nitrogen metabolism - indiana university...

27
3/30/2017 1 Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak Part 2

Upload: dangminh

Post on 01-May-2018

223 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

1

Nitrogen Metabolism

Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18

Overview

• Nitrogen assimilation

• Amino acid biosynthesis

– Nonessential aa

– Essential aa

• Nucleotide biosynthesis 

• Amino Acid Catabolism

• Urea CycleJuicy Steak Part 2

Page 2: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

2

Nitrogen fixation

• Bacteria

• Nitrogenase

• Costly—16 ATP per N2 molecule

Assimilation into Amino Acids

• In microorganisms/plants: assimilation of ammonia is key—synthesis of most amino acids

– Glutamine synthetase incorporates amino group

– Coupled to glutamate synthase: reductive amination of ‐ketoglutarate to glutamate

Page 3: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

3

Net Reaction

• ‐KG + NH3 +ATP + NADPH  Glu + ADP + NADP+

• Ultimately, this is incorporation of ammonia into an amino acid

• Glutamate can then be used to distribute nitrogen into other amino acids (transamination)

Assimilation into Amino Acids

• In humans: acquire nitrogen in amino acids

– Amino acids in diet

– Glutamate distributes amino group to new amino acids through transamination

– No need for  glutamate synthase

– Glutamine synthetase used for different purpose: to “mop up” ammonia

Page 4: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

4

Transamination

• Transfers assimilated nitrogen into all other amino acids

• Requires PLP cofactor

Page 5: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

5

Biosynthesis

• Dietary consideration

• Ambiguous

– Stage of life (Arg)

– Precursor (Tyr, Cys)

• Mechanism of biosynthesis can be grouped 

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

* *

** * *

*

* *

*

*

Page 6: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

6

Non‐essential Amino Acid Biosynthesis

• Transamination– Pyruvatealanine

– Oxaloacetateaspartate

– ‐ketoglutarateglutamate

• Amidation– Glutamine (glutamine synthetase)

– Asparagine (asparagine synthetase)

Glutamate Backbone

Page 7: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

7

Serine/Glycine

• 3‐phosphoglycerate Serine

• Serineglycine

– THF as a major one‐carbon transfer vitamin

Page 8: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

8

Cysteine

• Serinecysteine by incorporating sulfur from homocysteine (Made from methionine)

Page 9: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

9

Phenylalanine• Monooxygenase uses O2 for hydroxylation

– Other atom ends up in water– Requires a reducing cofactor called tetrahydrobiopterin

• Also first step in catabolism of phenylalanine– PKU

Neurotransmitters

• Which amino acid?

Page 10: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

10

Nucleotide Biosynthesis

• 5‐PRPP

• Purine: base built onto ribose

– Asp, Gly, Glu, THF, bicarbonate

• IMP produced

AMP/GMP Production

• Branched pathway

• AMP: amination

• GMP: oxidation

• Branch allows for reciprocal regulation

Page 11: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

11

Pyrimidines

• Contrast

• Base made first, then attached to 5PRPP

• Not branched: UMP made to UTP then to CTP

Ribonucleotide Reductase

• Essential reaction: reduction to make dNDP

• Very difficult reaction

• Free radical

• Enzyme is oxidized in the process– Reduced by thioredoxin

– In turn, thioredoxin reduced by NADPH

Page 12: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

12

Production of TMP

• dUTP must be converted to TMP quickly

• Methylene donated from THF by thymidylate synthase

• THF oxidized to DHF

• Chemotherapy: dUMPanalog

Page 13: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

13

Regenerating THF

• DHF must be reduced to THF by DHF reductase

• NADPH dependent

• Chemotherapy target

– DHF analogs such as methotrexate

Catabolism

• Salvage pathway through phosphorolysis

• Purines made into uric acid (waste)

• Pyrimidines broken down into catabolic intermediates

Page 14: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

14

Amino acid catabolism

Ketogenic vs. Glucogenic

Page 15: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

15

Problem 35

• The catabolic pathways for the 20 amino acids vary considerably, but all amino acids are degraded to one of seven metabolites: pyruvate, ‐ketoglutarate, succinyl‐CoA, fumarate, oxaloacetate, acetyl CoA, or acetoacetate. What is the fate of each of these metabolites?

