ninth edition - pearson...dreyer, june teufel, 1939– china’s political system : modernization...
TRANSCRIPT
Ninth Edition
China’s Political System
Modernization and Tradition
June Teufel Dreyer
University of Miami
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 1 19/02/14 8:01 AM
Editor in Chief: Ashley DodgeSenior Acquisitions Editor: Melissa MashburnEditorial Assistant: Courtney TurcotteManaging Editor: Denise ForlowProgram Manager: Maggie Brobeck/
Kathy SleysProject Manager: PreMedia Global/Doug BellSenior Operations Supervisor: Mary FischerOperations Specialist: Mary Ann GloriandeArt Director: Jayne ConteCover Designer: Suzanne Behnke
Cover Image: June Teufel DreyerDirector of Digital Media: Brian HylandDigital Media Project Management: Learning
Mate Solutions, LtdDigital Media Project Manager: Tina GagliostroFull-Service Project Management and
Composition: Murugesh Rajkumar Namasivayam/PreMediaGlobal
Printer/Binder: Courier CompaniesCover Printer: Courier CompaniesText Font: Sabon 10/12
DedicationTo the memory of my parents,
Anna Elizabeth WaldhauerPaul Albert Teufel
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page 372.
Unless otherwise indicated, all Maps are Copyrighted by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2010, by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.
Unless otherwise noted all Maps are Copyrighted by Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dreyer, June Teufel, 1939– China’s political system : modernization and tradition / June Teufel Dreyer, University of Miami.
— Ninth Edition. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-98181-6 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-98181-X (alk. paper) 1. China—Politics and government—1949– I. Title. JQ1510.D74 2014 320.451—dc23
201400068910 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-205-98181-XISBN 13: 978-0-205-98181-6
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 2 25/02/14 2:32 PM
iii
1 Introduction 1
2 The Chinese Tradition 25
3 Reformers, Warlords, and Communists 47
4 The Communist Road to Power 66
5 PRC Politics Under Mao: 1949–1976 85
6 PRC Politics in the Post-Mao Era: 1976–2013 113
7 The Politics of the Economy 148
8 Crime and Punishment: The Legal System of the PRC 179
9 The Role of the Military 204
10 Education 229
11 Quality-of-Life Issues: Health, Demography, and the Environment 252
12 Conformity and Dissent: The Arts, the Media, and Social Control 275
13 Ethnic Minorities and National Integration 297
14 Foreign Policy 329
15 Conclusions 358
Brief Contents
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 3 19/02/14 8:01 AM
iv
Preface x
1 Introduction 1
Modernization and Chinese Civilization 1
Theories of Analysis of Chinese Politics 8Theoretical Analysis in the Early Years of the PRC 10Theories Engendered by the Cultural Revolution 15Post-Mao Theories of Analysis 21
Conclusions 23 • Suggestions for Further Reading 24
2 The Chinese Tradition 25
Basic Characteristics 25
The Governmental Structure of Traditional China 31
The Examination System 35
Literature and Art 36
The Role of Law in Traditional China 36
The Military 38
The Barbarian Problem 39
Interpretations of Chinese History 39
Implications for Industrialization 42Conclusions 45 • Suggestions for Further Reading 46
3 Reformers, Warlords, and Communists 47
The New Invasion 47
The Self-Strengthening Movement 49
Reform and Revolution 53The Reformers 54The Reactionaries 55The Revolutionaries 56
The Kuomintang 61Suggestions for Further Reading 65
DetaileD Contents
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 4 19/02/14 8:01 AM
Detailed Contents v
4 The Communist Road to Power 66
The Early Years: 1919–1923 66
The Period of Soviet Control: 1923–1931 68
The Jiangxi Soviet: 1931–1934 70
The Long March: 1934–1935 72
The Xi’an Incident: 1936 75
The Second United Front: 1936–1941 77
Civil War and Victory: 1941–1949 82Suggestions for Further Reading 84
