nj ask review physical science. physical science science safety scientific method chemistry ...
TRANSCRIPT
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NJ ASK REVIEW
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
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Physical Science Science Safety Scientific Method
Chemistry
Physics
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MATTER
Physical Properties
Describe matter without changing matter
4 general properties:
Mass, weight, volume and density
Examples 5 senses State Malleability Ductility Boiling Point Solubility Viscosity
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MATTER Chemical Properties
Describes matter as it changes its chemical make-up
A new substance is formed
Examples:
Reactivity(Baking Soda + Vinegar ->
Gas)
Flammability
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States / Structure Solid
- Crystalline
- Amorphous
Liquid Gas Plasma
Molecules packed together and vibrating
Molecules rolling over each other
Molecules moving all over
Molecules moving super fast speeds
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Change of State Endothermic - molecules speed up Melting
Vaporization- Evaporation- Boiling
Sublimation
Exothermic
- Molecules slow down Freezing
Condensation
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Elements Pure substance
(one type of atom )
Ex. Periodic Table
Gold
Hydrogen
Tin
Neon
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Elements - Classification
Metals - Tin, gold, silver, aluminum
Non-Metals - Neon, Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon
Metalloids- Boron, Silicon, Arsenic
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Compounds Chemical combination
of elements – changes the characteristics of the individual elements
Na + Cl -> NaCl
Water Carbon Dioxide Baking Soda Sugar
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Mixtures / Solutions How matter is
organized
Heterogenous
(Easily separated)
Homogeneous
(More uniform)
Solvent- dissolving
Solute - dissolved
Solubility
Ex. Lemonade
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Atomic Structure Nucleus contain
protons (+) and neutrons (=)
Electron (-) cloud / shell
What’s Inside?
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How to Determine Data from an Element Key
Element Key Atomic # = # Protons
= # electrons
Atomic Mass = # Protons
+ # Neutrons
# Neutrons = At. Mass – Atomic #
13
Al
Aluminum
27.0
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Physics – Matter in Motion
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Matter in Motion Motion – changes in position from
reference point
Speed = Distance/time
Velocity – speed in given direction
Acceleration – Rate at which velocity changes
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Force Force = push or pull
Net force = combining all forces
Same direction (+) add forces together
Opposing directions (-) subtract forces
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Friction Force that opposes motion
between two surfaces touching
Sliding Rolling Fluid Static
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Temperature Measure of the average kinetic energy of
the molecules in an object
Kinetic = energy in motion Potential = energy stored
- Measured with Thermometer
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Gravity Force of attraction between objects due to
their masses
Mass = amount of matter in object
Weight = measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object
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Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
Inertia
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Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied
F = ma
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Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action – there is opposite and equal reaction
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Work
Work – force causes an object to move in the direction of the force
F x D = W(joules)
Power – rate at which work is done
P = W/T ( joules/sec)
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6 simple machines : mechanical device that makes work easier with only one movement
1. lever– 3 classes of lever—first class second class Third class -- Pivotal point --- fulcrumposition of fulcrum changes based on type of lever2. Wheel and axle –3. Inclined plane--ramp4. The screw– inclined plane spiraled
around a cylinder5. pulleys-fixed and moveable6. wedge--- cuts stuff
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Compound machines
More than 1 simple machine working together--- more mechanical advantage
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Energy - Forms
Thermal = heat
Chemical = break-down of compounds
Electrical = moving electrons
Sound = vibrations
Light = vibrations of electrically charged
particles
Nuclear = changes in nucleus of atom
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Energy Transfer – CONDUCTION
Direct contact from one object to another
• Ex. Pot on stove• Ex. Metal Spoon in
Soup• Ex. Copper Pipes
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Energy Transfer - CONVECTION
Movement of liquid or gas
Ex. Hot-air popper Boiling Water
(convection currents) Air Masses (weather)
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Energy Transfer - RADIATION
Transfer of energy through matter or space as electromagnetic waves, visible light or infrared waves
Ex. Space Heater Microwave Oven
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MAGNETISM POLES—N AND S POLES ON ENDS OF
MAGNETS LAW OF MAGNETISM:
LIKE POLES REPEL; UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT.
MAG. FIELD– AREA AROUND A MAGNET WHERE FORCES EXIST. STRONGEST AT THE POLES.
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MAGNETIC DOMAINS
AREAS OF ATOMS ALIGNED IN THE MAGNET TO KEEP THE MAGNETISM. IF THEY FACE IN DIFF. DIRECTIONS, AND ARE NOT ALIGNED—NO MAGNETISM.
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Electricity
2 TYPES: STATIC AND CURRENT: Static electricity is a build-up of electric
charges on an object Law of charges:
electric discharge --Static electricity is lost due to contact w/something, ex. Lightning to ground
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract
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Electricity 2
Lightning rods work by directing the electric charge carried by lightning
CURRENT ELECTRICITY Electric current is a continuous flow of charge
(motion of electrons) SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY: Batteries- are made of cells that convert chemical
energy to electrical energy Generators– convert wind,water, etc Oil, gas, wind, water, steam, biomass, etc.
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Electricity 3
Circuits consists of : energy source, a load, wires and sometimes a switch
Fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against circuit failure
Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy does work
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Waves
Any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space
Carry Energy
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Wave Properties
Amplitude = height of wave Wavelength = distance of wave Frequency = number of waves produced in
a given time Wave speed = the speed of a wave Medium – substance in which waves travel
through ( s, l , g)
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Wave Interactions
Reflection – wave bounces back
Refraction – wave bends
Diffraction – wave bends around object
Interference – waves overlap
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Refraction-change in direction of wave due to its speed
diffraction
In
Addition of 2 or more waves that cause new wave pattern
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Mirrors
Reflect light Plane mirrors – produce virtual images
that are the same size as the objects. These images are reversed left to right
2 main kinds of mirrors: Convex mirrors curves outward–makes a
wider view of everything Concave mirrors—curves inward-
magnifies everything
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SOUND
Needs a medium to travel( solid, l, or gas )
Travels with rarefactions and compressions
Like a slinky.
Wave type: longitudinal wave
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LIGHT
Light travels on an ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Does not need a medium to travel through
A wave that travels on changing electric and magnetic fields
Wave type: transverse wave
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Visible Light
Narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum
Humans Sight:– Longest wavelengths = red light– Shortest wavelengths = violet light
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ROYGBIV Visible light colors All colors are
combined = white light
Ex. sunlight, incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs emit white light
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Why we see the colors we see? When white light
shines on a strawberry, only the red light is reflected.
All the other colors of light are absorbed.
Therefore the strawberry looks red to you.
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Ideas to Review
OEQ – provide full thoughts
Add extras – diagrams, data from full science background
Think before you answer question
GOOD LUCK
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Machines
MACHINE
A device that helps make work easier, faster, or by changing the size or direction of the force
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stop
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