∏n-

°p-Ibpw I®-hSw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p,

Ah-bvs°-Xn-cnep≈ Ip‰w. Cu tIkn¬ ]ap-J-cmb c≠v \nb-a-]-

fin-X-∑m¿ ]pgp-°-fpsS `mKØv hmZn®p. AXn-\m¬ ]kvXpX tIkv

\m¬]Xv h¿jw \o≠p-\n∂p. Irjn-°m¿°p Ime-Xm-akw ImcWw

tIkv aSpØp. Ah-km\w ]pgp-°ƒ°v btYjvSw Xn∂p-\-S-°m≥

Hcp ]tZiw ]tXyIw Hgn-®n-Sm-sa∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn-e-h¿ GtIm-]n-

°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv!

Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Sp≈ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw CXc

\mK-cn-I-XIfp-sSbpw kao-]\w kw_-‘n® G-I-tZi NnX-am-WnXv.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X°v Cu cwKØv c≠v khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-s≠∂v

CXv sXfn-bn-°p∂p:

1. Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°v hm¿[-Iyhpw tcmKhpw Ah-i-Xbpw _m[n-

°p-tºmƒ Ahsb kwc-£n-°m\pw ipiq-jn-°m\pw Ah-bpsS

PohnXw `Z-am-°m-\p-ap≈ kmaq-lnI -ÿm-]-\-ßƒ.

2. Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ P¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ°v tImS-Xn-bn√.

ImcWw, Ckvemw Ahsb Ip‰-hn-Nm-c-W-bn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-°n-bn-cn-

°p∂p. B[p-\nI \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ AXv sNbvXXv ]Xn-aq∂v \q‰m-

≠p-Iƒ°p tij-amWv. C]-Imcw Xs∂ Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°n-S-bnse

a’-chpw Ah-tbm-Sp≈ Iqc-Xbpw Ckvemw BZyta Ah-km-\n-∏n-

®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ A°m-eØv tdmanepw Koknepw AsX√mw HutZym-

Kn-I-amb BtLm-j-ß-fpsS `mK-am-bn-cp∂p. kvs]bn-\n¬ Imf-t∏mcv

henb D’-h-ambn C∂pw BtLm-jn-°-s∏-´p-h-cp∂p. a[y-\q-‰m-≠p-

I-fn¬ ]m›m-Xy¿ P¥p-Pm-e-ß-tfm-S-\p-h¿Øn® Iqc-X-bp-sSbpw

\n¿Zb-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-in-jvS-amWv AsX-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√......

127F v

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ

Hcp kap-Zm-bsØ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂Xpw Pohn-°m≥

A¿l-am-°p-∂Xpw temI-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\v tbmKy-am-°p-∂Xpw AXnse

AwK-ß-fpsS Hu∂-Xy-amWv. Ah-cpsS a\pjy kvt\l-]-c-amb kao-

]-\-ßfpw kIe P\-hn-`m-K-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ \∑-\n-d™ s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw

`qan-bnse apgp-h≥ Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ Zbm-hm’-eyhn-Im-c-ß-

fp-amWv. CXn-se-√m-ap≈ DZm-cm-h-ÿ-bmWv \mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS \nXy-

X-bpsS \nZm\w. Ah-bpsS alXz˛]Xn-Xz-ßƒ \n¿W-bn-°p∂ am\-

Z-fihpw Cu taJe-I-fnse kao-]\w Xs∂.

apkvenw kap-Zmbw Cu cwKØv Gsd Db-c-Øn-emWv. AXn\v

aptºm ]ntºm Hcp kaq-lhpw P\-Xbpw Ahn-tS-s°-Øn-bn-´n√. KX-

Ime \mK-cn-I-X-I-fnse Zm\-[¿aßƒ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fnepw hnZym-

ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp∂p. B[p-\nI ]m›mXy kaq-l-

ßƒ kmaqlnI ÿm]-\-ß-fn-eqsS s]mXp ]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ hfsc apt∂m´p t]mbn-´p -s≠-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√.

F∂m¬, ]kvXpX kwcw-`-ßƒ a\pjy kvt\l-]-c-amb hnIm-c-

ß-fm¬ ]tNm-Zn-X-ßtfm ssZh-]oXn ]Xo-£n-®p≈-htbm A√.

adn®v, Ah-cpsS Zm\[¿a-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh\ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw

G‰w i‡-amb t]cIw, t]cpw s]cp-abpw A¥ pw al-Xzhpw

e`n-°m-\p≈ taml-asX. F∂m¬, Ckvem-anI kaq-lsØ \∑

sNøm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv A√m-lp-hns‚ ]o-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]Xo-£-

bmWv. F∂pw F°m-ehpw AX-ß-s\-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. i‡n-bp-

sSbpw al-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw, A[x-]-X-\-Øn-s‚bpw Zu¿_-ey-Øn-s‚bpw

Ah-k-c-ß-fn-sem∂pw AXn-semcp am‰hpw kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√. P\-ßƒ

Xß-fpsS Zm\-[¿a-ßfpw k¬]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Adn-bpt∂m Ct√-

sb-∂Xv apkvenw-Iƒ Hcn-°epw ]iv\-am-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. kp¬Øm≥

kzem -lp -±o≥ Aøq_nbpsS amXr -I -Xs∂ aXn -bmb

sXfn-hmWv. At±lw Xs‚ apgp-h≥ kºØpw \∑-bpsS am¿K-Øn¬

sNe-h-gn®p. kndnb, CuPn]vXv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-ep-S-\ofw ]≈n-Ifpw

]mT-im-e-Ifpw kX-ßfpw ÿm]n®p. Ah-bn-sem-∂n¬t∏mepw

At±lw Xs‚ t]¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn√. adn®v, Xs‚ tk\m-\m-b-I-

∑m-cp-sSbpw a¥n-am-cp-sSbpw klm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw \ma-ß-fmWv Ah-

bn-eqsS imiz-Xo-I-cn -®Xv. \njvIm-ahpw aln-X-hp-amb tkh\

]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ D∂X amXr-I-I-fn-sem-∂m-WnXv.

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ


]m›m-Xy¿ Xß-fpsS [¿a ÿm]-\-ß-fn-e-[n-I-Øn-s‚bpw ]tbm-

P\w kz¥w \m´p-Im¿°pw h¿K-ßƒ°pw ]tZ-i-Øp-Im¿°pw ]cn-

anX-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. F∂m¬, apkvenw kmaqlnI ÿm]-

\-ßƒ Ah-bpsS Ihm-S-ßƒ PmXn˛h¿K˛tZi˛`mjm hyXym-k-

ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn apgp-h≥ a\p-jy¿°pw Xpd-∂n´p sImSp-°p-I-bm-

Wp-≠m-bXv.

C]-Im-cw-Xs∂, Ckvem-anI [¿a- ÿm-]-\-ßfpw kmaqlnI

kwc-`-ß-fpw \∑-bpsS \nc-h[n apJ-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-hbpw kaq-

l-Øns‚ kIe taJ-e-I-fn-sebpw kpc-£n-XXzw km[n-∏n-°p-∂-h-

bp-amWv. ]m›m-Xy¿°v C∂pw Ah-bn¬ ]e tcJ-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Adn-

bp-I-t]m-ep-an√. AXn-\m-e-h-cn¬ AZv`p-Xhpw ]cn-`-ahpw krjvSn-°m≥

t]m-∂-Xm-Wv ]kvXpX hi-ßƒ. amX-a√, Ckvem-anI kaq-l-Øn¬

a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-amb hnIm-c-ßƒ ]q¿W-hpw ]cn-ip-≤hpw ]hn-

im-e-amb koa-I-tfmSp IqSn-bXpam-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah sXfn-bn-

°p∂p. a‰p kap-Zm-b-ßƒs°m∂pw AXns‚ ASp-Øp-t]m-ep-sa-

Øm≥ km[n-®n-´n√.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kph¿W Zi-I-fn¬ [¿a ÿm]-\-

ßfpw kmaqlnI kwcw-`-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≠n-cp∂ \∑-bpsS hnhn[

hi-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºv Cu cwKØv Ckvem-ans‚

ImgvN-∏mSv Fs¥∂v hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-X-\n-hm-cy-amWv. ImcWw,

Ckvem-anI kapZm-bsØ ]tNm-Zn-X-am-°p-Ibpw Ncn-X-Øn¬ kam-

\-X-I-fn-√mØ kmaq-lnI kwcw-`-ß-fpsS ÿm]-\-ßƒ°-hsc t]cn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Ah-bmWv.

Zmcn-ZysØ kw_-‘n® kw`m¥n P\n-∏-n°p∂ ss]im-NnI

hnIm-c-ß-sfbpw ]nip-°ns‚ t]c-I-ß-sfbpw ]ngp-sX-dn-™p-sIm-

≠mWv Ckvemw a\p-jys\ \∑-sN-øm≥ £Wn-°p-∂Xv. [\-hy-b-

Øn\v t]cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""]nimNv

\nßsf Zmcn-ZysØ-∏‰n t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \oN-hr-Øn-Iƒ°v t]cn-

∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. A√m-lp-hm-Is´, X∂n¬\n-∂p≈ am∏pw HuZm-

cyhpw \nßƒ°v hmKvZm\w sNøp∂p. AXn-hn-im-e\pw kq£va-⁄-

\p-asX A√mlp.'' (2:268)

Ckvemw [\nI˛ZcnZ hyXym-k-an-√msX apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-tcmSpw

\∑ sNøm≥ I¬]n-°p∂p; [\n-I≥ Xs‚ kzØp-]-tbm-Kn®pw Zcn-

Z≥ Xs‚ a\ pw \mhpw ssIIm-ep-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®pw. \∑-bp-

sSbpw t£a-Øn-s‚bpw am¿K-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw kw`m-h-\-I-f¿∏n-

°m≥ km[n-°mØ Bcpw Ckvem-anI \mK-cnI-X-bn-ep-≠m-hn√.

""kº-∂¿ kzØv Zm\w sNøp∂p; [\-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Xßƒ°v

129Zm\w sNøm≥ km[y-a√; AXn-\m¬ ]W-°m¿ ]pWy-Øns‚ Imcy-

Øn¬ Xßsf ap≥I-S-°p∂p''˛ ZcnZ¿ ]hm-NIt\mSv ]cm-Xn-s∏´p.

At∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v Ahsc Adn-bn®p: ""\∑-sN-ø¬ [\-hy-b-

Øn¬amXw ]cn-an-X-a√; P\-ßƒ°v ]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-b-h-sb√mw

k¬]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fmWv.''

\_n ]d™p: ""F√m ssZh-Io¿Ø-\-ßfnepw \nßƒ°v [¿a-

ap≠v. \∑ I¬]n-°¬, Xn∑ \ntcm-[n-°¬, hgn-bn¬ \n∂v D]-Zhw

\o°¬, c≠p t]¿°n-S-bn¬ k‘n-bp-≠m-°¬, Hcmsf Abm-fpsS

hml-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ klm-bn -°¬ ˛F√mw Zm\-amWv.''

(_pJmcn, apkvenw)

Cßs\ sXmgn-emfn, hym]mcn, hnZym¿Yn, A[ym-]-I≥, I¿j-

I≥, kvXo, hr≤≥, Zp¿_-e≥, A‘≥, hnI-emw-K≥ XpSßn

Gh¿°pw [¿aØn¬ ]¶p hln-°m≥ km[n-°p-amdv Ckvemw

AXns‚ hrØw hnim-e-am-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬ \∑bpw

t£ahpw hcp-Øm≥ hyK-X-bp≈ B¿°pw AXn¬ ]¶m-fn-bmhmw.

kmº-Øn-Im-hÿ ]iv\-ta-b√.

Ckvemw PmXn˛aX˛tZi˛`mjm-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ°-Xo-X-ambn apgp-

h≥ a\p-jy¿°pw \∑ sNø-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-in-°p∂p. AXp-hgn

apkvenw a\- ns\ kI-e-tcm-Sp-ap≈ kvt\l-hn-Im-c-Øns‚ kap-∂-

Xm-h-ÿ-bn-te-°p-b¿Øp∂p. ]hm-N-I≥ ]d™p: ""krjvSn-I-sf√mw

ssZh-Øns‚ Bin-X-cmWv. Xs‚ Bin-X¿°v G‰-hp-a-[nIw D]-

Imcw sNøp-∂-h-sc-bmWv A√mlp G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ CjvS-s∏-SpI.''

(Xz_vdm-\n, A_vZp¿-d- mJv)

\∑bpw D]-Im-chpw sNøp-∂-h¿°p-X-s∂-bm-W-h-bpsS t\´w

e`n°p-I-sb∂ ]Jym-]-\-Ø-neqsS Ckvemw a\p-jy-a-\- ns\

kmaqlnI tkh\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t]cn-∏n-°p∂p. DØa hrØn-

Iƒ as‰-√m-‰n\pw apsº AXns‚ I¿Øm-hn-te°v aS-ßn-h-cp-sa∂v

AXv apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-tcbpw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p. Zm\-[¿a-ßƒ A√m-lp-

hns‚ ]Xn-^-ehpw s]mcp-Øhpw kvt\lhpw kvXpXnbpw t\Sn-s°m-

Sp-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-WnXv km[n-X-am-hpI. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p:

""\nßƒ h√ [\hpw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv \nß-fpsS \∑-

°p-th-≠nØs∂bmWv.'' (2:272)

""Bsc-¶nepw k¬°¿aw sNbvXm¬ AXns‚ \∑ Ah-\p-X-s∂-

bm-Wv.'' (41:46)

a\p-jy-\n¬ sshb-‡nI hnIm-chpw kzm¿Y-Nn-¥-bp-apt-≈-S-tØm-fw-

Imew as‰-¥n-s\-°m-fp-a-[nIw Ah≥ kvt\ln-°pI Xs∂-Ø-s∂-

bmWv. ÿm\w \¬IpI kz¥w t\´-ßƒ°pw. F¶nepw Ckvem-

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ


ans‚ Cu ssien°v am\-h-a-\- n¬ \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o-\-ap-s≠-∂-

Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. AXn-eqsS ep_v[≥ DZm-c-\m-Ip∂p. ]nip-°≥ Zm\-

io-e-\m-hp∂p. [\w kaq-l-Øn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p. kºØv P\-

ßƒ°p-th≠n hybw sNøp-∂-Xn\v k¥m-\-ßfpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw

hnLm-X-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. Ckvemw ]Jym-]n-°p∂p: ""A√m-lp-hn\v

DØ-a-amb ISw-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Bcp≠v? F¶n¬ AXns\ Ah≥ Cc-

ń-bmbn h¿[n-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv. Ipd®p \¬Ip-∂Xpw IqSp-X¬

sImSp-°p-∂Xpw A√m-lp-hsX'' (2:245). Cu hnip-≤-hm-Iy-a-h-X-cn-®-

t∏mƒ A_p±lvZm-lv F∂ kzlm_n tNmZn®p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚

ZqXtc, A√m-lp- Xs‚ ASn-a-I-fn¬ \n∂p IS-sa-Sp-°p-Itbm?''

At∏mƒ ]hm-N-I≥ ]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""AsX.'' DSs\ At±lw

\_ntbmSv Ahn-SpsØ ssI\o´m\mh-iy-s∏´p. Aßs\ Xs‚ GI

kº-Ømb tXm´w Zm\w sNbvX-Xn\v Xncp-ta-\nsb km£n-\n¿Øn.

B DZym-\-Øn¬, Imbv°p∂ Fgp-\qdv Cu¥-∏-\-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

]n∂oSv At±lw Xs‚ kl-[¿an-Wnsb kao-]n®p. Ah¿ Ipń-I-

tfm-sSm-∂n®v ]kvXpX tXm´-Øn¬ Dem-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. At±lw

Ah-tcmSv Xm≥ sNbvX Zm\sØ kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-a-dn-bn®p. DSs\

Ahcpw Ipń-Ifpw B DZym-\-tØmSv hnS-]-d™p. B kvXo Xs‚

]nb-X-a-t\mSv ]d™p: ""A√mlp Xm¶-fpsS I®-hSw em`-I-c-am-°n-

Ø-cs´.''

""\nßƒ°v ]nb-¶-c-am-b-Xn¬\n∂v sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc \nßƒ

]pWyw ]m]n-°p-I-bns√''∂v ]cn-ip≤ hN\w(3:92) Ah-Xo¿W-am-

b-t∏mƒ A_q- Xz¬lX¬ A≥kzmcn ]Jym-]n®p: ""A√m-lp-hns‚

ZqXtc, F\n-t°-‰hpw ]nb-¶-c-amb [\w [mcmfw ip≤Pew e`n-

°p∂ ss_d-lm-bmWv. Rm\Xv ssZh-am¿K-Øn¬ Zm\w sNøp∂p.

Ahs‚ ASp-°¬ AXns‚ ]Xn-^-ehpw ]pWyhpw ]Xo-£n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Aß-°Xv CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ssIImcyw

sNøm-hp-∂-XmWv.'' At∏mƒ Ahn-Sp∂v Acpƒ sNbvXp: ""th≠,

th≠. AXv Xm¶ƒt°sd ]tbm-P-\-ap≈ kzØmWv. AXn-\m¬

InW¿ kz¥w DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ kq£n-°pI. AXnse sh≈w A√m-

lphns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ Zm\w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpI'' (X^vkodp C_v\n

Iko¿). Cu Zm\-am-bn-cp∂p Ckvem-anse BZysØ hJv^v. ChnsS

\n∂mWv "hJv^v' Bcw-`n-®Xv. kmº-Øn-Im-kvXn-tbmSp IqSnb

kmaqlnI ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v XpS°wIpdn-®Xpw AXn-eqsSØs∂.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ kmaqlnI-t£a kwcw-`-

ßƒ ÿm]n-X-amb B[m-c-ine "hJv^m'Wv.

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ apl-ΩZv \_n apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn\p DZm-Ø-

amb amXrI ImgvN-sh-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Ønse

131t]mcm-fn-I-fn-sem-cmƒ Xs‚ ac-W-k-a-bØv \_n°v Xs‚ CjvSm-

\ p

-k-cWw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\mbn Ggp tXm´-ßƒ hkzn-øØv sNøp-I-

bp-≠mbn. Ahn-Sp∂v Ah-sb√mw AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw Ai-c-W¿°pw

ZcnZ-¿°pw tbm≤m-°ƒ°pw-th≠n hJv^v sNøp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

]n∂oSv Da-dp¬ ^mdqJv A°m-cy-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb A\p-[m-h\w

sNbvXp. At±lw ssJ_-dnse Xs‚ `qan hJv^v sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v

a‰p kzlm-_n-Ifpw AtX amXrI ]n¥p-S¿∂p. A_q-_-Iv¿, Dkvam≥,

Aen, kpss_¿, apBZv XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw Xß-fpsS kzØp-°ƒ

hJv^v sNøp-I-bp-≠mbn. Xs‚ kº-Øn¬ \n∂v Fs¥-¶nepw

hJv^v sNømØ H‰ kzlm_n t]mep-an-√mØ ÿnXn-h∂p. Da-dp¬

^mdqJns‚ `c-W-Im-eØv Cu ]Inb Bh¿Øn-°-s∏´p. At±lw

Jeo-^-bm-bn-cns° Xs‚ `qan hJv^v sNbvXp. aplm-Pn-dp-I-fn¬

\n∂pw A≥kzm-dp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ambn Hcp kwLsØ £Wn-®p-h-cpØn

AXn\v km£n \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ Pm_n-dp_v\p

A_vZn -√m-ln¬ A≥kzmcn ]d™p: ""Zm\w sNø-s∏-Sp -Itbm

hn¬°s∏-Sp-Itbm A\-¥-c-sa-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøm-Ø-hn[w [\w

hJv^v sNømØ Bscbpw kmº-Øn-I-ti-jn-bp≈ A≥kzm-dp-I-

fp-sSbpw aplm-Pn-dp-I-fp-sSbpw Iq´-Øn¬ F\n-°-dn-bn√.''

apkvenw kap -Zmbw Xe-apd Xe-ap -d -I -fmbn Cu Ncy

XpS¿∂pt]m∂p. \ne-ßƒ, tXm´-ßƒ, hoSp-Iƒ, Im¿jn-tIm-¬]-∂-

ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw k¬]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn hJv^v sNbvXp-sIm-

≠n-cp∂p. AXn∂pw XpS-cp∂p. hJv^p-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

At\Iw kmaq-lnI t£a kwcw`-ßfpw [¿aÿm-]-\-ßfpw cq]w-

sIm≠p. Ah FX-sb∂v I-W-°m-°p-I-t]mepw km[y-a√.

Cu kmaq -lnI-t£a kwcw -` -ßfpw [¿a -ÿm-] -\ -ßfpw

s]mXpsh c≠p-X-c-amWv˛ cmjvSw ap≥ssI-sb-SpØv ÿm]n-°p-∂-

hbpw hy‡n-I-fp-≠m-°p-∂-hbpw. Ah hnhn-[-bn-\-ß-fn¬ hym]n-®p-

[¿aÿm]-\-ßƒ


In-S-°p∂p. AØcw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw hJv-^p-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®

kw£n]vX hnh-c-Ww-t]mepw ZpjvI-c-asX. AXn-\m¬ kp]-[m-\-

amb Nne-bn-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®v amX-an-hnsS ]cm-a¿in°mw.

1. [¿aÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ ]Y-ahpw ][m-\-hp-ambh ]≈n-I-fmWv.

A√m-lp-hns‚ ]Xn-êw ]Xo-£n®v Ah-bpsS \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn

hnizm-kn-Iƒ Al-a-l-an-Ibm apt∂m´p hcp∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w `c-

Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xßƒ ÿm]n-°p∂ ]≈n-I-fpsS hen-∏-Øn-s‚bpw

Kmwò-cy-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®n-cp∂p. heo-Zp_v\p

A_vZn-¬a-enIv Pman-D¬ Da-hn-ø-bpsS ÿm]-\-Øn-\v koam-Xo-X-amb

kzØv sNe-h-gn® hkvXp-X-Xs∂ CXn\v aXn-bmb sXfn-hmWv.

AXns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\v hn\n-tbm-Kn® [\-sØbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-

sfbpw kw_-‘n®v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ AZv`p-Xhpw Ahn-izm-khpw

tXm∂n-tb°pw.

2. ]mT-im-e-Ifpw Bip-]-Xn-Ifpw [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ kp]-

[m-\-amb ÿm\ØmWv. Ahsb kw_-‘n® Hc-[ymbw hgnsb

hcp-∂p≠v.

3. Zcn-Z-cmb AK-Xn-Iƒ°pw hgn-bm-X-°m¿°pw A`-b-tI-µ-am-

bn-Øo-cp∂ kX-ßfpw s]mXp t`mP-\-im-e-Ifpw. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v

Ah¿°v Blm-chpw hnia kuI-cy-ßfpw e`n-°p∂p.

4. k¿h-kwK ]cn-Xym-Kn-I-fmbn Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ apgp-Ip∂ `‡-

∑m¿°mbp≈ hmk-ÿ-e-ßfpw ]¿W-im-e-Ifpw ]ucm-WnI

apkvenw-Iƒ \n¿an® [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp∂p.

5. hoSv hmS-I-s°-Sp-°mt\m hmßmt\m km[n-°mØ Zcn-Z-∑m¿°p-

th-≠n-bp≈ ]tXyI ]m¿∏n-S-ßƒ.

6. s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°p-th≠n hgn-I-fn¬sh®p \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂

]m\ob hnX-cW tIµ-ßƒ.

7. sXmgn-en-√m-Ø-h¿°mbn sdmń, amwkw, leph t]mep≈h

hnX-cWw sNøp∂ t`mP-\-im-e-Iƒ. kp¬Øm≥ keo-an-s‚bpw

133ssiJv apln-bn-±o-s‚bpw ImeØv Bcw-`n® CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ

ASpØ Imew-hsc \ne-\n-∂p-hcn-I-bp-≠m-bn.

8. a°-bn¬ lmPn-am¿°mbn ÿm]n® hoSp-Iƒ. A√m-lp-hns‚

`h\-Øn-te°v Xo¿YbmX sNøp-∂-h¿ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

a° apgp-h≥ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-amdv Cu hoSp-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bsX. a°-

bnse hoSp-Iƒ°v l÷vIm-eØv hmSI CuSm-°m≥ ]mSn-s√-∂p-

t]mepw ]e ]fin-X-∑mcpw ]d-™n-´p≠v. ImcWw, AhnsS D≠m-

bn-cp-∂h ê-Øn¬ lmPn-amsc Dt±-in®v Ah¿°p-th≠n hJv^v

sNø-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp∂p.

9. bmX-°m¿, I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-

°mbn acp-`q-an-bn¬ \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂ s]mXp InW-dp-Iƒ, a°°pw

_KvZm-Zn-\p-an-S-bnepw aZo-\°pw Za-kvI-kn-\p-an-S-bnepw CØcw \nc-

h[n InW-dp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX, Ckvem-anI cmjvS-Ønse

][m\ Xe-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw Kma-ß-fnepw [mcmfw

s]mXp-In-W-dp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ A°m-eØv bmX-°m¿

Fhn-sS-t∏m-bmepw Zmlw-aqew H´pw ]bm-k-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

10. sshtZ-in-Im-I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \mSns\ c£n-°m-\p≈

ssk\n-I-Øm-h-f-ßƒ. A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ AS-cm-Sp-∂-

h¿°m-bn-amXw ]tXyIw \n¿an® CØcw \nc-h[n [¿a-ÿm-]-\-

ßƒ apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AhnsS tbm≤m-°ƒ°m-h-iy-amb Bbp-

[-ßƒ, a‰p ]S-t°m-∏p-Iƒ, Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ XpSßn Ah¿°-

\n-hm-cy-am-b-h-sb√mw e`n-®n-cp∂p. A∫m-knbm `c-W-Im-eØv tdma-

°m-cpsS ]S-tbm-´sØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xnepw kndn-b-bnepw CuPn-

]vXnepw Ipcnip tbm≤m-°sf t\cn-Sp-∂-Xnepw Cu ssk\n-I-Øm-h-

f-ßƒ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

11. A√m-lp-hns‚ am¿K-Øn¬ s]mcp-Xp-∂-h¿°v Bbp-[-ßƒ

hJv^v sNø¬, Aºp-Iƒ, hmfp-Iƒ, hml-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

C∆n[w hJv^v sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv bpt≤m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS

\n¿amW-im-e-I-fp -≠m-°p-∂-Xnepw Ah-bpsS hyh-km-b-ßƒ

hf¿∂ph∂-Xnepw CØcw hJv^p-Iƒ kp]-[m-\-amb ]¶v hln-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ipcn-ip-bp-≤°m-eØv ]m›m-Xy¿ apkvenw \mSp-I-

fn-te°v Bbp-[-ßƒ hmßm≥ hcnI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬,

iXp-°ƒ°v Bbp-[-hn¬]\ \S-Øp-∂Xv \njn-≤-am-sW∂v \ΩpsS

]fin-X-∑m¿ hn[n ]kvXm-hn-®n-cp∂p.

F∂m-en∂v F√mw Iogvta¬ adn-™n-cn-°p∂p. \mw Bbp-[-

ßƒ°v ]m›m-Xy-cpsS apºn¬ t]mbn ssI\oń bmNn-°p-I-bmWv.

\ΩpsS kzmX-¥yhpw Bflm-`n-am-\hpw l\n-°p∂ \n_-‘-\-I-tfm-

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ


sS-b-√msX Ah¿ \ap°v Bbp-[-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-an√.

12. ssk\n-I-s®-e-hp-Iƒ hln-°m≥ k¿°m-dn\v km[n-°msX

hcp-tºmƒ ]kvXpX Bh-iym¿Yw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ hJv^p-Iƒ.

Ah-bnse hcp-am-\-ßƒ ssZhn-I-am¿K-Øn¬ s]mcp-Xm≥ Xøm-dp≈

tbm≤m-°ƒ°p-th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬, kz¿K-am-K-

ln®v kz¥sØ A√m-lp-hn\v hn¬°m≥ k∂-≤-cm-hp-∂-h¿s°√mw

ssZhn-I-am¿K-Ønse kacw km[yhpw kpJ-I-c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.

13. tdmUp-Iƒ, DuSp-h-gn-Iƒ, ]me-ßƒ t]mep-≈-h-bpsS \n¿am-

W-Øn\pw kwc-£-W-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ hJv^p-Iƒ.

14. s]mXp-iva-im-\-ambp-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ hy‡n-Iƒ Zm\w sNøp∂

ÿe-ßƒ.

15. Zcn-Z-cp-sSbpw A\m-Y-cp-sSbpw AK-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw P\mk

kwkvI-cW sNe-hp-Iƒ°m-bp≈ hJv^p-Iƒ.

16. kmaqlnI tkh-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. A\m-Y-

I-fp-sSbpw Ahn-hn-X-_-‘-Øn¬ P\n® -k-¥-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-

W-Øn\pw in£-W-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ CØcw \nc-h[n ÿm]-\-

ßƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv \ap-°n∂p Gsd B›-cy-I-c-am-bn-

tØm-∂n-tb°mw.

17. A‘-∑m¿, hnI-emw-K¿, Ah-i¿ t]mep-≈-h¿°p-th≠n \S-

Ø-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ. Xmakw, `£Ww, hkvXw, hnZym-`ymkw

XpSßn Ah-cpsS apgp-h≥ Bh-iy-ßfpw AhnsS \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-´p-

t]m-∂n-cp∂p. hfsc am\y-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv Ah-c-hn-S-ß-fn¬

Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv.

18. XS-hp-]p-≈n-Iƒ°pth-≠n-bp≈ t£a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ. Ah-cpsS

PohnX \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm\pw `£Ww sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw BtcmKy

kwc-£-W-Øn\pw CØcw kwcw-`-ß-fn-eqsS km[n-®n-cp∂p.

19. hnI-emw-Kscbpw, A‘-∑m¿scbpw tk\-hn-°p-∂-h¿°p th≠n-

bp≈ hJv-^p-Iƒ. Ah-bnse hcp-am\w Ah-isc tkhn-°p-∂-h¿°p

th≠n-bmWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

20. hnhm-l-aqeyw \¬Im\pw a‰p Ieym-Wm-h-iy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-

°m\pw am¿K-an-√m-Ø-hsc klm-bn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ. ZcnZ bph-

Xo-bp-hm-°-fpsS hnhm-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kmº-ØnI kuI-cy-ßƒ

\n¿h-ln-®p-t]m∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ F¥p-amXw ]tbm-P-\-]-

Zhpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-a√! Ah-bnse ImcpWy hnImcw B¿°m-W-h-K-

Wn-°m≥ IgnbpI?

21. amXr-kw-c-£W ÿm]-\-ßƒ. Ah \m´nse DΩ-am¿°v

135ap´bpw ]mepw ]©-km-cbpw hnX-cWw \S-ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.

Ah \ΩpsS \mńse ]m¬hn-X-cW tIµ-ß-sf-°mƒ Bkq-Xn-X-

ßfpw ê-]-Z-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. A√m-lp-hns‚ ]oXn-amXw ]Xo-

£n®v amXm-°-fpsS kwc-£-Wm¿Yw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp∂p

Ah. kp¬Øm≥ kzem-lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n-bpsS aln-X-amb kw`m-h-

\-I-fn¬, a[p-cw-tN¿Ø ip≤-P-ehpw ]mepw hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp∂

c≠p kw`-c-Wn-I-fpƒs∏-Sp∂p. Xs‚ tIm´-bpsS hmXn¬°-em-Wh

ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. ZakvI-kn-en∂pw B Ncy XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂p. BgvN-

bn¬ c≠v XhW amXm-°-sf√mw Ahn-sS-s®∂v Xßƒ°m-h-iy-amb

]mepw ]©-km-cbpw hmßn-s°m-≠p-hcnI ]Xn-hmWv.

22. Ipń-I-fpsS at\m-hn-j-a-a-I-‰m-\p≈ ÿm]-\-ßƒ. hnhn[ Bh-

iym¿Yw ]mX-ßƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Ipń-I-fpsS ssII-fn¬ \n∂h

hoWp-S-™m¬ ]Icw \¬In-bn-cp∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ FX

al-Ømb hm’ey˛ImcpWy hnIm-c-sØ-bmWv ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

23. Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°m-bp≈ ÿm]-\-ßƒ. Ah°v Blmcw

\¬Ip-∂-Xnepw tcmKw _m[n-®m¬ NnIn-’n-°p-∂-Xnepw Ah-iX

_m[n-°p-tºmƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xnepw CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ i≤n-

®p-t]m∂p. C∂v Za-kvI-knse ap≥kn-∏¬ Ifn-ÿew ÿnXn-sN-

øp∂ "A¬ad-Pp¬ AJvZ¿' Ah-i-amb H´-I-ß-sfbpw a‰p Poh-Pm-

e-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS A¥yw-hsc kwc-£n-°m-\mbn hJv^v sNø-

s∏´ `qan-bmWv.

Cßs\ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS XW-en¬ \ne-hn¬h∂

[¿a-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ap∏-tXmfw C\-ß-fn¬ hym]n®pInS-°p∂p. ChnsS

]cm-a¿in-®h Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ amX-amWv. GsX-¶nepw ]pcm-

X\ kaq-l-Øn¬ CXn\v kam-\-amb kwcw-`-ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥

B¿°mWv Ign-bpI? \mw Cchv hmßm≥ shº¬ ImWn-°p∂

]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X-bn-en∂pw Ah-bn¬ ]e-Xn\pw kZr-itam

Xpeytam Bb H∂p-an-s√-∂-Xt√ kXyw!

temIw apgp-h≥ A⁄-X-bnepw A‘-Im-c-Ønepw Ai-≤-bnepw

B]-Xn-®n-cns°, \ma-h-ew-_n® A\-iz-c-X-bpsS am¿K-aXmWv. \ma-

Xn¬ X\n-®p-amWv. ZpxJ-Ønepw Zpcn-X-Ønepw ]oU-\-Øn-epw-s]´

am\-h-cm-in°v tamN-\-ta-Inb A\-izc am¿K-asX AXv.

F∂m¬, \man∂v kzbw sXc-s™-SpØ am¿KtaXv? A\m-Y-I-

fpsS IÆo¿°-W-ßƒ H∏n-sb-Sp -Øn-cp∂ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ B

ssII-sf-hnsS? hWn-X-Nn-Ø-ßƒ°v Bizmkw ]I¿∂n-cp-∂-h-

sc-hnsS? \ΩpsS kaqlsØ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-X-am-°p∂, AXnse

F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw \∑bpw kpJhpw t£ahpw am\y-Xbpw \n¿`-

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ


b-Xzhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂, B am¿K-an-s∂-hnsS?

137HºXv

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, cmPm-°-∑m¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, ]fin-X-∑m¿, t\Xm-

°-∑m¿, ]W-°m¿ F∂n-h-sc√mw sNbvX AkwJyw hJv-^p-I-fp-]-

tbm-Kn®v ÿm]n® ]mT-im-e-Iƒ IW-°m-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w IqSp-

X-esX. Ckvem-anI temIØv Hc‰w apX¬ at‰-b‰w hsc, Zi-°-

W-°n\v A[ym-]-I¿ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ At\Iw hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-√mØ \K-

ctam Kmatam ImW-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]mcw` Zi-bn¬ ]≈n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p

]mT-im-e-Iƒ. Ah tIhew Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ amX-am-bn-cp-∂n√;

FgpØv, hmb\, Jp¿-B≥, `mj, \nb-a-imkvXw XpS-ßn-bh A`y-

kn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ hnZym-e-b-ßƒIq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv ]≈n-I-tfmSv

tN¿∂v Ah-bpsS ]m¿iz-ß-fn¬ ]mY-anI ]mT-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-

ambn. C∂sØ ]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°v kam-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ah.

Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Ønepw hmb-\-bnepw Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-b-W-Ønepw

]cn-io-e\w \¬In-t∏m∂p. IqSmsX Ad-_n-`mjm ]cn-⁄m-\hpw

KWn-X-im-kvXhpw AhnsS A`y-kn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. ]≈n-I-tfmSp tN¿∂v

CØcw At\Iw ]mT-im-e-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C_v\p-lu-J-ens‚ IW-

°-\p-k-cn®v knknen-bnse Hscm‰ \K-c-Øn¬ amXw ap∂q-sd-Æ-ap-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw \qdpIW-°n\pw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\pw

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p ]Tn-°m≥ km[n-°p-amdv hnim-e-ßfpw hen-b-h-bp-

am-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ ]mT-im-e-bn¬ amXw ap∆m-bncw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]Tn-

®n-cp-∂-Xmbn A_p¬Jm-kn-an¬ _¬Kn Xs‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Igp-X-∏p-d-Øn-cp∂v hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS Np‰n-

°-dßn ta¬t\m´w\S-Øp-amdv hnim-e-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚

hnZym-ebw.

]n∂oS,v ]≈n-I-tfm-Spw D]-cyp‡ ]mT-im-e-I-tfm-Sp-a-\p-_-‘n®v

\ΩpsS ImesØ sk°-≠dn kvIqfn-t\mSv kam-\-amb D∂X hnZym-

`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ \ne-hn¬h∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fn-se√mw hnZym-`ymkw

kuP-\y-am-bn-cp∂p. kaq-l-Øns‚ kIe Xe-ß-fn-sebpw Bfp-I-

fpsS k¥m-\-ßƒ AhnsS kw_-‘n-°pI km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p.

