nist database work on spectra of light ......nist database work on spectra of light elements and...
TRANSCRIPT
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NIST DATABASE WORK ON SPECTRA OF LIGHT ELEMENTS AND BRIEF
UPDATE FOR TUNGSTENJOSEPH READER
Atomic Spectroscopy GroupNational Institute of Standards and Technology,
USA
IAEA Research Coordination MeetingVienna, AustriaMay 23, 2011
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Participants
Experimental Research: J. Gillaspy,Yu. Ralchenko, D. Osin, J. Reader, (EBIT) C. Sansonetti
Theoretical : Ch. Froese-Fischer*, Yu. Ralchenko*,
Data Assessment and J. Reader, E. Saloman*, J. Fuhr*, D. Kelleher*, Compilations: L. Podobedova*, J. Sansonetti*, A. Kramida,
W. Wiese*, C. Sansonetti, J. J. Curry, G. Nave
Database Development: Y. Ralchenko*, A. Kramida*, R. Ibacache,
*contractors/Guest Researcher
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Projects at NIST on Light Elements
A. Atomic Spectra Database
B. Bibliographic Databases
B. H,D, T, He, and Li
C. Be and B
D. Other Light Elements
E. W
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Databases
Atomic Spectra DatabaseVersion 4.0.1 (4.1 coming)950 spectra169,000 transition wavelengths80,000 energy levelsAuxiliary tools
Grotrian diagramSaha‐equil. radiation plot for arbitrary plasma parameters Line ID plotFLYCHK spectral modeling
55,000 queries per month
Bibliographic Databases Energy Levels and WavelengthsAtomic transition probabilitiesLine shapes and shifts
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H, D, T, He, and Li
• ‘Accurate atomic transition probabilities for hydrogen, helium, and lithium,’Wiese and Fuhr, JPCRD 2009.
•‘A Critical Compilation of Experimental Data on Spectral Lines and Energy Levels of Hydrogen, Deuterium, and Tritium,’ Kramida, ADNDT, 2010.
• ‘Relativistic all‐order and multi‐configuration Hartree‐Fock calculations of the 4d‐4f energy separation in Li I,’ Safronova, Fischer, and Ralchenko, PRA 2007.
• ‘Electron‐impact excitation and ionization cross sections for ground state and excited state helium atoms,’ Ralchenko et al., At. Data and Nucl. Data Tables 2008.
•‘Absolute transition frequencies and quantum interference in a frequency comb based measurment of the 6,7Li D lines,’ C. J. Sansonetti et al. PLR (submitted).
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Be and B
• ‘Tables of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Beryllium and Boron,’ J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese, JPCRD 39, 013101 (2010).
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Other Light Elements
• ‘Revised Interpretation of the Na I EUV absorption spectrum,’ A .E. Kramida J. Phys. B: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 43, 205001 (2010).
•‘Extension of the resonance line series of Mg III,’ C. M. Brown, A. E. Kramida, U. Feldman, and J. Reader, Physica Scripta 80, 065302 (2009).
•‘Energy Levels and Observed Spectral Lines of Ionized Argon, Ar II through Ar XVIII,’ E. B. Saloman, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 39, 033101 (2010).
•‘Wavelengths, Energy Levels, and Transition Probabilities of Cl I – Cl XVII,’ L. Podobedova, JPCRD (to be submitted).
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F and Ne
• ‘Accurate atomic transition probabilities for fluorine,’Wiese and Fuhr, JPCRD .
•F V – allowed lines – 413•F VI – allowed lines – 255•F VI– forbidden lines – 32•F VII – allowed lines – 18•F VIII – allowed lines – 76
•‘Accurate atomic transition probabilities for neon,’Wiese and Fuhr, JPCRD .
