ABPL30048ARCHITECTURE STUDIOAIR2015 SEMESTER 2, TUTOR: CANHUI CHENSTUDENT: NING ZHU 730220

2 CONCEPTUALISATION

ContentsIntroduction 04

Part A:Conceptualization 06

A1: Design futuring 07

A2: Design Computation 10

A3: Composition & Generation 13

A4: Conclusion 16

A5: Learning Outcomes 17

A6: Bibliography and image references 18

A7: Algorithmic Sketchbook 20

CONCEPTUALISATION 3

4 CONCEPTUALISATION

I am Ning ZHU, now it is my sixth month (August,2015) in Melbourne City, also the second semester in Bachelor of environments course at University of Melbourne, majoring in architecture.

I was born in Zhengzhou, Henan, China and raised there to finish my primary and secondary courses. After that, i went to Singapore to pursue my diploma of industrial design course at Nanyang Polytechnic for three years. After that, I worked at a project contracting company in Singapore to liaise with other teams regarding of M&E works, and costing and quantity surveying based on drawing and site conditions sometimes. It lasted almost two years. Then i resigned early this year and reached Melbourne to have my current studies.

I was rewarded 150 points to jump grade since my case is special. Since i handed in my diploma course descriptions, industrial design portfolio and some profiles on my last working experience when i applied architecture course in Unimelb, i was exempted on designing environments, visualising environemnts, environemntal building systems and all breadth courses which related to my previous courses and working experiences, that is the reason i am able to start Studio Air in my second semester.

The reason that i chose industrial design as my major during my diploma period is a bit simple. We had limited course selections in our batch from Henan Province toNanyang Polytechnic by Gaokao transcript. Excluding purely engineering courses such as electrical,mechanical ones, the only left course related to drawing as well

as engineering courses are industrial design. As for me, i do not like courses which are not related to engineering such as graphic design, digital design,etc.Since i am keep on drawing something interesting, industrial design seems my my choice.

My jumping from industrial design to architecture is complex. Firstly, my diploma in industrial design courses taught me about knowledge on aesthetic appreciation, sketching by hand and CAD, technological issues like materials, explosion views, etc, which laid the foundation of all design fields including architectural design; secondly, my job experiences allowed me to contact with varied construction participants especially architects, which pushed me to come up with an idea that i could combine my aesthetical diploma course knowledge with my technological job experiences to become an architect to lead a group of team to build a house that chopped my name; thirdly, architecture related jobs are much wider and highly-paid salary than industrial design on both China and Singapore. According to three reasons above, i would like to choose architecture as my major if i was received related oppotunities.

Studying architecture in University of Melbourne took me another special experience which is totally different with my previous ones whether studying or working, China or Singapore. I would like to adopt my experiences to be better during current learing period. Since design fields is interlinked, I hope that i could build another higher storey above my previous experiences.

INTRODUCTION

MY LOGO

CONCEPTUALISATION 5

PAST PROJECTS

Figure 1 & 2 & 3: Industrial Design Project i finished at Singapore

Figure 4 & 5: Studio earth: HERRING ISLAND, a place for keeping secret

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4. Figure 5.

PART ACONCEPTUALIZATION

A1: Design futuring

Design for futuring has to face two important issues, one is how to integrate ethics or norm with architectural practice in order to achieve sustainability purposes; the other is to solve deep level troubles in society by multiple perspectives rather than designing alone.

On the one hand, The ‘state of the world’ and the state of design need to be brought together,1 as we are currently facing with varied challenges such as environment, resources, ecological issues, etc., and deteriorations like pollutions, resource-exhausting, population explosion are threatening sustainability for our future. With technology advancing in recent decades, participants should have utilized it into design widly, however, people might either ignore its existence, or utilize its fallacious application, which leads to the results as pollution sources like light pollution, Freon leaking in contemporary cities, therefore, it is urgent to redirect design method to solve hard issues for human’s existence, which can take them from the existing momentum of a particular force and bring it to a means of change2. Meanwhile, raising design intelligence of all citizens is able to force participants to redirect design direction into the intelligence aspect

On the other hand, based on the fact that most of designs, especially buildings, are offered for mankind’s use, the thought of people-oriented should be always applied in design process. Just like Tony Fry states “Design, in the first instance, has to be understood anthropologically”3. Humans as social beings definition, varied human’s physical conditions, human’s mental feelings, human‘s variant cultures should be included in thinking scope. Meanwhile it is important that designers go beyond designing alone to think more issues on other subjects, to explore, hybridize, borrow, and embrace the many tools available for crafting not only things but also ideas—fictional worlds, cautionary tales, what-if scenarios, thought experiments,counterfactuals, reductio and absurdum experiments, prefigurative futures,4, rather than purely radical materialism or physicalism.