C∂-sØ-t∏mse hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ôkv CuSm-°p∂ ]Xnhv

A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F∂√, Hcp-Xcw kmº-ØnI _m[y-Xbpw Ah-

cp-sS-ta¬ Npa-Øn-bn-cp-∂n√. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ hnZym-`ymkw GsX-

¶nepw ]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn-\p-amXw ]cn-an-X-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. kaq-l-

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ


Øns‚ F√m X´p-I-fn-ep-ap≈ apgp-h≥ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-°m≥

Ah-kcw e`n-®n-cp∂p. kº∂-cp-sSbpw D∂-X-cp-sSbpw a°ƒ°v amX-

am-bp≈ hnZym-e-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂¿Yw. AXn-\m¬ Ipt_-c-]p-

X-t\m-sSmØv ]mh-s∏-´-hs‚ Ipńbpw h¿ØI ]am-Wn-bpsS aI-

t\m-sSmØv sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS k¥m-\hpw tN¿∂n-cp∂v ]Tn-°pI k¿h-

km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p.

A°m-eØv hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ c≠p hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p. ]mT-im-e-I-

fn¬ Xma-kn-®p ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cpw Znhtk\ h∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-hcpw. ]c-tZ-

in-Ifpw ]nXm-°-∑msc Bi-bn®v Pohn-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-hn[w

kmº-ØnI ]cm-[o-\-X-bp-≈-h-cp-amWv Xma-kn-®p-]-Tn-®n-cp-∂Xv. a‰p-

≈-h¿ cmhnse ]mT-im-e-I-fn¬ h∂v sshIp-t∂cw kz¥w hoSp-I-fn-

tet°m _‘p-`h-\ß-fn-tet°m Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv.

Ccp-hn-`m-K-Øn\pw hnZym-`ymkw kuP-\y-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v amX-a√;

Xma-kn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-h-cpsS `£-Whpw Xma-khpw hkvXhpw NnIn-

’bpw ]mtTym-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-apƒs∏sS F√m sNe-hp-Ifpw hln-®n-

cp-∂Xv ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv. AXn-\m¬ ]mT-im-e-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Bcm-

[-\m-e-b-ßƒ°p ]pdsa hmb-\m-apdn, Xma-k-ÿ-e-ßƒ, KŸm-ebw,

Ipfn-∏p-c-Iƒ, ASp-°f, t`mP-\-ime F∂n-h-sb√mw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

IqSmsX ]e ]mT-im-e-I-tfmSpw tN¿∂v s]mXp Ifn-ÿ-e-ßfpw

ImbnI hnt\mZ kuI-cy-ßfpw ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. Hcp-Im-eØv

Ckvem-an-I-temIw apgps° \nd™p \n∂n-cp∂ CØcw hnZym-e-b-

ß-fpsS amXr-I-Iƒ \ap-°n∂pw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. ]apJ tbm≤m-

hm-bn-cp∂ Camw \qdp-±o≥ iloZv ÿm]n® ZakvI-knse "aZvd-k-Xp-

∂q-cnø' C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠v. "kqJp¬ Jbm-Xzo\n'emWv AXn-

t∏mƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. Ckvem-anI \mK-cnI-X-bpsS kph¿W

ImesØ hnZym-eb kwhn-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kn-s‚bpw

Pohn -°p∂ amXrI \ap°Xv C∂pw \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn -°p∂p.

lnPvdm_vZw Ggmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ ]apJ k©mcn

C_v\p-Pp-ss_¿ AhnSw kµ¿in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXp-I≠v B›-

cy-`cn-X-\mb At±-l-sa-gpXn: ""temI-Ønse G‰hpw at\m-l-c-amb

hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv \qdp-±o≥ ÿm]n® ]mT-ime. AsXmcp

hnZym-e-b-am-sW∂v ]d-™m¬ Ahn-iz-k-\o-bX tXm∂pw. AXnat\m-

l-c-am-sbmcp cmP-Iob sIm´m-c-am-WXv. AXnse Pe-hn-X-cW coXn-

t]mepw B›-cy-P\y-amWv.''

Ime-ssZ¿Lyw ]kvXpX ÿm]-\sØ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚

]e hi-ßfpw ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v.

F∂n´pw C∂pw Ahn-SsØ sIń-S-ßfpw ¢mkv -ap-dn-Ifpw ]≈nbpw

A[ym-]-I-cpsS hnia apdnbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p≠v. Ãm^vdqw k¿hI-

139em-imem A[ym-]-I-cpsS apdn°v kam-\-amWv. ][m-\m[ym-]-I≥

IpSpw-_-k-taXw Xma-kn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hoSpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS

tlmkv‰epw A[ym-]-tIXc Poh-\-°m-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fp-sa√mw

Ct∏mgpw ImWmw. AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≠m-bn-cp∂ t`mP-\-im-ebpw

ASp-°-fbpw, ]®-°-dn-Ifpw a‰p `£-W-km-[-\-ßfpw kq£n-®n-cp∂

tÃm¿dq-ap-sa√mw ]cn-k-c-hm-kn-Iƒ s]mfn-®p-am-‰n-bn-cn-°p∂p. GX¿Y-

Ønepw \qdp-±o≥ ÿm]n® Cu hnZym-ebw ]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ ]mT-

im-e-Isf kw_-‘n® hy‡-amb NnXw \¬Im≥ ]cy-m]vXamWv.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ Ae-t∏m-hnse iA-v-_m-\nø, Dkvam-\nø, Jkz-

vd-hnø F∂o ]mT-im-e-I-fnepw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°m≥ tlmÃ-

ep-Ifpw ]Tn-°m≥ ]tXyI lmfp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. BZy-Im-eØv

Cu hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v `£Ww \¬In-bn-cp∂p.

]n∂oSv amkm¥w `£-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb \n›nX kwJy Ae-

h≥kmbn \¬Im≥ XpSßn.

]pcm-X\ ImesØ ]mT-im-e-I-fpsS Ah-ÿ-Iƒ A\m-h-cWw

sNøm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb hnZym-ÿm-]-\-amWv A¬-A-kvl¿ k¿h-I-

em-ime. AsXmcp henb ]≈n-bmWv. AXnse hnhn[ lmfp-I-fn¬

]T-\-¢m-kp-Iƒ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂p. AXns‚ Np‰pw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v Xma-

kn-°m-\p≈ apdn-I-fmWv. dphmJv (Xºv) F∂ t]cn-em-Wh Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv. AhnsS Hmtcm \mSp-I-fn-sebpw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS

Iq´p-Im-tcm-sSm-∂n®v Xma-kn-°p∂p. Aßs\ kndn-b-°m¿ Hcp

"dphmJn'epw samtdmt°m hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ as‰mcp "dphmJn'epw Xp¿°n-

Iƒ thsdmcp "dphmJn'epw Ign-bp-∂p. Hmtcm \m´p-Im¿°pw ]tXyIw

]tXyIw "dphmJp'Ifp-s≠-∂¿Yw. kuP\y hnZym-`ym-k-tØm-sSm∏w

Akvl¿ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°n∂pw kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Iƒ \¬I-s∏-Sp∂p.

AhnsS ]Tn°p-∂-h¿°p th≠n ]tXyIw hJv^v sNø-s∏-´-h-bnse

hcp-am-\-am-WXn\p hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.

]mT-im-e-I-sf-∏-‰n-sb-∂-t]m-se-Øs∂ A[ym-]-Icpw Ah-cpsS

Ah-ÿ-Ifpw iº-f-ÿn-Xn-bp-sa√mw hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°-s∏-

tS-≠-Xp≠v. Ahn-SsØ ][m-\m[ym-]-I¿ ]apJ ]fin-X-∑mcpw

hnJymX hy‡n-Xz-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ ImesØ ]apJ ]mT-

im-e-I-fn¬ A[ym]\ hrØn \n¿h-ln-®n-cp∂ ]ikvX ]fin-X-

∑m-cpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ \ap°v Camw-\-hhn, C_v\p- z-emlv, A_q-imax,

XJnbp-±o-\n- p_vIn, Cam-Zp-±o-\n_v\p -I-ko¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc-sb√mw

ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah-sc√mw Za-kvI-knse lZokv ]T-\-tI-µ-

Ønse A[ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. C]-Imcw Xs∂ Camw K men,

iodmkn, Cam-ap¬l-dssa\n, A√mam imkm_n, JXzo_pØz-

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ


_vcokn, Jkvho\n, ss^dq-km-_mZn t]mep≈ ]K-¬`-∑m¿ _KvZm-

Znse "aZvd-k-Xp-∂n-fm-anø'bnse Kpcp-h-cy-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cßs\

t]mIp∂p Cu ]ńI.

BZy-Im-eØv Kpcp-h-cy-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS A[ym-]\hrØn°p ]Xn-

êw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. ]n∂oSv Imew apt∂m´p t]mhp-Ibpw \mK-

cn-IX hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah°v

hJv-^p-Iƒ \¬I-s∏-Sp -Ibpw sNbvX-t∏m-gmWv A[ym-]-I¿°v

amkm¥ thX\w \n›-bn-°-s∏-´Xv. "amh-dm-A-∂lvdn'se ]fin-X-

∑m¿ kzoI-cn® aln-X-amb kao-]\w A\p-kva-cn-°p∂Xv Gsd DNn-

X-am-bn-cn°pw. Ahn-SsØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ \nfm-ap¬ ap¬°v

]´-W-ß-fn-se√mw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Ahn-S-ß-fnse

A[ym-]-I¿°v iºfw \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ ]kvXpX

]fin-X-∑m-sc√mw At±l-tØmSv ]Xn-tj-[n-°m\pw hn⁄m-\hpw

AXns‚ A\p-K-lhpw hnS-]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n-°m-\p-ambn Hcp-

an-®p-IqSn. Ah¿ ]Jym-]n®p: ""Ct∂mfw ssh⁄m-\nI cwKØv

]h¿Øn-®p-t]m-∂Xv kwkv-Imc kº-∂cpw ZrV-a-\-kvI-cp-amb

hy‡n-I-fmWv. Ah¿ hn⁄m-\-hn-XWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv AXns‚

alXzw ]cn-K-Wn®pw a\p-jys‚ ]q¿W-X°v AX-\n-hm-cy-am-b-Xn-\m-

epamWv. F∂m¬ A[ym-]-\-Øn\v ]Xn-êw \n›-bn-®m¬ Ae-k-

∑mcpw \oN-∑mcpw B cwKw ssIb-S°pw. Adnhv £bn-°m\pw \nµy-

am-Im\pw AXn-S-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.''

F∂m¬ ]cn-h¿Øn-X-ß-fmb Pohn-X-]-cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw

\mKcnI hnImkw hcp-Ønb ]›m-Ø-e-ß-fp-sSbpw apºn¬ Cu

ho£-W-Øn\v ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-bn√. Aßs\ A[ym-]-I¿°v

iºfw \n›-bn-°-s∏´p. ]mtZ-in-Im-h-ÿ-Iƒ, ]mT-im-e-I-fpsS

ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS kmº-ØnI \ne-hmcw F∂n-h-bnse

A¥-c-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v iº-f-Ønepw G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

F¶nepw F√m-bvt∏mgpw A[ym-]-I¿°v kp`n-£-ambn Pohn-°m-\m-

h-iy-am-bXv \¬I-s∏-´p-t]m-∂n-cp∂p. A[ym-]-I¿°v thX-\-Øn-\p-

]p-dsa a‰p-]e Ae-h≥kp-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

kp¬Xzm≥ kzem-lp-±o≥ Aøq_n Xs‚ aZvd-k-Xp- z-em-ln-ø-

bn¬ ssiJv \Pvap-±o≥ J_q-jm-\nsb \nb-an-®-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øn\v

amkw-tXmdpw A[ym-]-\-Øn\v \m¬]Xv Zo\mdpw ÿm]-\-Øns‚

hJv^v kzØp-°ƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Øv Zo\mdpw \¬In-bn-cp∂p.

IqSmsX Znt\\ Adp-]Xv dmØ¬ (CuPn-]vjy≥) sdmńbpw c≠v

tXm¬k©n \ndsb ss\¬ \Zn-bnse ip≤-P-ehpw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p.

"A¬-A-kvl¿' k¿h-I-em-imem sdIvS¿°v (ssiJp¬ Akvl¿)

141iº-f-tØm-sSm-∏-ap≈ Ae-h≥kp-I-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ IpXn-c-bpsS

sNe-hp-IƒIqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Akvl-dns‚ kzØp-°-fn¬

sdIvS-dpsS IpXn-c-bpsS sNe-hp-Iƒ°m-bp≈ ]tXyI hJv^p-

IƒXs∂ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. B-Zy-Im-eØv Cu hJv^vkzØn¬

\n∂v e`n-°p∂ amkw-tXm-dp-ap≈ hcp-am\w \qdv ]h-t\m-f-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂o-SXp iº-f-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

D∂-X-cmb ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬\n∂v A[ym-]-\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-cm-

sW∂v km£n-]Xw e`n-®-h¿ amXta A°m-eØv hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬

]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p≈q. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]mZp¿Z-i-bn¬ Xs‚

hn-⁄m\ kZ- n¬\n∂v th¿s]´v as‰mcp ssh⁄m-\nI hrØw

XpS-ßm≥ ka¿Ycmb hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v A[ym-]-I¿ kuIcyw

sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. a‰p-Nn-e-t∏mƒ Xs‚ Ime-

tijw Xm≥ sIm≠p-\-S-Øp∂ hnZym-tI-µ-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ

sIm≠p-\-S-Øm≥ G‰hpw ]K-¬`-\mb injys\ G¬]n-°p-I-bmWv

sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Kpcp-hns‚ Adnthm A\p-hm-Ztam C√msX kzbw

hn⁄m\ kZ- p-Iƒ ÿm]n-®m¬ AXv i‡-amb \ncq -]-W-

ßƒ°pw ISpØ hna¿i-\-ßƒ°pw CS-h-cp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.

lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ ImeØv No^v PÃn-km-bn-Øo¿∂ A_q-bq-

kp^v Xs‚ Kpcp-h-cy≥ A_q-l-\o^bpsS Pohn-X-Im-eØv tcmK-

_m-[n-X-\mbn. At∏mƒ A_q-l-\o^ At±-lsØ kµ¿in®p.

injys‚ NmcØp \n¬°sh ISpØ at\m-th-Z-\-tbmsS At±lw

]d™p: ""Rm≥ F\n-°p-tijw apkvenw-I-fpsS Npa-Xe Xm¶sf

G¬]n-°m-sa-∂mWv hnNm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''

]n∂oSv A_q-bq-kp^v tcmK-ap-‡-\mbn. At±-l-Øn¬ Kpcp-hns‚

hm°p-Iƒ kz¥sØ kw_-‘n®v h√mØ aXn∏v krjvSn®p. AXn-

\m¬ A_q-l-\o^bpsS hn⁄m\ kZ v hn´ v Hcp ]pXnb

ssh⁄m-\nI tIµw At±lw ÿm]n-®p. At∏mƒ A_q-l-\o^

henb hnNn-¥-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw Bh-iy-ap≈, adp-]Sn \¬Im≥

]bm-k-ap≈ A©p tNmZy-ß-fp-ambn Hcmsf At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-

tØ-°-b®p. F∂m¬ A_q-bq-kp-^n\v Ah°v icn-bmb DØcw

\¬Im≥ Ign-™n√. AtXmsS Xs‚ Kpcp-h-cy-\n¬ \n∂v ]ncn-™p-

t]m-∂-Xnse A_≤w ]q¿W-ambpw t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw Ahn-tS-°p-

Xs∂ Xncn-®p-sN-√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ A_q-l-\o^ At±-l-

tØmSv ]d™p: ""Xm¶ƒ ]mI-am-Ip-∂-Xn\p apsº ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-I-

bmWv. hn⁄m\ hnjb-ß-fn¬ Xm≥ kzbw ]cym-]vX-\m-sW∂v h√-

h\pw hnNm -cn -°p -∂p -

sh-¶n¬ Ah≥ hnjmZNnØ-\mbn hne-]n-®p-sIm-≈s´.''

BZy-Im-eØv Imcy-ßƒ C∆n-[-amWv \S-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv

hnZym ÿm]-\ßƒ


]mT-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-hp-∂-h¿°v

A[ym-]-I¿ km£n-]-X-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ kº-Zm-b-am-cw-`n®p. Ah

\ΩpsS Cu ImesØ k¿ń-^n-°-‰p-I-tfmSv kmay-X-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p. sshZy-hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse hm[ym-∑m-cpsS CØcw km£n-]-X-

ßƒ kºm-Zn-®-h¿°-√msX NnIn’ \S-Øm≥ A\p-hm-Ztam kuI-

cytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

CXc DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A[ym-

]-Isc th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ ]tXy-I-amb thj-hn-[m-\-ßfpw ÿm\ Nn”-

ßfpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A_q-bq-kp-^ns‚ ImeØv Ah-cpsS

Nn”w IdpØ Xe-∏mhpw XIn-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p. ^mXzn-anøm `c-W-Im-

eØv Ah-cpsS Nn”w ]® Xe-∏mhpw Bdp IjW-ß-fm¬ \n¿an-X-

amb kph¿W hkvX-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. A[ym-]-I-cpsS ÿm\-Nn-”-

ß-fn¬ Gsd ][m-\-s∏-´Xv sXm∏nbpw XIn-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p. Da-ho `c-

W-Im-eØmWv A[ym-]-Icpw ]fin-X-∑mcpw ]tXyI Xc-Øn-ep≈

Ku¨ [cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv. kvs]bn-\nse ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw

A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw thjw ]q¿h-\m-Sp-I-fn-te-Xn¬ \n∂v t\cnb hyXym-

ktØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS Xe-∏m-hp-Iƒ Bt]-£n-I-ambn

sNdn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. Nne L´-ß-fn-e-h¿ Xe-∏mhv [cn-®n-cp-t∂bn√.

]kn≤ `mjm-]-fin-X-\mb A_q-A-en-øn¬Jmeo ]q¿h-tZ-iØp-

\n∂v kvs]bn-\n-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ ]fin-X-∑m¿ At±-

lsØ kzoI-cn-®Xv s]mXp P\-ßsf AZv`pX kvX_v[-cm°n.

At±lw Xs‚ Xe-bn¬ henb intcm-hkvXw [cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-

Xs∂ ImcWw. sNdnb Ipń-Ifpw hnUvVn-Ifpw ]cn-lm-k-Ømepw

]Xn-tj-[-Ømepw Nc-se-SpØv Fdn-bm≥t]mepw CXn-S-bm°n.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy¿ Xß-fpsS thj-hn-[m-\-coXn kvs]bn-\nse

A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \n∂v A\p-I-cn-®-XmWv. bqtdm-]y≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e-

I-fnse A`y-kvXhn-Zy-cn∂pw AWn-bm-dp≈ KuWpw intcm-h-kvXhpw

kvs]bn-\n¬\n-∂v Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®-Xm-sW-∂¿Yw.

hfsc ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv Xs∂ Ckvem-anI kaq-l-ß-fn¬ A[ym-

]-I¿°pw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw

]tXyIw ]tXyIw kzX¥ kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A[ym-]I

kwL-S\ Xs∂-bmWv Xß-fpsS ]kn-U-‚n-s\bpw ]Xn-\n-[n-I-

sfbpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv. `c-W-IqSw AXn-sem∂pw CS-s]-ń-cp-

∂n√. AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A`n-]m-bm-¥-c-ßfpw `n∂-X-I-fp-ap-≠m-

bm¬ Ah ]cnK-Wn-°p-Ibpw k‘n-bp-≠m-°p-Ibpw amXta sNbvXn-

cp-∂p-ffq.

apJ-√n-Zp±u-eCubn¬ \n∂v \nth-Z\w sNbvXv A_q-imax Xs‚

143

duZ-ssX\nbnse-gp-Xp∂p: lm^n-fp¬ ap-dmZn A¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ A[ym-

]-I-∑m¿ c≠p hn`m -K -am -bn -cp∂p˛ Ad-_n -Ifpw Ip¿Zp -Ifpw.

I¿aimkvX kc-Wn-I-tfmSv Nmbvhp-≈-hcpw Rß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

AXn-\m¬ ssiJv id-^p-±o-\n_v\p A_o Akz-dqs\ X¬ÿm-\Øv

Ah-tcm-[n-°m≥ Rß-fm-K-ln®p. F∂m¬ X¿°-im-kvX-Ønepw

a‰pw Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈-hcpw Rß-fpsS Iq´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿

JpXzp_v \njm-]q-cn-sb-sIm-≠p-h-cm-\m-K-ln®p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

A[ym-]-I-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ `n∂-X-bp-≠mbn. At∏mƒ \qdp-±o≥ Cu A`n-

]m-bm-¥-c-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Adn-bm-\n-S-bmbn. AXn-\m-e-t±lw

]fin-X-∑m-sc-sb√mw hnfn®p-Iq´n. At±-lsØ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv

aPvZp-±o-\n-_v\n-±mb Ah-tcmSv kwkm-cn®p.

At±lw ]d™p: ""]mT-im-e-Iƒ ]Wn-bpIhgn Rß-fm-K-ln-

®Xv hn⁄m-\-hym-]-\hpw A‘-hn-izm-km\m-Nm-c-ß-fpsS \njvIm-k-

\-hp-amWv. F∂m¬ \nßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ \S-°p-∂Xv H´pw

\√tXm Bim-kytam A√. _lp-am-\y-\mb \qdp-±o≥ c≠p-hn-`m-

K-sØbpw kwXr-]vX-cm-°m-\m-Wp-t±-in-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ B c≠v

]WvUnXhcy--scbpw \ap°v £Wn-®p-h-cpØmw.'' Aßs\ Ccp-h-

scbpw hcpØn id^p-±os\ aZvd-k-Xp-∂q-cn-ø-bpsS ta[m-hnbpw, JpXzp-

_p-±os\ "aZvd-k-Xp-∂-^cn'bpsS Xe-h-\p-ambn \n›-bn®p.

Ckvem-anI temI-Øns‚ Hc‰w apX¬ at‰-b-‰w-hsc D∂X hnZym-

ÿm-]-\-ßƒ \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp∂p. hnhn[ \K-c-ß-fn¬ ]mT-im-e-Iƒ

]Wn-bp-∂-Xn¬ henb ]¶v hln® apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf kw_-

‘n®v NcnXw AXy-Zv`p-X-tØmsS \tΩmSv kwkm-cn-°p∂p. kzem-

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


lp-±o≥ Aøq-_n--bpsS Cu taJ-e-bnse al-Ømb tkh-\-ßsf

B¿°mWv A-h-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bpI? At±-l-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂ CuPn]vXv, Za-kvIkv, aukzn¬, ^e-kvXzo≥ t]mep≈ ]tZ-

i-ß-fn-se√mw At±lw At\Iw hnZym-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≠m°n. C]-

Imcw Xs∂ \qdp-±o-\n-»-loZv kndn-b-bn¬amXw ]Xn-\©v ]mT-im-e-

Iƒ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah-bn¬ BsdÆw Za-kvI-knepw

\mseÆw Aet∏m-hnepw cs≠Æw lnwkznepw cs≠Æw lambnepw

H∂v _Ave-_-In-ep-am-bn-cp∂p.

k¬Pq-°p-I-fpsS apJy-a-¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ \nfm-ap¬ ap¬Iv Cdm-

Jnepw Jpdm-km-\nepw DS-\ofw hnZym-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

Cdm-Jn-s‚bpw Jpdm-km-\n-s‚bpw F√m \K-c-ß-fnepw Hmtcm D]-cn-

]-T-\-tI-µ-sa-¶nepw At±lw D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. ][m\ \K-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v hnZq-c-amb ]tZ-i-

ß-fn¬ t]mepw At±lw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ ]Wn-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. Pko-

dXp C_v\n Awdn¬ At±lw hen-sbmcp hnZym-tIµw ÿm]n-°p-

I-bp-≠mbn. GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]tZ-iØv ]mfin-Xy-am¿Pn-°p-Ibpw

ssh⁄m-\nI ss\]pWyw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvX hy‡nsb Is≠-

Øn-bm¬ \nfm-ap¬ ap¬Iv At±l-Øn-\mbn AhnsS Hcp ]mT-ime

ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v KŸm-ebw D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-

°p-Ibpw AXns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-\m-h-iy-amb [\w hJv^v \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp∂p.

\nfm-anøm aZvd-k-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ]Y-ahpw ][m-\hpw _KvZm-Zn-

te-Xm-bn-cp∂p. lnPvdm_vZw A©pw Bdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ]ap-J-

cmb apkvenw ]fin-X-∑m-sc√mw AhnsS \n∂v ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n

]pdØp-h-∂-h-cmWv. Nne kµ¿`-ß-fn-e-hnsS Bdm-bncw hnZym¿Yn-

Iƒ hsc ]Tn-®n-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬ cmPysØ G‰hpw D∂-Xs‚ ]pX≥

sXm´v ]c-a-Z-cn-Zs‚ ]pX≥hsc D≠m-bn-cp∂p. F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-

`ymkw kuP\y-am -bn -cp∂p. IqSmsX Zcn - Z -hn -Zym¿Yn -Iƒ°v

kvtImf¿jn-∏p-Ifpw \¬In-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m-bn-amXw hJv^v sNø-

s∏-´-h-bnse hcp-am-\-am-W-Xn\v hn\n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw kº-∂cpw ]mT-

im -e -Iƒ ]Wn -bp -∂-Xnepw Ah-bpsS kpK-a -amb \S -Øn∏v

Dd∏phcpØpw hn[w Ah°v hcp-am\ am¿K-ßƒ hJv^v sNøp-∂-

Xnepw ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-°p-Ibpw XnI™ PmKX ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp∂p. kz¥w hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒXs∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fm-°n-b-h¿

\nc-h-[n-bsX. Ahn-S-ß-fn-ep≈ KŸ-ßfpw AXn-t\mSv tN¿∂p-In-

S-°p∂ \ne-ßfpw AhnsS ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°mbn Ah¿

145hJv^v sNøpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ A°m-eØv ]mT-im-e-I-

fpsS FÆw AXy-[nIw h¿[n®p. ]q¿h- \m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ah-bpsS

B[nIyw B›-cy-P-\yamwhn[w hºn-®-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p.

kvs]bn≥ kztZ-inbpw ]apJ k©m-cn-bp-amb C_v\p-Pp-ss_¿

Cu ]mT-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-tbmSv _‘-s∏´ hJv-^p-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-

bpsS hcp-am-\-ß-fp-sSbpw B[nIyw I≠v Aº-c-°p-Ibpw kz¥w

\m´p-Im-tcmSv Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ t]mbn hnZy A`y-kn-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw ]d™p: ""]uc-kvXy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se√mw

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°m-bp≈ hJv-^p-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bsX. ]tXy-In®pw Za-

kvI-kn¬. AXn-\m¬ hnZy sImXn-°p∂ \ΩpsS \m´nse Ip´n-Iƒ

Ahn-sS-s®∂v AX-`y-kn-°s´. [mcmfw- hn⁄m-\-am¿Pn-°m≥ klm-

b-I-amb kI-eXpw Ah-nsS e`y-amWv. AtXm-sSm∏w kmº-ØnI

sRcp°w krjvSn-°p∂ am\-knI ]bm-k-ßƒ Hcn-°-ep-ap-≠m-hp-

I-bn√. AXn-\m¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v kzÿ-amb a\ v e`n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw.''

C_v\p Ppss_-dns‚ km£y-Øn\v AXn-t‚-Xmb hne-bp≠v.

bmXm-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ kXy-k-‘-X-bmepw hniz-kvX-X-bmepw it≤-

b-\mb k©m-cn-bm-W-t±lw. At±lw ]mT-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-

°mbp≈ hJv -^p -I-fp -sSbpw Imcy -Øn¬ anI® ]tZ-i-ambn

FSpØp]d-™Xv Za-kvI-kn-s\-bmWv. \m\q-dn-e-[nIw ]mT-im-e-I-f-

hnsS \nch-[n-Imew hfsc hnP-b-I-c-amw-hn[w \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂n-cp∂p.

Ah-sb√mw \nc-h[n hnZym-¿Yn-Isf BI¿jn-®p-sIm-≠p-an-cp∂p. Za-

kvI-kn-se-Øp∂ hntZi hnZym¿Yn°v Hcp ]mT-im-e-bn¬ H∂n-tesd

Znhkw A¥n-bp-d-ßm-sX-Øs∂ Hcp h¿jw Ign-®p-Iq-´m-hp∂

Ahÿ AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Za-kvI-kns\ h¿Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kp¬Xzm-\p_v\p Aen-øn-

_v\n¬ ap≥J-Zn¬ IXm-\n-bpsS IhnX C_v\p Akm-In¿ Xs‚

NcnX IrXn-bn-ep-≤-cn-®n-´p≠v. AXn¬ ]mT-im-e-I-sf-∏‰n ]cma¿in-

°p∂ `mK-an-ßs\ hmbn°mw:

""B hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A[ym-]-I¿, h√ ]iv\-hp-ambn Bsc-

¶nepw Xßsf kao-]n-®m¬ s]s´∂v apt∂m´ph∂v Ah°v ]cn-lmcw

\n¿tZ-in-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ bphm-°-fmWv. AhnsS sN√p-∂-h-sc√mw

B›-cy-`cn-X-cmIpw. kXy-Øn-te°v am¿K-Z¿i\w \¬I-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøpw. AhnsS Nne hJv^p-I-fp≠v. Ah-bnse hcp-am-\-ßƒ _‘n-

Xsc tamNn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p; Zcn-Zsc [\n-I-cm-°p∂p. A[ym-

]\w \S-Øp∂ alm-]-fin-X-∑m-scbpw Bfp-I-fpsS at\m-hnj-a-ßƒ

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


AXn-th-K-a-I‰n Bfl-im¥n \¬Ip∂ t\Xm-°-sfbpw AhnsS

ImWmw.''

hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°mbn \¬I-s∏-ń-cp∂ \nc-h[n hJv-^p-I-fn¬ Nne-

Xn-s\-∏‰n \ap-°n-hnsS ]cn-tim-[n°mw. Za-kvI-knse "aZvd-k-Xp-∂q-

cn-b-Xn¬ Ip_vdm'bpsS hJv-^p-Iƒ AXns‚ hmXn-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-b-X-\p-k-cn®v C]-Im-c-amWv: "kqJp¬ Jwln'se ]pXnb Ipfn-

ap-dn-Iƒ, _m_p- em-an\v ]pdØv hmcn-J-bn-ep≈ c≠v -Ip-fn-ap-dn-Iƒ,

Ah-tbmSv tN¿∂pInS-°p∂ hoSv, Hu\n-b-Xp¬ lpΩm-bnse ^mIvSdn,

A¬h-ko-dnse sIm®p-tXm´w, A¿k-bnse Pok tXm´-Øns‚

ap°m¬ `mKw, _m_p-¬Pm-_n-b-bpsS ]pd-Øp≈ ]Xn-s\m∂v ]oSn-

I-Iƒ, Ing°p-`mKØv Ah-tbmSv tN¿∂pInS-°p∂ ap‰w, Zmcn-bm-

bnse HºXv \ne-ßƒ.

Ae-t∏m-hnse \qcn Bip-]-Xn-bpsS hJv^v kzØp-°ƒ Ch-

bm-bn-cp∂p: anAvdmXv Kmaw, kwB≥ ]¿h-X-Ønse A¬-Akv¬

Xmgvh-c-bnse Irjn-bn-S-Øns‚ ]mXn, Ip^v¿Xm_-bnse Irjn-bn-S-

Ønse At©-°¿, JmenZn hb-ens‚ aq∂n-sem∂v, aXz-vJnse [m\yw

s]mSn-°p∂ an¬, _m_p¬P-n\m-\ns‚ ap≥h-i-Øp≈ ^vtfm¿

an√ns‚ Fń-sem∂v, A_q-an-dmb Irjn-ÿ-esØ F´v G°¿,

aXzvJnse laodm Irjn-bn-S-Ønse A©v G°¿, aA¿d-bnse

^¿k¬ \ne-Ønse ]¥≠v G°¿, Kkv_n-øm-Ønse ss_Xp¿-

dm -Cu¬ Kma -Ønse

hcp-am-\-Øns‚ aq∂n-sem∂v, lhm am¿°-‰nse ]Øp IS-Iƒ, _m_p

A≥Xzm-In-b-bpsS ]pd-Øp-ff ]e-N-c°v IS-Iƒ, _m_p¬ ^d-Pn-

s‚bpw _m_p¬ Pn-\m-s‚bpw ]pd-Øp≈ ]e-N-c°v IS-Iƒ.

Za-kvI-kn¬ amXw ]≈n-Iƒ°pw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂

hJv-^p-I-fpsS B[nIyw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ ln. 676˛¬ A¥-cn® Camw

\hhnbpsS \ne-]mSv Xs∂ [mcm-f-amWv. At±lw Xs‚ Pohn-X-

Øn-sem-cn-°epw ZakvI-knse tXm´-ß-fnse ]g-ßƒ `£n-®n-cp-∂n√.

ImcWw Ahn-SsØ tXm´-ßfpw Irjn-bn-S-ß-fp-a-[nIhpw hJv^v

sNø-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv AI-an-I-fh A\ym-b-ambn ssIb-S-

°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

A°m-esØ ]mT-im-e-Iƒ hnhn-t[m-t±iy-]-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Jp¿-

B\pw AXns‚ hymJym-\-ßfpw ]mcm-b-W-a-cym-Z-Ifpw ]Tn-∏n-°m-

\p-≈h, lZo-kp-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-th≠n amX-ap-≈h, I¿a-imkvX

]T\-Øn-\p-≈h, sshZy hnZym-`ym-km¿Y-ap-≈h, A\m-Y-Iƒ°p amX-

ap≈h˛F√mw Ah-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. lnPvdm_vZw 11˛mw \q‰m-≠nse

]apJ ]fin-X-\mb \Cuan Xs‚ A±m-cnkv ô Xmco-Jn¬ aZm-

147cnkv F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ZakvI-knse ]mT-im-e-Isfbpw Ah-bpsS

hJ-^p-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v kq£va-ambn hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Za-kvI-

kn¬ amXw Jp¿-B≥ ]T-\-Øn\v ]tXy-I-ambn Ggv ]mT-im-e-I-fp-

≠m-bn-cp -∂p-sh∂v AXn¬\n∂p Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. IqSmsX

lZokv ]T-\-Øn\v ]Xn-\mdpw Jp¿-B\pw lZokpw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥

aq∂pw im^nCu^nJvln\v 63Dw l\ô ^nJvln\v 52 Dw amenIo

^nJvln\v \mepw l≥_eo ^nJvln\v 11 Dw ]mT-im-e-Iƒ AhnsS

amX-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sshZy-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ, Bi-a-ßƒ, kX-ßƒ,

]¿Wim-e-Iƒ, tlmÃ-ep-Iƒ, ]≈n-Iƒ F∂n-h°v ]pd-sa-bm-WnXv.

Ah-sb√mw P\-ßƒ hnZym-tIµ-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂

hkvXpX hnkva-cn-°m-h-X√.

Ckvem-an-I-temIw C∆n[w ssh⁄m-\nI kmam-Py-Øn¬ B[n-

]Xy-ap-d-∏n® Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy¿ XnI™ A⁄-X-bnepw

\nµy-amb \n-c£c-X-bnepambn-cp-∂p. ]mXn-cn-am-cpsS aT-ß-f-√msX

as‰mcp hnZym tIµhpw A∂-hn-S-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬

\n∂m-sW-¶n¬ aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v amXta hnZym-`ymkw \¬In-

bn-cp-∂p≈q. ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ CØ-c-sam-c-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-

™n-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv apkvenw \mSp-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw AkwJyw ]mT-im-e-

Ifpw Ah-bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-Ø-n∏n-\m-h-iy-amb hJv-^p-Ifpw-

sIm≠p \nd™p\n∂n-cp-∂-sX∂ kXyw \ΩpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS

tNtXm-lm-cn-X°v aXn-bmb sXfn-hmWv.

lnPvdm_vZw 631˛se kw`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kwkm-cn-°sh

C_v\p-I-ko¿ Xs‚ A¬_n-Zm-bXp h-∂n-lmbbn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu

h¿jw _KvZm-Znse aZvd-k-Xp¬ apkvX≥kz-cn-ø-bpsS \n¿amWw

]q¿Øn-bmbn. AXn\p apºv AØ-c-samcp ]mT-ime ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-

cp-∂n√. \mep I¿a-imkvX kc-Wn-I-fpsS ]T\-Øn\pw AhnsS

kuIcyw G¿s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cp∂p. Ah-bn-tem-tcm-∂nepw 62 ]apJ

]fin-X-∑m¿ hoX-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cn¬ \mep-t]¿ ]tXyI ]cn-

⁄m-\hpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw B¿Pn-®-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw

Hmtcm \n]p-W-cmb A[ym-]-I-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX Hcp lZokv

]fin-X≥, c≠v Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-bW hnZ-Kv[¿, AXns‚ A[yb\-

Øn¬ i≤ ]Xn-∏n-°p∂ ]Øp-t]¿, Hcp sshZy-imkvX hnZ-Kv[≥,

sshZy hn⁄m-\-Ønepw NnIn-’-bnepw hym]r-X-cmb ]Øp-t]¿

XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-s\√mw ]pdsa A\m-

Y-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ÿm]-\hpw AXn-epƒs∏-ń -cp∂p. F√m

hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-am-bX sdmńbpw amwkhpw a[p-c-]-e-lm-

c-ßfpw a‰pw \n›-bn®p sImSp-Øn-cp∂p.'' At±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""Cu

ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp KŸm-ebw hJv^v sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS B[n-Iy-Ønepw ]I¿∏nse A£c ta∑-bnepw

]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS \ne-hm-c-Ønepw AXn-t\mSv InS]n-Sn-°p∂ as‰m∂v

D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-´n-´n√.''