•Ne VI – allowed lines – 621•Ne VII – allowed lines – 606•Ne VII – forbidden lines – 32•Ne VIII – allowed lines – 18•Ne IX– allowed lines – 80
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ASD 4 New Compilation
Ne VI 231 lines 10‐50 % 621 lines 3‐10 %
Ne VII 147 lines 10‐50 % 606 lines 3‐25 %
Ne VIII 65 lines 10‐25% 178 lines 1‐3 %
Ne IX 23 lines 3% 181 lines 1‐3 %
Compilations of Transition Probabilities for Neon
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Fischer ‐MCHF Fernley&Hibbert – CIV3
2s2 1S ‐ 2s2p 1P 0.388 0.389
2s2p 1P ‐ 2p2 1D 0.132 0.130
2s2p 1P – 2p2 1S 0.0883 0.0895
2s2p 3P – 2p2 3P 0.148 0.149
Theoretical oscillator strengths gF for Ne VII
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Theory Experiment
Fischer ‐MCHF Knystautas – beam foil
1s2 2s2p2 2P 11.3 11.7±1.1
1s2 2s2p2 2S 22.6 21.5±2
1s2 2p3 2P 17.0 14.8±115.0±1
1s2 2p3 4S 12.8 11.8±1
1s2 2s2p3s 4P 4.9 5.4±0.4
Calculated and experimental lifetimes (10‐11 sec) for F V
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Theory Experiment Experiment
Fischer ‐MCHF Knystautas –beam foil
Buchet –beam foil
1s2 2s2p2 2P 9.6 10.2±0.7
1s2 2s2p2 2S 18.9 22.0±1.8
1s2 2p3 2P 13.8 14.0±1.5
1s2 2p3 4S 10.7 10.8±2.1
1s2 2s2p3s 4P 2.77 3.0±0.4
1s2 2s23d 2D 0.66 1.2±0.3
Calculated and experimental lifetimes (10‐11 sec) for Ne VI
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Reports of Bibliographic References for
International Bulletin on Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion
Alexander Kramida and Jeffrey Fuhr
Last Issue: Number 68 – December 2009
Chapter 3 – Bibliography
3.1 Structure and Spectra ‐ 92 pages; 697 references
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R‐Matrix Electron‐Impact Excitation Data for the Li‐like Iso‐Electronic Sequence Including Auger and Radiation Damping,G. Y. Liang and N. R. Badnell, Astron. Astrophys. 528, p. A69 (2011)
Energy Levels, Radiative Rates and Electron Impact Excitation Rates for Transitions in He‐like Li II, Be III, B IV and C V,K. M. Aggarwal, T. Kato, F. P. Keenan, and I. Murakami, Phys. Scr. 83, 015302 (2011)
Theoretical Energies of Low‐Lying States of Light Helium‐like Ions,V. A. Yerokhin and K. Pachucki, Phys. Rev. A 81, 022507 (2010)
Tables of atomic transition probabilities for beryllium and boron,J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 39, 013101 (2010)
Probabilities of forbidden magnetic‐dipole transitions in the hydrogen atom and hydrogen‐like ions,A. M. Puchkov and L. N. Labzovskiĭ, Opt. Spectrosc. 106, 153–157 (2009)
Accurate atomic transition probabilities for hydrogen, helium, and lithium,W. L. Wieseand J. R. Fuhr, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 38, 565–726 (2009); Erratum: 38, 1129 (2009)
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A Simple Formula to Calculate the Ionization Energies of Two‐, Three‐, and Four‐Electron Atomic Ions,P. F. Lang and B. C. Smith, Naturwissenschaften 97, 689–696 (2010)
Energies for the Ground‐State and for the ns (1s2ns) 2Se, np (1s2np) 2P°, (1sns2) 2Se, (1s2sns) 2Se, and (1s2snp) 2P° Excited States of Li‐like Ions,I. Sakho and A. Wagué, Chin. J. Phys. 48(5), 567–591 (2010)
K‐Shell Photoionization of Ground‐State Li‐like Boron Ions [B2+]: Experiment and Theory,A. Müller, S. Schippers, R. A. Phaneuf, S. W. J. Scully, A. Aguilar, C. Cisneros, M. F. Gharaibeh, A. S. Schlachter, and B. M. McLaughlin, J. Phys. B 43, 135602 (2010)
Doubly‐Excited Triplet Rydberg Series of the B+ Ion,J.‐T. Hsiao, H.‐T. Shiao, and K.‐N. Huang, Chin. J. Phys. 47(2), 173–183 (2009)