Page 16: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

16

Amino Acid Degradation

• Transamination and deamination

• Then carbon chain is metabolized

• Examples:

Pyruvate Producing

A variety of enzymes convert 3‐C chains

Page 17: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

17

Glutamate Family

• 25% of dietary intake

Thr: Both Glucogenic and Ketogenic

or

aminoacetone pyruvate

Many mammals:

In humans:

Page 18: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

18

Glycine Cleavage system

Branched Amino Acids

• Major energy source in muscle

• Steps of degradation

– Transamination

– Oxidative decarboxylation (Pyruvate DH)

– Beta oxidation

• Valine: succinyl CoA

• Isoleucine: succinyl CoA and acetylCoA

• Leucine: acetyl CoA and ketone body

Page 19: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

19

Problem 40

• Leucine is degraded to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate by a pathway whose first two steps are identical to those of valine degradation (Figure 18‐11). The third step is the same as the first step of fatty acid oxidation. The fourth step involves an ATP‐dependent carboxylation, the fifth step is a hydration, and the last step is a cleavage reaction to give products. Draw the intermediates of leucine degradation.

Page 20: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

20

Aromatic Amino Acids

• Monoxygenases and Dioxygenases

• First recognition of inborn errors of metabolism

Problem51

• List all the reactions in this chapter that generate free ammonia.

Page 21: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

21

Ammonia Processing

• Most tissues: glutamine synthetase “mops up” ammonium generated in metabolism– glutamine then sent through blood to liver

– Deaminated in liver to give glutamic acid• glutaminase

Ammonia Processing

• Muscle: The alanine‐glucose cycle

• Glutamate also accepts amino group from other amino acids

Page 22: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

22

Glutamate Dehydrogenase

• Reversible reaction

• Grabs free ammonia and releases it in liver mitochondria

Role of Liver Mitochondia

• Sequester toxic ammonia

• Make less toxic, execrable form

• Urea Cycle

O

NH2H2N

bicarbonate

ammonia(f rom glutamate)

aspartate(can be derivedfrom glutamatevia transmination)

Page 23: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

23

Carbamoyl phosphate

• Cost of 2 ATP

– Phosphate leaving group

• Activation of ammonia for

– Excretion

– biosynthesis

Problem 52

• Which three mammalian enzymes can potentially “mop up” excess NH4

+?

Page 24: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

24

Urea Cycle

Chemistry of Urea Cycle

• Catalytic ornithine

• Fumarate

• Urea =  4 ATP

+ ATP

+ AMP

Page 25: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

25

Compartmentalization

Urea Cycle Regulation

• Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

• Amino acid catabolism boosts acetyl CoA and glutamate levels

• Produces activator

Page 26: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

26

Problem 55

• An inborn error of metabolism results in the deficiency of argininosuccinase. What could be added to the diet to boost urea productionaid in ammonia secretion? (Argininosuccinatecan be excreted.)

Solving Metabolic Problems

• Arginosuccinase deficiency

• Low protein diet

–Minimize ammonium 

• High arginine diet

– Provide carrier

X

excreted

Page 27: Nitrogen Metabolism - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech18_003.pdf · Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 ... •THF oxidized

3/30/2017

27

Nitrogen Flow Overview

Summary: Main Players

• Glutamate:  in liver, receives nitrogen from AA, then ammonia is released in liver mitochondria

• Glutamine:  ammonia transport; biosynthesis

• Alanine:  ammonia transport

• Aspartate: nitrogen donor to urea

• Arginine: urea cycle