149]Øv

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ

ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw Bflm-hn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-ß-fpsS ka-\zbw \ΩpsS

\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS auenI kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ s]Sp∂p. imco-cn-Im-h-iy-

ß-fn¬ i≤n-t°-≠Xv PohnX hnP-bhpw Bflob Hu∂-Xyhpw

t\Sm≥ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂p. ]hm-NI hN-\-ß-

fn-en-ßs\ ImWmw: ""Xo¿®-bmbpw Xm¶-fpsS ico-c-Øn\v Xm¶-fpsS

ta¬ Nne Ah-Im-i-ß-fp≠v.'' (_pJm-cn, apkvenw)

Ckvem-anse Bcm-[-\m I¿a-ßƒ BtcmKy kwc-£-W-Øn\v

Gsd klm-b-I-am-sW∂ hkvXpX it≤-b-asX. \a-kvImcw,

t\mºv, l÷v XpS-ßnb Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ km[p-hm-I-W-sa-

¶n¬ Nne \n_-‘-\-Ifpw Ncy-Ifpw I¿a-ßfpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-t°-≠-

Xp≠v. Ah-sb√mw icoc-Øns‚ Btcm-Kyhpw i‡nbpw Dt∑-jhpw

]cn-c-£n-°m≥ t]m∂-h-bmWv. tcmK-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-bpsS hym]-\-

Øn-s‚bpw ]Xn-tcm[w, tcmK-ßƒ NnIn-’n-°m-\p≈ t]cW F∂n-

h-bn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ sshZy-cw-KØv \ΩpsS \mK-

cn-IX \ne-\n¬°p∂ i‡-amb ASn-Ø-dsb kw_-‘n®v A\m-

bmkw Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. apkvenw-Iƒ D≠m-°nb sshZy hnZym-

e-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw temIw t\Snb al-

Ømb ]tbm-P-\hpw sshZy-im-kvX-Øn\v Ah¿ \¬Inb kw`m-h-

\-Ifpw AXy-[nIw A`n-am-\-tØmsS A\pkva-cn-°m≥ t]m∂-h-bmWv.

InkvXz_vZw Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ Cdm≥ `c-Wm-[n-

Imcn tImkvtdmkv ÿm]n® N¥-kv]qdn(Chandespur)se saUn-°¬

tImtf-Pns\ kw_-‘n®v Ad-_n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Nne Ad_v

tUmIvS¿-am¿ AhnsS \n∂v ]T\w ]q¿Øo-Icn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-

cp∂p. ]hm-NIs‚ ImeØv Pohn® lmcn-kp_v\p I¬Z Ah-

c n ¬ s ∏ S p ∂ p .

Xncp-ta\nbpsS A\p-N-c-∑m-cn¬ Nne-cpsS sshtZym-]-tZ-jvSmhv At±-

l-am-bn-cp∂p.

heo-Zp_v\p A_vZn¬ aen-Ins‚ Ime-ØmWv Ckvem-anI cmjvS-

Øn¬ BZysØ ]ikvX Bip-]Xn ÿm]n-X-am-bXv. AXv IpjvT-

tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v amX-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AhnsS tUmIvS¿am¿°v Db¿∂

thX\w \¬I-s∏-´n-cp∂p. IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Isf Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pdØp

t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n√. AtXm-sSm∏w A‘-∑m¿s°-∂-t]mse

Ah¿°pw s]≥j≥ \¬In-bn -cp∂p. ]n∂oSv AtX-Øp-S¿∂v

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


thsdbpw \nc-h[n Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-ambn. "_oam-cn-kvXm≥'

AYhm tcmKn-I-fpsS hmk-ÿew F∂ t]cn-em-Wh Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-

∂Xv.

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ c≠p hn[-am-bn-cp∂p. k©-cn-°p-∂hbpw A√m-

Ø-hbpw. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bnse BZysØ samss_¬ Bip-

]Xn ]hm-NIs‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ \ne-hn¬h-∂n-´p≠v. J≥ZJv bp≤-

Øn¬ apdn-th-‰-h¿°mbn ]tXyIw Xºv ]Wn-X-tXm-sS-bmWv Hu]-

Nm-cn-I-ambn Bcw-`n-®Xv. kA-vZp_v\p apBZn\v apdn-th¬°p-Ibpw

At±-l-Øns‚ ssIbnse c‡-\mUn Adp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ \_n

]d™p: ""At±lsØ apdn-th-‰-h-cpsS Xºn-te-s°-Sp-°p-I. Rm≥

At±-lsØ t\cn¬ kµ¿in®v Imcy-ßƒ°v ta¬t\m´w hln-®p-

sIm≈mw.''

Ckvem-anse BZysØ k©-cn-°p∂ ssk\nI Bip-]-Xn-bsX

AXv. ]n∂oSv Jeo-^-amcpw cmPm-°-∑mcpw AXv hnI-kn-∏n®p. Ah,

tcmKn-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb kI-eXpw k÷o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

acp∂v, `£Ww, ]m\obw, hkvXw, tUmIvS¿am¿, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

F√mw Ah-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏-SmØ Kma-

]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eq-sS-sb√mw Cu samss_¬ Unkvs]≥k-dn-Iƒ k©-

cn-®n-cp∂p. Cuk-_v\p- A-en-øn¬ P¿dmlv, kn\m-\p-_v\p -km-_n-Xn-

s\-gpXn ˛At±l-amWv _KvZm-Zn-sebpw a‰pw Bip-]-Xn-I-fpsS Npa-

Xe hln-®n-cp-∂Xv:

""Kma-hm-kn-Isf kw_-‘n®v Rm≥ Nn¥n®p. Ah-cnepw tcmKn-

I-fp-≠m-hm-Xn-cn-°n√. AtXm-sSm∏w Kma-Øn¬ tUmIvS¿am-cn-√m-Ø-

Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v sshZyklmbw e`n-°p-I-bp-an√. AXn-\m¬ Hcp

kwLw tUmIvS¿amsc Hcp-an®pIqń Bh-iy-am-bX acp-∂p-Ifpw

`£W ]m\o-b-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v Kma-ß-fn-eqsS Np‰n-°-d-ßpI. Ah¿

Hmtcm Kma-Ønepw Xt±-in-I-fpsS Bhiyw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-thmfw

AhnsS Xtß-≠-XmWv. Ahn-sS-bp-≈-hsc NnIn-’n®v tPmen

]q¿Øo-I-cn-®-tijw ASpØ Kma-Øn-te°v \oßs´.''

kp¬Xzm≥ alvaqZv k¬Pq-°n-bpsS ImesØ Nne samss_¬

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS hen∏w Imc-W-ambn \m¬]Xv H´-I-ß-

fmWv Npa-∂p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

ÿnc-amb Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv

]´W ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p. Ht∂m IqSp-

Xtem Bip-]-Xn-I-fn-√mØ H‰ \mSv t]mepw A∂v Ckvem-anI temI-

Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. sIm¿tZm-h-bn¬ amXw AºXv Bip-]-Xn-I-fp-

≠m-bn-cp∂p.

151A°m-esØ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ hnhn[ kz`m-h-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-bn-

cp∂p. ssk\n-I¿°p-≈Xv Ah-bn-sem-cn-\-amWv. CØcw ssk\nI

Bip-]Xn-Iƒ°v ]tXyIw tUmIvS¿am-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX

Jeo-^-am-cp-sSbpw ssk\nI t\Xm-°-fp-sSbpw cmjvS-\m-b-I-∑m-cp-

sSbpw BtcmKy Imcy-ßƒ i≤n-°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿ thsd-

Øs∂ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. XS-hp-Im¿°v amX-am-bp≠mbncp∂ Bip-]-

Xn-Iƒ as‰m-cn-\am-Wv. F√m Znhkhpw tUmIvS¿am¿ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬

sN√p-Ibpw tcmKn-Isf ]cn-tim-[n®v Bh-iy-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ \¬Ip-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Cuk_v\p Aenøn¬ P¿dmlv, kn\m-\p_v\p

km_n-Xn-s\-gp-Xn-b-Xn¬ CXp-IqSn ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv: ""XS-hp-]p-≈n-

I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Rm≥ Btem-Nn®p. AhcpsS kwJym-[n-Iyhpw hmk-

ÿ-e-Øns‚ CSp-°hpw Imc-W-ambn Ahsc tcmKw _m[n-°m≥

Gsd km[y-X-bp≠v. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿°v amX-ambn tUmIvS¿amsc

\nb-an-°p-I-Xs∂ thWw. F√m Znh-khpw Ah-c-hnSw kµ¿in-°s´.

acp∂pw sh≈hpw a‰v Ah-iy-h-kvXp-°fpw IqsS FSp-°p-Ibpw

sNøs´. F√m Pbn-ep-Ifpw kµ¿in®v Ahn-S-ß-fn-se tcmKn-Isf

C∆n[w NnIn-’n-t°-≠-XmWv.''

C]-Imcw Xs∂ P\-ßƒ Xnßn-°q-Sp∂ s]mXp-ÿ-e-ßƒ, ]f-

fn-Iƒ t]mep-≈-h-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ]mY-anI ipiqjm tIµ-ßƒ

(First aid Centre) D≠m-bn-cp∂p. aJvcokn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C_v\p -Xzq-eq≥

CuPn-]vXnse hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb ]≈n ]Wn-X-t∏mƒ AXns‚ Hc-

‰Øv Unkvs]≥k-dnbpw kv\m\ kuI-cy-ßfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.

AhnsS F√m-Xcw acp-∂p-Ifpw ]m\o-b-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. AtXm-

sSm∏w tkh\-Ir-Xy-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-cmb tPmen-°m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

]≈n-bn-se-Øp-∂-h-cn¬ tcmKn-I-fm-sc-¶n-ep-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ahsc ]cn-

tim-[n®v NnIn’n-°m-\mbn sh≈n-bmgvN Znhkw tUmIvS¿am¿

AhnsS h∂n-cn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.''

CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa cmPy-sØßpw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°m-bp≈

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. km[m-c-W-°msc NnIn-’n-°m-

\mbn AXns‚ Ihm-S-ßƒ ae¿s° Xpd-∂p-sh-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. CØcw

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ XnI®pw kzX-¥-amb c≠p `mK-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. H∂v

kvXoIƒ°pw as‰m∂v ]pcp-j-∑m¿°pw. Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw \nch[n

Un∏m¿´p-sa‚p-I-fp -≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bn-tem-tcm∂pw ]tXyIw

]tXyIw tcmK-ßƒ°m-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. B¥-cnI tcmK-ßƒ°m-

bp-≈h (Systemic Diseases), IÆp kw_-‘-am-bh (Opthalmic), ikvX-

In-bm-kw-_-‘-am-bh (Surgical), HSn-hn-\p-≈h (Ortho Paedic), am\-knI

tcmK-ßƒ°p-≈h (Mental diseases) F√mw Ah-bn-epƒs∏-ń-cp∂p.

IqSmsX B¥-cnI tcmK NnIn’m hn`mKw Xs∂ ]e D]-im-J-I-

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


fmbn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏- n-cp∂p˛ ]\n-bpsS NnIn-’-°p-≈h (Section Dealing

with Fevers), Zl-\-kw-_-‘-amb tcmK-ßƒ°p-≈h (Digestive

Troubles)F∂n-ß-s\.

F√m- hn-`m-K-Ønepw \nc-h[n tUmIvS¿amcpw Ah¿°v Hcp

Xeh\pw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX F√m hIp-∏p-Iƒ°pw ta¬t\m´w

hln-°p∂ Hcp ta[m-hnbpw. "kmDu¿' F∂ t]cn-em-W-bmƒ Adn-

b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. Bip-]Xn amt\-P-dp-sSbpw kq]-≠n-s‚bpw Npa-Xe

hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Abmƒ Xs∂-bmWv.

Bip-]-Xn-I-fnse tUmIvS¿am¿s°√mw \n¿Wn-X-amb tPmen

kab-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \n›nX ka-bØv Ah¿ Xß-fpsS apdn-bn-en-

cp∂v tcmKn-Isf NnIn-’n-°¬ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp∂p. C]-Imcw Xs∂

F√m Bip -] - Xn -I -fnepw t\g vkp -amcpw Iºu-

≠¿amcp(Compounders)ap≠m-bn -cp∂p. Ah¿s°√mw am\y-amb

thX\w \¬I-s∏-ń-cp∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w Bip-]-Xn-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v

acp-∂p-im-e-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ hnhn-[-bn\w acp-∂p-I-

fpsS emb-\n-Ifpw sshZy-im-kvX-]-c-ambn Xømdm-°-s∏´ ]g-k-Øp-

°fpw ]e-Xcw t]mj-Im-lm-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A]q¿h-ambn

amXw e`n-°p∂ ]m\o-b-ßfpw hnhn[ Pyqkp-Ifpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬

kw`-cn-®p-sh-®n-cp∂p. ikvX-Inbm D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, •mkvSyq-_p-Iƒ,

sIm´m-c-ß-fn¬ amXw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]fp-¶p-]m-X-ßƒ F√mw Bip-

]-Xn-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n® acp-∂p-ime(Pharmacy)Ifn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

sshZy-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e\ tIµw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p Bip-

]Xn-Iƒ. F√m Bip-]-Xn-I-fnepw Hmtcm henb lmfp-≠m-hpI

]Xnhm-bn-cp∂p. No^v saUn-°¬ Hmô-kdpw a‰p tUmIvS¿amcpw

hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw AhnsS HØp-IqSpw. Ah-cp-sS-hiw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

ßfpw NnIn’m D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. tcmKn-Isf ]cn-tim-

[n®v Bh-iy-amb NnIn-’-Iƒ \¬Inb tijw A[ym-]-Icpw

hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw HØn-cp∂v sshZy-hn-j-b-I-amb N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Z-

ßfpw Kth-j-W-ßfpw \S-Øp∂p. XZzn-j-b-I-amb KŸ-ßƒ ]mcm-

bWw sNøp-∂p. hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬Im-

\mbn A[ym-]-I¿ Ahsc ]cn-tim-[\ka-bØv Xß-tfm-sSm∏w

\n¿ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. C∂v saUn-°¬tIm-f-Pp-I-fn¬ \S-°p-

∂-t]mse hfsc hyh-ÿm-]n-X-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bmWv A∂pw sshZy-hn-

Zym-`ymkw \¬I-s∏-ń-cp-∂-sX∂v CXn¬\n∂p Kln-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

C_v\p- A-_o-D-sskz-_A˛ZakvI-knse \qcn Bip-]-Xn-bn¬

\n∂v sshZy-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n® hy‡n-bm-W-t±lw˛ ]d-bp∂p: ""Bip-

]-Xn-bnse tcmKn-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw NnIn-’n-°p-∂-

153Xn¬-\n∂pw lIow apl-±-_p-±o\pw lIow Cwdm\pw hnc-an-®m¬ Rm≥

Ah-tcm-sSm-∂n-®m-bn-cn°pw. At∏mƒ Rm≥ dZn-bp-±o-\n¿d-lv_n-bpsS

IqsS-bn-cn°pw. tcmK-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-\p-ff am¿K-ßƒ, tcmKn-Isf

kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Ah¿°v \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ acp-∂p-Iƒ

F√mw Rm≥ i≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°pw. At±-l-tØmSv Rm≥ A[nI

tcmK-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS NnIn-’-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v N¿® \S-

Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.''

`c-W-IqSw \n›-bn-°p∂ saUn-°¬ kq]-≠ns‚ ap∂n¬ \n∂p

]co£ ]q¿Øn-bmb tijw amXta GsXmcp tUmIvS¿°pw kz¥-

ambn NnIn’ XpS-ßm≥ A\p-hm-Z-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. NnIn’ Bcw-

`n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb k¿ń-^n-°‰v e`n-°m≥ _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-Øn¬

Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ ]T\w ka¿∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXv kzbw

Xøm-dm-°n-btXm, ]K-¬`-cmb sshZy-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS KŸ-

ßsf Ah-ew_n-s®-gp-Xn-btXm, AØcw KŸ-ß-fpsS hymJym-\-

ßtfm Bbn-cn°pw. AXv ka¿∏n-°-s∏-´-tijw kq]≠v Abmsf

]cn-tim-[n°pw. NnIn’ \S-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ hnj-

b-ßsf kw_-‘n-s®√mw hni-Z-ambn tNmZn°pw. adp-]-Sn-Iƒ Xr]vXn-

I-c-am-sW-¶n¬ tcmKn-Isf NnIn-’n-°m≥ A¿l-\m-sW∂v ImWn-

°p∂ km£y-]Xw \¬Ipw.

InkvXz_vZw 931 (lnPvd h¿jw 319)˛¬ apJvX-Zn¿ Jeo-^-bpsS

ImeØv Hcp tcmKnsb NnIn-’n® tUmIvS¿am¿°v A_≤w kw`-

hn®p. Aßs\ tcmKn acn-°m-\n-S-bmbn. AtXmsS _KvZm-Znse apgp-

h≥ tUmIvS¿amcpw Xß-fpsS tbmKy-X-Iƒ sXfn-bn®v ho≠pw ]pXnb

km£y-]-X-ßƒ kºm-Zn-°-W-sa∂v Jeo^ DØ-c-hn´p. AX-\p-k-

cn®v Ahn-SsØ No^v saUn-°¬ Hmô-k¿ kn\m-\p_v\p km_nXv

Ahsc ]cn-tim-[n®p. Aßs\ km£y-]-X-Øn-\mbn ]cn-tim-[\m

hnt[-b-cmb 860 tUmIvS¿am¿ _KvZm-Zn¬ amX-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. DØ-

c-hn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-°-s∏´ hnZKv[ tUmIvS¿am¿°pw Jeo^, a¥n-

am¿, t\Xm-°-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS t]gvk-W¬ tUmIvS¿am¿°pw

]pd-sa-bm-WnXv.

tUmIvS¿am¿°pw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb sshZy-hn-jb

kw_-‘hpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb KŸ-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ sa®-s∏´

KŸm-e-b-ßƒ F√m Bip-]-Xn-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®pw ÿm]n-°-s∏-

ń-cp∂p. ssItdm-hnse C_v\p-Xzq-eq≥ Bip-]Xn sse_-dn-bn¬

hnhn-[-bn-\-ß-fn-embn Hcp e£-Øn-e-[nIw KŸ-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

P\-d¬ Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ NnIn’ F√m-h¿°pw kuP-\y-am-bn-

cp∂p. ZcnZ˛[\nI hyXym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. kao] ]tZ-i-Øp-

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


I m ¿ ° p w

Zqc-Zn-°p-Im¿°p-an-S-bn¬ hnth-N\w I¬]n-®n-cp-∂n√. ]cn-tim-[\

\SØn acp-∂p-hmßn t]mIm-s\-∂-t]mse Xma-kn®v NnIn-’n-°m\pw

Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ kuI-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]pdsØ lmfn¬ \n∂v ]cn-

tim-[n®v AUvan-j≥ Bh-iy-an-s√-¶n¬ ^m¿a-kn-bn¬ \n∂v acp-∂p-

Iƒ \¬In ]d-™-b-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Xma-kn-∏n®v NnIn-

’n-t°-≠-hsc Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn Ah-c-Wn™ hkvX-

ß-f-gn®p am‰pw. ]Icw tcmKn-Iƒ°v ]tXy-I-ambp≈ hkvXßƒ

[cn-∏n-°pw. XpS¿∂v AtX tcmKw _m[n® Bfp-Iƒ InS-°p∂ apdn-

bn¬ ]th-in-∏n°pIbpw hrØn-bmbn k÷o-I-cn-°-s∏´ I´n-en¬

InS-Øp-I-bp-amWv sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Hcp tcmKn D]-tbm-Kn® hkvX-

ßtfm hncn-Itfm Ae°n hrØn-bm-°msX as‰m-cmƒ°v \¬-In-bn-

cp∂n√. acp-∂p-Iƒ t]mse-Øs∂ `£W-km[\ßfpw Ah-bpsS

tXmXpw tUmIvS¿am¿ \n¿W-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv.

tcmKw t`Z-am-b-tijw £oWw _m°n-\n¬°p∂ hy‡n-Isf

Xmakn -∏n -°m≥ ]tXyI ÿe-ß-fp -≠m -bn -cp∂p. tcmKhpw

£oWhpw ]q¿Wambpw hn´p-am-dn-sb∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-b-ti-jta

Ahsc Xß-fpsS hoSp-I-fn-te-°-b-®n-cp-∂p≈q. Aßs\ Bip-]Xn

hnSp-tºmƒ NnIn’ ]q¿Øn-bm°n t]mIp-∂-h¿°v ]pXnb hkvX-

ßƒ \¬IpI km[m-c-W-bm-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX tPmen sNøm≥ km[y-

am-Ip-thmfw Pohn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-ßfpw Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-

Xs∂ \¬In-bn-cp∂p.

tcmKn-Iƒ InS-°p∂ apdn-Iƒ sh≈-sam-gn®v Igp-Im≥ ]‰p-∂-hn-

[-am-bn-cp∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ ip≤-amb Im¿s∏-‰p-Iƒ hncn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp∂p. hrØn-bm°n XpS®p an\p-°msX Hcp- D]-I-c-Whpw

NnIn-’m¿Yw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n√. F√m Bip-]-Xn-I-fnepw hrØn-

bpsS Imcyw i≤n-°p-Ibpw AXn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcp(Sanitary Inspectors)≠mbn-cp∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw

Jeo-^-amcpw Kh¿W¿am-cp -sa√mw tcmKn -I -fpsS ]iv\-ßƒ

t\cn¬h∂v At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw Ah-tcm-Sp≈ kao-]\w sa®-s∏-´-Xm-

sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Ckvem-anI temIØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ apgp-h≥ Bip-]-Xn-I-fpsS

Ah-ÿbpw CXpXs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ ]m›mXy ]uckvXy

hyXym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. _KvZmZv, Za-kvIkv, ssItdm, JpZvkv, a°,

aZo\, samtdmt°m, kvs]bn≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Bip-]-Xn-I-sf√mw

C∆n[w i≤m-]q¿h-amWv \S-Ø-nbn-cp-∂Xv. A°m-esØ Ckvem-anI

Xe-ÿm-\-ßfm-bn-cp∂ \mev ]apJ \K-c-ß-fnse Bip-]-Xn-I-fnse

Ah-ÿ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw.

1551. _KvZm-Znse AZpZn Bip-]Xn

AZpZp±ue_v\p _phbvlv ln. 371˛¬ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xm-WnXv.

AXns‚ ÿe-\n¿Wbw \S-Øn-bXv hnJymX sshZy-imkvX hnZ-

Kv[-\mb dmkn-bmWv. At±lw cmXn _KvZm-Zns‚ \mev `mK-ß-fn¬

\mep amwk-°-jW-ßƒ sh®p. ASpØ Znhkw Ah-bn-te-‰-hp-a-

[nIw cmk-am-‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-amb IjWw \n∂-`m-KØv Bip-]Xn

\n¿an-°m≥ \n¿tZin®p. AXns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn-\mbn cmjvSw [mcmfw

[\w h\n-tbm-Kn®p. Ccp-]-Øn-\mev hnZKv[ tUmIvS¿am-cmWv AhnsS

Htc kabw tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. KŸm-ebw, ^m¿akn,

tÃm¿, ASp°f XpSßn Bh-iy-am-b-sX√mw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-

≠m-bn-cp∂p.

ln. 449˛¬ Jeo^ JmCw _nAwcn-√mlv Cu Bip-]Xn \ho-

I-cn®p. hfsc A]q¿h-ambn amXw e`n-°p∂ hnhn-[-bn\w acp-∂p-I-

fpsS emb-\n-Iƒ, ]e-Xcw thcp-Iƒ, acp-∂p-sN-Sn-Iƒ F√mw AhnsS

k÷o-I-cn®p. tcmKn-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb ]pX-∏p-Ifpw hncn-∏p-I-fp-sa√mw

AhnsS Xøm-dm-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p. tUmIvS¿am¿°v ]pdsa, ]cn-Nm-c-I∑m¿,

Xq∏p-Im¿, tkh-I-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. tcmKn-

Iƒ°v sFkp-I-´-Ifpw kpK-‘-Z-hy-ßfpw hsc \¬I-s∏-ń-cp∂p.

Bip-]-Xn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Ipfn-apdnIfpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂v Hgp-Ip∂

sh≈w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-amdv tXm´-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ [mcmfw ]g-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-

cp∂p. Zcn-Z-scbpw Ah-i-scbpw Ah-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Bip-

]-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°m\mbn hml-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cmhn-sebpw sshIp-

t∂-chpw tUmIvS¿-am¿ tcmKn-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.

cmXn-bnepw tUmIvS¿-am¿ Ahn-sS-Øs∂bmWv Xma-kn-®n-cp∂Xv.

2. Za-kvI-knse \qcn Bip-]Xn

kp¬Xzm≥ \qdp-±o-\n-»-loZv lnPvd h¿jw 549˛¬ (InkvXz_vZw

1154˛¬) ÿm]n-®-Xm-WnXv. Hcp ^©p NI-h¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂v ]ng-

bmbn CuSm-°nb kwJy-bm-Wn-Xn\v hn\n-tbm-Kn-®Xv. At±lw cmPy-

Øp-S-\ofw \nc-h[n BXp-c-ip-iq-jm-e-b-ßƒ ]Wn-Xn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

G‰hpw hepXpw it≤-bhpw AXm-bn-cp∂p. AK-Xn-I-sfbpw Zcn-Z-

scbpw Dt±in-®mWv \qcn Bip-]Xn \n¿an-®n-cp-∂Xv. AhnsS NnIn-

’n-°m≥ [\n-I¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bm¬ Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy-ßƒ

sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh∂v amXw. F√m tcmKn-Iƒ°pw Ahn-sS-

\n∂p sh≈hpw acp∂pw kuP-\y-am-bmWv \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]apJ

bmXn-I-\mb C_v\p-Pp-ss_¿ lnP-dm_vZw 580˛¬ AhnSw kµ¿in-

°p-I-bp-≠mbn. tUmIvS¿am¿ tcmKn-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]pe¿Øp∂

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


\nXm¥ i≤bpw Xoh-amb Xm¬]-cyhpw kw_-‘n®v At±lw hni-

Z-ambn hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. tcmKn-Iƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amb acp-∂p-Ifpw Blm-

c-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw At±lw \ap°v ]d™pXcp∂p.

at\m-tcmK NnIn-’-°p≈ ]tXyI hn`m-Kw-Xs∂ AhnsS D≠m-bn-

cp∂p. Ah-cpsS NnIn-’-bnepw Blmc Imcy-Ønepw A[n-Ir-X¿

AXoh i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®n-cp∂p.

lnPvd h¿jw 831˛¬ XnI™ Imcp-Wy-hn-Im-chpw kwth-Z-\-ti-

jn-bpap≈ tijvT-\mb Hcp hntZin AhnSw kµ¿in-®p. Ahn-SsØ

tUmIvS¿am-cpsS B[n-Iyhpw tcmKn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Ah-cpsS kPo-h-amb

i≤bpw Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS sa®hpw kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS

ta∑bpw At±-lsØ AZv`p-X-kvX-_v[-\m°n. \qcn Bip-]-Xn-bnse

tcmKn-Iƒ°v BUw-_c hkvXp-°ƒhsc \¬I-s∏-ń-cp∂p. CXn-

se√mw AXy-[nIw aXn∏v tXm∂nb B hntZin tUmIvS¿am-cpsS

Adnhpw sshZ-Kv[y-hpw-IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-b-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n®p.

Aßs\ tcmKn-bm-b-n A`n-\-bn®p. saUn-°¬ kq]≠v At±-lsØ

h∂v ]cn-tim-[n®p. At∏mƒ Abmƒ°v tcmK-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v t_m[y-

ambn. AXn-\m¬ acp-s∂m∂pw \¬In-bn√. \√ Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ,

tImgn, leph, ]m\o-b-ßƒ F∂nh \¬Im≥th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

aq∂mw-Zn-hkw kq]≠v At±-l-Øn\v Hcp Ipdn∏p sImSpØp.

AXn¬ C]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂p: ""\ΩpsS ASpØv BXnYyw aq∂v

Znh-k-amWv.'' AtXmsS tUmIvS¿°v Xs‚ D≈nen-cn∏v a\- n-em-bn-

´p-s≠∂v BK-X\v t_m[y-ambn. AtX-hsc Xs∂ AXn-Yn-bmbn IW-

°m-°p-I-bmWv tUmIvS¿am¿ sNbvX-sX∂p a\- n-embn. Aßs\

Ah-cpsS Akm-[m-c-W-amb kma¿Yyw B hntZin t\cn¬ ]Tn-®-

dn™p.

lnPvdm_vZw 1317 hsc \qcn Bip-]Xn AXns‚ hnhn[ ta∑-I-

tfmSpw Kmwò-cy-X-I-tfm-Spw-IqSn \ne-\n∂p. ]n∂o-S-hnsS Hcp sshtZ-

in-Im-ip-]Xn ÿm]n-°-s∏´p. kndn-b≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn-

ep≈ saUn-°¬ tIm-tfPv CXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-®m-Wp-≈Xv. \qcn Bip-

]Xn AS-®p-]qń saUn-°¬ tImtfPpw ]mtZ-inI ]mT-im-ebpw

ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX-∂¿Yw.

3. a≥kzqco Bip-]Xn

"_oam-cn-kvXm≥ Jem-hq≥' F∂ t]cn-em-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

Nne ][m-\n-I-fpsS hoSm-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]n∂oSv 1284˛¬ (lnPvd 683˛¬)

a≥kzq¿ ssk^p-±o≥ Jem-hq≥ AXv P\-d¬ Bip-]-Xn-bm°n am‰p-

157I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. h¿jw-tXmdpw Bbncw Zn¿lw hcp-am\ap≈ kzØv

AXns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-\mbn hJv^v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-t\m-S-

\p-_-‘n®v Hcp ]≈nbpw ]m-T-im-ebpw A\m-Y-a-µn-chpw At±lw

ÿm]n®p. AXns‚ \n¿amW ]›m-Øew Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m-cn-ßs\

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p:

""1275˛¬ fmln¿ ss__-d-kns‚ ImeØv tdmam-°m-cp-ambn bp≤-

Øn\v ]pd-s∏-´- a≥kzq¿ Jem-hq≥ Za-kvI-kn¬ tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-

bn. At∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ tUmIvS¿am¿ \qcn Bip-]-Xn-bn¬\n∂v

At±-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb acp-∂p-I-sf-Øn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. ]n∂oSv tcmK-

ap-‡-\mb Jem-hq≥, \qcn Bip-]Xn t\cn¬ kµ¿in-®p. AXv At±-

lsØ AXy-[nIw B›-cy-`-cn-X-\m-°n. A√mlp X\n°v A[n-Imcw

\¬Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AØ-c-sam∂v Xm\pw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-°p-sa∂v ]Xn-

⁄-sb-Sp-Øp. Aßs\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcw e`n-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Hcp

hoSv hne-°p-hm-ßn Bip-]-Xn-bm°n am‰p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. kwhn-

[m-\-Ønepw kuI-cy-ß-fnepw hf-sc-tbsd anI-®p-\n¬°p∂ H∂m-

Wn-Xv. kvXo˛-]p-cp-j, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-`-c-Wo-b, [\n-I-˛-Z-cnZ t`Z-an-

√msX Gh¿°pw Ahn-sS- NnIn’ tXSm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. tcmK-ap‡cmbn

]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-h¿s°√mw ]pXp-h-kvX-ßƒ \¬Im≥ AhnsS hyh-

ÿ-bp-≠v. AY-hm, tcmKn ac-W-a-S-™m¬ kwkvI-cW IrXy-

ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb sNehpIsf√mw Bip-]Xn Xs∂ hln-°p-∂p.

hnhn[ tcmK-ßƒ NnIn’n-°m≥ sshZKv[yw t\Snb tUmIvS¿-

am¿°v ]pdsa t\gvkp-am¿, A‰≥U¿am¿, Xq∏p-Im¿, tcmKn-I-fpsS

hkvXw -hr-Øn-bm-°p∂ Ae-°p-Im¿, Ipfn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂

tkh-I-∑m¿ F∂n-ßs\ -F√m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Bh-iy-am-bX tPmen-

°msc AhnsS \nb-an-®ncp-∂p. Hmtcm tcmKn°pw kz¥-ambn Ińepw

hncn∏pw ]pX∏pw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ipiq-j-°mbn Cuc≠v

tkh-I-scbpw \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂p.

a≥kzqcn Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ No^v saUn°¬ Hmô-k¿°v Ccn-

°m≥ ]tXyI ÿew Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v

¢msk-Sp-°m-\p≈ lmfpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v X-øm-dm-°-s∏-ń-cp-

∂p. Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ InS-°p∂ tcmKn-Iƒ°p amX-a√; A√m-Ø-

h¿°pw acp-∂p-I-fp-sS- I-qsS Bhiy-amb Blm-cwIqSn hnX-cWw

\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂psh-∂Xv Bcn-emWv B›-cy-ap-W¿Øm-Xn-cn-°pI?

AXna-l-Ø-c-amb ZuXyamWv NnIn’m-cw-KØv Cu Bip-]Xn

\n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn® Hcp I¿W

tUmIvS-dpsS ]kvXm-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Zn\w-]Xn \mem-bncw t]cm-W-hn-

sS-\n∂v NnIn’ t\Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xma-kn®v NnIn’n-°p-∂-h¿ tcmK-

Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ


ap-‡-cmbn Bip-]Xn hnSp-tºmƒ Ah¿°v [cn-°m≥ ]pXp-h-kvXhpw

A[zm-\n-°m≥ km[y-am-hp-∂Xphsc Pohn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hIbpw

Ahn-sS-\n∂v \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ tcmKn-Iƒ kpJw-]m-]n®

DSs\ `mcn® tPmen-Iƒ sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Cu Bip-]-Xn-bpsS hJv^v kw_-‘-amb tcJ-Iƒ \¬Ip∂

hnhc-a-\p-k-cn®v Ahn-SsØ Hmtcm tcmKn°pw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw

]mXßƒ \¬I-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Hcm-fp-tSXv Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw as‰m-

cm-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. `£Ww F√m-bvt∏mgpw aqSn `Z-am-bmWv

kq£n-®p-sh-®n-cp-∂Xv. AX-ß-s\-Ø-s∂-bmWv tcmKn°v FØn-®p-

sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xpw.

tcmKw Imc-W-ambn \nZm-hn-lo-\-cmbn Ign-bp-∂-hsc ]tXyI

ÿeØv Xma-kn-∏n®v Ah¿°v I¿Wm-\-µ-I-c-amb kwKo-X-ßfpw

ck-I-c-amb IY-Ifpw tIƒ∏n®v kt¥m-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv Cu

Bip-]-Xn-bpsS FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø° khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

hfsc ka¿Y-cmb Kmb-Icpw ImYn-I-cp-amWv C°mcyw \n¿h-ln-®p-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. A]-Imcw Xs∂ Ah-i-cmb tcmKn-Isf Biz-kn-

∏n-°m-\mbn Xam-i-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂-h-scbpw \mS≥ \rØ-I-e-Iƒ

A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-scbpw AhnsS \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p. kzp_vln-bpsS c≠p-

a-Wn-°q¿ apºp-Xs∂, AXn-t\mSv tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v

_m¶v- sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v Dd°w e`n-°msX ]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂

tcmKn-Isf Biz-kn-∏n-°m-\mbn a[p-c-kz-c-Øn¬ Km\-ß-fm-e-]n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. 1798˛¬ ^©p-Im¿ CuPn-]vXn¬ Imep-Ip-Øp-

∂-Xp-hsc Cu \ne XpS¿∂p. CsX√mw t\cn¬ ImWm-\n-S-bmb ^©v

]WvUn-X-∑m¿ Ahsb kw_-‘n-s®√mw hnkvabw \nd™ hm°p-

I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. A√m-lp-hmW! CXv Gsd AZv`p-X-I-

cw-X-s∂. \qX\ ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-fpsS L´-Øn-e-√msX B\p-\n-I-temIw

t]mepw NnIn-’m-cw-KØv CX DZm-Ø-amb hnXm-\-Øn-te-°p-b¿∂n-

´n-√.