1 .Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2009), p42. Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2009), p113. Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2009), p2 4. Anthony Dunne & Fiona Raby, speculative everything,design, friction and social dreaming(publisher and time no stated),p3

8 CONCEPTUALISATION

A1: Design futuring, project 01

Fig1. Aerial view of Gardens by the bay and Conservatory complex (shell shape at left side)

Fig.2 Inside scenery of the Flower Dome

Fig.3. Inside scenery of the Cloud Forest, On top is evelope

Conservatory complex is seated at eastern zone of “Gardens by the bay”, south end of marina bay reclamation area in Singapore.The complex includes two units, the Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest(Fig.1).

This horticultural destination, as the largest controlled-climate greenhouse in the world, is to create a giant man-made climate zone for touring, experimenting, educating, etc.As Singapore is a small size but highly-populated citizens country, inland plateaus do not exist there but only surrounded by sea, so it is easily affected by sea-level rising caused by climate change.Therefore, the complex was taken advantage of passive and active sustainable technologies to create the perfect micro climate for exotic plants to grow, which accords with calling for people to care for climate change issues

The cooled conservatories achieve its own distinct climate by controlling carbon neutral status in low-energy and renewable systems. The Flower Dome(fig.2) has a cool-dryzone with a Mediterranean feel, while the Cloud Forest(fig.3) is a cool-moistbiome with a giant tropical waterfall inside. Through this method, different ranges of plants can be showed separately, thus, one of the purposes which can be defined as education is obvious(fig.4)--- the former explores interacting issues between people and plants, while the latter highlights how climate change and destruction of tropical cloud forests will threaten the Earth’s biodiversity(fig.5)

Sophisticated systems are designed to operate these greenhouses in an energy-efficient way. The envelopes(Fig.3) are the key to the whole operation; the myriad glass panels act to let in light while reducing solar heat gain. Low-e panels take in approximately 65% of the incident daylight, but only 35% of the solar heat. Cool, dry air is introduced near the bottom of the greenhouses amongst the plants and people, while hot air rises up and out of the structures or is directed back into the system for other processes, like dehumidifying. The nearby solar trees act as vents to expel hot air out and also generate hot water and electricity for the entire complex. Rainwater is collected off the greenhouses, stored and then used for irrigation. An on-site biomass boiler provides heat and electricity and is fueled entirely with green waste from the parks1.

1. Inhabitat, Gallery Singapore’s Garden By the Bay, http://inhabitat.com/singapores-gardens-by-the-bay-features-the-worlds-largest-climate-controlled-greenhouses/cooled-conservatories-wilkinson-eyre-13/?extend=1 17 Jan 2013

Fig.4. Educational purposes for Singapore local pupils

Conservatory complex (Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest), Singapore // Architect:Wilkinson Eyre

Fig.5.Diagram of highland’s biodiversity inside Cloud Forest

CONCEPTUALISATION 9

A1: Design futuring, project 02“Brick box” house, Benxi, China // Architect:Dazhong Feng

This project is located at Benxi City, Lianning Province, China, as a multi-function construction for living house, workplace studio and art gallery. Since its façade faces scenery formed by ranges of mountains(Fig.6), the main purpose of this building is to solve conflicts between social and individual, between rapid urban life and peaceful feelings in deep heart. The idea of this project is that Mr. Feng likes to construct a static and peaceful inner world first, followed by diagnosing with outer natural issues, so as to express whole potential functions for a certain building. Based on its multi-function characteristic, this building not only offers relevant tranquil space for both workplace and comfortable living, but also brings a deep-level cultural feeling through its soft power.

The house was designed as a concaved box at top surrounded by brick material(Fig.7). Slant concaved roof converge to centre, linking up three courtyards as one structure. This kind of structure reflects oriental thought, “converge all elite from whole heaven”(fig.8), which origins from southern China courtyard’s structure, “water from all directions will merge into hall pool”1.