Dielectronic Recombination Data for Dynamic Finite‐Density Plasmas – XII. The Helium Isoelectronic Sequence,M. A. Bautista and N. R. Badnell, Astron. Astrophys.466, 755–762 (2007)
Analysis of line strength data for the spectra of C(I), N(II), N(I) and O(II),A. Bacławskiand J. Musielok, Acta Phys. Pol. A 116(2), 176–184 (2009)
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Probabilities of forbidden magnetic‐dipole transitions in the hydrogen atom and hydrogen‐like ions,A. M. Puchkov and L. N. Labzovskiĭ, Opt. Spectrosc. 106, 153–157 (2009)
The McLean‐Watson line strength formula and its implementation,J. D. Hey, J. Phys. B 42, 125701 (2009)
QED calculation of transition probabilities in two‐electron ions,O. Yu. Andreev, L. N. Labzowsky, and G. Plunien, Phys. Rev. A 79, 032515 (2009)
Transition probability measurements for some strong and weak lines of N I,J. M. Bridges and W. L. Wiese, Phys. Rev. A 82, 024502 (2010)
Oscillator strengths and transition probabilities of O II,S. N. Nahar, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 96, 863–877 (2010)
Analysis of Breit‐Pauli transition probabilities for lines in O III,C. Froese Fischer, G. Tachiev, R. H. Rubin, and M. Rodríguez, Astrophys. J. 703, 500–506 (2009)
Electron‐impact excitation of O II fine‐structure levels,R. Kisielius, P. J. Storey, G. J. Ferland, and F. P. Keenan, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 903–912 (2009)
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Hyperfine Structures, Isotope Shifts, and Transition Rates of C II, N III, and O IV from Relativistic Configuration Interaction Calculations,P. Jönsson, J.‐G. Li, G. Gaigalas, and C.‐Z. Dong, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 2010, 271–298 (2010)
Relativistic Many‐Body Calculation of Low‐Energy Dielectronic Resonances in Be‐like Carbon,A. Derevianko, V. A. Dzuba, and M. G. Kozlov, Phys. Rev. A 82, 022720 (2010)
Systematical Study on Ground‐State Ionization Potentials for Boron and Carbon Isoelectronic Sequences with Z = 6–42,J. Huang, Q. Zhao, and G. Jiang, Commun. Theor. Phys. 54, 871–874 (2010)
Energies for the Ground‐State and for the ns (1s2ns) 2Se, np (1s2np) 2P°, (1sns2) 2Se, (1s2sns) 2Se, and (1s2snp) 2P° Excited States of Li‐like Ions,I. Sakho and A. Wagué, Chin. J. Phys. 48(5), 567–591 (2010)
K‐Shell Photoionization of Ground‐State Li‐like Carbon Ions [C3+]: Experiment, Theory and Comparison with Time‐Reversed Photorecombination,A. Müller, S. Schippers, R. A. Phaneuf, S. W. J. Scully, A. Aguilar, A. M. Covington, I. Álvarez, C. Cisneros, E. D. Emmons, M. F. Gharaibeh, G. Hinojosa, A. S. Schlachter, and B. M. McLaughlin, J. Phys. B 42, 235602 (2009)
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High‐Lying Core‐Excited Quartet States in Li‐like N4+ and F6+ Ions,L. Zhuo, F. Chen, and B. C. Gou, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 110, 1108–1116 (2010)
Saturation Spectra of Low Lying States of Nitrogen: Reconciling Experiment with Theory,T. Carette, M. Nemouchi, P. Jönsson, and M. Godefroid, Eur. Phys. J. D 60, 231–242 (2010)
Relativistic Configuration Interaction Calculations of Energy Levels, Isotope Shifts, Hyperfine Structures, and Transition Rates in the 2s22p2–2s2p3 Transition Array for the Carbon‐like Sequence,P. Jönsson and J. Bieroń, J. Phys. B 43, 074023 (2010)