159Snt∏mfn \K-c-Øn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcp

hJv^ns\ kw_-‘n®v tI´ Imcy-am-Wnt∏mƒ Hm¿a hcp-∂-Xv.

AXnse hcp-am\w c≠v DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿°v thX\w \¬Im≥ th≠n-

bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS tPmen tcmKn-I-fpsS ASp-ØpsN∂v

Ahsc Biz-kn-∏n-°epw Ah-cpsS ]bm-k-ßƒ eLqI-cn-°-ep-am-

bn-cp-∂p. a[p-c-ambpw hfsc kuay-ambpw tcmKn-I-tfmSv kwkm-cn-°p-

Ibpw Xßƒ kpJw ]m]n-°p-∂p-s≠∂ tXm∂¬ Ah-cn¬ krjvSn-

°p-Ibpw sNøm-\mWv ]kvXpX DtZym-K-ÿ≥∑m¿ \nb-an-°-s∏-ń-

cp-∂-Xv. tcmKn-I-fpsS apJØv t\m°n Ah-cn¬ ]I-S-am-Ip∂ ]ptcm-

K-Xnsb kw_-‘n®v ]d-™p-sIm-SpØv Ahsc kam-[m-\n-∏n-°-em-

bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ZuXyw.

a≥kzqcn Bip-]-Xn-°p≈ hJv^ns‚ B[mcw ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂

B¿°pw tcmKn-I-fpsS kuI-cym¿Yw AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-Ønb At\Iw

hi-ßsf kw_-‘n®v hy‡-ambn Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Xmco-Jp¬

_oam-cn-kvXm\mXn ^n¬Ckveman (CkvemanI temIsØ Bip-]-

Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-Xw)-bpsS I¿Ømhv AXv D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v. (]-k-‡-

ambn tXm∂m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ kmam\yw Zo¿L-amb ]kvXpX B[m-c-

Øns‚ ]I¿∏v ChnsS tN¿Øn-ń√ ˛ hnh.)

4. samtdmt°m Bip-]Xn

Aao-dp¬ ap-Avan-\o≥ a≥kzq¿ A_q-bq-kp^v ÿm]n-®-Xm-Wn-

Xv˛ samtdm-t°m-hnse aph-lvln-Zp-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-

cp∂p At±-lw. samtdmt°m-hnse G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-hpw hnim-e-

hpamb Hcp ÿew At±lw AXn\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Aßs\

AhnsS km[y-am-hp-∂X at\m-l-c-amb Hcp sIń-S-ap-≠m-°m≥ \n¿am-

Xm-°-tfmSv \n¿tZ-in-®p. AhnsS hnhn-[-bn\w hr£ßfpw Im¿jn-I-

hn-f-Ifpw kpK-‘-s®-Sn -Ifpw \´p-]n-Sn -∏n-°m≥ I¬]n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Bip-]-Xn-bpsS F√m hiß-fn-eq-sSbpw sh≈samgpIm≥

th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn®p. IqSmsX \mep henb Ipf-ßƒ \n¿an-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-bn-sem∂v am¿_nƒsIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-bn-

cp-∂p. tcmaw, ]™n, ]´v, kn¬°vt]m-ep≈ ]ebn\w ]Zm¿Y-

ßƒsIm≠v \n¿an® at\m-l-c-amb InS-°-Ifpw hncn-Ifpw AhnsS

k÷o-I-cn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w hnhn-[-bn\w emb-\n-Iƒ, FÆ-Iƒ,

Huj-[-s®-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh kq£n-°p∂ ^m¿a-knbpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-

_-‘n®v ÿm]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

tcmKn-Iƒ°v cmXnbpw ]Iepw ssiXy-Im-eØpw Kojva-Im-

eØpw amdn amdn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ sht∆sd hkvX-ßƒ Hcp-°n.

tcmKn Zcn-Z-\m-sW-¶n¬ NnIn’ ]q¿Øn-bm°n ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ


tPmen-sb-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Pohn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-

ßfpw AhnsS \n∂p-Xs∂ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w NnIn’-

bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ [\n-I-˛-Z-cnZ hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hcp-hn[ hnth-

N-\hpw I¬]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. samtdm-t°m-hn¬sh®v B¿s°-¶nepw tcmKw

_m[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]kvXpX Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v

kpJ-am-hp-Itbm acn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂-Xp-hsc NnIn’n-°m≥th≠

kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F√m sh≈n-bm-gvNbpw kp¬Øm≥

tcmKn-Isf kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Ah-ÿ-Iƒ At\z-jn-°p-

Ibpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpw NnIn’-I-cp-sSbpw s]cp-am-‰-sØ-∏‰n

tNmZn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

Ckvem-an-I-tem-IØ,v Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-am-bn hym]n®p InS-∂n-

cp∂ \qdp-I-W-°n\v Bip-]-Xn-I-fn¬ \mseÆw DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn

hnhcn-®-Xm-Wn-Xv. A∂v bqtdm∏v A⁄-X-bpsS A‘-Im-c-Øn¬

X∏n-Ø-S-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Bip-]-Xn-I-sfbpw Ah-bnse kuI-

cy-ß-sfbpw hrØn-sbbpw AXn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-amb a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-

amb hnIm-c-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v Ah¿s°m-∂p-a-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

\mw t\ctØ hnh-cn-®-hn[w Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Bip-]-Xn-

I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ [\y-amb ImeØv bqtdm-∏ns‚ ÿnXn F¥m-

bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Kln-°m≥ P¿a≥ Hmdn-b≥denÃv amIvkv tab¿

tlm^v (Max Mayer Hoff) ]d™ hm°p-IƒXs∂ [mcm-f-am-Wv.

Ckvem-an-I-˛--bq-tdm-]y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-I-fnse Bip-]-Xn-I-fpsS Ah-

ÿ-Iƒ At±-l-an-ßs\ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p:

""Atd-_y≥ Bip-]-Xn-Ifpw Ckvem-anI \mSp-I-fnse BtcmKy

hyh-ÿ-Ifpw \ap°v XnIvXhpw A\n-jvS-I-c-hp-amb ]mT-amWv \¬Ip-

∂-Xv. A°m-esØ bqtdm-∏nse Bip-]-Xn-Isf kw_-‘n®v hni-Z-

amb Xmc-X-ay-Øn-eq-sSb-√msX \ap-°h-bpsS ÿm\hpw al-Xzhpw

a\- n-em-°pI km[y-a-√. \ΩpsS Ime-Øn\v ap∂qdp h¿jw apºpw

AXn\v sXm´p tijhpw bqtdm-∏n\v Bip-]-Xn-sb∂ Bi-bw-t]mepw

A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXz_vZw 1710 hsc Ah¿ CtX Ah-ÿ-

bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A¬]w-t]mepw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bn-√msXØs∂

]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. tcmKn-Iƒ H∂p-In¬ Ah-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬

As√¶n¬ AK-Xn-a-µn-c-Øn¬sh-®mWv NnIn-’n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.

Ign™ ImesØ bqtdm-]y≥ Bip-]-Xn-I-fpsS Zb-\o-bm-hÿ

Kln-°m≥ ]mco-knse Zcn-Z-¿°mbp≈ "Hm´¬ hyq'(Otel View) sb°p-

dn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv Xs∂ aXn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A°m-esØ G‰hpw

\√ Bip-]-Xn-bm-bmWv AX-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. am¿Ivkn tSm¿tSm(Maxi

Tordo)bpw Sm\q\pw (Tanun) AXns‚ Ahÿ Cßs\ hnh-cn-°p∂p:

161""Cu Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ 1200 Iń-ep-I-fp-≠v. Ah-bn¬ 486 FÆw

H‰-bm-Wv. Hmtcm∂v Hmtcm tcmKn-Iƒ°v. Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ 714 FÆw

˛Ah-bpsS hnim-eX A©v ASn-sb-°mƒ IqSn-bn-cp-∂n-√˛ aq∂n\pw

Bdn-\p-an-S-°p≈ tcmKn-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtXm-

sSm∏w tcmKn-Iƒ°p≈ hm¿Up-Iƒ Cu¿∏-ap-≈-hbpw Zp¿K‘w han-

°p-∂-hbpw Ccpƒ ap‰n-b-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ip≤-hmbp hcm≥ P\-hm-

Xn-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂n´pw F√m-bvt∏mgpw 800˛Hmfw tcmKn-Iƒ

Iń-ep-Iƒ In´p-∂Xpw ImØv Xd-bn¬ InS-∂p-h-cnI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-

∂p. Ah¿ ta¬°p-ta¬ Ań-bn-´-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A]-Imcw

Xs∂ Iń-en¬ \mepw A©pw Bdpw tcmKn-Iƒ Hń-t®¿∂mWv InS-

∂n-cp-∂Xv. Nne-cpsS Imep-Iƒ a‰p Nne-cpsS Xe-Ifnt∑em-bn-cp-∂p.

Ipń-Ifpw hr≤-∑mcpw kvXoIfpw ]pcp-j-∑mcpw sXm´p-cp-Ωn-bmWv

InS-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp `mKØv EXp-a-Xn-bmb kvXo; sXm´-SpØv ssSt^m-

bnUv _m[n-®, ]\n®v hnd®v s]m≈p∂ ss]X¬; Ah-cn-cp-h-tcmSpw

tN¿∂v N¿a-tcm-Kn, Abmƒ Xs‚ c‡w ]pc≠ ssIIƒsIm≠v

sNmdn _m[n® sXmen-bn¬ am¥pI; Aßs\ AXn¬\n-s∂m-en-

°p∂ New Iń-en¬ Xfw sIń-\n¬°p-I. CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p

Ahn-SsØ Ah-ÿ. tcmKn-Iƒ°v \¬In-bn-cp∂ `£Ww k¶-¬]n-

°m-hp-∂-Xn¬ sht®-‰hpw tami-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-sW-¶n¬ h√-

t∏mgpw hfsc Ipd®v amX-amWv \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp hyh-ÿbpw

Ia-hp-an-√m-sX-bmWv tcmKn-Iƒ°v Blmcw hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂-

sX-∂¿Yw.

""Bip-]-Xn-bpsS ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂ ]ptcm-ln-X-Iƒ tcmKn-

°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnth-N\w I¬]n-°pIbpw Aßs\ [\n-I¿°v

sa®s∏´ Blmcw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ahsc aZyw IpSn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw ]Yy-am-N-cn®v `£-W-Øn¬ \nb-¥Ww ]men-t°≠ L´-

ß-fn¬t∏mepw a[pc ]e-lm-c-ßfpw sImgp-∏p≈ `£-W-ßfpw Xo‰p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. XZv^-e-ambn Hcp hn`mKw Bh-iy-amb Blmcw

e`n-°msX ac-W-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ as‰mcp hn`mKw APo¿Ww _m[n®v

A¥y-izm-kw-h-en-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. hcp-∂-h¿°pw t]mIp-∂-

h¿°pw Hcp \nb-¥-W-hp-an-√msX Bip-]-Xn-bpsS Ihm-S-ßƒ kZm

ae¿s° Xpd-∂psh°-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Bip-]-Xn-

bn¬\n∂v ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-≈-h-scbpw _m[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-

∂p. tcmK-_o-P-ßƒ hln-°p∂ Im‰pw ]mWn-I-fp-am-WXv ]c-Øn-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. [\n-I¿°v ]pd-Øp-\n∂v ]mIw-sNbvX `£Ww FØn-®p-

sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ahcpw hni∂v acn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p; AanX

t`mP-\-Øn-eqsS APo¿Ww _m[n®pw elcn D]-tbm-Kn®pw acn-°p-

∂-t]m-se-Ø-s∂.

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ


""Bip-]-Xn-bnse hncn-∏p-Iƒ Gsd amen-\y-ßfpw Zp¿K‘w han-

°p-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ t\gvkp-amcpw A‰≥U¿amcpw kp¿°

]pc-ńb ]™n \mkm-Zzm-c-Øn¬ sh®-ti-j-a-√msX AhnsS IS-∂p-

sN-∂n-cp-∂n-√. AY-hm, tcmKn ac-W-a-S-™m¬Øs∂ Npcp-ßn-bXv

24 aWn-°q-sd-¶nepw Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p apºv arX-i-cocw ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v

\o°w sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw ih-i-cocw No™-fn-bp-Ibpw

AXn¬\n∂v amen-\y-ßƒ hnk¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂mepw Xs‚ ac-W-Øns‚ Dughpw ImØp-In-S-°p∂ tcmKn-bpsS

Iń-en¬ \n∂Xv FSp-Øp-am-‰n-bn-cp-∂n-√.''

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn -I-X-bpsS kph¿W Zi-I-fn¬ apkvenw

temIØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Bip-]-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw A°m-eØv ]mivNm-

Xy-tem-I-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ BXpc-ip-iq-jm-e-b-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-ÿ-

Isf kw_-‘n® kw£n-]vX-amb Xmc-Xay ]T-\-am-Wn-Xv. A∂v

bqtdm-]y≥ P\X ssh⁄m-\nI cwKØv F¥p-amXw ]n∂n-em-bn-

cp-∂p-sh∂pw Bip-]-Xn-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ FX-tØmfw A]-am-\-

I-c-amb Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw CXv kpXcmw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

bYm¿Y-Øn-e-h¿°v Btcm-Ky-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS _me-]m-Tßƒ t]mep-

a-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Dkma-Xp-_v\p ap≥JnZv Xs‚ A¬-C-AvXn_m¿

F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ hnh-cn® c≠p kw`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v Ipcn-ip-ip-≤-

°m-cmb ]m›m-Xy-cpsS sshZy-im-kvX-cw-KsØ A⁄-X-bpsS ]mc-

ay-Xbpw Adn-hns‚ ]cn-an-Xnbpw hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. Ah-bn-ßs\ hmbn-°mw:

""^©p-Im-cpsS sshZy-ta-J-e-bnse A¤p-X-ß-fn-sem-∂n-Xm-Wv.

Hcn°¬ kzmln-_p¬ ap\-bvXzd (Sahib Munitrah) Xs‚ Iq´p-Imsc

NnIn’n-°m≥ Hcp tUmIvSsd Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v Fs‚ ]nXr-hy-

s\-gp-Xn. AX-\p-k-cn®v Fs‚ ]nXr-hy≥ Hcp InkvXy≥ tUmIvSsd

Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿ "km_nXv' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ ]Øp Znh-k-Øn-\Iw Abmƒ Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-

Xv. At∏mƒ R-ßƒ tNmZn-®p: "FX thK-amWv Xm¶ƒ tcmKn-Isf

NnIn¬kn-®Xv?'

At±lw ]d™p: "Ah¿ Fs‚ ASp-°¬ Hcp tbm≤m-hns\

sIm≠p-h-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Imen¬ Hcp Ipcp D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp

sNSn-bpsS \ocp ]pc-ńb ioe-sIm≠v sIń-b-t∏mƒ Ipcp s]mń.

A]--Imcw Xs∂ sNmdn _m[n® Hcp kvXosbbpw Ah¿ lmP-cm-

°n. Rm\-hfpsS `£-W-Øn¬ \nb-¥-Whpw Iao-I-c-Whpw hcp-

Øp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS, hn≠p-Iodn sNmdn _m[n® sXmen°v an\pkw

e`n-°m≥ th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ s]s´-

∂-hnsS ]Xy-£-s∏´ ^©v tUmIvS¿ Fs∂ kw_-‘n®v AhnsS

163IqSn-b-h-tcmSv "Cbmƒ°v sshZy-im-kvX-sØbpw tcmKn-Isf NnIn’n-

°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw kw_-‘n®v F¥-dnbm'sa∂v tNmZn®v Ahsc

NnIn’n-°m-\m-cw-`n-®p.

Aßs\ Ipcp _m[n® B ]´m-f-°m-c-t\mSv Abmƒ tNmZn-®p:

"Xm¶ƒ°v H‰-°m-en¬ Pohn-°p-∂tXm Ccp-Im-ep-ambn acn-°p-∂tXm

GXm-WnjvSw?' At∏mƒ "Hcp Imen¬ Pohn-°m-\m-Wm-K-l'-sa∂v

Abmƒ adp-]Sn ]d-™p. DSs\ B ^©p tUmIvS¿ Icp-Ø-\mb

Hcp tbm≤m-hn-t\mSv aq¿®-bp≈ agp-hp-ambn hcm-\m-⁄m-]n-®p.

Aßs\ ]´m-f-°m-cs‚ Ipcp _m[n® Im¬ Hcp ac-Ø-Sn-bn¬ sh®v

H‰ shń\v apdn-®p-I-f-bm≥ Abm-tfm-Sm-⁄m-]n-®p. AX-\p-k-cn®v,

Rm≥ t\m°n-\n¬s° Abm-ƒ B ]´m-f-°m-cs‚ Imen¬ B™p-

shń. F¶nepw H‰ shń-\Xv apdn-™n-√. AXn-\m¬ c≠m-aXpw shń.

AtXmsS X≠w Imense a÷ ]pd-Øp-t]m-hp-Ibpw Xma-kn-bmsX

Abmƒ ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C]-Imcw Xs∂ B ^©p tUmIvS¿ sNmdn _m[n® kvXosb

Xnf® sh≈-Øn¬ ap°m≥ \n¿tZin-®p. Aßs\ A[nIw Xma-kn-

bmsX Ahcpw acn-®p.'' CXns‚ hni-Z-amb hnh-c-Whpw Dkma-Xp-

_v\p- ap≥JnZv D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

Cu Xmc-Xay ]T-\-ßƒ°p-tijw \ΩpsS kPoh i≤ ]Xn-

tb≠ AXnse ê-ß-fn-te°v kqN\ \¬In-s°m≠v Cu N¿®-bn-

hnsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS h‡m-

°-ƒ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]m›m-Xy-

sc-°mƒ \s∂-®p-cp-ßn-bXv HºXp \q‰m-≠p-I-sf-¶nepw ap≥I-S-∂n-

´p-≠v. \ΩpsS Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ temI-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Xpey-X-bn-√mØ

DZm-Ø-amb am\p-jnI hnIm-c-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. C∂pw ]m›m-

Xy¿°v B a\p-jy--kvt\-l-]-c-amb hnImcw A⁄m-Xhpw A]m-

]y-hp-a-sX.

tcmKn-Isf NnIn’n-°p-∂-Xnepw Biz-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw Km\m-

em -] -ßƒ°pw lmky-`m -j-W-ƒ°pap≈ ]¶v a\- n -em -°nb

BZysØ P\-hn-`m-Khpw apkvenw-I-f-sX. tcmKn-Iƒ°v NnIn’bpw

acp∂pw `£Whpw kuP-\y-ambn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS \ΩpsS \mK-

cn-IX FØn-\n∂ kmaqlnI kwc-£W t_m[-Øns‚ D∂-X-amb

hnXm-\-tØm-f-ap-b-cm≥ C∂pw ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ°v km[n-

®n-ń-√. Ckvem-anI kaqlw tcmKn-Iƒ°v, Ah-c-Xn¬\n∂p ap‡-cm-

bmepw tPmen sNøm≥ km[y--am-Ip-thmfw Pohn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-

h-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ apkvenw-

Iƒ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]Xm-I-hm-l-I-cm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v Ib-dn-

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ


s®-√m≥ Ign™ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øns‚ aln-X-amb hnXm-\-asX

CXv. F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS C∂sØ ÿnXn-sb¥v? ]q¿hn-I-cpsS Ah-

ÿ-tbmSp Xpe\w sNøp-tºm-ƒ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]m›m-Xy¿ t]mepw

Cs∂-hnsS?

165]Xn-s\m∂v

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bnse [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbpw ssh⁄m-\nI

tIµ-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n® N¿®-bpsS `mK-amWv KŸm-e-b-ß-sf-

∏-‰n-bp≈ ]T-\w. km[m-c-W-°m¿°v Adnhv ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p∂

At\Iw ÿm]-\-ßfpw ]mT-im-e-Ifpw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t\Xm-

°fpw ]W-°mcpw ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw Ah-°p-th≠n [mcmfw hn`-h-

ßƒ sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv A®-Sn-im-e-I-fp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Fgp-Øp-hn-Zy-bn¬ sshZKv[yw t\Snb

hy‡n-Iƒ KŸ-ßƒ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv. AXp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS hne Zcn-Z-hn-Zym¿Yn-Iƒ°pw ]fin-

X-∑m¿°pw hmßm-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w I\-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ Fßs\-

bmWv hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fnse KŸ-ß-fpsS tiJcw D≠m-

°-W-sa∂ tamlw k^-eo-Ir-X-am-hpI? AXn-\m¬ KX-Ime Ckvem-

anI kaq-l-ß-fnse KŸm-e-b-ßƒ DZm-Ø-amb am\p-jnI hnIm-c-

ß-fp-sSbpw hn⁄m\ XrjvW-bp-sSbpw HØp-tN-c-ens‚ ]Xn-^-

e\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

]pcm-X\ hniz-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬

[\y-am-bXv Ad_n kmlnXyw amX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. apkvenw-I-sf-√m-hcpw KŸ-ß-fn-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw Ah-bpsS ]mcm-

b-W-Ønepw ]T\-N¿®-bnepw AXoh X¬]-ccpam-bn-cp-∂p. Bsc-

¶nepw Iq´p-Im-cn¬ \n∂-I∂v Zo¿L-Imew H‰-s∏´v Ign-bp-I-bm-sW-

¶nepw ]pkvXIw Abm-fpsS D‰anX-sa∂ ÿm\w Ae¶cn®n-cp-∂p.

Abm-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ AXn¬ hym]rXam-hp-Ibpw a\ v \n¿hr-Xn-b-

S-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp∂p.

A-lva-Zp_v\p Ckvam-Cu¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""]pkvXIw ]mXn-cm-hnepw

\nt∂mSp h¿Ø-am\w ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Iq´m-fnbm-Wv. ]T-\-

k-a-bØv AXv \nt∂mSv kwkm-c-am-cw-`n-°p∂p. hni-a-k-a-bØv AXp-

\ns∂ hnfn®v hnj-an-∏n-°p-I-bp-an√. AXp-ambn k‘n-°m\pw kwh-

Zn-°m\pw Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ Xm¶ƒ°v kz¥sØ tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n-t°-

≠n-h-cn-√. Xm¶sf Aan-X-ambn hogvØp-Itbm ]pI-gvØp-Itbm

sNømØ Iq´p-Im-c-\m-W-Xv. AXv Xm¶sf Hcn-°epw h©n-°p-I-bn-

√. shdp-∏n-°p-I-bn√. H´pw hgn-]n-g-∏n-°mØ D]-tZ-jvSm-hsX DØa

KŸw.''

Iq´p-Im-tcm-sSmØv Ifn-®p-c-kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ apkvenwIƒ

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ


]m[m\yw I¬]n-®n-cp-∂Xv ]pkvXI ]mcm-b-W-Øn-\m-Wv. cmPm-°-

∑m-cpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-bp≈ kmao-]y-tØ-°mƒ ap≥K-W\

\¬In-bn-cp-∂Xv KŸ-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°-Øn-\m-Wv. ]apJ

kmln-Xy-Im-c\pw a¥n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ apl-Ω-Zp_v\p A_vZn¬ aen-

In- -bmXv A¬]-Imew hoń¬ Hgn-™n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Pmlnfv At±-

lsØ kµ¿in-°m-\m-K-ln-®p. A°m-esØ Ad_n `mj-bn¬ AK-

K-Wy-\mb ko_-h-bvln-bpsS KŸ-amWv At±lw kplr-Øn\v

ka¿∏n-°m-\p-≈ kΩm-\-ambn IqsS Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. a¥n AXv

AXy-[nIw B\-µ-tØmSpw kt¥m-j-tØmSpw kzoI-cn-®p. XpS¿∂v

Pmln-fn-t\m-Sn-ßs\ ]d-™p: ""A√m-lp-hmW! CXn-s\-°mƒ F\n°v

]nb¶-c-amb Hcp kΩm-\hpw Ct∂mfw e`n-®n-ń√.''

Hcn-°¬ Hcp Jeo^ ]ap-J-\mb Hcp ]fin-X-t\mSv Nne Imcy-

ßƒ kwkm-cn-°m-\mbn Xs‚ ASpØv hcm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´p. ]cn-Nm-c-

I≥ sN∂-t∏mƒ ]kvXpX ]fin-X≥ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°n-S-bn-en-cp∂v

Ah ]mcm-bWw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn hnfn-

°p-∂p-s≠-∂-dn-bn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d™p: ""Rm≥ Hcp]‰w ]fin-

X-∑m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw AXn¬\n∂v hnc-

an-®m¬ hcm-sa∂pw Xm¶ƒ At±-lsØ Adn-bn°pI.'' AX-\p-k-

cn®v ]cn-Nm-c-I≥ Xncn-®p-h∂v hnh-c-a-dn-bn-®-t∏mƒ Jeo^ tNmZn®p:

""BcmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ASp-Øp≈ ]fin-X-∑mcpw XØz-⁄m-

\n-I-fpw?''

""A√m-lp-hmW! Rm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ASpØv Bscbpw I≠n-

ń√'' ]cn-Nm-c-I≥ ]d™p. AtXmsS Jeo^, At±-lsØ DSs\

Xs‚ apºn¬ lmP-cm-°m≥ DØ-c-hn-´p. Aßs\ B ]fin-X≥

ÿe-sØ-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Abmƒ tNmZn®p: ""Xm¶-fpsS ASp-°-ep-≠m-

bn-cp∂ B ]fin-X-∑mcpw XØz-⁄m-\n-Ifpw BcmWv?''

DSs\ At±lw ]mSn:

""Ah¿ Hcp kwLw kplr-Øp-°-fmWv. Ah-cpsS kwkmcw H´pw

aSp-∏p-f-hm°pI-bn-√. km∂n-[y-Ønepw Akm-∂n-[y-Ønepw Ah¿

hniz-kvXcpw kXy-k-‘-cp-a-sX.

""Ah-tcm-sSm∏w \mw X\n-®m-bm¬ AhcpsS `mjWw ZpxJw Zqco-

I-cn-°m≥ Gsd klm-b-I-a-sX.

""Ah-cpsS hn⁄m\w \ap°v Adnhv e`n-°m≥ ]tbm-P-\-I-c-

am-bn-Øocp-∂p. AXn-eqsS \ap°v Nn¥m-i-‡nbpw kwkvIm-chpw A`n-

]mb kp_-≤-Xbpw e`n°p-∂p.

""NoØ Iq´p-sI-ń-s\tbm kwi-b-sØtbm Ah-cn¬ \n∂p `b-

167s∏-tS-≠n-h-cn√. Ah-cpsS \mhn-s\tbm ssIbns\tbm kq£n-t°≠

Bhiyw t\cn-Sp-∂-Xp-a√.

""Ah¿ a-c-W-a-S-™-hcmsW∂v ]d-™m¬ Rm≥ Ifhp ]d-™-

h-\m-I-bn-√. Ah¿ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂v ]kvXm-hn-®mepw Aß-

s\-Øs∂.''

B ]fin-X≥ Dt±-in-®Xv XØz-⁄m-\n-I-fp-sSbpw alZvhy‡n-

I-fp-sS-bpw KŸ-ß-fm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°nb Jeo^ At±lw hcm≥

sshIn-b-Xn-semcp hnΩn-´hpw ImWn-®n-√.

kzmln-_p_v\p D_m-Zv, \qlp_v\p a≥kzq-d- m-km-\n-bpsS sIm-

´m-c-Ønse D∂-X-ÿm-\-sØ°mƒ ]mapJyw I¬]n-®Xv Xs‚

KŸm-e-b-Øn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv. At±lw KŸ-ß-fn¬

AX-tbsd X¬]-c\pw hym]r-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsb hn´p-t]m-Im≥

At±-l-Øn\p km[y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AtXm-sSm∏w Ah Npa-∂p-sIm-

≠p-t]m-hpI ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Ah-tbm-sSm∏w

KŸm-e-b-Øn¬ Ign-bm-\m-Wm-K-ln-®-Xv.

Cu hnIm-c-amWv Ckvem-anI ]fin-X-∑m-scbpw ]W-°m-scbpw

t\Xm-°-sfbpw KŸ-ß-fpsS tiJ-cW-Øn¬ X¬]-c-cm-°nbXv.

Ah¿s°√mw Xß-fpsS kzØpw hoSpw \in-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ ]bm-

k-I-c-am-bn A-\p-`-h-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv KŸ-ß-fpsS \jvS-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp bp≤-th-f-bn¬ C_v\p¬ Dssa-Zns‚ hoSv BI-an-°-s∏-´p.

iXp-°ƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ]cn-Nm-c-I-scbpw ]mdm-hp-Im-scbpw ]cm-

P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. DSs\ C_v\p¬ DssaZv Xs‚ Hmô-kn-te°v HmSn-s®-

∂p. At∏m-g-hn-SsØ JP-\m-hp-I-sf√mw sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Ccn-

°m≥ Hcp sNdnb ]oTtam sh≈-sa-Sp-°m≥ Hcp ]mXwt]m-ep-tam

Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-∂n-√. F¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ Akzmÿyw Xs‚

KŸ-ßsf kw_-‘n-®m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahtb-°m-ƒ Aaq-ey-ambn At±-

l-Øn\v as‰m-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Z¿i-\w, kmlnXyw XpSßn hnhn[

hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fnse hºn-® KŸ-ti-Jcw Xs∂ At±-l-Øn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah \qdn-tesd H´-I-ßƒ°v hln-°m-\p-≈X IqSp-X-

em-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ C_v\p¬ DssaZv KŸm-eb kq£n-∏p-Im-cs\

I≠ DSs\ AXns‚ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-®p. AXn-s\m∂pw

kw`-hn-®n-ń-s√∂v Abm-f-dn-bn-®-tXmsS At±lw AXy-[nIw kt¥m-

jn-°p-Ibpw KŸm-eb kq£n-∏p-Im-c-t\m-Sv C-ßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw

sNbvXp:

""Xm¶ƒ DØ-c-hm-ZnXz t_m[-ap≈ hy‡n-bm-sW∂v Rm\nXm

km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. a‰p hkvXp-°ƒs°√mw ]I-cw-sh-°m≥ km[n-

°pw. F∂m¬ Cu KŸm-ebw \jvS-s∏-´m¬ AsXm-cn-°epw \nI-

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ


ØpI km[y-a√.''

Cu ssh⁄m-\nI XrjvW-bpsS ê-ambn Ah¿ KŸ-Im-c-

∑m-cn¬\n∂v Ah-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ cN\ ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºm-tg°pw

hmßm≥ ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®n-cp-∂p. kvs]bn≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn lIw,

A_p¬^-d-Pp¬ Ckzv^-lm\n Xs‚ A¬AKm\n F∂ KŸw cNn-

°p-∂-Xmbn Adn-bm-\n-S-bm-bn. AXn-\m¬ KŸ-I-¿-Øm-hns‚ ASp-

°te°v AXns‚ Hcp tIm∏n e`n-°m-\mbn Bbncw kz¿W-\m-Wbw

sImSp-Ø-b-®p. Aßs\ A_p¬^-dPv A¬AKm\nbpsS Hcp ]Xn

lI-an\v Ab®p sImSp-Øp. AXn-\m¬, ]n¬°m-eØv hniz-hn-Jym-

X-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ]kvXpX KŸw AXns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ \mSmb

Cdm-Jn¬ ]mcm-bWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p apsº kvs]bn-\n¬ hmbn-

°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

BZy-Ime apkvenw-I-fpsS AZ-ay-amb Cu hn⁄m\ Zml-amWv

Ckvem-anI temI-Øp-S-\ofw KŸm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏Sm≥ CS-

bm-°n-b-Xv. sXm´p-tN¿∂v KŸm-e-b-ß-fn-√mØ ]mT-im-e-IƒXs∂

A°m-eØv \s∂ hnc-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. A]-Im-cw-Xs∂ sNdnb Hcp

KŸm-e-b-sa-¶n-ep-an-√mØ sIm®p Kma-ßƒ t]mep-a∂v ImW-s∏-

ńcp-∂n-√. ]´W-ß-fpw Xe-ÿm\ \KcnIfpw \nc-h[n KŸm-e-b-

ß-fm¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. a[y-Ime Ncn-X-Øn-sem∂pw AXn\p

Xpey-am-sbm-c-hÿ Is≠-ØpI km[y-a-√.

KŸ-im-e-Iƒ ][m-\-ambpw c≠p-X-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. s]mXp-hpw

kzImcyhpw.

s]mXp KŸm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-®n-cp-∂Xv Jeo-^-amcpw ]fin-X-

∑mcpw ]W-°mcpw t\Xm-°-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah°v ]tXyI sIń-S-

ßƒXs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne-t∏m-gh henb ]mT-im-e-ItfmSpw ]≈n-

I-tfmSpw tN¿∂mWv ÿnXnsN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv.

KŸm-e-b-ßƒ°p-th≠n D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂ ]tXyI sIń-S-ß-fn¬

\nc-h[n apdn-Ifpw Ahsb ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ hnim-e-amb

lmfp-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Np-acp-I-fn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ td°pIfn-emWv

]pkvX-I-ßƒ kq£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm apdn-bnepw Hmtcm-bn\w KŸ-

ß-fmWv ASp-°n-sh-®n-cp-∂-Xv. I¿a-imkvX IrXn-Iƒ, kmlnXy

]pkvX-I-ßƒ, sshZy-imkvX KŸ-ßƒ F∂n-h-s°√mw sht∆sd

apdn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX AhnsS hcp-∂-h¿°v Ccp∂v ]mcm-

bWw sNøm≥

hnim-e-amb lmfpw ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Øp-Im¿°v A°mcyw \n¿h-ln-

°p-hm≥ kuI-cy-]-Z-amb apdn-Ifpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v \n¿an-°pI

]Xn-hm-bn-cp -∂p. amX-a√ Nne KŸm-e-b-ß-fn¬ hmb-\-bpsS

169

B[nIyw Imc-W-ambn aSp∏pw £oWhpw tXm∂p-∂-h¿°v Ah-b-I-

‰m\pw Dt∑-jhpw kt¥m-jhpw hos≠-Sp-°m\pw km[n-°p-amdv

kwKoXw ihn-°m-\p≈ kuI-cy-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

KŸm-e-b-ß-fn¬ FØp-∂-h¿°v ssh⁄m-\nI kwhm-Z-ßfpw

]T\ N¿®-Ifpw \S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy-ßfpw Ah-tbm-S-

\p-_-‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. H∏w hntZ-in-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°m-

\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m apdn-I-fnepw sa®-s∏-´Xpw

kuIcy-]-Z-hp-amb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ k÷o-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Nne-bn-

S-ß-fn-se√mw `£Ww Ign-°m-\p-≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ IqSn D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p.

blvb-_v\p¬ ap\-÷n-ans‚ KŸm-ebw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

_KvZmZv ]´-W-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ "I¿I¿' Kma-Ønse "J^vkzv' ]tZ-

iØv At±lw Kwò-c-amb Hcp sIm´mcw ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. AXn¬

Jkm-\-Xp¬ lnIva (hn⁄m-\ tiJcw) F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬

_rlØmb KŸm-e-b-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \mńs‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v

Bfp-I-ƒ A-hntS°p t]mhp-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v hnhn-[-bn\w hn⁄m-

\-ß-fm¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°m-h-iy-ap-ff apgp-h≥

KŸ-ßfpw \¬I-s∏-ń -cp -∂p. H∏w kp`n -£-amb `£-W-hpw.

AXns‚ sNe-hp-I-sf√mw hln-®n-cp-∂Xv Aen-øp_v\p blvbm Bbn-

cp-∂p. ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mK-cn-I-X-IfpsS kap-∂-X-ß-fmb kncm-tI-µ-

ß-fn¬t∏mepw AXn\v kam-\-amb H∂v C∂pw Is≠-ØpI km[y-

a-s√∂Xv F¥p-amXw IuXp-IIca√!

A_p¬Jmknw PA- v^-dp_v\p apl-Ω-Zn_v\n la-Zm -\n¬

aukznen, aukzn-en¬ Hcp sIń-S-ap-≠m°n AXn\v "Zmdp¬ C¬av'

(hn⁄m\ `h\w)F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. F√m-bn\w hn⁄m\

imJ-I-fn-sebpw KŸ-ß-fpsS hºn® tiJcw AhnsS k÷am°n

hn⁄m-\-Zm-ln-Iƒ°p th≠n hJv^v sNbvXp. B¿°pw AhnsS

btYjvSw Ib-dn-s®∂v ]pkvX-Ißƒ ]mcm-bWw sNøm-\p≈ kuI-

cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Zcn-Z-cmb hntZ-in-I-fmWv hn⁄m\w tXSn-sb-Øp-

ssh⁄m-\nI k`-Iƒ


∂-sX-¶n¬ KŸ-ß-tfm-sSm∏w `£-Whpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]kvXpX

KŸm-ebw F√m Znhkhpw Xpd-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. e≠-\ntem hmjnw-

KvS-Wntem at‰-sX-¶nepw ]m›mXy \K-c-Øntem Adnhpw Blm-

chpw H∏w \¬Ip∂ CØ-c-sam-cp sse_-dn-bp-≈-Xmbn \nß-fm-sc-

¶nepw tIń-´pt≠m?

s]mXp KŸm-e-b-ßƒ°v Ah-bpsS kq£n-∏n\pw \S-Øn-∏n-\p-

ap≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sc-t∏mgpw ka-Im-enI kaq-

l-Ønse kap-∂X ]WvUn-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Bh-iy-°m¿°v

KŸ-ß-sf-Øn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw A\y-`m-j-I-fn-ep≈h Ad-_n-bn-

te°v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w

A-h¿ ]pkvXI-ßƒ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xp∂ \√ ssI-b£-c-ß-fp-≈-

h¿Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k¿thm-]cn KŸ-ßƒ `Z-ambn kq£n-°p-∂-

Xnepw Iodn-∏-dn-bp-Ibpw tISp-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv \∂m-°p-∂-Xnepw

Ah¿ i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Ah-sc-°q-SmsX KŸm-e-b-ßƒ°m-h-

iy-am-bX ]cn-Nm-c-I-∑mcpw Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ \nb-an-°-s∏´pt]m∂p.