An added timber storey was built at centre for people walking(Fig.9).Since the concaved roof shields all surrounding scenery if standing on this storey except distant mountains, sky, moon that can be viewed.This kind of structure forms a feeling of inner giant space, rather than actual space area. Viewing that scenery from limited opening, a kind of tranquil existing feeling will be felt by viewers. It is a big contrast with daytime urbanites who often lose themselves in engaged urban life,

1 weiheadline.arcticle, brick boxing house-Taolei Architect Studio, http://wtt.wzaobao.com/p/b785tE.html 17 Apr 2015

Fig6. Overall view of house, mountain background

Fig7. Concaved part at right side of image; brick material

Fig8. slant concaved roof converge to centre with courtyards

Fig9. Added timber storey at house centre

10 CONCEPTUALISATION

A2: Design computation

With the popularization of design computation, a variety of related software comes into being, such as BIM, grasshopper, etc. With the help of computation, the design process is much accelerated, jumping from freehand drawing and manual model makings, to virtual models by just inputting relevant programs and data. Therefore, workload is much relieved. Even under parametric algorithmic condition, geometries can be much changed by modifying a few data, workload is further relieved.

The practice of designers is also re-defined. As an architect, for example, before design computation comes into being, he or she has to stay at workshops filled with tools to do model-making constantly, or frequently step into construction site to check contractors whether they misunderstand design ideas; while with the help of design computation, hypostatic geometry can be modeled by machines through inputting relevant program and data, contractors also can easily understand architects’ intentions by virtual geometry, so there is no need for designers to step into workshops or sites constantly. It is the result of digital fabrication, which emerges mathematics inside design rather than previous purely design.

Another change taken by design computation is that architects can more easily participate in branch fields of whole project. With modifying programs and data, exterior refining is able to take other fields like structures, M & E works, surveying to refine accordingly, which benefits macro-handling for architects. Architects are never pure architects, but also engineers, surveyors, etc.

Meanwhile, by various communication devices which simulate construction process, architectural appearance, etc., it is much easier for non-professionals like clients to know about details of overall project.

Design computation makes both geometries and construction process more consistent. Building details can be displayed at large by zoom in and out, and it is convenient to refine details through computation while no affecting whole construction. Architects also can stimulate project schedule from macro-view without obvious period-breaking, followed by distributing to subsides, avoiding construction rushing or extension effectively.

Design computation takes unique opportunities to solve current problems facing by humans like sustainability. Since more information and data can be processed by computation, once local natural conditions like sunlight, wind are inputted, computation can automatically processed and figure out the best solution for constructions in order to reach energy saving target.

Of course, Design computation also exists its drawbacks. Since architecture are hypostatic constructions with human’s imagination, computation, replacing human’s brain, produces relevant geometry by programs and data only, not previous real geometries. Humans are only as tools to check whether the virtual geometries are our options or not. Human’s brains will degenerate on imaginative filed gradually over time. Once out of design computation, are humans able to build those ancient exquisite artificial masterpieces? That is a question.

CONCEPTUALISATION 11

A2: Design computation, project 013D printing apartment and villas, Suzhou, China

They were designed and fabricated by Shanghai Winsun Decoration & Design Co., including an assembly component residential building of six-storey with totally 1100 meter sqaure(Fig.10),and a villa of 200 meter sqaure(Fig.11).

The building has shifted traditional architectural practices by architects, since it is much relying on design computation, by an air-brush machine of 7 meters height, 10 meters width and 40 meters length(Fig.12), followed by inputting relevant programs and data, so pieces of assembly parts are manufactured. Then they are all transported to Suzhou industrial Park for assembling, rather than built on site directly.

The materials to build this house are simple. Special ingredients are original from various wastes such as industrial waste, tailings, construction waste, etc(Fig.13). These wastes will be under deepen-treatments by radiation detecting, high temperature forging, etc. Based on drawings and schemes by design computation, raw materials are laid layer by layer through air brush method. It is regarded as high-efficient construction method, 60% materials, 70% construction period and 80% workforce are saved, compared to the traditional architecture,

The practice of this building is also to solve current problems for the rapid developing of China. Affordable apartments can be quickly offered through fast, budget and efficient construction method, which is viewed as a crucial way to settle urban population surge and housing shortly-supply situation; while the raw material ingredients origin from various wastes, which is to achieve resource-saving purpose through recycling.

Fig10. 3D printing 6-storey apartment

Fig11. 3D printing villa

Fig14. Inner room with machine printed layer-surface wall

Fig13. Fabricated components by recycled material

Fig12. Components fabricated by big air-brush machine

12 CONCEPTUALISATION

A2: Design computation, project 02Tencent corporate new headquarter seafront Building, Shenzhen, China

Tencent corporate new headquarters(Fig.15) in Shenzhen challenges the traditional podium-tower typology. It is a project by proposing a workplace hybridizing office program, recreational resources and collaborative functions. The whole structure is two slender volumes, which breaks conventional single office tower.