Photoionization of N3+ and Ar8+ in an Electron Beam Ion Trap by Synchrotron Radiation,M. C. Simon, M. Schwarz, S. W. Epp, C. Beilmann, B. L. Schmitt, Z. Harman, T. M. Baumann, P. H. Mokler, S. Bernitt, R. Ginzel, S. G. Higgins, C. H. Keitel, R. Klawitter, K. Kubiček, V. Mäckel, J. Ullrich, and J. R. Crespo López‐Urrutia, J. Phys. B 43, 065003 (2010)
Electric‐Dipole Allowed (E1) and Forbidden (E2, M1 and M2) Transition Probabilities of 4f for N+,X.‐Z. Shen, P. Yuan, and J. Liu, Chin. Phys. B 19, 053101 (2010)
Nitrogen K‐Shell Photoabsorption,J. García, T. R. Kallman, M. Witthoeft, E. Behar, C. Mendoza, P. Palmeri, P. Quinet, M. A. Bautista, and M. Klapisch, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 185, 477–485 (2009)
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VUV Spectral Line Emission Measurements in the TCABR Tokamak,M. Machida, A. M. Daltrini, J. H. F. Severo, I. C. Nascimento, E. K. Sanada, J. I. Elizondo, and Y. K. Kuznetsov, Braz. J. Phys. 39, 270–274 (2009)
Theoretical Calculation of Photoionization Cross Sections of B‐like Ions: N2+, O3+ and F4+,G.‐L. Wang and X.‐X. Zhou, Chin. Phys. B 18, 3833–3838 (2009)
Resonance Phenomena in Electron Scattering by Atomic Oxygen from 9 to 11.4 eV,Y. Wang, Y. Zhou, and K. Ratnavelu, Phys. Rev. A 82, 034702 (2010)
Photoionization of the Be‐like O4+ Ion: Total and Partial Cross Sections for the Ground 2s2 1S and Excited 2s2p 1,3P States,D.‐S. Kim and S. T. Manson, J. Phys. B 43, 155205 (2010)
Inner‐Shell Excited Quartet States in Li‐like O5+ and Ne7+ Ions,L. Zhuo, B. C. Gou, and J. J. Zhu, Eur. Phys. J. D 54, 1–8 (2009)
Energy Levels, Radiative Rates, and Electron Impact Excitation Rates for Transitions in O VII,K. M. Aggarwal and F. P. Keenan, Astron. Astrophys. 489, 1377–1388 (2008)
Oscillator strengths for allowed transitions in neutral oxygen,S. S. Tayal, Phys. Scr.79, 015303 (2009)
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Regular Series of Doubly Excited States Inside Two‐Electron Continua: Application to 2s2‐Hole States in Neon Above the Ne2+ 1s22s22p4 and 1s22s2p5
Thresholds,Y. Komninos, Th. Mercouris, and C. A. Nicolaides, Phys. Rev. A 83, 022501 (2011)
B‐Spline Calculations of Oscillator Strengths in Noble Gases,O. Zatsarinny and K. Bartschat, Phys. Scr. T134, 014020 (2009)
Atomic Data for Dielectronic Satellite Lines and Dielectronic Recombination into Ne5+,U. I. Safronova and R. Mancini, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 95, 54–95 (2009)
Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact excitation rates for transitions in H‐like N VII, O VIII, F IX, Ne X and Na XI,K. M. Aggarwal, F. P. Keenan, and R. F. Heeter, Phys. Scr. 82, 015006 (2010)
Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact excitation rates for transitions in Li‐like N V, F VII, Ne VIII and Na IX,K. M. Aggarwal, F. P. Keenan, and R. F. Heeter, Phys. Scr. 81, 015303 (2010)
Measurements of transition probabilities for two N I infrared transitions and their application for diagnostics of low temperature plasmas,A. Baclawski and J. Musielok, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 65, 113–119 (2010)
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Oscillator strengths for singly ionized oxygen,Ş. Ateş, G. Tekeli, G. Çelik, E. Akin, and M. Taşer, Eur. Phys. J. D 54, 21–24 (2009)
Atomic data for dielectronic satellite lines and dielectronic recombination into Ne5+,U. I. Safronova and R. Mancini, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 95, 54–95 (2009)
State‐Resolved Valence Shell Photoionization of Be‐like Ions: Experiment and Theory,A. Müller, S. Schippers, R. A. Phaneuf, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, H. Bräuning, A. S. Schlachter, M. Lu, and B. M. McLaughlin, J. Phys. B 43, 225201 (2010)