Bh-iy-°m¿°v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hf-sc-thKw sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥

km[n-°p-amdv Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]ńI-Iƒ sNdpXpw

hep-Xp-amb F√m KŸm-e-b-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hn⁄m-\-im-J-

I-fpsS C\w Xncn-®m-Wh Xøm-dm-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. A]-Imcw Xs∂

Hmtcm td°nepw AXn¬ ASp-°n-sh® ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS ]ń-Ibpw

Xq°n-bn-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]pd-Øp--sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-

∂-h-cn¬\n∂v a-Xn-bmb CuSv (Security) kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

]WvUn-X-∑msc AXv \¬Im≥ \n¿_-‘n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

KŸm-e-b-ß-fpsS sNe-hp-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m-\m-h-iy-amb kmº-

ØnI hcp-am-\-ßƒ°v Bi-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv Ah-°p-amXambp≈ hJv^v

kzØp-°-sf-bm-bn-cp -∂p. A[nI s]mXp KŸ-im-e-I-fp -sSbpw

Ahÿ CXp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw KŸm-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-

°p∂ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw ]W-°m-cpw- Xs∂ Ah-

bpsS \S-Øn-∏n-\m-h-iy-amb hcp-am\ am¿K-ß-fp-sam-cp-°n-sh-®n-cp-∂p.

apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p A_vZn¬ aen-In- -ømXv Xs‚ KŸ-im-e-bnse

]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xp-∂-h¿(Copyst)°pw ssI∏S hnZ-Kv[¿(Calligraphist)°pw

amX-ambn amkw- c≠m-bncw Zo\m¿ hoXw \o°n-sh-®n-cp-∂p. aAvaq≥,

lp\-bv\p_v\p Ckvlm-Jn-\v At±lw Ad-_n-bn-te°v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Xq°-Øn\v ka-amb kz¿Ww \¬In-bn-

cp-∂p.

Ncn-X-Øn¬ Gsd it≤-b-ß-fmb GXm\pw s]mXp˛kzIm-cy

KŸ-im-e-Isf \ap-°n-hnsS A\p-kva-cn-°mw.

1711. ssItdm-hn¬ ^mXzn-anø `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ÿm]n® KŸmebw

hne]nSn® ]pkvX-I-ßƒsIm≠pw apkzvl-^p-IƒsIm≠pw Gsd

it≤-bhpw hnkva-b-P-\y-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu KŸm-e-bw. A[nI Ncn-

X-Im-c-∑mcpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-X-\p-k-cn®v AhnsS C-cp-]-Xp-e£w

KŸ-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ aJvco-kn-bpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn-eXv

]Xn-\mdp e£-am-bn-cp-∂p.

2. ssItdm-hnse Zmdp¬ lnIva

lmInw _nAwcn-√m-ln-bm-WnXv ÿm]n-®-Xv. lnPvdm_vZw 395 Pam-

Zp¬ BJn¿ 10-\m-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXns‚ sIńSw Ae-¶-cn-°p-Ibpw

Xd-bn¬ ap¥nb C\w Im¿s∏‰v hncn-°p-Ibpw hmXn-ep-I-fnepw P\-

hm-Xn-ep-Ifnepw at\m-l-c-amb hncn-Iƒ Xq°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

At±l-a-hnsS Bh-iy-am-bX \S-Øn-∏p-Im-scbpw ta¬t\m-´-°m-

scbpw Xq∏p-th-e-°m-scbpw \nb-an-®p. as‰mcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw

sNøm-Ø-hn[w At\Iw KŸ-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®p. AXv \m¬]Xv C\-

ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-∂nepw 18,000 ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hoX-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. B¿°pw AhnsS btYjvSw IS-∂p-sN-√m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬I-

s∏-ń-cp-∂p. ]pkvXI ]mcm-b-W-Øn-\pw ]T-\-Øn\pw ]I¿s∏-Sp-

°m\pw ]kvXpX KŸm-e-b-Øn¬ th≠X kuI-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. ajnbpw t]\bpw IS-emkpw a‰p-]-I-c-W-ßfpw \¬Im-\p≈

kwhn-[m-\-hpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

3. _KvZm-Znse ss_Xp¬ lnIva

CXns‚ ÿm]-I≥ lmdq≥ dio-Zm-Wv. F∂m¬ aAvaqs‚ Ime-

ØmWv kap-∂X ÿm\-sØ-Øn-b-Xv. AsXmcp k¿h-I-em-im-e°v

ka-am-bn-cp-∂p. AX-tbsd KŸ-ßfpw hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fn¬

\nco-£W ]T-\-ßfpw Kth-j-W-ßfpw \S-Øp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

ÿncw ]I¿s∏-gp-Øp-Imcpw ]cn-`m-j-Icpw AhnsS \nb-an-°-s∏-ń-

cp-∂p. lmdq≥ dio-Zn-s‚bpw aAvaqs‚bpw ImeØv Ckvem-an-\-[o-\-

s∏´ A¶m-d, Aaq-cn-ø, ssk]-kvt]m-ep≈ ]tZi-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n®

KŸ-ßƒ hnh¿-Ø\w sN-øepw Ah-bpsS ]I¿s∏-Sp-°-ep-am-bn-cp∂p

Ah-cpsS NpaXe. tdmam-N-I-h¿Øn°pw aAvaq\panS-bn¬ [mcmfw

IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn C_v\p-∂Zow tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Nne bp≤-ß-fn¬ aAvaq≥ tdmam NI-h¿Ønsb ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. At∏m-sg√mw k‘nhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ AXn-]-[m-\-am-

bXv tdmam-`-c-Wm-[n-Imcn Xs‚ \mń-ep≈ KŸ-ßƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ aAvaq≥ \ntbm-Kn-°p∂ ]WvUn-X-∑msc A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-

ssh⁄m-\nI k`-Iƒ


∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv \n¿_m[w \S-∏m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

tPXm-hmb `c-W-m-[n-Imcn Xs‚ \mń\pw P\-X°pw hnP-b-Øn-eqsS

t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hne-]n-Sn® ssh⁄m-\nI KŸ-ß-fm-hp-I-sb∂

Cu kw`hw am\-h-N-cn-X-Ønse G‰hpw tNtXm-l-c-amb A[ym-b-

ß-fn-sem-∂-sX.

4. kvs]bn-\nse A¬lIw KŸmebw

CXv Kmwò-cy-Ønepw al-Xz-Ønepw Ah-bpsS ]mc-ay-Øn-em-bn-

cp∂p. AhnsS \m¬]-Xn-\m-bncw KŸ-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc hyh-

ÿm-]n-X-ambn Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ ]ńI(Catalogue)bpw. Imhy-k-am-lm-c-

ß-fpsS ]ńI-IƒXs∂ Xømdm-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv 44 C\-ß-fn-embn Xcw-

Xn-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc \n]pWcmb ]I¿s∏-gp-Øp-Im-cmWv AhnsS

\nb-an-°-s∏-ńcp-∂-Xv. ss_‚ v sNøp-∂-hcpw ]pkvXI kq£n-∏p-

Imcpw Gsd ka¿Y-cm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXn\p aptºm

] n t º m

D≠m-bn-ń-√m-Ø-hn[w hºn® KŸ tiJ-c-ßƒ AhnsS k÷o-I-cn-

°m\pw AXv kq£va-X-tbmsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw A-Xns‚

ÿm]-I-\mb A¬l-I-an\v km[n-®p.

5. Snt∏m-fn-bnse _\qA-Ωm¿ KŸm-ebw

al-Øz-Ønepw hn-im-e-X-bnepw D-Øa amXr-I-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv.

AhnsS 180 ]I¿s∏-gp-Øp-Im-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ cmXnbpw ]Iepw

amdn-am-dn-bmWv tPmen sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ FgpØp \-S-°mØ

ka-bta D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A]q¿hhpw \qX-\-hp-amb apgp-h≥ KŸhpw

AhnsS tiJ-cn-°p∂Xn¬ _\q AΩm¿ AXoh Xm¬]cyw ImWn-

®n-cp-∂p. CXc `qJ-fi-ß-fnepw \mSp-I-fnepw Np‰n-k-©-cn®v ]tbm-

P-\-]-Z-amb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ At\z-jn®p Is≠Øn kºm-Zn-°m≥

At±lw ]tXyIw DtZym-K-ÿsc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw hym]m-cn-Isf Npa-

X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. B KŸ-ßƒ aA¿cn- Gsd ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. AXv At±lw Xs∂ tcJs∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-

≠v. ]kvXpX KŸm-e-bØn¬ FX ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ `n∂m-`n-]m-b-°m-cm-Wv. ]Øp-

e£ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xmhpw IqSp-X¬ \oXn]q¿hIw.

kzImcy KŸm-e-b-ßƒ

kzImcy KŸm-e-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v NcnXw Gsd AZv`p-X-

tØm-sS-bmWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ckvem-anI temIsØ F√m \mSp-

I-fnsebpw Ahÿ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ, Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v IrXn-

Iƒ tiJ-cn -®p

173s-h® KŸm-e-b-ß-fn-√mØ ]fin-X-∑m¿ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v

Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. lnPvd h¿jw 247˛¬ h[n-°-s∏´ ^Xvlp_v\p

JmJms‚ KŸm-ebw Ah-bn¬ Gsd it≤-b-a-sX. AXv hfsc

hnime-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ kap-∂X ]-fin-X\pw kmln-Xy-

Im-c-\p-amb Aen-øp_v\p blvb¬ ap\-÷n-amWv AXv kwL-Sn-∏n-

°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. A[n-I-ÿ-eØpw ImW-s∏-SmØ

A]q¿h KŸ-ßƒt]mepw At±-l-a-hnsS tiJ-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

lnPvd h¿jw 567˛¬ ]c-temIw ]m]n® C_v\p¬ J»m-_ns‚

KŸim-ebpw Gsd it≤-b-a-sX. hymI-cW imkvX-Øn¬ A°m-

esØ AK-K-Wy-\mb At±-l-Øn\v Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-\hpw

lZokpw X¿°-im-kvXhpw XØz-im-kvX-hp-sa√mw \∂m-b-dn-bm-am-

bn-cp-∂p. ]pkvX-I-ß-tfm-Sp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-\n-thiw `m¥-

amb Bth-i-ambn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. CXv ]pkvXI kºm-Z-\-Øn\v hfsc

NoØbpw XmW-Xp-amb coXn-Iƒhsc Ah-ew-_n-°m≥ At±-lsØ

t]cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]pkvX-I-im-e-I-fn¬ KŸ-ßƒ hmßm≥ sN∂m¬

Ahn-SsØ ]pkvX-IßsfSpØv DS-a-ÿs‚ i≤-bn¬s∏-SmsX Iodp-

Ibpw ]n∂o -SXp

tISp-h-∂-Xm-sW∂p ImWn®v hne-Ip-d®p hn¬°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. hmbv] hmßn-bh Xncn-®p sImSp-°m-Xn-cn-

°m\pw ]e-Xcw IpX-¥-ßfpw ]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

ln -P vdm_vZw 646˛¬ A¥-cn® Pam -ep -±o≥ Jn^vXzn -bpsS

KŸime ]kvXm-hy-ß-fmb kzImcy sse_-dn-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

At±-l-a-hnsS AkwJyw KŸ-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ HuZm-

cyhpw am\y-Xbpw a\- n-em°n temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬

\n∂v P\-ßƒ AhntS°v h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. At±lw temIØv

G‰-hp-a-[nIw CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-bm-Wv. PohnXw Dgn-

™p-sh-®Xpw Ah°p th≠n-Ø-s∂. `mcybpw Ipń-Ifpw AXn\v

hnLm-X-am-hm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn hnhm-lw-t]mepw Ign-®n-√. Ah-km\w

At±lw Aº-Xn-\m-bncw Zo\m¿ hne-h-cp∂ Xs‚ KŸm-ebw \mkzn-

dn\v hkzn-øØv sN-øpIbp≠m-bn.

Ae-t∏m-hnse _\qP¿dm-Znse ]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS KŸ-im-ebpw

Gsd ]-ikvXatX. Ah-cn-sem-cmƒ 548˛¬ ac-W-a-S™ A_p¬

lk≥ C_v\p A_o-P¿dm-Zm-Wv. aq∂v Ae-am-c-Iƒ \ndsb hne-]n-

Sn® ]pkvX-I-ßƒ At±lw kz¥w ssIsIm-s≠-gp-Xn. At±-l-

Øns‚ ]pX≥ A_p¬ _d-Im-Xn-s‚bpw ]uX≥ A_vZp-√-bp-sSbpw

* Hcp hkvXp -hns‚ sNdnb cq]sØ kqNn -∏n -°m≥ AXn -\p≈ Ad-_n -] -ZsØØs∂ am‰-tØmsS D]-tbm-Kn-°-emWv "XkvKo¿'. "InXm_v' (]p-kvX-Iw)F∂ ]Z-Øn\v "IpssX_v' (sIm®p ]pkvX-Iw) F∂ ]Z-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv CXn-\p-Zm-

l-c-W-am-Wv.

ssh⁄m-\nI k`-Iƒ


KŸm-e-b-ßfpw kvac-Wo-b-ßƒX-s∂.

ZakvIknse au^n-Jp-_v\p¬ aXzvdms‚ KŸm-e-bhpw it≤-

b-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw ac-W-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn¬ sshZy-im-kvX-]-

chpw A√m-ØXp-ambn ]Xn-\m-bncw ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-

l-Øn-\p-th≠n ÿnc-ambn tPmen-sN-øp∂ aq∂v ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Øp-

Im-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v At±lw Blm-chpw thX-\hpw \¬In-

bn-cp-∂p.

Ckvem-anI temIØv AXns‚ kph¿WIme-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Cu

KŸm-e-b-ß-sf -kw-_-‘n®v kwkm-cn -°p -tºmƒ a\- p -Iƒ

kt¥mj-`cn-X-ßfmIp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Øs∂ Ah-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-sØ-

∏‰n Hm¿°p-tºmgh IZ-\-]q¿W-ßfpw timI-aq-I-ß-fp-am-bn-Øo-cp-w.

Ah-sb√mw A·n-°n-c-bm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-

b-Xv. AXn-eqsS kw`-hn® hn⁄m\ \jvSw \n o-a-a-sX.

Ckvem-anI temIsØ KŸm-e-b-ßƒ°v kw-`hn® \mi-Øn-

eqsS Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\v KŸ-ßƒ temI-Øn\v Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn

\jvS-s∏-´p. am\-h-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI Nn¥ NpcØnb B

Aaqey kºØv Hcn-°epw Xncn®pe`n-°mØ hn[w ]mgm-bn-t∏m-bn.

XmXm-cn-Iƒ _KvZmZv BI-an-®p Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ as‰-¥n-

s\°mfpwapsº \miw t\cn-´Xv Cu KŸm-e-b-ßƒ°m-bn-cp-∂p.

]mIr-X-cmb XmXm-cn-Iƒ s]mXp KŸ-im-e-I-fn¬I≠ ]pkvX-I-

ß-sf√mw ssSKokv \Zn-bn¬ hen-s®-dn™ kw`hw NcnX hkvXp-

X-bm-Wv. B KŸ-ßƒsIm≠v ssSKokv \Zn \nd-™p. ]´m-f-°m¿°v

AXn-t∑¬ Nhn´n Imen¬ sh≈w \\-bmsX adp-I-c]‰m≥ km[n-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ ]Xn® ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-gp-Xnb ajn sh≈-

Øn¬ Ie-ßn-b-Xn-\m¬ ssSKo-knse Pew amk-ß-tfmfw Idp-Øn-

cp-≠-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

Ipcn-ipbp≤°mcpsS BI-a-W- -e-ambn Snt∏mfn, aA¿d, ss_Xp¬

aJvZn-kv, AkvJ-em≥, K t]mep≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse D÷z-e-ß-fmb

KŸm-e-b-ßƒ Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn \jvS-s∏-´p. Ipcn-ip-tk-\m-\n-Iƒ

Ah-sb√mw \nt»jw \in-∏n-®p. Snt∏m-fn-bn¬amXw C∆n[w ap∏-

Xp-e£w KŸ-ßƒ \in-∏n-°-s∏-´Xmbn Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-.

kvs]bn≥Im¿ A≥Z-ep-kv Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-

bn-cp∂ KŸm-e-b-ßƒ hn\-jvS-am-bn. B›cy`-cn-X-cm-b-√msX

B¿°pw B KŸ-im-e-I-sf -kw-_‘n®v Hm¿°pI km[y-a-√. aX-

]-£-]m -Xn -Ifpw h¿Kob hmZn -Ifpw Ak-ln -jvWp -°-fp -amb

kvs]bn≥Im¿ Ahsb Icn®pIf-bp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Km\Ubn¬

175amXw Hscm‰ Znh-kw-sIm≠v ]Øp-e£w ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Nmc-am-°n-

b-Xmbn Ncn-X-w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

Ckvem-anI temI-Øns‚ t\sc-bp≈ A\y-cpsS BI-a-W-ßƒ

amX-a√ KŸm-e-b-ß-fpsS \mi-ßƒ°n-S-h-cp-Øn-b-Xv. B`y-¥c

Iem-]-ßfpw AXn¬ A\¬]-amb ]¶p hln-®p. Xp¿°n-bnse ASn-

a-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ CuPn-]vXnse ^mXzn-anø `c-W-Iq-SsØ BI-an®v

ssItb‰w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AhnSsØ Aaq-ey-ß-fmb KŸ-im-e-

Iƒ AXn-Z-b-\o-bamw hn[w A·n-°n-c-bm-°-s∏-´p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw

]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS ]p-dw-N-´-Iƒ Xßƒ°v sNcn-∏p-I-fp-≠m-°m≥ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-I -t]mepw sNbvXp. Ht´sd KŸ-ßƒ ss\¬ \Zn-bn¬

sIm≠p-t]mbn-´p. NneXv a‰p hnZqc]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v IS-Øn-s°m-

≠p-t]m-bn. Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂h Im‰n¬ ]d-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ ssaXm-

\Øv sIm≠p-h∂v \nc-Øn. Aßs\ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]mdn-∏-d∂v

Ip∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xn\m¬ Nne ]¿hX ]tZ-i-ßƒ B t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-

I-IqSn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

Aet∏mhn¬ "Jkm-\-Xp- zq-^nø' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp KŸ-im-e-

bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv A-Xy-[nIw _rl-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Biq-

dm-kp∂n-Ifpw inbm-°fpw XΩn-ep-≠mb Ipg-∏-Øn¬ AXv GXm≠v

]q¿W-am-bn-Øs∂ \in-∏n-°-s∏´p.

kvs]bn≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ apkvX≥kzn¿ ÿm]n® Ahn-

SsØ KŸm-ebw _¿_-dn-Iƒ (Berber tribes) sIm¿tZm-h-bn¬ IS-

∂p-sN-∂-t∏m-gp-≠mb B`y-¥c Iem-]-Øn¬ \mam-h-ti-j-am-°-s∏-

´p. Ah-c-Xnse A[nI KŸ-ßfpw hn‰-gn-®p. Ah-ti-jn-®Xv \in-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

hn⁄m-\-tØmSpw KŸ-ßtfmSpw Nne¿ ]I-Sn-∏n® ]I \Ωn¬

IuXp-Ihpw Nncn-bp-ap-W¿Øm≥ t]m∂-Xm-Wv. lnPvd A©mw \q‰m-

≠nse CuPn-]vXnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ C_v\p-^m-XnIn\v

_rl-Ømb Hcp KŸm-e-bap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw A[n-I-k-a-bhpw

Ahn-sS-bmWv Ign-®p-Iq-´n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ahn-sS-\n∂v hn´p-t]m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ Gsd kzm[o-\-ap≈ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-

Øns‚ `mcy. F¶nepw Ah¿°v ]pkvX-I-ßtfmSv AS-°m-\m-hmØ

]Ibmbn-cp-∂p. Ah-bm-bn-cp-∂t√m `¿Øm-hns‚ ka-bhpw i≤bpw

A]-l-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ C_p-\p-^m-XnIv ]c-temIw ]m]n-®-

t∏mƒ B kvXo Xs‚ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am-tcm-sSm∏w KŸm-e-b-Øn¬ ]th-

in®p; hoSns‚ a[y-Øn-ep≈ Ipf-Øn-te°v AXnse ]pkvX-I-ß-

sf√mw hen-s®-dn-™p. At∏m-gpw A-h¿ ]nb-X-as‚ th¿]m-tSm¿Øv

Ic-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ Pohn-X-Im-eØv Xs∂ ]cn-N-cn-°p-

ssh⁄m-\nI k`-Iƒ


∂-Xn\v hnLm-X-ambn h¿Øn® KŸ-ß-tfmSv At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-

tijw B kvXo ]Xn-Imcw sNbvXp. Ah-sc-t∏mse KŸ-ß-tfmSv

Aa¿jhpw Akq-bbpw ]pe¿Øp∂ `mcy-am¿ C°m-e-Øp-ap-≠m-bn-

cn-°pw. hf-sc-ap-ºp-Xs∂ Camw kucn-bpsS kl-[¿anWn, ]pkvXI

]mcm-b-W-Øn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cns° At±-l-tØmSv ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p: ""A√m-lp-hmW! aq∂p kl-I-f-X-I-sf-°mƒ F\n°v ]bm-

k-Icw Cu ]pkvX-I-ß-fmWv.''

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \√-Im-esØ KŸ-im-e-I-sfbpw

]n∂o-S-h°v kw`-hn® ]X-\-sØbpw kw_-‘n® GI-tZi hnh-c-

Wam-Wn-Xv.

iXp-°fpsS k¬]-h¿Ø-\ßƒ Aw-Ko-I-cn -®p-sIm-Sp-°pI

a\pjy-a-\- n\v Gsd ]bm-k-I-c-am-sW-¶nepw Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-

c-k-º-Øns‚ Ah-ti-jn-®-h-bn¬ \s√m-cwiw bqtdm-]y≥ KŸ-im-

e-Iƒ kq£n®v kwc-£n-®n-´p-s≠∂ kXyw \mw Xpd∂ a\-t msS

kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C∂v apkvenw temI-sØ-hn-sSbpw ImW-

s∏-SmØ AXy-]q¿h-amb Ad-_n-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-ßƒ Ahn-

SsØ KŸm-e-b-ß-fn-ep-≠v.

177]¥≠v

ssh⁄m-\nI k -Iƒ

h¿tWm÷zeamb Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tim`-\- hi-ß-fn-

sem-∂m-Wn-Xv. Iem-˛-hn-⁄m-\-˛-im-kvX-ß-fpsS hym]-\-Øn-eh

\n¿Wm-bI ]¶mWv hln-®-Xv. kmaqlnI \ne-hm-c-ap-b¿Øp-∂-Xnepw

km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS ssh⁄m-\nI XrjvW DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xnepw, ]mT-im-e-Ifpw [¿a-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw KŸm-e-b-ßfpw t]mse-

Øs∂ Ckvem-an-I-tem-IsØ Xe-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw \K-c-ß-fnepw \nd-

™p-\n-∂n-cp∂ ssh⁄m-\nI k`-Iƒ°pw kwL-ßƒ°pw al-

Ømb ÿm\-ap-≠v. Ckvem-anI kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ i‡n-bp-sSbpw al-

Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kph¿W-Z-i-I-fnse Nn¥m-]-c-amb DW¿hns‚ DØ-

tam-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p Cu ssh⁄m-\nI k`-I-fpsS B[n-

Iyhpw Ah-bnse N¿®m-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS sshhn-[y-hpw. `c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-Iƒ, t\Xm-°ƒ, ]WvUn-X-∑m¿, kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿, Ihn-Iƒ

XpSßn kaq-l-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn-ep-≈-h¿ s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fnepw

]tXyI kZ- p-I-fnepw ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb a’-

c-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Cu kap-Zmbw hn⁄m\

XrjvW-bnepw AXns‚ Dd-h-Iƒ tXSp-∂-Xn-ep≈ Xm¬]-cy-Ønepw

FX DZm-Øhpw aln-X-hp-amb hnXm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Kln-

°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

Cu ssh⁄m-\nI k`-Iƒ Akw-Jyhpw At\Iw kz`m-h-Øn-

ep--≈-h-bpam-bn-cp-∂p.

Jeo-^-am-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Ønepw A[y-£-X-bn-ep-ap-≈Xv Ah-

bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Jeo-^-am¿ Xß-fpsS Xe-ÿm\ \K-cn-bnep≈ ]i-

kvX- ]WvUn-X-∑m-scbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-scbpw aX-t\-Xm-°-sfbpw

AXn¬ ]s¶Sp∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS KXn-hn-K-Xn-

Iƒ°pw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hf¿®-°p-samØv Jeo-^-am-cpsS k`-I-

fpsS kz`m-h-Ønepw am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

Jpe-^m-D¿dm-in-Zp-I-fpsS ImeØv Cu k`-Iƒ cmjvS-Im-cy-ßfpw

`c-W-Im-cy-ß-fp-amWv N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv ]Xn-\n[n

k`-I-fpsS ÿm\-am-W-h-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. cmjvS-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-

Sp∂ hnhn[ ]iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-Ibpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ CØcw k`-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-Ønse kap-∂X

A\p-_‘w: 1

* Abacus-IW°pIq´m≥ Iºn-I-fn¬ aWn-Iƒ tN¿Øp-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ N´-°q-Sv -˛-

K-W-\-b-¥w.


hy‡n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcn-°¬ Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØm-_n\v kp]-[m-\-amb `c-W-Im-cy-

ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-\mb Hcp Kh¿Wsd Bh-iy-am-bn-

h-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Xs‚ kZ-ky-tcmSv ]d™p: ""kp]-[m-\-amb Npa-

X-e-I-tf¬]n-°m≥ ]‰nb Hcmsf \n¿tZ-in-®p-Xcq!'' At∏mƒ Ah¿

Hcm-fpsS t]¿ ]d-™p. AXv Da-dn\v kzoIm-cy-am-bn-√. AXn-\m-e-

h¿ Jeo^ At\z-jn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf kw_-

‘n®v Bcm-™p. At∏mƒ At±lw ]d™p: ""Abm-fp-≠m-hp∂

kZ- n¬ t\Xm-hn-s√-¶n¬ Abmƒ t\Xm-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cn-°Ww;

AtXkabw t\Xm-hm-bm¬ Ah-cn-sem-cp-h-s\-t∏m-se-bp-am-h-Ww.

CØ-c-samcp hy‡n-sb-bmWv Rm≥ tXSp-∂-Xv.''

At∏m-g-h¿ ]d™p: ""d_o-D_v\p knbm-Zn¬ lmcn-kn-b-√msX

Cu KpW-ßƒ HØp-tN¿∂ Bscbpw Rß-f-dn-bp-I-bn-√.'' DSs\

Da¿ AhcpsS \n¿tZiw kzoI-cn®v At±-lsØ Kh¿W-dm-°n.

]n∂oSv Da-hn-I-fpsS ImeØv Cu k`-Iƒ Ihn-X-I-fp-sSbpw

kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw XØz-Nn-¥-bp-sS-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Znhkw

A_vZp-√m-ln-_v\p lminw apB-hn-b-bpsS kZ- n¬ h∂p. At∏mƒ

apB-hnb tNmZn®p: ""HuZm-cyw, [oc-X, a\p-jyXzw F∂n-h-sb- w-_-

‘n®v Bcm-sW-\n°p hnh-cn-®p-X-cnI?''

DSs\ A_vZp√ ]d™p: ""Aao-dp¬ apAvan\o≥! tNmZn-°m-sX-

Øs∂ Zm\w sNøepw [\w hybw sNø-ep-amWv HuZm-cyw. apt∂m´v

IpXn-°m-\p≈ Xt‚-Shpw hn]-Øp-h-cp-tºmƒ £a-b-h-ew-_n-°-ep-

amWv [oc-X. hnizmk hnip-≤nbpw kzbw kwkvIc-W-am¿Pn-°epw

Ab-¬°m-cs\ klm-bn-°-ep-amWv a\p-jy-Xzw.''

Hcn-°¬ A_vZp¬ a-enIv Xs‚ kZ-ky-cn¬ Nne-tcmSp tNmZn®p:

""A£-c-am-em-Iaa\pk-cn®v \nß-fm-sc-¶nepw ico-cm-h-b-h-ß-fpsS

t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abm-fn-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-sX¥pw Rm≥

\¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.'' At∏mƒ Xm≥ ]d-™p-X-cm-sa∂v kpssh-Zp_v\p

K^ve Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]h¿Øn-°m≥ Jeo^ At±-

l-tØmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. DSs\ kpsshZv Cßs\ ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn:

""A≥^v(aq-°v), _Xzv≥ (h-b-dv), X¿Jp-h-Xv(tXm-sf-√v), kpK¿(sXm-

≠-°p-gn), PwP-a-Xv(X-e-tbm-Sv), l¬Jv(I-WvTw), J±v(I-hnƒ), Znam-

Kv(X-e-t®m¿).......'' At∏mƒ kZ- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ as‰m-cmƒ ]d™p:

""Rm≥ A∆n[w c≠m-hrØn ]d-bmw.'' DSs\ kpsshZv Xm≥

aq∂mhrØn ]d -bm -sa -∂-h -Im -i -s∏ -Sp -Ibpw A≥^v(aq -°v) ,

Akv\m≥(]-√p-Iƒ), DZp≥(sN-hn) F∂n-ßs\ ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Aßs\ AXv ]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ ]Xyp-

179¬]-∂-a-Xn-Xz-Ønepw Adn-hnepw AZv`pXw tXm∂nb A_vZp¬ aenIv

hne-s∏´ kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬In.

as‰m-cn-°¬ Hcp Kmao-W≥ A_vZp¬ aen-Ins‚ kZ- n¬ k∂n-

ln-X-\mbn. ]ikvX Ihn Pcodpw B k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp -∂p.

At∏mƒ A_vZp¬ a-enIv B Kmao-W-t\mSv tNmZn-®p: ""Xm¶ƒ°v

Ihn-X-b-dn-bmtam!''

""Aao-dp¬ apAvan\o≥! Xm¶ƒ°n-jvS-ap-≈Xv tNmZn®p sIm≈p-

I'' KmaoW≥ ]d-™p. DSs\ A_vZp¬ aenIv Ad-_n-bn-ep≈

G‰hpw \√ kvXpXn-KoXw sNm√m-\m-h-iy-s∏-´p. H´pw-ssh-ImsX

Abmƒ Pco-dns‚ Cu IhnX sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n-®p:

""hml-\-∏p-dØv Ib-dn-b-h-cn¬ AXyp-Ø-a≥ \nß-f-t√m.

`qan-bn-ep-≈-h-cn¬ sht®-‰hpw DZm-ccpw \nßƒXs∂.''

At∏mƒ Pco¿ Xe-bp-b¿Øn FØn-t\m-°n. XpS¿∂v ""Ad-_n-

bn¬ G‰hpw \√ Bfl-]-iw-km-]-c-amb IhnX GXm''-sW∂v

A_vZp¬ aenIv B Kmao-W-t\mSv tNmZn-®p. AXpw Pco-dn-t‚-Xm-

sW∂v ]d™v At±-l-aXv sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n®p:

""Xaow-tKm-X-°m¿ \nß-tfmSv tIm]n-®m¬ apgp-h≥ a\p-jycpw

tIm]m-Ip-e-cm-sW∂v Xm¶ƒ°p tXm∂mw.''

CXp-tI´v Pco¿ kt¥m-j-tØmsS H∂n-f-In-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv

A_vZp¬ a-enIv Bh-iy-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn®v Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse G‰hpw

\√ Bt£-]-Imhyw Abm-fm-e-]n-®p. AXpw Pco-dn-t‚-Xp-X-s∂-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. A]-ImcwXs∂ G‰hpw \√ t]a-Im-hyhpw D]-am-e-¶mc

Ihn-Xbpw B Kmao-W≥ A\m-bmkw tIƒ∏n-®p. Ah-bpw Pco-dn-

s‚-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

CsX√mw tI´t∏mƒ A\-¬]-amb A`n-am-\hpw BÀm-Zhpw

tXm∂nb Pco¿ ]d™p: ""Aao-dp¬ apAvan\o≥! Fs‚ Cu kΩm-

\-ß-sf√mw Cu Kmao-W-\p-≈-Xm-Wv.'' DSs\ A_vZp¬ aenIv ]Xn-

h-Nn®p: ""Xm¶-fpsS kΩm-\-ß-fn-semcp Ipdhpw hcm-sXØs∂ At±-

l-Øn\pw AXp-t]m-ep-≈-h-bp-≠v.'' Aßs\ B Kmao-W≥ Ahn-

sS-\n-∂n-d-ßn-t∏m-Ip-tºmƒ Abm-fpsS he-Xp-ssI-bn¬ FÆm-bncpw

Zn¿lapw CS-Xp-ssIbn¬ Hcp hkvX-s∏m-Xn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

]n∂oSv A∫m-knø c-W-Im-eØv Jeo- -am-cpsS k -Iƒ Iptd-°qSn

]ptcm-KXn ]m]n-®p. k`-I-fpsS hnim-e-X, AXnse D]-I-c-W-ß-

fpsS ta∑, ]s¶Sp°p∂ ]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cp-

A\p-_‘w: 1

* kqcy-s‚tbm \£-X-ß-fp-sStbm Dbcw Af-°m-\p≈ b¥w.


sSbpw B[nIyw, N¿®m-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw XpS-ßnb Imcy-

Øn¬ G‰hpw tim`-\-ambh C°m-e-tØ-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXp IqSmsX

hnt\mZ thZn-Iƒ thsd-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS kmlnXy hi-

ßƒ°mWv ap≥K-W\ I¬]n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. Ihn-X-I-sfbpw Ihn-

I-sfbpw kw_-‘n® N¿®, Kmb-I-∑m¿ ]mSp∂ Km\-ß-fpsS

hymJym\w t]mep-≈hsb√mw AXnse ][m\ C\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

k`-I-fpsS Kmwò-cy-Ønepw at\m-lm-cn-X-bnepw anI-®p-\n¬°p∂

A∫m-knbm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ lmdq≥ dioZpw aAvaq\p-am-Wv.

lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ kZ- n¬ F√m-Xcw hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fn-sebpw

Ie-I-fn-sebpw alm-c-Y-∑m¿ HØp-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. A_q-\phm-kv,

A_p¬ AXm-ln-b, ZAv_¬, apkven-ap-_v\p-¬ h-eo-Zv, A∫m-

kp_v\p¬ Alv\^v XpS-ßnb Ihn-Ifpw A_q-bq-kp-^v, im^n-

Cu, apl-Ω-Zp_v\p¬ lk≥ t]mep≈ I¿a-imkvX ]WvUn-X-

∑mcpw A_q-D-ss_-Z, AkzvaCu, IkmCu F∂o `mjm-im-kvX-

⁄-∑mcpw hnJymX Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb hmJn-Zobpw Kmb-I-∑m-cmb

C_vdmloap¬ aukznenbpw aI≥ Ckvlm-Jp-sa√mw AhnsS ktΩ-

fn-®n-cp-∂p.

lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ kZ- n¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ kmlnXy kwhm-Z-ßƒ°v

H-cp D-Zm-l-c-W-an-hnsS tN¿°mw. Hcn-°¬ ko_-h-bvln-bpw Ikm-

Cu-bp-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `mjm-]-WvUn-X-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw

AhnsS ktΩ-fn-®p. At∏mƒ ""X\n-®m-Ip-tºmƒ tX\o-®-sb-°mƒ

i‡n-bmbn IpØpI IS-∂-em-sW∂v Rm≥ a\- n-em-°p-∂p'' F∂-

Xn\v ""Ip≥Xp Afp-∂p- ≥_qd Ai±p ekvA≥ an\-∂-lveXn

^CZm lph Cømlm'' F∂mWv ip≤-amb Ad-_n-bn¬ ]d-bp-I-

sb∂v IkmCu hmZn®p. F∂m¬ ko_-sshln AXv Aw-KoIcn-®n-

√. At±lw ]d-™p: ""^CZm lph Cømlm F∂√; ^CZm lph

lnb F∂mWv ]d-bp-I.'' Aßs\ Ah-cn-cp-hcpw Zo¿L-ambn X¿°n-

®p. Ah-km\w ]cn-jvIr-X-cpsS kwkmc ssien IqSn-°-e¿∂n-ń-

√mØ ip≤ -Km-aoW Ad-_n-tbm-S-t\z-jn®v Xocp-am-\n-°m-sa∂v Ccp-

hcpw kΩ-Xn-®p. F∂m¬ lmdq≥ dio-Zn\v IkmCu Pbn-°-Wsa∂v

AXn-bmb BK-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ImcWw Jeo-^bmIp∂-Xn\p

apºpXs∂ Ccp-hcpw D‰-an-X-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ At±lw Hcp

Kmao-Ws\ hnfn®phcpØn hnhm-Z-]-c-amb hmNIw ko_-sshln

D®-cn-®-t]mse D®-cn-®p. F∂n´v IkmCu ]d™ ]Imcw D≤-cn-

°m\mh-iy-s∏-´p. At∏mƒ Xs‚ \mh-Xn\v hg-ßp-I-bn -s√∂v

KmaoW≥ ]d-™p. Ah-km\w c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw hmZ-ßfn¬ GXmWv

icn-sb∂v At\z-jn-°p-IbmsW-¶n¬ IkmCubptS-Xm-sW∂v ]d-

181bm-sa∂v kΩ-Xn-®p. Aßs\ BtLm-j-]q¿h-amb Hcp NS-ßn¬sh®v

AXv kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS F√m-hcpw Xt∂mSv ]£-

]m-X-]-c-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw Ikm-C-°-\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-°p-I-bp-

am-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v ko_-h-bvln°v a\- n-em-bn. At±lw AXoh

ZpxJn-X-\mbn _KvZm-Zn-t\mSv hnS-]-d-™p. ITn\amb at\m-th-Z\ A\p-

`-hn® B `mjm ]WvUn-X≥ A°m-c-W-Øm¬ Xs∂ A[n-I-Imew

Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p apsº ]c-temIw ]m]n®p.

lmdq≥ dio-Zns‚ kZ- n¬ I¿a-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fnepw kwhm-

Z-ßƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ A_q-l-\o^bpsS kl-Nm-cn-bmb apl-

Ω-Zp_v\p¬ lk≥ Ikm-Cusb kw_-‘n®v At±-l-Øn\v Ad-

_n-`m-j-bn¬ ss\]p-Wy-ap-s≠-¶nepw I¿a-imkvX hnj-b-ß-f-dn-bn-

s√∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-´p. At∏mƒ IkmCu AXns\ FXn¿Øp.