5 PRC Politics Under Mao: 1949–1976 85
Consolidation of Power: 1949–1955 85
Establishing the Organs of Power 89
The Hundred Flowers Period: 1956–1957 94
The Great Leap Forward and Its Aftermath: 1958–1961 97
The Socialist Education Movement: 1962–1966 102
The Cultural Revolution: 1966–1976 104Reconstruction: 1970–1976 109
Suggestions for Further Reading 112
6 PRC Politics in the Post-Mao Era: 1976–2013 113
Interregnum: 1976–1978 113
Deng Ascendant 116
The Legacy of Mao 119
Political Realignment and Policy Readjustment 119The Tiananmen Demonstrations, 1989 128
The Third Generation: China Under Jiang Zemin 133The Three Represents 134Civic Organizations 135Changing Central–Local Relationships 136
The Fourth Generation in Power 139
The Fifth Generation Moves to Center Stage 142Conclusions 144 • Suggestions for Further Reading 147
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 5 19/02/14 8:01 AM
vi Detailed Contents
7 The Politics of the Economy 148
Introduction 148
The Early Years: 1949–1950 149
The Socialist Transformation of Agriculture: 1949–1978 150
Industrial Policy in the Maoist Era 154
Maoist Economic Policies Assessed 156
Economic Policy Under Deng Xiaoping 157Agricultural Reforms 158The Private Sector 160More Responsibility for State Enterprises 161Reforming the Price System 162Reforming the Reforms 164
New Problems for Deng’s Successors 168Future Concerns 173
Conclusions 176 • Suggestions for Further Reading 178
8 Crime and Punishment: The Legal System of the PRC 179
Less-than-Peaceful Coexistence of the Societal and Jural Models: 1949–1953 180
The Jural Model in Ascendance: 1954–1957 181
Resurgence of the Societal Model: 1957–1965 183
The Societal Model Rampant: 1966–1976 184
Law and Justice in the Post-Mao Era: Return to the Jural Model 186The New Legal System 186Legal Developments 189The Trial Process 189
Mediation 191
Petitions 193
Reform Through Labor (RTL) 194
The Penal System 194Conclusions 202 • Suggestions for Further Reading 203
9 The Role of the Military 204
Party and Army 204
Assessing the Maoist Model 207
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 6 19/02/14 8:01 AM
Detailed Contents vii
The Influence of the Korean War on the PLA 208
The Revolt Against Professionalism 210
Professionalism Returns 215
The Effect of the June Fourth Incident on the PLA 220
The Military in the Post-Deng Era 221Conclusions 227 • Suggestions for Further Reading 228
10 Education 229
Devising a System 229
The Drive for Egalitarianism and Return to Expertise 232
Redness Revisited: The Cultural Revolution 233
Egalitarians versus Experts: The Search for a Synthesis 236
The Search for Academic Excellence 237Conclusions 249 • Suggestions for Further Reading 251
11 Quality-of-Life Issues: Health, Demography, and the Environment 252
Health 252
Demography 259
The Environment 268Conclusions 273 • Suggestions for Further Reading 274
12 Conformity and Dissent: The Arts, the Media, and Social Control 275
Artist and Society in China 275
The Party, Art, and Social Protest 276
Post-1949 Control Mechanisms 277
Repression and Reaction 279
Culture and the Cultural Revolution 281
The Arts Under Deng Xiaoping 283Restrained Dissent 283Protest Gains Momentum 284Experimenting with Capitalism in the Arts 286The Campaign Against Spiritual Pollution 286Looming Confrontation 287The Tiananmen Demonstrations and Their Aftermath 288
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 7 19/02/14 8:01 AM
viii Detailed Contents
Expression, Repression, and Social Control 289Conclusions 295 • Suggestions for Further Reading 296
13 Ethnic Minorities and National Integration 297
China’s Minority Peoples 297
Ethnicity in Communist Ideology 304
Minorities Policy in Practice 304The Early Years: 1949–1957 304The Great Leap Forward and Its Aftermath: 1959–1965 310The Cultural Revolution: 1966–1971 312Return to Pluralism: 1971–1977 314Post-Mao Minorities’ Policy 314Reform Produces Problems 315External Factors 318Repression Increases 318Genuine Autonomy as a Possible Solution 324