A Study of the Ne 2s2p5(3P)3s and 3p Correlation Satellites up to 75 eV Above Threshold,V. G. Yarzhemsky, M. Ya. Amusia, P. Bolognesi, and L. Avaldi, J. Phys. B43, 185204 (2010)
Photoionization of N3+ and Ar8+ in an Electron Beam Ion Trap by Synchrotron Radiation,M. C. Simon, et al, J. Phys. B 43, 065003 (2010)
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Study of Inner‐Shell Excitation and Relaxation Processes in Atomic and Ionic Neon by Means of Soft X‐ray Spectroscopy,M. Oura, Plasma Sci. Technol. 12, 353–360 (2010)
High‐Resolution X‐ray Spectroscopy with the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer,F. S. Porter, J. S. Adams, P. Beiersdorfer, G. V. Brown, J. Clementson, M. Frankel, S. M. Kahn, R. L. Kelley, and C. A. Kilbourne, AIP Conf. Proc. 1185, 454–457 (2009)
Precision Energy‐Level Measurements and QED of Highly Charged Ions,P. Beiersdorfer, Can. J. Phys. 87, 9–14 (2009)
Measurements of transition probabilities for two N I infrared transitions and their application for diagnostics of low temperature plasmas,A. Baclawski and J. Musielok, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 65, 113–119 (2010)
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Difficult to incorporate new data into ASD – requires critical evaluation
however
Bibliographic Databases are updated on a nearly continuous basis
(~ every two weeks)
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Tungsten – new NIST papers
• ‘Spectroscopy of diagnostically‐important magnetic dipole lines in highly‐charged 3dn ions of tungsten,’ Yu. Ralchenko et al., Phys. Rev. 2011.
•‘EUV spectral lines of highly‐charged Hf, Ta and Au ions observed with an electron beam ion trap,’ I. Draganic et al., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44, 025001 (2011).
•‘Recent progress in spectroscopy of tungsten,’ A. E. Kramida, Can. J. Physics (2011).
•‘Spectral data for fusion energy: from W to W’ J. Reader, Physica ScriptaT134,014023 (2009).
•Magnetic‐Dipole Lines in Highly‐Charged Ions of Hf, Ta, and Au,’ D. Osin et al., in preparation
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MICROCALORIMETER DETECTOR
TEMPERATURE: 0.060 K
λ= c/ν; ν = ΔE/h
ENERGY RESOLUTION: 5 eV = 0.04 Å at 10 Å
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4p
4f
5f6f
4s
X‐RAY SPECTRUM OF W WITH MICROCALORIMETER ON NIST EBIT
3d10‐3d9nl
RALCHENKO ET AL. (2006)
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E2 LINES OF W IN NIST EBIT ‐ RALCHENKO ET AL. (2006)
0
2
1
2
3d10
3d94s
3
7.610 Å
7.930 Å
M
E2
E2
L
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4p
4f
5f6f
4s
X‐RAY SPECTRUM OF W WITH MICROCALORIMETER ON NIST EBIT
3d10‐3d9nl
RALCHENKO ET AL. (2006)
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E2 AND M3 LINES OF W IN NIST EBIT
RALCHENKO ET AL. (2006)
0
2
1
2
3d10
3d94s
3
7.610 Å
7.930 Å0.009 Å
M
L
E2
E2M3
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X‐RAY SPECTRUM OF W ON NIST EBIT
RALCHENKO ET AL. (2006)
4p4f
5f6f
4s
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Clementson and Beiersdorfer; (2010)
0.0094 Å
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CALCULATED E2:M3 RATIOS
RALCHENKO (2007)
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3p63d9 2D
3p53d10 2P
3/25/2
1/2
3/2
18.54 nm
Wavelength
1.7964 nm
2.7671 nm
3.2525 nm
Predicted 3p‐3d Transitions in Co‐like W
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Fe(W48+) 3d8
Co(W47+) 3d9
Ni(W46+) 3d94sCu(W45+) 3s‐3p