At±lw ]d™p: ""Hcp hn⁄m-\-im-J-bn¬ AKm-[-amb Adnhv

t\Sn-bm¬ AXp-hgn a‰p hn⁄m-\-ßfpw a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.''

DSs\ apl-Ω-Zp-_v\p¬ lk≥ tNmZn®p: ""klvhn(a-d-hn)s‚ kpPqZv

Xs∂ ad-∂-h≥ F¥p-sN-øWw? ho≠pw kpPqZv sNø-Wtam?''

""th≠m''˛IkmCu ]d-™p.

""F¥p-sIm≠v?'' apl-ΩZv tNmZn-®p.

""XkvKo-dn*s\ XkvKo¿ sNøp-I-bn-s√∂v hymI-cW ]WvUn-X-

∑m¿ ]d-™n-´p-s≠-∂-Xp-Xs∂ Imc-Ww'' ˛IkmCu ]Xyp-Øcw

\¬In.

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ aAvaqs‚ k`-Iƒ

G‰hpw tim`-\-amb hn⁄m-\-k-Z- p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw Xs∂

kap-∂-X\mb Hcp ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-

ß-fn¬\n∂v £Wn-®p-h-cp-Ønb XØz-Nn-¥-I-cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-

cp-sSbpw Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-

sSbpw hºn® Hcp kaqlw Xs∂ At±-l-Øns‚ sIm´m-c-Øn-ep-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. PmXn, tZi- `n-∂-X-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn aAvaq≥ Ah-sc-

sb√mw i≤m-]q¿hw kwc-£n-®p-t]m-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw kwhm-Z-ßƒ°v

\mµn-Ip-dn-®n-cp-∂Xpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-N¿®°v ]WvUn-X-∑msc t]cn-

∏n-®n-cp-∂Xpw At±-lw -X-s∂-bmWv.

Xs‚- k-`-bnse Zm¿i-\n-I-tcmSpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-tcmSpw Xß-fpsS

thZ-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sXfn-hp-I-fp-≤-cn-°p-∂Xv At±lw hne-°n-

bn-cp-∂p. Jp¿-B\pw ss__n-fp-sam∂pw hnhm-Z-ß-fn-te°v hen-®n-g-

°-cp-sX∂pw N¿® ip≤ ssh⁄m-\nI hnj-b-ß-fn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-

A\p-_‘w: 1

* "PmK-X-bpsS k¥-Xo, Pohn-°pI' F∂¿Yw.


Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw \njvI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm-∏w kXyhpw icn-bp-

aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ XßfpsS Ah-ÿ-Iƒ hnLm-X-am-h-cp-sX∂v aAvaq≥

Du∂n-∏-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ad-_n-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf

kw_-‘n®v At±lw \¬Inb hnh-c-Ww-Xs∂ Xs‚ ]mWvUn-Xy-

Øn\pw \nco-£-W-]m-S-h-Øn\pw aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wv.

]pkvXI hn¬]-\-im-e-Ifpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS kwK-a-ÿ-e-ß-

fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX hnkva-cn-°m-h-X-√. Ah-c-hn-sS- ssh⁄m-

\nI N¿®-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xß-fpsS

hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fn¬ ]tXy-I-amb hypXv]Øn t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]e-t∏mgpw ]pkvX-I hym-]m-cn-IƒXs∂ hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb kmln-

Xy-Im-c-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ssh⁄m-\nI h¿[-

\-hn-\p-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-W-h¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂X.v A¬^nlvcnkvXv

F∂ hnJymX KŸ-Øns‚ I¿Ømhv C_v\p-∂-Zoapw apAvPap¬

DZ-_m-Av, apAvPap¬ _p¬Zm≥ F∂n-h-bpsS I¿Ømhv bmJqXpw

]pkvX-I- hym-]m-cn -I-fm-bn -cp -∂p. A¬AKm\nbpsS I¿Ømhv

A_p¬^-d-Pp¬ Ckzv^-lm-\nbpw ]ikvX `mjm-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-

\mb A_q-\-kzvcn- p-PmPpw [mcm-f-ambn k‘n-®n-cp-∂Xv ]pkvXI

hn¬]-\-im-e-bnem-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS hcp∂ Ihn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Im-

c-∑m-cp-ambn Ah¿ Ihn-X-sbbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v N¿®

\S-ØpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. (CØcw IhnXm kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS Nne

amXr-I-Iƒ aqe-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Ad_n `mjm]WvUn-X-

∑m¿°v amXw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂ Ah ChnsS tN¿Øn-´n-√ ˛hnh.)

Pohn-°m≥ A¿l-amb kap-Zmbw as‰-¥n-s\-°mfpw apsº kzmb-

Ø-am-t°≠ hn`hw hn⁄m-\-am-Wv. Ckvem-anI kap-Zmbw CXc

P\-hn-`m-K-ßfpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-Isf kzm[o-\n-®n-cp∂ kph¿W-Z-i-

I-fn¬ hn⁄m-\-h¿[-\-hnepw hym]-\-Ønepw hf-sc-tbsd i≤-]-

Xn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Jeo-^-sXm´v ]WvUn-X\pw hym]m-cn-bp-apƒs∏sS kaq-

l-Ønse kIe hy‡n-Ifpw hn`m-K-ß-fpw, ]mT-im-e-I-fpw ]pkvX-

I-ß-fp-apƒs∏sS apgp-h≥ ssh⁄m-\nI am[y-a-ßfpw t]mjn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn¬ ]c-kv]cw a’-cn-®n-cp-∂p. _p≤n-bpsS hnIm-k-Øn\pw Nn¥m-

]-c-amb hf¿®°pw ssh⁄m-\nI h¿[-\°pw hgn-sh-°mØ shdpw

hnhm-Z-ß-fn-¬ Hcn-°-ep-a-h¿ hym]r-X-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah-cpsS \nim-

th-Zn-Ifpw hnt\mZ kwcw-`-ß-fp-sa√mw Adn-hns‚ NI-hm-f-ßƒ hnI-

kn-∏n-°m\mWv ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Xß-fpsS i≤-bn¬s∏-

Sp∂ ]iv\ -ßsf kq£va

]-cn-tim-[\°v hnt[-b-am°n icn-bm-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-sXbpw

kwi-b-ßƒ Xo¿°m-sXbpw sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øm-sXbpw Ah¿

apt∂m´p \oßn-bn-cp-∂n-√.

183C]-Im-cw-Xs∂ F√m \mSp-I-fnepw Kma-ß-fnepw \nc-h[n I¿a-

imkvX hnim-c-Z-∑mcpw aX-]-t_m-[-I-∑mcpw lZokv ]WvUn-X-∑m-

cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tim`-\-

Z-i-I-fn¬ apkvenw \mSp-I-sfßpw hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ sh≈n-sh-fn-®-

Øm¬ ]tim-`n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fnse hoSp-Ifpw IS-Ifpw ]≈n-

Ifpw ]mT-im-e-Ifpw k`-Ifpw kZ- p-I-fp-sam∂pw CXn¬\n-s∂m-gn-

hm -bn -cp -∂n -√. ]apJ ]m›mXy ]WvUn -X -\mb KpkvXmhv

et_m¨(Gustav Labon) t]mepw C°mcyw Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-°p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""Ad_n-I-fpsS hn⁄m-\-XrjvW hfsc

al-Ø-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. \s∂-®p-cp-ßnb Imew-sIm≠v Ah¿ Xß-fpsS

A[o-i-Xz-ap-d-∏n®p. AtXm-sSm∏w kmwkvIm-cnI cwKØv kap-∂X

ÿm\-am¿Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \hy-am-sbmcp \mK-cn-IX sI´n-s∏m-

°m-\p-w A-h¿°v km[n-®p. AXn¬ Iebpw Ihn-Xbpw hn⁄m-\hpw

kmln-Xy-hp-sa√mw Ah-bpsS ]mc-ay-X-bn-se-Øn.''

A\p-_‘w: 1


A\p-_‘w: 1

Sn.-_n. C¿hnwKv

temI-\m-K-cn-I-X°vCkvem-ans‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

F¥mWo Ckvemw? Ckvem-an\v AXns‚ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw

\¬Ip-∂-sX-¥mWv? ]m›mXy temI-Øn\v Hc-Zv`p-X-am-W-Xv. Cu

AZv`p-Xw, A©p \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ cmjvS-

ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kvs]bn≥. Imc-Ww, kvs]bn≥ Ata-cn° I≠p-]n-

Sn® \nanjw apX¬ AXn\v AXns‚ Ckvem-anI ss]XrIw

\jvSs∏´p XpS-ßn. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ B cmPyw C∂pw a[y-Ime

\q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ Xßn-\n-¬°p-∂p.

amUnUpw "aPvcnZpw'

a[y-kvs]-bn-\nse tSmftUm(Toledo)bpsS \m¬]Xp \mgnI

hS°p ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Ip∂n≥]-tZi \K-c-am-bn-cp∂p "aPvcnZv.' B

]tZ-i-Øp-Im-c-\mb akve-a-Xp¬ a-PvcnZn F∂ bph kv]m\njv

apkvenw ]WvUn-X≥ D]-cn-]-T-\m¿Yw Ing-t°m´v t]mb-tXm-sS-bmWv

amUnUv BZy-ambn Ncn-X-Øn¬ ÿm\w]nSn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Ømw \q‰m-

≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. At±lw ]T\w \S-Ønb Ad_v

\mSp-I-fnse hnZym-e-b-ßƒ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ F∂√ "PmanA'

F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. hnZy kºm-Zn-°m\pw ]I¿∂p-

sIm-Sp-°m-\p-ambn hnZym¿YnIfpw A[ym-]-Icpw Hcp-an-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-

°p∂ CSw F∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw.

Bbncw h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv ]nc-Wo-kn\v hS°p≈ ]Sn-™m-d≥

bqtdm-∏v, Ccp-≠-Im-e-sat∂m a[y-Im-e-sat∂m \mw hnfn-°m-dp≈ Hcp

L´-Øn-emWv Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. ]ucm-WnI ImeØv

saUn-‰ -td-\n -b≥ XS-Øn¬ B[n-]Xyw hmWn-cp∂ tdmam-km-

a m P y Ø n s ‚

Ime-L-´-Øn\pw At©m Btdm \q‰m≠pIƒ°papºp-amXw Bcw-

`n® bqtdm-]y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \thm-∞m\ L´-Øn\pw CS-°p≈

Ime-b-f-hm-bn-cp∂p AXv. F∂m¬ sX°≥ kvs]bn≥ AYhm

apkvenw kvs]bn≥ Cu a[y-Ime bqtdm-∏ns‚ `mK-ambncp∂n-√. adn®v

Ipsd-°qSn hnim-e-amb Ckvem-anI kmam-Py-Øns‚ ]Sn-™msd

A‰-ØmWv AXv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv.

akve-a-Xp¬ a-PvcnZn (am-Un-Up-Im-c-\mb akvea) _KvZm-Zv, Iq^,

185_kzvd F∂o ]´W-ß-fn-emWv Xs‚ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°nbXv.

]kvXpX ]tZ-i-ßƒ C∂v B[p-\nI Cdm-Jn-em-Wv. kp]-[m-\-ß-

fmb c≠p ssh⁄m-\nI kºm-Zy -ß-fp -am -bmWv A¬a-PvcnZn

kvs]bn-\n-te°v aS-ßn-b-Xv. Ad_n A°-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-I-a-am-

bn-cp∂p, Ah-bn-sem∂v. lnµp-°-fn¬\n∂v Ad-_n-Iƒ A°-ß-fpsS

D]-tbm-K-Iaw hi-Øm-°n-btX D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. At∏mƒ kXy-

k-‘-X-tbmsS Ah-c-Xns\ "lnµp A°-ßƒ' F∂p hnfn-®p-h-∂p.

B IS-∏mSv ImWn-°p-hm≥, Ad_n -`m-jbpw ln_p-`m-jbpw he-

Øp-\n∂v CS-tØm´v Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ Ah-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ A°-

ßƒ CS-Øp\n∂v he-tØm-´mWv C∂pw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.

akve-a-bpsS c≠m-asØ ssh⁄m-\nI kºmZyw Hcp t]¿jy≥

]WvUn-X-\mb Jphmcnkvan tImUo-I-cn® tPymXn-»mkvX ]´n-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-a-sXm-∂p-IqSn A\p-_-‘-ambn ]d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

hfsc D]-tbm-K-]-Z-amb Hcp k¿h hn⁄m-\-tIm-iw. "Bflm¿Y-

tkm-Z-c¿' (Brother of Sincerity) F∂v kzbw hnfn-®n-cp∂, 18˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Pohn® ^©v hn⁄m-\-tImi I¿Øm-°-tfmSv kmZr-iy-ap≈

HcpIq´w XØz-Nn-¥-I-cmWv B hn⁄m-\-tImiw tImUo-I-cn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. Cu kwcw`w ssNX-\y-]q¿W-amb Ckvem-anI temIØv A°m-

eØv \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ imkvXo-bm-t\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ ^e-]-Z-amb

kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

KWn-X-imkvXw

sshPvRm-\nI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v bp‡-amb Cu D]-I-c-W-ßƒ a\p-

jy-\m-K-cn-I-X°v apX¬°q-´mbn `hn-®p. A°-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Iaw,

A°m-eØv kvs]bn-\n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ K¿_¿´v F∂ bph -^©v

hnZym¿Yn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw, AXp-hgn ]Sn-™m-d≥ bqtdm-]n-\pw, Ad-

_n-Iƒ°p-X-s∂bpw k¶o¿W-amb KWn-X-imkvX ]iv\ßƒ

Ko°p-Imcpw tdma-°mcpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ ]mIr-X-amb A_m-Ikv*

b¥-Øns‚ klmbw IqSmsX Xs∂ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. ]n∂o-Sv, K¿_¿´v, t]m∏vkn¬h-Ã¿ c≠m-a≥ Bbn-Øo¿∂-

t∏mƒ Cu ]pXnb Adnhv IqSp-X¬ hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-∏n-°m≥

Ah-kcw e`n-®p.

Ko°p-Im¿ ka-Xe t£X-K-WnXw (Plain Geometry) I≠p-]n-Sn-®-

t∏mƒ Ad-_n-Iƒ Xnam-\-t£X KWnX(Solid Geometry)hpw XntIm-

W-anXn(Trigonometry)bpambn apt∂m-´pt]m-bn. Ah¿ _oP-K-Wn-X

A\p-_‘w: 1

* Jp¿-B≥ hmIy-ßƒ Iem-]-c-ambn Bte-J\w sNøp∂ coXn; apKf `c-W-Im-eØv

]WnX DØ-tc-¥y≥ ]≈n-I-fn¬ CXn\v amXr-I-I-fp-≠v. (-hn-h.)


(Algebra)hpw D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-b-tXmsS AXn-k-¶o¿W-amb IW-

°p-Iq-´-ep-Iƒt]mepw kpJ-I-c-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. B¬Pn_ F∂ ]Z-

Øn-\¿Yw, A°-ß-tfm, AXp-t]m-ep≈ ]Xo-I-ßtfm _m°-‰p-Iƒ

(P_¿)°p≈n¬ sh-°p-I-sb-∂m-Wv. Aßs\ KWn-X-imkvXw

]q¿hm-[nIw k¶o¿W-amb ]iv\-ßƒ ssIbm-fm≥ Ign-hp-‰-Xmbn

amdn. _oP-K-Wn-X-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ "X' F∂ ]XoIw "hkvXp'

F∂¿Yw-h-cp∂ "ssiAv' F∂ Ad-_n-]-Z-Øns‚ kv]m\njv `mj-

bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kwt£-]n-X- cq-]-am-Wv. Cw•o-jn-ep≈ "X' F∂

A£cw a[y-Ime kv]m\njv `mj-bn¬ "i' F∂mWv D®-cn-°-s∏-ń-

cp-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v y, z XpS-ßnb A£-c-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw B¬Pn-

_-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. \ΩpsS a\- n¬ `mh-\m-cq-]-ßƒ kr-

jvSn-°p∂ CØcw ]Xo-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v a\p-jy-N-cn-X-Øns‚

Xs∂ hen-sbm-cp-`mKw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. Aß-s\, ]Sn-™m-d≥

bqtdm∏v AXns‚ a[y-Im-e-L´w Xc-Ww-sN-øm-\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-

°p-∂-Xn\pw ]Sn-™m-d≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\pw A©v iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°p-

ap-ºp-Xs∂ kvs]bn-\n¬ B[p-\n-I-imkvXw ]tbm-K-£-a-am-bn-

Øo¿∂-Xmbn ImWmw.

tPymXn-»mkvXw

Jphmcn-kvan -bpsS tPymXn-»m-kvX-]-ńI Hcp-]‰w apkvenw-˛

InkvXy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ kvs]bn-\ns‚ `qan-im-kvX-Øn-\\p-k-cn®v

Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn. hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcp hnZym-ebw ÿm]n-°p-∂-XnemWv

B ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS ]bXv\w ]cy-h-km-\n-®-Xv. ImsÃ-ense alm-

\mb cmPmhpw ]WvUn-X-\p-am-bn-cp∂ A¬t^m¨tkm ]Øm-as‚

]n¥p-Wbpw CXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kvs]bn-\nse A°m-esØ tIµ-

\-K-c-am-bn-cp∂ tSmf-tUm-bnse D]tbmK-Øn-\mbn A¬t^m¨tkm

cmPmhv ho≠pw AXn¬ am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn. AXn-ep≈ ]e \£-X-

\m-a-ßfpw Ad-_n-`m-j-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

Xß-fpsS B`y-¥c kpc-£n-XXzw amXw e£y-am-°m-sX, Ad-

_n -Iƒ ]pe¿Øn-b-Xp -t]m -se-bpw, A¬t^m¨tkm cmPmhv

]pe¿Øm≥ ian-®-Xp-t]m-sebpw kvs]bn-\ns‚ hS-°p-`m-K-Øp-\n∂p

h∂ ImÃn-en-b≥ BI-a-W-Im-cn-Iƒ°v kln-jvWpX ]pe¿Øm≥

km[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ tSmf-tUm-hns‚ tcJmwi(Longitude)sØ

Bkv]-Z-am°n IqSpX¬ tPymXn-»m-kvX-]-chpw \mhn-I-hp-amb \nco-

£ - W - ß ƒ

\S-Øm≥ Ign-t™-s\. Ad-_n-I-fp-sSØs∂ as‰mcp I≠p-]n-SnØ-

amb AkvtSm-f_vƒ (Astrolable)* B \nco-£-W-ßƒ°v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-

Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, _nó-jp-Im¿ imkvXob t\´-ß-fn¬ CXc

187bqtdm-]y≥ cmjvS-ßsf ]n≥X-≈n-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ Ah-cpsS \mhnI

bmX-I-fnepw temI-km-am-Py-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ s\t´m-´-Ønepw

Ko≥hn®v tcJmwiamWv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

A¬t^m¨tkm cmPm-hns‚ sIm´mcw as‰mcp \ne-bn¬IqSn

]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ^vtfmds‚ Aw_m-k-U-dmbn AhnsS

_qWt‰m em‰n\n D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPm-hns‚ Kth-jW kw_-‘n-

bmb Nne IS-em-kp-Iƒ At±lw C‰-en-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

AXp-hgn Ckvem-ans‚ kz¿K-˛-\-c-I -hn-`m-h-\-Iƒ _qWt‰m em‰n-

\n-bpsS injy-\mb Zms¥-bpsS "Unssh≥ tImaUn'bnepw ÿew

]nSn-®p. Xm≥ Pohn® Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Bth-i-Øm¬ ]tNm-Zn-X-

\mbn apl-ΩZv \_nsb \c-I-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-´p-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ \nt£-

]n-®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp, At±lw!

]´pw IS-emkpw shSn-a-cp∂pw

temI-Øn-se, ssNX-\y-hØpw Ne-\mflIhp-amb Hcp ÿm]-

\-ambn Ckvem-anI kmamPyw ]cn-e-kn-®n-cp∂ Ime-Øv, KWn-X-im-

kvXhpw tPymXn-»m-kvXhpw amX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ apkvenw-Iƒ IS-∂p-

sN∂ imkvX-ta-J-e-Iƒ. A‰vem≥dn°ns‚ Xoc-]-tZ-iØv ÿnXn-

sN-øp∂ samtdm-t°m-bn¬\n∂pw kvs]bn-\n¬\n∂pw Bcw-`n®v

t]¿jy, at[y-jy, A\mXzqenbbnse Xp¿°n ]tZ-i-ßƒ XpSßn

Hcp Uk-t\mfw Ad_v \mSp-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂v, Ct¥m-t\jybneq-

sSbpw ssN\-bpsS AXn¿Øn ]tZ-i-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hSt° C¥y-

tbm-fhpw _w•m-tZ-tim-fhpw AXp hym]n-®p-In-S-∂p. X∑qew c≠v

kp]-[m\ ssN\okv D¬]-∂-ß-fmb IS-emkpw ]´pw, ]´p-]m-X-sb-

∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ h≥a-Xn-en-\-∏p-d-Øp≈ Zo¿L-amb hgn-bn-eqsS ]Sn-

™m-tdm´pw Ahn-sS-\n∂v a[y-[-c-Wym-gn-bpsS apgp-h≥ \ofhpw Xc-

Ww-sNbvXv kvs]bn-\n-te°pw sIm≠pt]m-bn. CtX ]mX-bn-eqsS

am¿-t°m-t]mtfm Ing-t°m´v t]mIp-∂-Xn\v Npcp-ßn-bXv aq∂p \q‰m≠p

apºmWv CXp-≠m-b-sX-∂Xv ]tXyIw kvac-Wo-b-amWv. tIhew

I®-h-S-®c-°p-I-fm-b-√, adn®v h≥tXm-Xn¬ D¬]m-Zn∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂

]≤-Xn-I-fm-bmWv ]´pw IS-emkpw sF_o-cn-b≥ D]-Zzo-]n¬ ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´Xpw! ]g-¥p-Wn-I-fn¬\n∂pw, Ing-°≥ kvs]bn-\nse

hme≥jy-bpsS ]cn-k-c-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kpe-`-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp-Xcw _e-

tadnb ]p¬s®-Sn-bn¬\n-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv IS-emkv \n¿an-

®n-cp-∂-Xv. AtXbh-k-c-Øn¬ sX°p-In-g-°≥ kvs]bn-\nse Ip∂n≥

]tZ-i-ß-fn-se, Km\-U°p Np‰p-ap≈ \Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ ]´p-\q¬∏p-

gp°ƒ°v `£Ww \¬Im≥ aƒ_dn sNSn-I-ƒ Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp∂p.

A\p-_‘w: 1

* kv]m\n-jnse "b' i_vZ-amWv Cw•o-jnse "sP'°p≈-Xv.


kvs]bn-\ns‚ hS-°p-`m-K-ß-fn-te-°p≈ ]mX-Iƒ AXy¥w Zp¿K-a-

ß-fm-bn-cp-∂ns√-¶n¬ ]mco-knse s]Æp-ßƒ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-ap-ºp-

Xs∂ ]´p-Im-ep-d-Ifpw ]´pSp-∏p-Ifpw AWn-t™s\.

FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠p∂ as‰mcp ssN\okv D¬]∂w shSn-a-cp-∂m-

Wv. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ]mX-bn-eqsS shSn-a-cp∂v bqtdm-∏n-te°v IS-

∂p-h-∂Xv ]n∂o-Sm-Wv. Km\-U-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ bp≤-Øn¬ shSn-a-cp∂v

BZyw-Xs∂ kvs]bn-\n-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.

bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ

A‰vem‚nIv apX¬ at[y-jy-hsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ hnim-e-amb

`qhn-`m-K-Ønse F√m ]´-W-ß-fnepw ]WvUn-X-∑msc ImWm-am-bn-

cp-∂p. an°-hmdpw F√m ]´-W-ß-fnepw H∂mw-Xcw Iem-e-b-ßfpw

]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. t\ctØ kqNn-∏n-®-t]mse kvs]bn-\n¬\n∂pw

hS-°≥ B^n-°-bn¬\n∂pw Ign-hp‰ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ D∂-X-]-T-\m¿Yw

Ing-t°m´v t]mbns°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Ah¿ sIm¿tZm-h-bnepw skhn√-

bnepw Km\-U-bnepw D∂X Iem-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. Ah¿ hf¿Øn-

sb-SpØ PmanA-Ifpw aZvd-k-Ifpw Ip√n-ø-Ifpw BWv "]T-\-Øn-\p-

th≠n F√mw tiJ-cn® ÿew' F∂¿Ywh-cp∂ "bqWn-th-gvkn‰n'

F∂ ]Zw bqtdm-∏n\v \¬In-b-Xv. Ko°v˛em‰n≥ `mjIfn¬ CXn-\p-

]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv eoknbw (Lyceum), A°m-Zan (Academy) XpS-ßnb

]Z-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ^©v-˛-kv]m-\njv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ \¬In-h-cp∂

"ssek≥kv' (Licence) AYhm eok≥jym-´pd (Licenciatura) F∂

_ncpZw "CPmk' F∂ Ad_n ]Z-Øns‚ hnh¿ØnX cq]-am-Wv.

hnZym¿Yn ]Tn-®p-I-gn™ hnj-b-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ s]m^-k¿am¿

\¬Ip∂ A\p-hmZw AYhm ssek≥kv F∂mWv "CPmk' F∂

]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yw.

hSt° B^n-°-bnepw kvs]bn-\nepw CØcw ]pXnb hnZym-e-

b-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mgpw ]h¿Øn®psIm≠n-cn-°p∂

G‰hpw ]gb bqWn-th-gvkn‰n C‰-en-bnse s_mtfm-Wn-b-bn-e-√, adn®v

samtdm-t°m-bnse ^mkv \K-c-Øn-emWv ˛ Jd-hn-øo≥ bqWn-th-

gvkn‰n. ssJd-hm-\nse [¿an-jvT-I-fmb c≠v Xp\o-jy≥ ktlm-Z-cn-

am-cmWv Cu bqWn-thgvkn‰n ÿm]n-®-Xv. AXv InkvXp-h¿jw 859˛¬

Bbn-cp-∂p. ssJd-hm≥ A∂v, Xp\o-jy-bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.

B h\n-X-I-fpsS P∑-\m-Sns‚ t]cmWv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n°p \¬In-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n°p Np‰pw \n¿an-®n-cp∂ at\m-l-c-amb

tlmÃ¬ sI´n-S-ßƒ C∂pw ImWmw. samtdm-°≥ `c-W-IqSw

Ah°v kwc-£Ww \¬In-h-cp-∂p. Cu amXr-I-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥

B^n -°-bn -ep≈ as‰mcp k¿h-Iem -im -e -bmWv

189Xnw_pIvXp(Timbuktu).

K¿_¿´n-s\-t∏mse _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fmb At\Iw hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]Sn-

™m-d≥ bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂v kvs]bn-\n-te°v hcpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

kvtIm´ve‚p-Im-c-\mb ssa°¬kvtIm´v Ah-cn-sem-cm-fm-Wv. P¿a≥Im-

c-\mb sl¿a≥, Um¬an-jy-°m-c-\mb sl¿a≥ (Hermon the Dalmetian)

F∂n-h¿ P¿a-\n-bn¬\n∂pw AUn-bm-‰n-°n¬ \n∂pw h∂-h-cm-bn-cp-

∂p. Xnthm-en-bnse πmt‰m (Plato of Tivoli), Intam-W-bnse Pdm¿Uv

(Gerard iof Cremona) XpS-ßn-b-h¿ C‰-en-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n-I-sf-°m-

tfsd Ah-cpsS \mSns‚ t]cp-Iƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-I-bmWv ChnsS

Dt±-iyw. Ckvem-anIv kvs]bn≥ AXns‚ ]`m-h-Im-eØv ]m›m-Xy-

tem-IsØ FX-tØmfw BI¿jn®p-sh∂v CXv ImWn-°p-∂p.

XØz-Nn¥

amUn-UvIm-c-\mb akve-a-bpsS Ime-tijw, H∂c \q‰m≠v Ign-

™n√, C_v\p -Xp -ss^¬ F∂ as‰mcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X≥

løp_v\p bJvfm≥* F∂ Hcp KŸw cNn-®p. "kzbw ]Tn® XØz-

⁄m\n' F∂mWv Cu KŸ-sØ-°p-dn®v tIƒ°m-\n-S-bmb bqtdm-

]y-cpsS CS-bn¬ AX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-hn-⁄m-\-ß-fpsS

auenI LS-I-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-amWv Cu KŸ-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w.

AtXm-sSm∏w B[p-\nI t\mh¬ km-lnXyw cwK-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xn\v

FXtbm apºv hnc-Nn-X-amb Cu KŸw tdm_n≥k¨ Iqtkmhns‚

apt∂m-Sn-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. ImcWw Iem-kp-`-K-X-bm¿∂ IYm-I-Y-\-cq-]-Øn-

emWv AXv hnc-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp acp-`q-an-bn-emWv AXnse

\mb-I≥ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv. F√m Imcy-ßfpw Abmƒ kzb-Xv\w-aqew

A`y-kn-°p-∂p. \m¬]-sØm-ºXv hb v ]mb-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw

Abmƒ ]Ir-Xn-sbbpw Xs‚ Np‰p-ap≈ temI-sØbpw kzbw A]-

K-Yn®p k¿h hn⁄m-\-ß-fnepw Ah-Kmlw t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

A©p-\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-tijw ^©v KWnXimkvX-⁄-\mb

do≥ sUkvIm¿´vkv (Rene Descartes) Gd-°psd AtX hkvXp-X-

IƒXs∂ AX-sbm∂pw Iem-ta-∑-bn-√msX ]Xn-]m-Zn-®p. F∂n´pw

At∏m-tg°pw £tbm-∑p-J-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂, DØ-a-a-[y-Im-e-L-´-

Ønse XØz-Nn-¥-s°-Xnsc sh√p-hn-fn-I-fp-b¿Ønb ]WvUn-X-s\∂

\ne-bn¬ sUkvIm-¿´vkv ]kn-≤-\m-bn-ØocpIbp≠m-bn.- C_v\p

Xpss^¬, amXr-`q-an-bnepw, Xm≥ samtdmt°m cmPm-hns‚ sIm´m-c-

`n-j-Kz-c\pw a¥n-bp-ambn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn® hS-°≥ -B-^n-°-bnepw,

F°m-eØpw At±-lsØ kvacn-°m≥ IS-s∏´ Ad_v ˛Ckvem-an-

I-tem-IØpw hnkva-cn-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-™n-cn-s°, sUkvIm¿´vkv B[p-

\nI XØz-Nn-¥°v hgn-Im-Wn-®-h-cn-sem-cm-fmbn Ct∏mgpw KWn-°-

A\p-_‘w: 1


s∏-Sp-∂p.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw ]Sn-™m-d≥ bqtdm-∏nse _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ, hnti-

jn®pw ]pXp-Xm-bn D-b¿∂p-h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]mco-kv, HmIvkvt^m¿Uv

XpS-ßnb k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ C_v\p- Xzp-ss^-ens‚ Pohn-X-Imew

Ign™v Zim -_vZ -ßƒ°Iw "kzbw ]Tn® XØz -

⁄m\n'sbt∏mep≈ IrXn-Iƒ sXc-™p]n-Sn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±-

l-Øns‚ (Kp-cp-hn-s\-°mƒ ]kn-≤-\m-b) injy≥, C_v\p-dpivZn("A-

h-tdmkv' F∂mWv B \maw ]m›m-Xy-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv)s‚

IrXn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb ]T-\-Øn\v hnj-bo-`-hn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. ]ucm-WnI Ko°v XØz-Nn-¥-I-\mb AcntÃm-éns‚ IrXn-

bmWv C_v\p-dpivZns‚ ]tXyI ]T\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-b-Xv. Ad-_n-

\m-Sp-I-fnse bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn At±lw Ah

]p\x-tIm-Uo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX, ]Sn-™m-

d≥ bqtdm-∏n¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]pXnb hnZym-e-b-ß-fpw,

tXmakv AIzn-\mkn(Thomas Aquinas) s\t∏m-ep≈ ]pXnb XØz-Nn-

¥-Icpw Ah-bpsS C‰m-en-b≥ ]cn-`mj D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. tXmakv

AIzn-\m-kns‚ Summa Contra Gentiles F∂ IrXn, Cu kv]m\njv

apkvenw ]WvUn-X≥ D∂-bn-®n-´p≈ Nne ]iv\-ßƒ°v ItØm-en-

°≥ ho£-W-Øn-eqsS adp-]Sn ]d-bm-\p≈ ia-amWv. "summa' F∂

]Z-Øn\v apgp-h≥ F∂m-W¿Yw. Acn-tÃm-éns‚ apgp-h≥ IrXn-I-

fp-sSbpw kam-lm-c-Øn\v C_v\p-dpivZv \¬In-bn-´p≈ \ma-amb

"PmanA' F∂ Ad_n ]Z-Øns‚ A¿Yhpw AXp-X-s∂. CXn-\p-]p-

dsa c≠v ]T-\-ßƒIqSn At±lw tImUo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. km[m-

cW hmb-\-°msc Dt±-in-®p-sIm≠v H∂pw, D∂-X-]-T\w \S-Øp∂

hnZym¿Yn -Iƒ°mbn hni-Z -hym -Jym -\-ß-tfm-Sp -IqSn as‰m∂pw.

Ing°p\n∂v ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p≈ ssh⁄m-\nI ]hm-l-Øns‚ ]mX-

bn¬ C_v\p-dpivZns‚ hy‡nXzw sXfn-™p-Im-Wmw.

A¬ssK_v

Aßs\ apkvenw Nn¥-I¿ hc-®p-Im-Wn® amXr-I-Iƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-

sIm≠v \thm-∞m\ bqtdm-∏n¬ XØz-Nn¥ kmh-[m\w ssNX-\y-

am¿Pn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Cu At\z-j-W -Xr-jvW-bmWv B[p-\nI bpK-

Øn\v P∑-ta-In-b-Xv. \mw t\ctØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse A\p-am-\-

ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb bp‡n-Nn¥ KWn-X-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-

I-fn-emWv \ne-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ipd-®p-IqSn apt∂m-´pt]m-bm¬ ImWmw;

Ckvem-anI Z¿i-\-Øns‚ AZr-iy-hn -`m -h\˛A¬ssK_v˛bn¬

\n∂mWv XØz-Nn¥ Dcp-Øn-cn-™-sX-∂v. Ckvem-ans‚ B hn`m-h\

Jp¿-B-\n-ep-S-\ofw Hcp- sh√p-hn-fn-sb-t∂mWw ]c-∂p-In-S-°p-∂p.