Ending the Current System as a Solution 326Conclusions 327 • Suggestions for Further Reading 328
14 Foreign Policy 329
Determinants 329Tradition 329Ideology 331Capabilities 332
Goals 333The Formulation of Foreign Policy 333
Chinese Foreign Relations: An Overview 336The “Lean to One Side” Policy: 1949–1954 336The Bandung Spirit: 1954–1957 338Resurgent Nationalism and Isolation: 1957–1969 340Global Power Politics: 1969–Present 344
Conclusions 355 • Suggestions for Further Reading 357
15 Conclusions 358
Suggestions for Further Reading 370
Useful Websites 371
Credits 372
Index 374
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 8 21/02/14 6:20 PM
ix
FIGURES
Figure 2.1 High-Level Equilibrium Trap 45
Figure 5.1 Organization of the Chinese Communist Party 90
Figure 5.2 Organization of the Government of the People’s Republic of China 91
Figure 7.1 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 168
Figure 7.2 Growth of China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 169
Figure 7.3 China’s Trade Surpluses, 1997–2013 170
Figure 7.4 The Widening Urban–Rural Income Gap 171
Figure 7.5 Composition of China’s GDP 172
Figure 8.1 Organizational System of the People’s Courts of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 189
Figure 9.1 Recent Chinese Defense Budgets and Inflation 223
Figure 9.2 Military System of the People’s Republic of China 225
Figure 10.1 Selected Characters, Simplified Forms, and Pinyin Pronunciations 231
Figure 10.2 Spending on Education as a Percentage of GDP 2002–2012 251
Figure 11.1 Increasing Urbanization, 1990–2012 (in millions) 52.6 as of 2012 263
Figure 11.2 Proportion of Recorded Male to Female Birth 266
Figure 11.3 Total Population and Natural Birth Rate 267
Figure 13.1 The Administration of Minorities Work in China 307
Figure 14.1 Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 335
MAPS
Political Map of China xiv
Map 2.1 (A) Bronze Age China during the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1523–1028 b.c.) 26
(B) Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 27
Map 3.1 The Northern Expedition of the Kuomintang 63
Map 4.1 Routes of the Long March 75
Map 13.1 China’s Minority Nationalities 303
TABLES
Table 2.1 The Chinese Dynasties 29
Table 6.1 Size of Politburos and Politburo Standing Committees, 12th–18th Party Congresses 140
Table 6.2 Politburo Standing Committee CCP 18th Party Congress (in rank order) 144
Table 13.1 Population of China According to Ethnic Group in Censuses 1953–2010 298
illustrations
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 9 19/02/14 8:01 AM
x
As the People’s Republic of China approached the midpoint of its seventh decade, its economy continued to thrive and the country was unequivocally accepted as one of the world’s preeminent powers. At the same time, major problems loomed with the potential to undermine these successes. Domestically, communism was moribund as an ideology, and the Chinese Communist Party had lost its legitimacy in the eyes of many of the PRC’s citizens. Corruption was endemic in the economic and political systems. Rapid economic growth had been accompanied by a widening of income inequality and increasing so-cial instability. Pollution filled the air of many urban areas and poisoned the waterways. Although most people appeared content to enjoy the benefits of in-creasing prosperity, vocal minorities of farmers, workers, and ethnic minorities voiced their dissatisfaction with the status quo. Harsh punishments were meted out to dissidents, not infrequently in trials that seemed to violate the provi-sions of the country’s constitution. Better laws were passed but not always en-forced. A party, which had come to power on behalf of the rights of the workers and the peasants seemed to have turned its back on them. Although the slogan “serve the people” remained, party and government leaders seemed now to fear the people.