Cu(E1)
Co
Fe
Ni
Fe
Ni(E1)*
* **
* impurity
18.567
5/2
3d9
3/2
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Cr
Cr
CrCr
CrMn
Cr
Cr
V
* impurity
*
Sc
MnFe
V
CrMn
Sc(W53+) 3d3
V(W51+) 3d5
Cr(W50+) 3d6
Mn(W49+) 3d7
*
5/2
1/2
3d5
5/2
11/2
9/23/2
17.657
14.530
7/2
5/2
72
*
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Ti
K
ScCa
V
Sc
Ca Sc
*V
K(W55+) 3dCa(W54+) 3d2
Sc(W53+) 3d3
Ti(W52+) 3d4
V(W51+) 3d5
* impurity
Ti
K
ScCa
V
Sc
Ca
Sc
V
COMPARISON OF MODELING WITH EXP. SPECTRUM
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DENSITY‐SENSITIVE LINE RATIOS
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New Papers on W
EXPERIMENTAL ONLY
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Spectroscopy of Diagnostically Important Magnetic‐Dipole Lines in Highly Charged 3dn
Ions of Tungsten,Yu. Ralchenko, I. N. Draganić, D. Osin, J. D. Gillaspy, and J. Reader, Phys. Rev. A 83, 032517 (2011)
Wavelength Measurement of n=3 to n=3 Transitions in Highly Charged Tungsten Ions,J. Clementson and P. Beiersdorfer, Phys. Rev. A 81, 052509 (2010)
Spectroscopy of M‐Shell X‐ray Transitions in Zn‐like through Co‐like W,J. Clementson, P. Beiersdorfer, G. V. Brown, and M. F. Gu, Phys. Scr. 81, 015301 (2010)
X‐ray Spectroscopy of E2 and M3 Transitions in Ni‐like W,J. Clementson, P. Beiersdorfer, and M. F. Gu, Phys. Rev. A 81, 012505 (2010)
The Electron Affinity of Tungsten,A. O. Lindahl, P. Andersson, C. Diehl, O. Forstner, P. Klason, and D. Hanstorp, Eur. Phys. J. D 60, 219–222 (2010)
Tungsten Spectra Recorded at the LHD and Comparison with Calculations,C. S. Harte, C. Suzuki, T. Kato, H. A. Sakaue, D. Kato, K. Sato, N. Tamura, S. Sudo, R. D'Arcy, E. Sokell, J. White, and G. O'Sullivan, J. Phys. B 43, 205004 (2010)
Highly Charged Tungsten Spectra Observed from JT‐60U Plasmas at Te ≈ 8 and 14 keV,J. Yanagibayashi, T. Nakano, A. Iwamae, H. Kubo, M. Hasuo, and K. Itami, J. Phys. B 43, 144013 (2010)
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Tungsten Spectroscopy Relevant to the Diagnostics of ITER DivertorPlasmas,J. Clementson, P. Beiersdorfer, E. W. Magee, H. S. McLean, and R. D. Wood, J. Phys. B 43, 144009 (2010)
Testing QED in Sodium‐like Gold and Xenon: Using Atomic Spectroscopy and an EBIT to Probe the Quantum Vacuum,J. D. Gillaspy, J. Instrumentation 5, p. C10005 (2010)
Spectroscopic Investigations of Highly Charged Tungsten Ions – Atomic Spectroscopy and Fusion Plasma Diagnostics,J. Clementson, Dissertation, Univ. Lund, Physics Dept., Lund, Sweden, 228 pp. (2010)
Spectroscopy of Highly Charged Tungsten Ions Relevant to Fusion Plasmas,C. Biedermann, R. Radtke, R. Seidel, and T. Pütterich, Phys. Scr. T134, 014026 (2009)
Energy Levels and Spectral Lines of Tungsten, W III through W LXXIV,A. E. Kramida and T. Shirai, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 95, 305–474 (2009); Erratum: 95, 1051 (2009)
Spectroscopy of 2s1/2–2p3/2 Transitions in W65+ through W71+,Y. Podpaly, J. Clementson, P. Beiersdorfer, J. Williamson, G. V. Brown, and M. F. Gu, Phys. Rev. A 80, 052504 (2009)
Measurement of the D‐Line Doublet in High‐Z Highly Charged SodiumlikeIons,J. D. Gillaspy, I. N. Draganić, Yu. Ralchenko, J. Reader, J. N. Tan, J. M. Pomeroy, and S. M. Brewer, Phys. Rev. A 80, 010501 (2009)
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Support
U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Fusion Energy Sciences
U.S. National Aeronauticsand Space Administration
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The Atomic Spectroscopy Group