191""AZr-iy-Øns‚ Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ Ahs‚ ]°-em-Ip-∂p. Ah-\-√msX

Ah Adn-bp-I-bn-√. Ic-bnepw IS-en-ep-ap-≈Xv F√mw Ah-\-dn-bp-

∂p. Ah-\-dn-bmsX Hcn-e-sb-¶nepw sImgn-bp-∂n-√. aÆns‚ Ccp≠

ad-I-fn-en-cn-°p∂ Hcp [m\y-a-Wnbpw ]®tbm DW-ßn-btXm Bb

Hcp hkvXphpw Xs∂ hy‡-amb Hcp tcJ-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-Sm-sX-bn-

√''(Jp. 6:59). Jp¿-B≥ XpS-cp-∂p: ""Ch \mw \n\°p t_m[\w

\¬Ip∂ AZr-iy-hr-Øm-¥-ß-fm-Wv. \n\t°m \ns‚ kap-Zm-b-

Ønt\m AXn-\p-apºv CsX-∏‰n Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.'' (Jp. 11:49)

At\z-j-WXrjvW Kth-j-W-Øn\pw Iem-imem ]T-\-Øn\pw

hgn-sX-fn-bn-®p. akve-a-Xp¬ aPvcnZn ]T\w \S-Ønb Cdm-Jnse Iq^-

bnepw _kzv-d-bn-ep-amWv Cu At\z-jW kwcw`w BZy-ambn DS-se-

Sp-Ø-Xv. ]n∂o-SXv Ckvem-anI temI-ØpS\ofw hym]n-°p-Ibpw

bqtdm-∏ns‚ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

XØz-Nn-¥-I¿

Ckvem-an\v Xe-sb-Sp-∏p≈ aq∂v XØz-Nn-¥Icp≠v. sX°≥ Cdm-

Jnse ]pcm-X\ In≥Z-bn¬ \n∂v h∂ Ad-_n-bmb A¬In≥Zn.

Ko°p-Im-cn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\v Xm¬]-cyw. hnZqc a[y-]q¿h

tZi-Øp-\n∂v hcp∂ Xp¿°n-°m-c-\mb A¬^mdm-_n. cmjvS-

aoamwkI\pw ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Øn¬ X¬]-c\pw kwKo-X-⁄-\p-am-

bn-cp∂p ^mdm-_n. aq∂m-asØ Bƒ ]m›m-Xy¿ "Ahn-sk∂' F∂p

hnfn-°p∂ C_v\p-ko-\m. t]¿jy°m-c-\mb C_v\p-ko\ XØz-Nn-

¥-bp-sSbpw sshZy-im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw hnP-b-I-c-amb ka-\zbw

km[n® XØz-Nn -¥-I-\-sX. ]m›mXy-temIw a[y-Im-e-am-µy-

Øn¬Øs∂ apßn-°n-S-°th Cu Nn¥-I-∑m¿ bh-\-˛-`m-c-Xob Nn¥m-

[m-c-Iƒ At\z-jn-®-dn™v Ahsb Xß-fp-tSXmb ho£-W-a-\p-k-

cn®v ka\zbn-∏n-®p. [mcmfw injy-K-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°v.

C_v\p-ko-\m-bpsS sshZy-imkvX \nb-am-hen(Canon of Medicine)bpsS

em‰n≥ hnh¿Ø\w ]Sn-™m-d≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ Ign™ \q‰m-

Sn.-_n. C¿hnwKv: Im\-U-bnse ssIkvXh IpSpw-_-Øn¬ 1914˛¬ P\-\w. Ac-\q-

‰m-≠v apºv Ckvemw kzoI-cn-®p. hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ Ata-cn-°≥ Cw•ojv ]cn-`m-j-b-S°w [mcmfw KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hv. hnhn[ k¿h-I-em-im-e-Ifn¬ hnkn-‰nwKv s]m^-k-dmbpw S\ko bq\n-th¿kn-‰n-bn¬ kv]m\njv `mjm s]m^-k-

dmbpw tPmen sNbvX At±-l-Øn-s‚ bYm¿Y \maw XAveow Aen-sb-∂m-Wv.

A\p-_‘w: 1


≠ns‚ A¥yw-hsc D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p-h-∂n-cp-∂p.

C_v\p -J¬Zq≥

G‰hpw ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Ckvem-anI Nn¥-I≥ C_v\p

J¬Zq≥ BsW∂v ]d-bmw. a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw am\-h-N-cn-

X-Øns‚bpw XØz-im-kvX-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn®v Xms\-Øn-t®¿∂

\nK-a-\ßƒ, NcnX-im-kvX-Øn-s\mcp apJ-hpc F∂ hniz-hn-Jym-X-

amb Xs‚ KŸ-Øn¬ At±lw ]Im-in-∏n-®p. Xp\o-jy-bn¬ C∂p

\ne-\n¬°p∂ sskXq\m bqWn-thgvkn-‰n-bpsS ÿn-tcm-’m-ln-bmb

Cu k¥Xn, FtUz¿Uv Kn∫¨ tdma≥ kmam-Py-Øns‚ D∞m\

]X-\-ßƒ F∂ KŸ-sa-gp-Xp-∂-Xn\v FXtbm apºp-X-s∂, a\p-

jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS D¬°¿jm]-I¿j-ßƒ \nco-£n®v ]Tn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-sb-°p-dn® ]p\-cm-h¿Ø-

\- kn-≤m¥w(Cyclic Theory) Cu \q‰m-≠n¬ XZzn-j-bI-ambn ]d-bp∂

kvs]¶vfdp-tS-Xn\pw tSmb≥_n-bp-tS-Xn\pw Xpey-am-Wv. Cu hnj-b-

sØ-°p -dn® v kp] -[m -\ -amb Kth-j-W-Øn¬

apgp-In-bn-cn-s°, aq∂p h≥I-c-I-fnse ]i-kvX-cmb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

I-fp-ambn At±lw IqSn-°mgvN \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. skhn√ \K-c-

Ønse ]o‰¿ cmPm-hv, at[y-j≥ tPXm-hv, Xma¿ sse≥ XpS-ßn-b-

h¿ A°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.

`qan-imkvXw

`qan-im-kvX-]-c-ambn Ckvem-anI temI-Øn\v e`n-®n-cp∂ Adnhv

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn-t‚-X-√. adn®v sImfw-_-kn\v hfsc apºp-Xs∂

AXv tSmf-an-bpsS "Dcp≠ `qan' F∂ Bi-b-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-

∂p. hym]-I-amb A¥m-cmjvS hym]mc _‘ßfn-eq-sSbpw, A°m-

e-Øp-Xs∂ AZv`p-X-I-c-amw-hn[w Hcp tImkvtam t]mfn-‰≥ \K-c-am-

bn-Øo¿∂n-cp∂ a°-bn¬ sh®v ]c-kv]cw PohnXm\p`-h-ßƒ ssIam-

dp-∂-Xn¬ ipjvIm¥n ImWn-®n-cp∂ l÷v Xo¿Ym-S-I-cn-eq-sSbpw

t\Snb ]mtbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m-\-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p, AXv.

GXm-bmepw Ad-_n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ka-Im-enIcpw tPymXn-»m-kvX-

Øn¬ Xpey hnZ-Kv[-cp-amb a[y Ata-cn-°-bnse amb-I-sf-t∏m-se,

Hcp Zqc-Z¿in-\n-bpsS klm-b-an-√m-sX-bmWv ]T\ \nco-£Ww \S-

Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

CZvcokn

12˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t\m¿a≥ kn-kn-en-bn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂

samtdm-t°m-Im-c-\mb `qan-im-kvX-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p CZvco-kn. At±lw

knkn-en-bn-em-bn-cns° A°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ temI-Øns‚

Hcp `q]Sw Xøm-dm-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. saUn-‰-td-\n-b\v kao-]-ØmWv

At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂sX-¶nepw C¥ym-k-ap-Z-sØ-°p-dn® At±-l-

Øns‚ ]cn-⁄m\w Akm-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. en_vk≥˛C∂sØ

193t]m¿®p-K¬-°mcmb GXm\pw apkvenw bphm-°ƒ A‰vem‚nIv kap-

Z-Øn¬ hnZq-c-Zn-°n¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Hcp "jn∏v sFe‚n'te°v

\mhnI bmX \S-Øn-b-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v CZvcokn ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.

AXv I\m-do-tkm, B‚n-etkm Bbn-cn-°-Ww.

sImfw-_kv Ata-cn° I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v aq∂p \q‰m≠p apºp-

Xs∂ A‰vem‚nIv kap-Z-Øn¬ \mhn-I-bmX \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu

]Xn-]m-Z\w ImWn-°p-∂p. bpIvXm≥ (Yukatan) D]-Zzo-]nse NnN≥km

(Chichen-Tza)bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ombm-Nn-X-ßƒ, 11˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

apºp-Xs∂ saIvkn-t°m-bnse ]kvXp-X -]-tZ-iØv Cfw-\n-dhpw ]®-

°-Æp-ap≈ \mhn-I¿ h∂-Xmbn hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. kvs]bn-\n-s‚bpw

hS-°≥ B^n-°-bp-sSbpw ]Sn-™m-tdm´p \mhnI bmX-I-fp-≠m-bn-

´p-s≠∂v Nne ssN\okv tcJ-I-fn¬ t]mepw ]d-bp-∂p. "AUvan-d¬',

"B¿kW¬' XpS-ßnb ]tbm-K-ßƒ Ad-_n-`m-j-bp-tS-Xm-sW-∂p-

IqSn ChnsS ]kvXm-hn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. "amK-kn≥' F∂ ]Zw "aJvk≥'

F∂ Ad-_n-]-Z-Øn¬ \n-∂mWv cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. "h√Xpw kq£n-

°p∂ ÿew' F∂mWv Ad_n `mj-bn¬ AXn-\¿Yw. \ΩpsS

km[m-cW am-K-kn-\p-Iƒ hmb-\-°m¿°p th≠n teJ-\-ßfpw a‰pw

kq£n-®p-sh-°p-I-bm-Wt√m sNøp-∂-Xv. AXns‚ kv]m\njv cq]-

amb A¬am-kn≥ (Almacen) F∂ ]Z-Øn-\¿Yw ]oSn-I, tÃm¿ Fs∂-

√m-am-Wv.

kky-im-kvXhpw ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXhpw

apJy-ambpw Huj-[-\n¿am -W-ap -t± -in -®mWv kky-imkvXw

hf¿Ø-s∏-´-Xv. hmjnwKvS-Wnse ^nb¿ Kmedn(Freer Gallery)bn¬ Ad-

_n-I-fptSbpw t]¿jy-°m-cp-tS-Xp-amb kky-im-kvX-kw-_-‘n-bmb

GXm\pw NnX-ß-fpsS at\m-l-c-amb amXr-I-I-fp-≠v. KWn-X-im-kvX-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ ]Ir-Xn-imkvXw apkvenw Nn¥-

I-\m-bn-cp∂ In≥Znsb lTm-Zm-I¿jn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. U®p-Im¿ Zqc-

Z¿in\n I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºpXs∂, AXns‚ klm-b-an-√msX

Ad-_n-Iƒ hm\ \nco-£Ww \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Imcyw t\ctØ kqNn-

∏n-®p-h-t√m. Ad-_n-I-fpsS ]Ir-Xn-]-T-\sØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv

tPymXn-»m-kvX-]-c-amb ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂p-h-∂-Xv.

Ie

a\p-jy-cp-sStbm Xncy-°p-I-fpsStbm ]Xncq-]-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-

∂Xv, Ah Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-I-fm-ImXncn°m-\p≈ Hcp ap≥I-cp-

Xse∂ \ne-bn¬ Ckvemw \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AXn-\m¬

Ckvem-anse NnX-Ie an°-hmdpw Pyman-Xob cq]-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-

A\p-_‘w: 2


am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. XZzmcm, CX-c- a-X-ß-fnse Z¿-i-\-ß-fn-se-t∏mse

aq¿Ø-cq-]-ßsf ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-am-°m-sX, AXv \b-\-a-kvXn-jvI-ßsf

Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-b-ß-fn-te°p \bn-°p-∂p. ssZhsØ Ahs‚

apgp-h≥ ]cn-ip-≤n-tbmSpw emfn-Xy-tØm-Spw-IqSn Bcm-[n-°m≥ CXv

klm-b-I-ambnØo-cp-∂p. Ae-¶m-c-ß-fn¬ Cu ssien-bpsS ]tbm-

K-hXvI-c-W-Øn\p Hcp am[y-a-am-bmWv Imen-K-^n*- cq]wsIm≠-Xv.

ImcWw AXv Znhy-h-N-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ho≠pw ho≠pw Nn¥n-°m-

\p≈ t]c-W -\¬Ip-∂p. ]t£, Ckvem-anI Iem-cq-]-ßƒ˛hnti-

jn®pw ]≈n-I-fn-ep-≈h˛ samØ-Øn¬ aq¿Ø-ß-fm-I-bm¬ C¥y,

t]¿jy XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS Bthiw Ahsc hnhn-

[-cq-]-ß-fn¬ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ]pjvSn-]m-]n-®p-h∂ s]bn‚n-wKp-I-fn-

se-Øn-®p. CXn¬ ]men-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ k¿hmw-Ko-Ir-X-amb GI-]-cn[n

apl-ΩZv \_n-sbbpw krjvSn-I¿Øm-hn-s\bpw Ombm-Nn-X-ß-fn-eqsS

]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®p-IqSm F∂-Xp-am-X-am-Wv!

in¬]-Ie

samtdmt°m apX¬ Ing°v C¥y-h-sc-bp≈ Ckvem-anI

temIsØ sIń-S-ß-fpsS \neØpw, Npa-cp-I-fnepw CjvSn-I-Iƒ ]Xn-

®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. A‰vem‚n-°n\v A∏pdw em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-bn¬

apgp-h\pw CØcw sIń-S-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. in¬]-I-e-bp-sSbpw

sImØp-th-e-I-fp-sSbpw em‰n≥-˛-A-ta-cn-°≥ amXr-I-˛-im-kvXob

Irjn kº-Zmbw sNs∂-Øn-b-Xp-t]m-se˛ Imen-t^m¿Wn-b, sSIvkm-

kv, ^vtfmdnU F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-eqsS hSs° Ata-cn-°-bnepw FØn-

t®¿∂n-´p-≠v. "Imen-t^m¿Wn-b≥ ssÃ¬' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu

coXn a[y-]u-ckvXy `h-\-ß-fn¬ ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂, tdma≥ `h-\-ß-

fnse ]th-i-\-ap-dn-Iƒ°v Xpey-amb AI-Ø-f-ßsf hoSns‚ a[y-

Øn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥`m-K-tØ°v Hcp tIm¨Ko‰v …m_mbn cq]m-¥-c-

s∏-Sp-Øn-°-f-™p. Ad-_n-I-fpsS sIń-S-ß-fn¬ Cu hnim-e-amb

AI-Ø-f-ßƒ°v Pew-t]mepw hne-]n-Sn-∏p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂, Ah-cpsS

\nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn At`-Zy-amb _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ImcWw AI-

Ø-f-ß-fn¬ k÷oIcn-®n-cp∂ Pe-[m-c-Ifpw Ahn-tS°v IS-∂p-h-∂n-

cp∂ aµ-am-cp-X\pw AXyp-jvW-Øns‚ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ A¥-co-

£sØ anX-io-tXm-jvWo-I-cn-°m≥ D-]-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p; ck-X-¥hpw Ce-

IvtSm-WnIvkpw B[p-\nI Fb¿I-≠o-j-\-dp-Ifpw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-

Xn\v FX-tbm-apºv!

PohnXw Pohn-°m≥sIm-≈m-hp-∂-Xm-°n-Øo¿°m-\p≈ Ckvem-

ans‚ ia-Øns‚ `mK-amWv Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ Cu Ie-h-d-bn-√mØ

kao -]\w. a\p -jy -a -\ - ns‚ AKm -[ -`m -h -ß-sf -°p -d n -®p≈

195At\zjWwIq-Sn-Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp Pohn-X-am-Wv Ckvem-ans‚ `mh-

\-bn-ep-≈-Xv. ssK_n-s\-°p-dn® Ckvem-ans‚ k¶¬]sØ-°p-dn®pw

Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-b-ß-tfmSv AXn-\p≈ B`n-ap-Jy-sØ-°p-dn®pw

]cm-a¿in-°sh C°mcyw \mw kqNn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu kzm[o\w

in¬]-I-e-bn-te°p IS-∂p-h-∂Xv ]≈n-Iƒ Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-sf-∂-

Xn-tesd ssh⁄m-\nI tIµ-ß-fmbn ]h¿Øn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS-

bm-Wv.

hnt\mZw

NXp-cwKw, _mIvKm-a¨kv, Im¿Ukv XpS-ßnb hnt\m-Z-ß-fn¬

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Icp-°ƒ°v "ss\]v' F∂mWv kv]m\njv `mj-bn¬

]d-bp-∂-Xv. "]Xn-\n[n' F∂¿Yw hcp∂ Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse "\mC_v'

F∂ ]-Z-Øn¬\n∂p cq]wsIm≠-XmWv "ss\]v'. a‰p tPmen-I-

sfm∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xn\m¬ aSp-∏v Im-cWw km[m-cW a\p-

jy¿ Ie-ln-°m\pw iWvT-Iq-Sm\pw CS-h-cp∂ ag sNmcn-bp∂ Znh-

k-ß-fn¬ Bfp-Iƒ°v bp≤-X-¥-ß-fn¬ ]cn-io-e\w \¬In-bn-cp∂

hnt\m -Z -ß-fm -bn -cp∂p Ah. ImssÃense cmPm -hm -bn -cp∂

A¬t^m¨tkm ]Øm-a≥ Cu hnt\m-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn®v Ah

a[y kvs]bn-\nse Xs‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw C°m-c-

W-Øm-emWv ˛ CutemI PohnXw Pohn-°m≥ sIm≈m-hp-∂-Xm-Im≥

th≠n.

sSIvt\m-fPn

sSIvt\m-fPn kvs]bn-\n\v Pe-tk-N-\-b-¥-ßƒ \¬In. B

b¥-Øn\v Ah¿ hnfn-°p∂ "t\mdnb' F∂ \maw Ad-_n-`m-j-

bn¬\n∂v t]¿jy-bn-te°v IS-∂-Xm-Wv. kv]m\njv `mj-bn¬ AXv

Aß-s\-Øs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kv]m\njn¬

"Ako-Jnb' (Aceqia) F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\p-th≠n

sh≈w tImcn-sbm-gn-°p∂ Nmep-Iƒ°m-Wv. CXv Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse

A¬km-Jnb F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ cq]-t`-Z-amsW∂v hy‡w.

aptZ-b¿ (Mudejar)* F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ic-Iu-ie sshZ-Kv[y-Øns‚

D]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ kv]m\njv apkvenw-I-fm-Wv. aptZ-b¿ F∂ ]Zw apZ-

ø≥ (CW-ßn-b-Xv, Iog-S-ßn-b-Xv) F∂ Ad_n ]Z-Øns‚ cq]-t`-Z-

a-sX. 1976˛¬ Cu Ic-Iu-ie sshZKv[yw kvs]bn-\nse aq∂v

Ad_n ]´-W-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ aq∂p ]pXn-b-bn\w Imdp-Iƒ°v

\¬Im≥ ]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-Øo-¿∂p. ImUn-√m°v Iº\n skhn√

F∂pw t^m¿Uv Iº\n Km\-Usb∂pw Inkve¿ Iº\n tIm¿tZm-

_-sb-∂p-ap-≈ t]cp-I-fmWv Xß-fpsS ]pXn-bbn\w Imdp-Iƒ°v

A\p-_‘w: 2


\¬In-b-Xv. Aßs\ B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI sshZKv[ywt]mepw hnZ-

Kv[cmb Ic-Iu-ie \n]p-W-∑m¿ Pohn-°p-Ibpw sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX Ckvem-anI kvs]bn-\nse aq∂v at\m-lc \K-c-ßƒ°v D]-

Nm-c-ß-f¿∏n®v _lp-am-\n-®n-cn-°-bmWv.

Im∏nbpw i¿_Øpw

km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ ]m\o-b-amb Im∏n, Nmbbpw tNm°-te‰pw

t]mse-Øs∂ bqtdm-∏n-te°v IS-∂p-h∂ coXn ckm-h-l-am-Wv.

sX°≥ Atd-_y-bnepw FtXym]ybnepw hf-cp∂ Hcp-Xcw sNdnb

sNSn-bpsS Imb-bmbncp-∂p bYm¿Y-Øn-e-Xv. "Jlvh' F∂mWv Ah¿

t]¿ hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B ]Zw e_-\okv `mj-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-h-∂-t∏mƒ

"Jlvh'-bpsS A¥ym-£-c-Øns‚ "A'Imcw kz¬]w sNcn-®mWv D®-

cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ B ]Zw tIƒ°m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv

"Jlvsh' F∂m-Wv. 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hnb-∂-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ HmkvSn-

b-°m¿ Cu ]m\obw D]-tbm-Kn -®p-Xp-S -ßn-b-Xv B ]Z-Ønse

"l'Imcw Dt]-£n-®p-sIm≠pw "h'Imcw \n»-_vZ-am-°ns°m≠pam-bn-

cp-∂p. Cu L´-Øn-emWv Cw•o-jp-Im¿ AXns\ "tIm^n' Bbn kzoI-

cn-®-Xv. 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ kvs]bn≥-Im¿ AXns\ "It^' Bbn D]-

tbm-Kn-®Xpw Cß-s\-Ø-s∂. _ko-enepw sImf-w_n-bm-bnepw

tKm≠vam-e-bnepw Irjn-sN-øm-\mbn AXns‚ hnØp-Iƒ Ab-®p-sIm-

Sp-ØXpw Ah-cm-Wv. sF_o-cn-b≥ D]-Zzo-]n¬ apkvenw-Iƒ Xma-kn-

°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Cu IS-sa-Sp∏v kv]m\njv apkvenwI-

fn¬\n∂v t\cn-´√ \S-∂-Xv. Imc-Ww, F.-Un. 711˛¬ kvs]bn-\n-seØn

H≥]Xp \q‰m -≠p -Iƒ°ptijw 1693˛¬ Xp¿°n -Iƒ hnb∂

ssIhis∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ]e h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv, 1610˛¬ Ah¿

Ahn-sS-\n∂p Ah-km-\-ambpw \njvIm-kn-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS

"i¿_Øpw' "knd∏pw' Ad-_n-`m-j-bn-se, IpSn®p F∂¿Yw hcp∂

"icn_' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ cq]-t`-Z-ß-fm-Wv. "ipte_p' F∂ Xcw

]m\ob-Øns‚ \ma-aq-ehpw "icn_' Xs∂. Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂v

t]¿jy-\n-te°v IS-∂-tijw h∂ cq]-t`-Z-am-sW∂v amXw.

kwKo-Xhpw \rØhpw

11, 12, 13 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^©p Kmb-I-

kw-L-Øn\v St_-U¿kv (Troubadours) F∂mWv t]¿. Cu ]Zw

"Xd_' F∂ Ad_n ]Z-Øn¬\n∂v \njv]-Zn-®-Xm-Wv. AXns‚

I¿Ø-cn-]-tbmKw "apXvcn_v' F∂m-Wv. ]mSp-∂-h≥, ckn-∏n-°p-∂-

h≥ Fs∂m-s°-bm-W-Xn-\¿Yw. \rØ-Øn\v Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬ "dJvkv'

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. ^m≥knse \nim-¢-_p-I-fn¬ \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂

aIm-_¿ \rØw(Macabre Dance) bYm¿Y-Øn¬ "dJvkv A¬-a-Jv_d'

197AYhm J_v¿-ÿm\nse \rØw-X-s∂. admIkv(Maracas) F∂-Xv.

lm≥dv dm‰n¬kn-(Hand Rattles) s‚ kv]m\njv \ma-am-Wv. Hcp-Xcw

Imb-bpsS tXmSn¬ [m\y-a-Wn-Iƒ \nd-®mWv CXv D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-

Xv. Cu ]Zw "\rØw sNøm-\p≈ D]-I-cWw' F∂¿Yw hcp∂

"dJk' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ BZy-Øn¬ "aow' F∂ A£cw tN¿Øv

D≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ D]-I-cW kqN-I-\ma (C-kvap¬- B-e)Øns‚ _lp-

h-N-\-cq-]-am-Wv. kn¿bm_v F∂ t]¿jy≥ Kmb-I-\mWv H≥]Xmw

\q‰m-≠n¬ tIm¿tZm-h-bn¬ kv]m\njv KnXm¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv. kvs]bn-

\nse Xo≥tai acym-Z-I-fnepw hkvX-[m-c-W-co-Xn-I-fnepw At±lw

kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. B^n-°-bn¬\n∂v X´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-

I-s∏´ Nne apkvenw ASna-Iƒ "adm-Ikn's‚ BZysØ tPmUn,

B t]tcmSpIqSn-Øs∂ Ah-tcm-sSm∏w sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cn-°Ww. a[y

Ata-cn-°-bnse ssktem-t^mWpw (Xylophone) Cßs\ sIm≠p-h-

∂-Xm-hm-\mWv km[y-X.

kmlnXyw

tPmh¬ jm≥dve¿ lmcnkn(Joel Chandler Harris)s‚ IYm-]m-X-

amb "_¿ dm_n‰v'(Brer Rabbit) ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-Isf IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-

°n-s°m-≠p≈ IY-Iƒ°v P∑w \¬In. A‰vem≥dn°n\∏p-d-Øp-≈

bqtdm-]y≥ \mSp-I-fn-te°v hcm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmb GtXm Bfp-

Iƒ Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX-XmWv Cu Bi-bw. "\mbbpw AXns‚

\ngepw', "knwlw h\y-ar-K-ß-fpsS cmPmhv' XpS-ßnb IY-Iƒ dm_n‰v

\ap°v Xcp-∂p. Ah-bpsS ]q¿h amXr-I-Iƒ Gjy≥˛B^n-°≥

h\y-ar-K-ß-fn¬ I-s≠-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw IY-Iƒ "Ieoe h

Znw\' F∂-dn -b -s∏-Sp∂ BJym -\ -ß-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ Ad_v

temIØpw ]cn-Nn-X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp tIµ-I-Ym-]m-XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnc-Nn-X-amb CØcw

IY-Iƒ Hcp ]tXyI hmsamgn kmln-Xy-im-J-bm-bn-am-dn. Ah-bn¬

][m\ IYm-]mXw Htc Nc-Sn¬ tIm¿Øn-W-°-s∏-´-Xp-t]m-ep≈

At\Iw sFXn-lm-knI kw`-h-ß-fn¬ \mb-I-\mbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn¬ H∂mWv Bbnc-sØm∂p cmhp-Iƒ F∂ hnJym-X-

amb Ad-_n-°-Y-Iƒ. Ah-bn¬ ][m-\-ß-fmb "Aem-hp-±o\pw AZv`p-

X-hnf°pw', "Ben-_m-_bpw \m¬]-Xp -I-≈-∑mcpw', "knµp-_m-Zns‚

I∏¬bmX' XpS-ßnb IY-Iƒ Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse "aJm-aXp'Iƒ°pw

kv]m\njv `mj-bnse Picarasque IY-Iƒ°pw hf¿®-tb-In. CsX√mw

kw`-hn-®Xv A®-Sn-b-¥-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p apºm-Wv. A®-Sn-

b-¥-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS ]g-b-Im-esØ sFXn-

lm-knI IY-Iƒ B[p-\nI t\mh-ens‚ cq]-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p-

A\p-_‘w: 2


Xp-S-ßn. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ kz`m-h-Øn¬h∂ am‰amWv Ah-

bnse ]kvXm-hy-amb hkvXp-X. B[p-\nI t\mh-ep-I-fnse tIµ-

I-Ym-]mXw ]e t\mh-en¬ ]e-Xm-Wv. sSen-hn-j-\p-Ifpw Ãocntbm

ssS∏p -Ifpw AXns\ ]g -b -Im -e -tØ-°p -Xs∂ Xncn -®p -

sIm≠pt]mhm≥ km[y-X-bp-s≠-¶nepw!

Sm^n°pw Xmcn∏pw

"Sm^nIv' F∂ \ΩpsS ]Zw Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse "X^vcoJv' BWv.

th¿s]-Sp-Ø¬, Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬ Fs∂-√m-amWv AXn\¿Yw. ][m\

Ih-e-I-fn-eqsS IS∂pt]mtI≠ hml-\-ßsf XcwXncn®v ]e- h-gn-

I -fn -eqsS Xncn -®p -hn -Sp -∂Xv \mw ImWm-dp -≠-t√m. "Xmcn∏v '

"XAvco^n'¬ \n∂mWv cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. IÃwkv lukp-I-fnepw a‰pw

]Xn-°m-dp≈ Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ°mWv B ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

"X^vcoJpw' "XAvco^pw' Ad-_n-`m-j-bnse Inbm-\m-a-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv.

Imen-t^m¿Wn-b, Jne A¬^-dq≥ BIp-∂p. A¿Yw : "De-I-

fpsS tIm´'. Zn tkmwKv -Hm^v tdmf≥Uv(The song of Roland) F∂ ^©v

CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ BZy-ambn \maw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´-Xv "Imen-t^¨'

(Califerne) F∂m-Wv. Nm¿f-ssas∂Xn-sc, kv]m\njv Ad-_n-Isf

klm-bn-°m≥ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ h∂ IS-en-\-°-sc-bp≈ Hcp ]tZ-i-am-

bmWv CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ AXv hnh-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv

Cu \mSv hS-°≥ B^n-°-bn-em-bn-cn -°-Ww. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬

sl¿W≥ tIm¿´vkv (Hernan Cortes) saIvknt°m BI-an®v Iog-S-°n-

b-t∏mƒ saIvkn-t°m-bpsS ]Sn™m-dp≈ \ofw-Iq-Snb D]-Zzo-]n¬,

Imen-t^m¿Wn-b≥ Dƒ°-S-ens‚ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-embn am‰n-ÿm-]n-®-Xm-

Wv. ]n∂oSv Ipsd-°qSn hS°v Dƒ]tZ-i-tØ-°pw.

saUo-h¬ Ckvemw?

a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X°v Ckvemw \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-I-fpsS, hnti-

jn®pw ]m›mXy temIw kzoI-cn-®-h-bpsS sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Hcp

tiJc-am-Wn-Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX -ta-J-e-I-sfbpw Ah

Kkn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bn-e-[n-Ihpw `qap-JØv a\p-jy-Po-hnXw kpJ-

kw-Xr-]vX-am-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-bn. Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-

X¬ ]Tn-°m≥ s]m^-k¿ ^nen∏v ln‰n-bpsS lnÃdn Hm^v Ad_vkv,

tPm¿Pv km¿´s‚ lnÃdn Hm^v kb≥kv, HmIvkvt^m¿Uv bqWn-

th-gvkn‰n ]kn-≤o-I-cn® seKkn Hm^v Ckvemw, Cdm-\n¬ \n∂p≈

kønZv lpss ≥ \k-dns‚ IrXnIƒ F∂nh D]-I-cn-°pw. bqtdm-

∏ns\ am‰n-\n¿Øn Cu \q‰m≠n¬ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-

I-ambpw X\-Xmb hy‡nXzw ]pe¿Øn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ temI-

Øns‚ CXc `mK-ß-fn¬ i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°p∂ ]£w a[y-Ime

199\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ h‘y-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v tUmIvS¿ km¿´s‚ KŸw

]tXy-I-ambn FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂p. ]Sn™m-d≥ bqtdm∏v Ign™p

IS∂p-t]m-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp "a[y-Im-e-L´'Øn¬ CkvemanI

temIw Hcn -°epw Pohn®nń√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Nne Hmdn -

b≥denÃpIƒ sNbvX -Xp -t]mse Ckvem -ans\ "a[y -Im -e -

L´'(Medieval)ØnteXv Ft∂m _mIvhm¿Uv Ft∂m hnfn-°p-∂Xv

XnI™ A\ym-b-am-Wv.

al-Øm-sbmcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ kZv^-e-Zm-b-I-ß-fmb t\´-ßƒ

kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw B[p-\nI bpK-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn\pXI-Ø-

°-hn[w a[yIme bqtdm-∏n\pw \thm-∞m-\-Øn\pw ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX hym]-I-amb Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-`m-k-sa∂

\ne-bn¬, Zo¿L-amb ]Xn-\mev \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn Ckvem-anI temIw

\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amw-hn[w ssNX-\y-hØpw Ne-\m-fl-

I-hp-am-bn-cp∂ Ckvem-anI temI-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv bqtdm-∏n-te°pw

Ata-cn-°-bn-te°pw C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw ssN\-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hnPvRm-

\hpw Irjn-k-º-Zm-bhpw b¥-km-a-Kn-Ifpw Hgp-In-sb-Øn-b-sX-∂n-

cns° AXns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ \ΩpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb AkvXnXzw

(Classical Heritage) Xs∂ \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p-]-d-bm≥

i¶n-t°-≠-Xn√. P¿a≥ BI-a-W-tØmsS tdmam-km-amPyw On∂-

`n-∂-am-b-Xp-t]m-se, 14˛mw \q‰m-≠nse awtKmƒ BI-a-WØn\p

tijw Ckvem-anI kmamPyw Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ "saUo-h¬' Bbn-

t∏m-bn-cn-°mw.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw a[y-]u-c-kvXy-tZiw C∂pw X¥-]-[m-\w-X-s∂.

Ahn-sS-bp≈ ]IrXn hn`-h-ßfpw a\p-jy-ti-jnbpw C\nbpw ]q¿W-

ambpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-ń-√. h¿Ko-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ap≥[m-

c-WIfn¬\n∂v CXc P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ c£]m]n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-

bm-sW-¶nepw, Ad-_n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw s]mXpsh AXn\v hnt[-

b-cm-Wn-∂pw. \ΩpsS hrØn-sI´ Nne h¿Ø-am-\-]-X-ß-fn¬ ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp∂ Im¿´q -Wp-I-fn¬\n∂v [cn -®p -h-im-Ip -∂-Xp-t]m-se,

Ct∏mgpw hnNnX-amb thjw [cn® tKmX-Ø-e-h-∑m-cmbn Ad-_n-

Isf IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-Xsb Ahm-Ny-amw-

hn[w kº-∂-am-°nb Ckvem-anI kw`m-h-\-I-tfmSv _lp-am-\hpw

BZ-chpw hf¿tØ-≠Xv \ΩpsS Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. samtdmt°m apX¬

Ct¥m-t\jyhsc, a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw ]Sn -™m-d≥ bqtdm-∏nepw hS-°≥ B^n-°-bnepw

Hcn°¬°qSn kzm[o\w t\Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hc-p A\p-

Kr-loX kaq-l-amWv apkvenw-Iƒ. A⁄-X-bmWv bYm¿Y ImS-

Øw. kp]-[m-\-am-sbmcp Ckvem-anI XØz-asX CXv. Pmln-en-øØv

A\p-_‘w: 2


AYhm A⁄-X-bm-Ip∂ ImSØw D∑q-e\w sNøm-\mWv Ckvemw

BK-X-am-b-Xv.

a\p-jy-Po-hnXw £Wn-I-am-Wv. ]pe¿®-bpsS ]Ya izmk-Øn¬

amXta Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]q¿W-amb A¿Yw A\p-`-hn-°m-\m-hq. as‰mcp

]`mXw CXm ]pe¿∂psIm≠ncn-°p∂p! apgp-h≥ a\p-jy-cm-in-tbbpw

apgp-h≥ a\pjy \mK-cn-I-X-I-tfbpw BZcn°p∂ Hcp ]pe¿Imew!

201A\p-_‘w: 2

ssiJv apl-ΩZv Imc-Ip∂v

Ckvemw \mK-cn-I-X-bpsShnf- qan

\o≠ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \c-hw-i-Øn\v \mb-IXzw \¬Inb \mK-cn-I-X-

bpsS DS-a-I-fmWv apkvenw-Iƒ. ]m›m-Xy≥ \mK-cn-I-X°v Ifn-sØm-

ń-sem-cp-°n-bXv Ckvemapw apkvenw-I-fp-am-Wv. \njv]-£-cmb F√m

Ncn - X -Im -c -∑mcpw kmaqlnI imkvX -⁄cpw Cu kXyw

Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-°m≥ H´pw ssha-\kyw ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-dn-√. tdm_¿´v

_nt^mƒ´v (Robert Briffault) Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬

]pjv]n-®p-\n∂ Ad_v˛ aqdnjv \mK-cn-I-X-IfpsS kzm[o-\-amWv \thm-

∞m-\-Øn\v P∑w \¬In-b-Xv. C‰-en-b-√, kvs]bn-\m-bn-cp∂p bqtdm-

∏ns‚ ]p\¿P-∑-Øn\v sXmń-embn h¿Øn-®-Xv. kmc-k¨ kmam-

Py-Ønse ]´-W-ß-fmb ssItdmbpw sIm¿tUm-hbpw _KvZmZpw

tSmfn-tUmbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw hnNm-c-hym-]m-c-Øn-s‚bpw tIµ-

ß-fmbn hf¿∂-t∏mƒ, ]mIr-X-Xz-Øn¬ aq°‰w apßnb bqtdm∏v

A⁄-X-bp-sSbpw A[x-]-X-\-Øn-s‚bpw L\m-‘-Im-c-Øn¬ B≠p-

In-S-°pIbm-bn-cp-∂p. a\pjy ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ \ho\ Zi-bmbn

hf¿∂ ]pXn-b-Po-hnXw cq]w-sIm-≠Xv Ahn-S-ß-fn-embncp∂p. Ah-

cpsS \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kzm[o\w kzbw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-

gmWv Hcp ]pXnb Pohn-X-Øns‚ _ln¿K-a-\-am-cw-`n-®-Xv.....