Externally, foreign nations worried that their economies might be swal-lowed by the Chinese juggernaut, and complained that Beijing was manipulat-ing the country’s currency to create trade imbalances in China’s favor. They also voiced concern about the motives behind rapidly rising defense budgets when the PRC faced no external threat and protested cyberspying that was shown to have originated in China. Foreign analysts began to question their initial assumption that economic pluralism would lead inexorably to political plu-ralism and an evolution toward liberal democracy. In some areas, the Chinese system had become more rather than less oppressive. Moreover, the state also reinforced its role in the economy to some degree.
Whether the genuine achievements of the past sixty-plus years can be con-tinued is a question much debated by scholars of China both domestic and for-eign. The present problems could represent no more than the growing pains of a greater and more powerful state. At the other extreme, they could portend the collapse of the current system. Or the country could be caught in a middle-income trap.
The genesis of the first edition of China’s Political System grew out of my own efforts to understand how the communist government of China, having only recently, in the long sweep of Chinese history, come to power, could trans-form an impressive, ancient civilization into an industrialized, socialist state.
My aim has been to describe and analyze China’s political system, taking as leitmotif the efforts of successive leaderships to harmonize elements of the country’s unique indigenous culture with formulas for industrialization and
PrefaCe
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 10 19/02/14 8:01 AM
Preface xi
modernization that originally evolved in the West. The nineteenth-century para-digm “Chinese learning for the essence; Western learning for practical use” reso-nates with Mao Zedong’s injunction to “walk on two legs”—the modern and the traditional—as does Deng Xiaoping’s search for “socialism with Chinese char-acteristics.” Over the past half century, other and related themes have become prominent in Chinese politics. As the leadership of the People’s Republic shifted emphasis from revolutionary ideals to the more mundane but perhaps even more challenging business of governing, and from a socialist, planned economy to a market-based system, the question of how much of its communist heritage it should retain has had to be addressed as well. Elements of retraditionalization coexist with trends toward modernization and globalization.
The intended audience for China’s Political System is upper-level under-graduates specializing in political science and history or simply interested per-sons who want to learn more about China. The author hopes that this will be an enjoyable experience: Academic jargon has been minimized.
New to This EditionThe ninth edition has been updated to include:
• significant political developments through early 2014;• policy changes since the Eighteenth Party Congress and the Twelfth
National People’s Congress;• recent legal and economic developments and statistics based on the latest
(2013) edition of the China Statistical Handbook;• expanded coverage of changing relationships among central, provincial,
and local governments;• the impact of enhanced citizen participation in the political process;• effects of the decelerating economic growth rate.
FeaturesA summary of the different ways in which Chinese politics and history have been analyzed is followed by brief overviews of the traditional Chinese sys-tem, its breakdown, and the rise of communism, followed by a more detailed treatment of the characteristics and major events of the communist era. Because politics has permeated virtually every sphere of Chinese society since 1949, an analysis of how politics has impinged on these different spheres forms the ma-jor building blocks of the text—economics; the legal system; the military; litera-ture, art, and journalism; and so forth. Although the list of topics that might be considered is long, the academic semester is limited, and hence the number of chapters has been set at fifteen—approximately one for each week of the aver-age semester. Resisting the urge to be encyclopedic has meant not providing separate chapters for topics that some might prefer, such as ideology, human rights, and the role of women, which are treated as subthemes in other chapters. A concluding chapter integrates these different areas, assesses the successes and
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 11 19/02/14 8:01 AM
xii Preface
failures of the Chinese communist system, and sketches out possible scenarios for the future. Suggestions for additional reading—limited to five titles, on the advice of my editor—appear at the end of each chapter.
This text is available in a variety of formats—digital and print. To learn more about Pearson programs, pricing, and customization options, visit www.pearsonhighered.com.