""Ad-_n-I-fn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B[p\nI bqtdm-]y≥ kwkvIm-cw-

Xs∂ P∑-sa-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂ bmYm¿Yyw XnI®pw hniz-k-\o-

b-a-sX. ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ ]mNo-\-Z-i-I-sf-sb√mw Ih-®p-sh-°-Ø°

kz`mh sshin-jvSyhpw apkvenw-I-fpsS A`m-h-Øn-e-h¿°v kºm-Zn-

°m≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. bqtdm-∏ns‚ hf¿®bpsS sNdnb Awi-

ß-fn¬t∏mepw Ckvem-ans‚ kzm[o\w ImW-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°n-√. B[p-

\n-I-bp-K-sØbpw AXns‚ hnP-b-Øn\v \nZm-\-amb D∂X i‡n-

tI-µ-sØbpw th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-´p∂ i‡n-bpsS˛]-Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Øn-

s‚bpw imkvXo-b-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw˛ D¤-h-Øn-se-∂-Xp-t]mse

as‰m-cn-SØpw AXv hy‡hpw Kuc-hm¿lhp-am-bn-ń-√.'' (The Making of

Humanity, Page 183-190)

]kn≤ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb tPm¨ hneyw Xs‚, Intellectual Develop-

ment of Europe F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ bqtdm∏v C∂-\p-`-hn-°p∂ kpJ-ku-

A\p-_‘w: 2


I-cy-ß-ƒs°√mw ]q¿Wambpw IS-s∏-´Xv Ckvem-an-t\mSpw apkvenw-

I-tfmSpamsW∂v Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. ""ssh⁄m-

\nI cwKØv apkvenw-Iƒ XpS-ßn-sh-°mØ H∂pw Xßƒ°v ]q¿Øo-

I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´n-s√''∂v F®v.Pn. sh¬kpw Xs‚ "temI-N-cnX

kwK-lØn'¬ Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

kmwkvIm-cnI \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ \mb-I-cmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

Keo-entbm, s¢∏¿, _qtWm, Umhn≥Nn, \yq´≥, sU°m¿s´ XpS-

ßnb ]m›mXy Nn¥-I-¿ ]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠Xv C_v\p-aq-k,

_odq\n, JmenZp_v\p kA-vZv, dmkn, dio-Zp-±o≥, A_q-aq-k, Jphm-

cn-kvan, C_v\p-J¬Zq≥, ^mdm-_n, K men t]mep≈ ]Xn-`m-im-en-

I-fpsS KŸ-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv.

Cw•-≠n¬ BZy-ambn imkvXo-b-amb NnIn¬km-k-º-Zmbw

\S∏m-°n-bXv apkvenw \mSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v sshZy-hnZy t\Snb ]oSkv

A¬-t^m≥kn (Petrus Alfonsi)bmWv. At±lw 1120˛¬ ]ntbm¿ Hm^v

amƒhm-\p-ambn kl-I-cn®v [mcmfw Ad_n KŸ-ßƒ amXr-`m-j-bn-

te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-tXmsS apkvenw [nj-WbpsS hnNm-c-^-e-

ßƒ Cw•-≠n¬ ]N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. XpS¿∂v ssa°nƒkvtIm´v,

tdm_¿´v, Um\n -tb¬ tam¿fn - Xp -S -ßnb ]m›mXy Nn¥-I¿

tSmfntUmhn¬ h∂v hnhn-[-bn\w hn⁄m-\-ß-fm¿Pn®v Ah Xß-

fpsS \mSp-I-fn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®p. ^m≥knepw P¿a-\n-bn-epw- C‰enbnepw

sshZy-imkvXw ]N-cn-∏n® tdm_¿´v Hm^v Bdn-√mIv(Robert of Aurilac)

AXv ]Tn®v a\- nem°nbXv tSmfn-tUm-hn¬ \n∂m-Wv. 1130˛¬ B¿®v

_nj∏v tdmam-≠ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kwLw ]cn-`m-j-I¿

tSmfntUmhn¬ h∂p \nc-h[n Ad_n KŸ-ßƒ em‰n≥ `mj-bn-

te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. Cu ]cn-`m-jm-i-a-ßƒ GI-tZiw aq∂p

\q‰m-≠p-Imew XpS¿∂p. Cßs\bmWv bqtdm-∏n¬ `uXn-I-imkvXw

\msº-Sp-Ø-Xv. dntPmƒUv Hm^v IntamW F∂ Hscm‰ ]WvUn-

X≥Xs∂ Ccp-]-sØm∂v sshZy-imkvX KŸ-ß-fpƒs∏sS Fgp-]-

Xn-tesd Aaqey IrXn-Iƒ Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂v em‰n-\n-te°v ]cn-`m-

j-s∏-Sp-Øn. BZysØ ssIkvXh k¿h-I-em-im-e-bmbn Adn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ ke¿t\m (Salarrno)- ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-Xp-Xs∂ tIm¨Ã‚-bn≥

F∂ ]ptcm-ln-X≥ Ad-_n-bn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX imkvXo-

b-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®mWv. C]-ImcwXs∂ tdmP¿t_-°s‚ hniz-

hn-Jym-X-amb \b-\-imkvX kw_-‘-amb ]_‘w C_v\p-ssl-

Xans‚ KŸ-ß-f-h-ew-_n-s®-gp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. ]n¬°m-eØv ]Sn-™m-

203

dn-eqsS ]S¿∂p]¥-en® B[p-\n-I-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnhn[ imJ-I-

fpsS Xmbvth-cp-I-sfSpØv ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ah-sb√mw apkvenw [nj-

W-bn-se-Øn-\n¬°p-∂-Xm-bn-°m-Wmw. AXn-\m-emWv ]WvUn‰v Ph-

l¿em¬s\lvdp Xs‚ Glimpses of World Historybn¬ Cßs\ A`n-]m-

b-s∏-´Xv: ""]mNo-\-¿°n-S-bn¬ CuPn-]vXntem C¥y-bntem No\-bntem

icn-bmb imkvXob kº-Zmbw \mw ImWp-∂n-√. AXns‚ sNdn-

sbmcp iIew ]pcm-X\ Kokn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. tdman¬ AXp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂-tX-bn-√. F∂m¬ Ad_n-I-fn¬ Cu imkvXo-b-amb At\z-j-

W-_p≤n ]I-S-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ B[p-\nI

imkvX-Øns‚ ]nXm-°ƒ apkvenw-Ifm-sW∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv''.

kndn-b≥, Ko°v, kwkvIr-Xw, ]lve-hn, sk‚ v XpS-ßnb hnhn[

`mj-I-fn¬\n∂v Aaq-ey-ß-fmb Adn-hp-I-fm¿Pn®v Ah am\-h-\m-K-

cn-I-X°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ _KvZmZv, sIm¿tZm-h, _pJm-d, ka¿J¥v,

\nim-]q¿, Ibvtdm, _kz-vd, Iq^m, a¿hv , Aƒtd, ZakvI-kv, aem-

K, Km\U t]mep≈ ssh⁄m-\nI tIµ-ßƒ hln-®-]¶v \n¿Wm-

b-I-a-sX. ]kn≤ tdma≥ `nj-Kz-c-\mb Kme≥, Ko°v Nn¥-I-cmb

Acn-tÃm-´¬, πmt‰m, Ko°v KWn-X-im-kvX-⁄\mb bq¢n-Uv, Ae-

Ivkm≠n-b-bnse tPymXn-xim-kvX-⁄-\mb tSmf-an, XØz-im-kvX-

⁄-\mb B¿°-sa-Uo-kv, At∏mtem \ntbm-kv, Hmdn-_m-kn-b-kv,

t]mƒ Hm^v APo-\m, tkmI-´o-kv, Pqen-bkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS hnNm-

c-^-eßƒ temI-Øn\v e`n-®-Xv, apkvenw-Iƒ hnh¿Ø-\w-sNbvX

Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. lmdq≥ dioZv _KvZm-Zn¬ ÿm]n®

"Zm¿i-\nI aµncw' (Home of Philosophy) temI-Øn\v kw`m-h\ sNbvX

ssh⁄m-\nI kºØv Aaq-ey-ß-f-sX. lmdq≥ dio-Zn-s‚bpw

aAvaqs‚bpw ImesØ _KvZm-Zpw, A_vZp-¿d-lvam≥ c≠m-as‚bpw

(822˛852) aq∂m-a-s‚-bpw(912˛961) A¬lIw c≠m-a-s‚bpw (961˛976)

ImesØ kvs]bn\pw ssh⁄m-\nI \`- n¬ IØn-®p-sh® ]Im-

i-Øns‚ ssIØn-cn-I-fmWv ]Sn-™m-d≥ temI-Øn\v shfn®w \¬In-

b-Xv. bqtdm-∏n¬ KŸ-ßƒ \t∂ hnc-f-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv sIm¿tZm-

h-bn¬ amXw \mep-e£w KŸßfp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-X-

apZvtLm-jn-°p-∂p.

Acn-tÃm-´¬Ir-Xn-I-fpsS G‰hpw Icp-Ø-\mb hymJym-Xm-sh-∂-

\n-e-bn¬ hnJym-X-\mb C_v\p-dpivZv XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw aX-hn-j-b-

ß-fnepw sshZy-im-kvX-Ønepw cNn® hne-s∏´ KŸ-ßƒ ]m›mXy

[nj-Wsb Gsd BI¿jn-®p. Xlm-^-Xp-Ø-lm^, InXm-_p¬


^¬k^v, "^kvep¬ a-Jm-e ô aphm-^-J-Øn¬ lnIva-Øn- h-»-

coA, πmt‰m-hns‚ dn∏ªn°ns‚ hymJym-\w, ^mdm-_n-bpsS bp‡n-

i m - k v X s Ø

kw_-‘n® \ncq-]-Ww, C_v\p-ko-\m-bpsS kn≤m-¥-ßsf kw_-

‘n® N¿®, Xqa¿ńs‚ AJo-Z-bpsS `mjyw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

C_v\p-dp-ivZns‚ XØz-Nn-¥m-]-c-amb IrXn-I-fm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚

_nZm-b-Xp¬ apPvX-lnZp h∂n-lm-b-Xp¬ aJm-kznZv F∂ \nb-a-im-

kvX-KŸw Aaqey-asX. ]Xn-\m-tdmfw sshZy-im-kvX-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS

I¿Øm-hmb C_v\pdp-ivZns‚ A¬Ip-√n-ø-Xp- ^n-Øzn∫v \nc-h[n

`mj-I-fn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. sshZy-im-kvX-Ønse

\nZm-\-K-Ÿ-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ C_v\p-ko-\m(-A-hn-k-∂)-bpsS

A¬Jm-\q\p ^nØzn∫v C∂pw ]te-S-Øpw- ]mT]pkvX-I-am-Wv. a[y-

\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse ]apJ Kth-j-I\pw ap∂q-tdmfw imkvX-Ir-Xn-I-

fpsS I¿Øm-hp-amb A_q-_-°¿ A¿dmkn-bpsS ]T-\-ß-sf-∏‰n

Kth-jWw \S-Øm≥ Ata-cn-°-bnse Hcp -k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnen∂pw

]tXyI hIp-∏p-X-s∂-bp-≠v. ]Imi hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-

Xm-hmb C_v\p¬-sslk-ans‚ Ccp-]tØ-tgmfw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Aaq-

ey-ß-fmb Kth-jW ]T-\-ß-fm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ \nb-a-im-kvX-

K-Ÿ-amb apl√ C∂pw k¿hmZc-Wo-b-a-sX.

Hcn-°epw ]pXp-a- \-in°mØ Ht´sd Bi-b-ß-fm-hn-jvI-cn-®p-

sIm≠v am\-h-N-cnX ]T-\-Øn\v kmaq-ly-amb ASn-Ød ]WnX

]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb C_v\p-J¬Zqs‚ A¬apJ-±na C∂pw NcnX

kmln-Xy-Ønse Aaq-ey-amb AZv`p-X-\n-[n-bm-Wv. \nc-h[n `mj-I-

fn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏´ B al-ZvK-Ÿ-sØ kw_-‘n®v

A¿tWmƒUv tSmb≥_n ]d™Xv, GsXmcp ImeØpw cmPyØpw

Pohn® ]Xn-`m-im-en-Iƒ cNn® AØcw KŸ-ßfn¬ G‰hpw al-

Ø-c-sa∂v kwi-b-te-i-at\y ]kvXm-hn-°m-hp∂ ]pkvXIw F∂m-

Wv.

hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fn-em-bn \m\q-dn-tesd alZvKŸ-ßƒ

temI-Øn\v kw`m-h\ sNbvX Aen-ø-p_v\p- lkvav kmwkvIm-cnI

\thm-∞m\ cwKØv \n¿Wm-b-I ]¶v hln® it≤-b\mb ]WvUn-

X-\m-Wv. tdmP¿t_-°-s\-t∏m-ep≈ ]m›mXy Zm¿i-\n-I¿ Xß-fpsS

]T-\-ßƒ°v B[mcambn kzoI-cn-®Xv Camw-dm-kn-bpsS InXm-_p¬

Akvdm¿ t]mep≈ KŸ-ß-fm-Wv. C]-Im-cw-Xs∂ kvss]t\m-kv,

Im‚ v, B¬-_¿´vkv, am≥K-\kv F∂o ]Sn-™m-d≥ Nn¥-I-∑m¿

C_v\p-a-bvaqs‚ XØz-im-kvX-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-

≠-h-cm-Wv.

205kvs]bn≥, apkvenw B[n-]-Xy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏m-gp-≠m-bn-cp∂

\mK-cn-I-h-f¿®bpw AXn\p tij-ap≈ Ah-ÿbpw ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-

t[-b-am-°p∂ GsXm-cmfpw AZv`p-X-kvX-_v[-cm-hm-Xn-cn-°n-√. ]ikvX

Bwt•b Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb sebn≥ ]qƒ ]d-bp-∂p: ""\q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw

kvs]bn≥, \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tIµhpw Iem-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw `uXn-I-

im-kvX-Øn-s‚bpw F∂p-th≠ hnin-jvS-amb F√mXcw hn⁄m-\-

Øn-s‚bpw Ccn-∏n-S-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. bqtdm-∏nse as‰mcp cmPyhpw

At∂mfw Ad-_n-I-fpsS ]cn-jvIrX cmPy-Øns‚ ASp-sØ-ßp-sa-

Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. s^¿Un-\m‚n-s‚bpw Ck-s_-√-bp-sSbpw Nmƒkn-

s‚bpw kmam-Py-ßƒ°v CØcw imiz-X-amb Hcu-∂-Xyhpw e`n-

®n-√. apkvenw-Isf Ah¿ ]pd-Øm-°n. sX√n-S, ssIkvX-h kvs]bn≥

Nµ-s\-t∏mse ISw-hm-ßnb shfn-®w-sIm≠v ]Im-in-®p. £W-

Øn¬ KlWw h∂p. ]n∂oSv Ct∂mfw kvs]bn≥ B A‘-Im-c-

Øn¬ X∏n-Ø-S-bp-I-bm-Wv.''

]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ kvs]bn-\n¬ AºXv BXp-cm-ebßfpw

sXm≈m-bncw XSm-I-ßfpw FÆqdv hnZym-e-b-ßfpw Ccp-∂qdv ]≈-

nIfpw Fgp]Xv kzImcy KŸm-e-b-ßfpw Bdp e£-Øn-tesd

imkvX-kw-_-‘-amb ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-X-ap-

ZvtLm-jn-°p-∂p. tNtXm-l-c-ß-fmb Ae-¶m-c-th-e-Ifpw at\m-l-c-

amb sImØp-]-Wn-Ifpw IuXp-I-I-c-amb Ic-Iu-i-e-hn-Zy-Ifpw AS-

ßnb in¬]-I-e-Iƒ A£-cm¿Y-Øn¬Øs∂ Iem-t£-X-ß-fm-bn-

cp-∂p. Kn∫s‚ hm°p-I-fn¬, ""bqtdm∏v kqcy-mkvX-a-b-tØmsS Ccp-

f-S-bp-tºmƒ sIm¿tZm-h-bpsS sXcp-ho-Yn-Iƒ Bbn-c-°-W-°mb hnf-

°p-I-fm¬ ]tim-`n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bqtdm-∏nse P\-ßƒ hrØn-

lo-\-cmbn Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-b-t∏mƒ sIm¿tZm-h-bn¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°mbIpf-ßfpw Ipfn-∏p-c-Ifpw hrØn-bpsS \nZ¿i-\-sa-t∂mWw \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. bqtdm-∏nse sXcp-hp-Iƒ aÆp-sIm≠v aqS-s∏-´n-cp-∂-t∏mƒsIm¿tZm-h-bnse CS-h-gn-Iƒ t]mepw CjvSn-I-Iƒ ]Xn-°-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp -∂p. bqtdm-∏nse ]`p-°ƒ°v H∏n-Sm-\-dn™pIq-Sm-Xn-cp∂ImeØv kvs]bn≥ \nhm-kn-Iƒ imkvXo-b hn⁄m\Øn¬ D’p-

I-cm-bn-cp-∂p.''

Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""]Øp-e£w \nhm-kn-I-tfm-Sp-

Iq-Snb Hcp alm \K-c-am-bn-cp∂p sIm¿tZm-h. hn]p-e-amb DZym\

\K-c-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw ]Øp-\m-gn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Adp-]-Xn-\m-bncw

Ac-a-\-Ifpw cay-l¿ay-ßfpw F¨]-Xn-\m-bncw IS-Ifpw aqhm-bn-

csØÆqdv ]≈n-Ifpw Fgp-\qdv s]mXp-kv\m-\-ÿ-e-ßfpw AhnsS

D≠m-bn-cp∂p''


Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kph¿W \mfp-I-fn¬ CuPn-]vXn¬

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ hnJym-X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-tbm-S-\p-

_-‘n®v sshZy-im-kvX-K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS tiJ-chpw at\m-l-c-amb

]≈nbpw hnZym-]oThpw A\m-Y-a-µn-chpw hnim-e-amb ]q¶m-h-\-hp-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tcmKn-Iƒ°p NnIn-’bpw acp-∂p-Ifpw `£-W-ß-fp-

sa√mw kuP-\y-am-bmWv \¬Inbn-cp-∂Xv.

_lp-apJ Pohn-X-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ temIsØ apt∂m-´p-\-bn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-X- A\¬]-amb ]¶p-h-ln-®p. ssh⁄m-

\n-I-˛-im-kvX-cw-K-ß-fn¬ hnti-jn®pw. Bbncw h¿jw apºp Pohn®

A_p¿dbv-lm≥ apl-Ω-Zp_v\p Alva-Z¬ _odq\o Cu cwKØv

A¿∏n® tkh-\-ßƒ \nkvXp-e-a-sX. B al¬ ]Xn-`-bpsS A\-

izc kw`m-h-\-Iƒ°v apºn¬ ]I®p\n¬°mØ imkvX-hn-Zym¿Yn-

Iƒ hnc-f-am-bn-cn°pw. Keoen-tbm-hn\p apºp-Xs∂ `qan Hcp tKmf-

am-sW∂v At±lw kn≤m-¥n®p. \yq´\v Bdp \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p aptº

Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jW kn≤m-¥sØ kw_-‘n®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-®p. NcnXw,

`q-an-im-kvXw, KWn-Xw, sshZyw, tKmf-imkvXw, XØz-Nn¥ apX-

emb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n hne-s∏´ KŸ-ßƒ cNn® At±-l-

Øns‚ ]Ya ]pkvXIw "Ign™ Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS \nXym-h-in-jvS-

ßƒ' F∂ _rl-Ømb Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-bmWv. temIm-cw`w apX¬ Xs‚

Ime-L-´w-h-sc-bp≈ a\p-jy-k-aq-lØns‚ apgp-h≥ Pohn-X-h-i-ßfpw

hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ Hcp k¿h-hn⁄m\ tImi-am-WXv. C]-Im-cw-

Xs∂ 143 A[ym-b-ß-fp≈ _odq-\n-bpsS Jm\q-\p¬ akv-DuZn F∂

imkvX-KŸw kam-Z-c-Wo-b-asX. ssh⁄m-\n-I-cw-KØv Hc-Zv`pX

]Xn-`m-k-am-bn-cp∂ At±-lsØ ]iw-kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \njv]-£-a-Xn-

I-sfm-cn-°epw ]nip°v ImWn-°m-dn-√. FtUz-Uvjmtkm At±-lsØ

hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv ""`qap-JØv ]Xy-£-s∏´ G‰hpw alm-\mb Nn¥-

Is\''∂m-Wv.

]kn≤ P¿a≥ Nn¥-I-\mb Sachan ]d-bp∂p: ""NcnXw I≠-

Xn¬ G‰hpw alm\mb ]Xn-`m-im-en-bmWv _odq-\n.''

tPm¿Pv km¿´≥ FgpXp∂p: ""Ncn-X-Øns‚ Zim-k-‘n-bn¬ ]uc-

kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy NI-hm-f-ß-fn¬ tim`n®p\n∂ D÷z-e-\mb t\Xm-

hm-bn-cp∂p _odq-\n. imkvX-Øns‚ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]pXnb

ho£-W-ßfpw \ho-\m-`n-]m-b-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kº-∂-amb

imkvXo-tbm¬]m-Z-\-amWv Hmtcm L´-Ønepw At±lw ]pdØp

sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂Xv. bqtdm∏v Ime-\n¿W-b-Øn\v tdma≥ hyhÿ

kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ `qan-im-kvX-Øn\pw Nne KWn-X-im-kvX-kn-

≤m-¥-ßƒ°pw ASn-Ød ]mIn-bXv _odq-\n-b-sX.''

207sshZy-imkvX cwKØv Gsd kvac-Wo-b-amb \maw C_v\p-ko\

(980˛1087)bp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv Ahn-k∂ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-

b-s∏-Sp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ A¬Jm-\q-\p- ^n-Øzn∫v F∂ KŸw hniz-

hn-Jym-X-am-Wv. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥yØn¬ t]mepw hnb-

∂-bnepw ^m¶v^¿´nepw a‰pw sshZy hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-

ambp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv AXm-Wv. k¿ tXmakv B¿WƒUv Xs‚

The Legacy of Islam F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]¥≠mw \q‰m-

≠n-emWv "Jm\q≥' em‰n≥ `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´-Xv.

C_v\p-ko\m acn®v \q‰-º-Xn-tesd h¿j-ßƒ ]n∂n-´-tijw ]Xn-

\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\sØ AºXv h¿j-ßƒ°n-S°v

AXns‚ 16 ]Xn-∏p-Ifpw ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ccp-]-Xn-e-[nIw ]Xn-

∏p-Ifpw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn F∂-Xn¬ \n∂v B KŸ-tØm-Sp≈ ]nbw

F¥pam-X-ambncp∂p-sh∂v Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. ln_p, em‰n≥

`mj-I-fn¬ A®-Sn-®Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb AXns‚ hymJym-\-ßƒ

Akw-Jy-a-sX.....-Hcp ]t£ CX-b-[nIw ]T\-Øn\v hnt[-b-amb

as‰mcp sshZy-im-kvX-KŸhp-ap≠mbncn-°-bn-√.''

bh\ imkvXsØ ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw B[p-\nI temI-

Øn\v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw amX-a√ apkvenw-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv; kz¥w

k¿K-ti-jn-sIm≠v imkvXsØ kº-∂-am-°p-Ibpw kml-knIX

sIm≠v ]h¿Ø-\-£-a -am -°p -Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn -\m -emWv

lwt_mƒ´v0 Xs‚ tImkvtam-kn¬ Cßs\ Xpd∂pkΩ-Xn-°p-∂Xv:

""\man∂p a\- n-em-°p∂ F√m A¿Y-Ønepw `uXnI imkvX-ß-

fpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Dulm-t]m-l-ßtfm aX-

]-c-amb hn[n-hn-e-°p-Itfm A√, A\p-`-h-⁄m\w amX-am-bn-cp∂p

Ah-cpsS imkvXob \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w. AØ-c-samcp

imkvX t_m[w Ah-cpsS ]mtbm-KnI t\´-ß-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂

hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.''

F®v.Pn. sh¬kv ]d-bp-∂p: ""Ko°p-Im¿ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv

Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX tIhe ⁄m\-Øns‚ Iam-\p-K-X-amb

hnIk-\sØ, Ad_n a\ v Hcp ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-tSmSpw ssNX-\y-

tØmSpw IqSn Gs‰-Sp-Øp. em‰n-\ns‚ hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-b-√, Ad-_n-I-fn-

eqsSbmbn-cp∂p B[p-\nI temI-Øn\v ]Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw i‡n-

bp-sSbpw A\p-K-l-ßƒ e`n-®-Xv.''

]m›mXy \mK-cn-IX ]S¿∂p ]¥-en-®Xv aXsØ Isøm-gn-®-

t∏m-gm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX hnImkw ]m]n-®Xv aX-Øn¬-\n∂v ]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠m-Wv. apkvenw-I-fn¬ Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-c-amb hnIm-c-ßfpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßfpw \nd-™p-\n-∂-t∏mƒ ]m›m-


Xy-cn¬ ]mIr-X-Xbpw Iqc-Xbpw IXn-cn´v \n¬°m-\p≈ Imc-Whpw

as‰m-∂√. tdm_¿´v _nt^mƒ´v (Robert Brifault) Ccp-hn-`m-K-ßƒ°p-

an-S-bnse Cu A¥cw Cßs\ A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂p: ""Ckvem-

ans‚ ss[j-WnI-kwkvImcw [m¿an-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn -bn¬ hºn®

kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p≠v. aX-hy-Xymkw I¬]n-°msX PqX-

∑m¿°pw InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse D∂-X-ÿm-\hpw ]Z-hnbpw

\¬In-s°m-≠p≈ hnim-e-amb klnjvWp-X-I≠v, ssIkvX-h-bq-

tdm-∏ns‚ ]cp-j-amb Ak-ln-jvWpX e÷n-°p-I-b-√, ]q¿thm-]cn

tcmjm-Ip-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. Ah-cpsS XØz-ß-sf√mw s_°m-

®n-tbmhpw se nwKpw ]N-cn-∏n® hnJym-X-amb "aq∂p-h-fb-ßƒ'

F∂- km-tcm-]-tZi IY-bn¬ NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-X-sX. apkvenw

kwkvImcw AXpambn _‘s∏´ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS a\- p-I-fn¬

Zqc-hym-]-I-amb ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fmWv krjvSn-®Xv. DZm-Ø-amb alm-

a-\-kvI-Xbpw [otcm-ZmØ-amb _lp-a-Xn-∏-´ßfpw ImgvN-sh®

kvs]bn-\nse hoc-tbm-≤m-°sf ]mIr-X-∑m-cmb bqtdm-]y¿ AwKo-

I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-sc- w-_-‘n®v B›-cy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hnPn-Ko-jp-°-

fm-Im≥ t]cn-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw iXp-

°sf hI-h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Bscbpw A]-am-\n-®n-ń-s√∂v Hcp

amXrIm tbm≤m-hns‚ hotdmSpw ]Xm-]-tØm-Spw-IqSn DK-t]m-cm-fn-

bmb A¬a≥kzq-dn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ Hcp am\y≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse Cw•-≠n\v AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-am-Xta \n¿hm-

l-ap-≈q. Incm-X-a-\-kvI-cmb Ipcn-ip-tbm-≤m-°ƒ kzem-lp-±os‚ DZmc

kz`m-h-Øn-s‚-bpw alm-a-\-kvI--X-bp-sSbpw aln-a-I≠v e÷n-X-cmbn.

Hcp amXrIm-tbm-≤m-hns‚ [¿a-\njvT ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´p. ]Zhn

\¬Ip∂ _m[y-X-Iƒ \S-∏m-°-s∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

Ckvemw Hcn-°epw \mK-cnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v ]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ

krjvSn-®n-ń√. F∂-√, klm-b-I-ambn h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

bYm¿Y-Øn¬ apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ imkvX-˛-ssh-⁄m-\nI˛ù-

XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mX-bn-eqsS apt∂m´p \bn-®Xv hnip≤ Jp¿-

B\pw ]hm-N-Im-[ym-]-\-ß-fp-am-Wv. hmbn-°m\pw ]Tn-°m\pw Nn¥n-

°m\pw ]h¿Øn-°m\pw Ah ]tNm-Z-\hpw t]c-Wbpw \¬In.

Jp¿-B≥ Ah-Xo¿W-am-bXp Xs∂ hmbn-°m-\m-lzm\w sNbvXp-sIm-

≠m-Wv: ""hmbn-°p-I. krjvSn-®-h-\mb \ns‚ \mYs‚ \ma-Øn¬˛A-

h≥ a\p-jys\ Hń∏n-Sn® hkvXp-hn¬\n∂v krjvSn-®p. hmbn°pI!

AXyp-Zm-c-\sX \ns‚ \mY≥! Xqen-I-sIm≠v ]Tn-∏n-®-h≥. Ah≥

a\p-jys\ Adn-hn-√mØXv ]Tn∏n®p.'' (A¬AeJv: 1˛5)

hn⁄m\ h¿[-\°mbn kZm -]m¿Yn-°m≥ I¬]n® Jp¿-B≥

209Ncn-X-]-T-\-Øn\pw ]]© \nco-£-W-Øn\pw \nc-¥cw Bh-iy-s∏-

Sp-∂p. AØm¿lp-k-bn≥ Xs‚ apl-ΩZv \_nbpw At±-l-Øns‚

ZuXyhpw (Prophet Muhammed and His Mission) F∂ KŸ-Øn-se-gp-

Xp∂p: ""i‡-ambpw hmNm-e-ambpw Jp¿-B≥ a\p-jy-t\mSv Bh¿Øn-

®m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv _p≤n-i‡n ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]Ir-Xn-˛-N-

cn-X-]-T-\-ß-fn-eqsS Adn-hp-t\-Sm\pw, `qan-bn¬ k©-cn®v Imcy-ßƒ

t\m°n-°mWm\pw, ]]© \nb-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-°m\pw, Cu

]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hn⁄m-\-h¿[-\-hn\v A√m-lp-hn-t\mSp ]m¿Yn-°m-

\p-am-Wv.''

apkvenw-I-fpsS \mK-cnI hf¿® A]-K-Yn-®p-sIm≠v Rom Landau

Xs‚ Islam and Arabs F∂ KŸ-Øn-se-gp-Xp∂p: "imkvXob Kth-j-

W-ß-fpsS ]tNm-Z-\-i-‡n, A√mlp krjvSn-®-Xp-t]mse \ne-

\n¬°p∂ ]]-©-sØ-∏‰n AKm-[-amb Adnhv t\Sm-\p≈ AZ-ay-

amb BK-lamsW∂v kwK-ln-°mw. ùXnI ]]©w Bflo-b-]-

]©w t]mse-Øs∂ ][m\-am-sW∂ AwKo-Im-chpw, Ad-_n-a-\-

ns‚ hnIm-cm-XoX ]Ir-XsØ icn°pw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ kXym-

t\z-jW Xzcbpw Ah-cpsS AZ-ay-amb Pn⁄m-kbpw tbmKm-fl-Im-

\p-`q-Xnbpw a‰p t]c-I-ß-f-sX. amXr-hm-’eyw apX¬ amc-I-tcm-K-

ßƒh-sc-bp-≈-sX√mw ssZhw krjvSn® ]]-©-Ø-nepƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-

bm-Wv. Ah Hmtcm∂pw Ahs‚ i‡n-bpsS \nZ¿i-\-ß-fmWv; AXp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]T-\m¿l-ßfpw. Ckvem-an¬ aXhpw imkvXhpw `n∂-

h-gn-I-f√ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. aXw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ imkvX-Øns‚ G‰hpw

henb ]tNm-Z-I-i-‡n-bm-Wv.''

tPm¿Pv km¿´¨ (George Sarton) Xs‚ "imkvX-N-cn-X-Øn-s\m-cm-

apJw' (Introduction to the History of Sciences) F∂ IrXn-bn¬ ]d-

bp∂p: ""Ckvem-ans‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ imkvX-⁄-∑m¿ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏´

Hscm‰ kw`-hw-t]m-ep-an-√. a[y-Im-eØv C∂p-≈-Xbpw ]Xn-`m-im-

en-Isf \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS ]ńI Hcp teJ-\-Øn¬

tN¿°m≥ Ignbm-Ø-hn[w Zo¿L-a-sX. amXr-I°v Nne D÷ze ]Xn-

`-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ amXw aXn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv

Ah¿°v ka-io¿j-cmbn Bcp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Pm_n-dp_v\p lømw,

A¬In-¥n, A¬Jp-hm-cn-kvan, A¬^¿Km-\n, A¿dmkn, km_n-

Xp_v\pJp¿d, A¬^m-dm-_n, C_vdm-lo-ap_v\p kn\m≥, A¬a-kv-

Du-Zn, Xz_vcn, A_vZp¬ h^m, Aen-øp_v\p A∫m-kv, A_vZp¬

Jmknw, C_v\p¬ P m¿, A¬_o-dq-\n, C_v\p-ko-\m, C_v\p-bq-

kp-^v, C_v\p¬ lbvXw, Aen-øp_v\p Cukm, A¬K- m-en,

A¬k¿Jm-_v, Da¿ Jømw.....-C-\nbpw FXbpw \oń-s°m-≠p-t]m-


Im≥ Ign-bp∂ al-Ømb \ma-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-bm-WnXv.''

imkvXm-h-t_m-[sØ t]m’m-ln-∏n -°p-Ibpw \mK-cn -I-h-

f¿®sb ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Ncn-Xta Ckvem-an-\p-≈p-sh-

∂¿Yw. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv apkvenw-Iƒ°v B[p-\nI \mK-cn-

I-X-bpsS \n¿an-Xn°p sXmń-sem-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥ km[n-®-Xv.

hn⁄m-\-˛-I-em-˛-im-kvX-˛-km-ln-Xym-Zn-Iƒ Fhn-sS-°-≠mepw Ah

kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kº-Zm-b-amWv

apkvenw-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. bh-\-Nn¥ temI-Øn\v \jvS-s∏-Sm-

Xn-cn-°m≥ ImcWw apkvenw-I-fpsS DZm-c-\n¿`-c-amb Cu kao-]-\-a-

sX. Fw.F≥. tdmbn Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS A‘-

hn-izmkßfpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw aqew Ipgn-®p-aq-S-s∏´ bh\

hn⁄m\ imkvX-ß-fpsS hne-a-Xn-°m-\m-hmØ \nt£-]-ßƒ, Ad-

_n-I-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ temI-Øn\v ]q¿W-ambpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS injy-\m-bn-cp∂p B[p-\nI imkvXob Kth-j-

W-co-Xn-bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb tdmP¿ t_°¨t]mepw.''

tdmw em≥tUm(Rom Landau)]dbp∂p: ""^mdm-_n -bp -sSbpw

C_v\pko-\m-bp-sSbpw K m-en-bp-sSbpw \nK-a-\-ßsf Isøm-gn-t°-

≠n-h-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ssIkvXh Z¿i\w C∂p-≈-X-c-Øn-em-Ip-am-

bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v ]dbp-∂Xv AXn-i-tbm-‡ntb A√. apkvenw-Iƒ bh-

\-Z¿i-\w- Is≠-Ønb-Xn-s‚bpw bqtdm-∏n-te°v kwI-an-®-Xn-s‚bpw

IY Xa- n¬\n∂v tPymXn- n-te-°p≈ a\p-jy-h¿K-Øns‚ ]ptcm-

K-Xn-bnse G‰hpw D÷z-e-amb Hc-[ym-b-am-Wv. BZy-Im-e-Øns‚

A‘-Im-c-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI Z¿i\w Hcp ss[j-WnI ]Im-i-\m-

fw-t]mse ]tim-`n-®n-cp-∂p.''

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX temI \mK-cn-I-X°v ùXn-I-t\-´-ßƒ

amX-a√ kΩm-\n-®-Xv. AXypXvIr-jvS-ß-fmb At\Iw aqey-ßfpw

I¿a amXrI-Ifpw IqSn \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. ka-kr-jvSn-kvt\lw, Poh-

Im-cpWyw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw, kln-jvWp-X XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw

Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-IX Db¿Øn∏nSn® D∂-X-ß-fmb BZ¿i-ß-f-

sX. ùXnI hf¿®-°p-th≠n Ahsb Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ Ckvemw

Hcn-°epw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.

nn{x-ßƒ · 9 hnh¿Ø-i-°p-dn∏v ckvem-ani \mk-cn-ix db¿Øn-∏n-sn® aqey-ß-sfbpw,...

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