AcknowledgmentsThe author very much appreciates the advice of many people. In addition to Evelyn Fazio, who suggested the first edition, these include Eric Stano, Vikram Mukhija, Melissa Mashburn, Maggie Brobeck, Courtney Turcotte of Pearson; Doug Bell and Murugesh Rajkumar Namasivayam of PremediaGlobal, and fellow China-watchers Jerome Cohen, the late Edward Dreyer, Jane Duckett, Ed Friedman, Bruce Gilley, Tom Gold, Baogang Guo, Bill Heaton, Cheng Li, Perry Link, Jim Nafziger, Stan Rosen, Jim Seymour, and Suisheng Zhao. Special thanks to the University of Miami Senior Vice-Provost William Scott Green for having his camera ready when I saw the perfect photo to illustrate the subtitle of this book: Shanghai’s Confucius temple in the foreground with dilapidated Mao-era housing behind and new modern skyscrapers at the back. I have also greatly profited from the collective discussions of several e-mail groups. Thanks also to those of you who responded to my call for suggestions for future editions. Please continue to send them: my e-mail address remains [email protected].
June Teufel Dreyer
Coral Gables, Florida
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 12 19/02/14 8:01 AM
aBout the authorJune Teufel Dreyer is professor of political science at the University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, a past commissioner of the congressionally established U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission, and a fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute. She is the author of China’s Forty Millions: Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People’s Republic of China (Harvard University Press), editor of Chinese Defense and Foreign Policy (Paragon House) and Asian-Pacific Regional Defense (Paragon House), and co-editor of U.S.–China Relations in the 21st Century (Lexington) and Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region (M.E. Sharpe).
xiii
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 13 19/02/14 8:01 AM
JAPAN
MONGOLIA
RU
SS
IA
NORTH
KOREA
CH
IN
ASO
UTH
KOREA
TAIW
AN
VIETNAM
CAMBODIA
PHILIPPIN
ESTHAILAND
SRI
LANKA
INDIA
TAJIKISTAN
BANGLA
DES
H
MYANMAR
LAOS
KYRGYZST
AN
KAZAKHST
AN
NEPAL
BHUTAN
KY
USH
U
SHIK
OK
U
HO
NSH
U
HO
KK
AID
OH
eilo
ngjia
ng
Jilin
Liao
ning
Tia
njin
Heb
ei Shan
dong
Shan
xi
Inne
r Mongo
lia
Gan
su
Nin
gxia Sh
aanx
iH
enan
Hub
eiSi
chua
n
Jiang
su
Zhe
jiang
Qin
ghai
Anh
ui
Hun
anJia
ngxi Fu
jian
Gua
ngdo
ngG
uang
xi
Gui
zhou
Yun
nan
Lhas
a
Xin
jiang
Uyg
urSe
oul
Tai
pei
Tok
yoPy
ongy
ang
Man
ila
Phno
mPe
nhVie
ntia
ne Ho
Chi
Min
h C
ity
(Sai
gon)
Beiji
ng
Shan
ghai
Osa
ka
Hai
phon
g
Hon
g K
ong
Han
oi
Ran
goon
Col
ombo
Bang
kok
Ula
n Ba
tor
Kat
hman
duT
him
phu
Dha
ka
New
Del
hiIsla
mab
adAqm
ola
Dus
anbe
Bisk
ekT
aske
nt
Tib
et
Manch
uria
Bay
ofBe
ngal
E. C
hina
Sea
Sea of
Japa
n PA
CIF
ICO
CEA
N
South China Sea
030
060
090
0 M
ILES
030
060
090
0 K
ILO
MET
ERS
PO
LIT
ICA
L M
AP
OF
CH
INA
. M
arke
d c
itie
s ar
e in
dep
end
entl
y at
tach
ed, i
.e.
un
der
th
e d
irec
t co
ntr
ol o
f th
e fe
der
al g
over
nm
ent.
xiv
A01_DREY1816_09_SE_FM.indd 14 19/02/14 8:01 AM