Design computation is adopted for recoding information like elevator stops, transfer floors, and floor plate circulation so as to better understand the programmatic organizations within two volumes (Fig.16). Analysis algorithm is used to compute travel distances and efficient travel paths for the elevator core configuration. Through this method, it not only allows the team to study and diagram different possible user movements over the course of a working day efficiently, which helps the team compare efficiency variables and determine areas of high traffic, but also as a communication device for conveying graphic information to the client (Fig.17)1.

To measure the performance of the space through user experience data which inputted in design computation, is a key concept for refining architectural practice. Algorithmic analysis tools have also led to the development of other spatial analysis and user experience recordings, which are collected and figured out the best solution (Fig.18).

Two slender volumes have also set aside one tower at shade place, which reduces energy consumption effectively. Algorithmic analysis on daylight simulation was adopted for developing a practical and high-performance facade. Starting with a two-story unitized curtain wall module, the module grid was used as the analysis tool for recording annual solar radiation values on all faces of the building surface (Fig.19). This method accords with the tendency of daylight optimizing, or reducing daylight heating more efficiently, which is regarded as sustainability2.

1. CTBUH research paper, Design computation for the 21st century high-rise, http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/919-design-computation-for-the-21st-century-high-rise.pdf, 20122. Solar Building, Modelling of High-performance Envelope and Façadehttp://www.solarbuildings.ca/documents/Modelling_of_High-performance_Envelope_and_Fa%C3%A7ade_Integrated_Photovoltaic_Solar_Thermal_Systems_for_High_Latitude_Applications.pdf,2012

Fig15. Effect image of Tencent

corporate new headquarters

Fig16. Interior programming & core complexity for linked tower.

Fig18. Visual analysis of sightlines, intelligibility and path of travel.

Fig19. Annual Solar radiation analysis of the tower reveals irregular patterns due to discrepant towers

Fig17. User scenario diagrams were produced using A* path analysis algorithms onthe tower circulation network

CONCEPTUALISATION 13

A3: Composition/GenerationParametric design has integrated with every aspect of design processes, including data recording and processing, algorithmic thinking and refining, parametric model-making or even construction components fabrication. With design computation technology is widely used, as well as various parametric design softwares are developed, it seems that parametric design will be more complex than ever, but actually more comprehensive and convenient.

One of the most remarkable features for parametric design is visualization. Although multiple programming languages means deepened complexity, rather than abstraction, visualization allows more persons of various disciplines to participate in relevant projects, insiders are able to cross sub-field to know about what other teams do, i.e. architects are not only architects but engineers, surveyors, etc.; Outsiders also have opportunities to roughly know about the overall project. As a result, diversification both happens on designing tools (algorithmic languages) and participants, which means designing can be thought about through multi-dimensional fields, which may be used for exploring fields that non-parametric tools cannot reach.

In term of the characteristic of visualization itself, it is led by both graphic component and programming component, rather than non-parametric period that hand or digital sketching is never related with programming languages like C++, Lunux, etc. Just like Grasshopper as a Plug-in program run on Rhinoceros, graphics are as contents to present what programs process; and programs are as root to dominate what graphics demonstrate, both are indispensable. One of the advantages of languaged-graphics is that it enables designers to clearly understand of what systems they have been modelling. “Parametric design is not about designing a building,” explained Lars Hesselgren, “It’s about designing the system that designs a building.”1This method offers chances to refine each cell without affecting other cells; the other advantage is it is more convenient to modify compared with graphics only, which offers chances to reduce time on project variation and to satisfy customers’ needs.

Meanwhile, parametric design also conforms the trends that the Internet is highly developed. Currently, distance-learning is quite commonly used by many learners, so sharing outcomes from visualization and learning them through the Internet are widely adopted, even some learners hope to further explore why and how those outcomes are produced. Assuming that the outcomes by visualization are images or 3D models only, without parametric language, it is difficult for them how the processes are, let alone learning from outcomes. It is just like a building covered by outer materials but without inner structures, which is hard to be imitated. Of course, since graphics and parametric languages are displayed independent softwares, publishers can also share its graphics without its “roots” to avoid further plagiarizing.

1. Infrastructure writing, Architecture Gets an Upgrade, http://www.infrastructurewriting.com/portfolio/magazine-article-written-for-bentley-systems/,2015

14 CONCEPTUALISATION

A3: Composition, projectHangzhou Olympic Sports Center, China

This Olympic-sized stadium is the largest planned construction located at on the Qian Tang riverfront which opposite the city’s new Central Business District(Fig.20). It broke ground in 2011 and completed in 2014 by NBBJ Co.

The site plan is formed by three layers of activity as a sports complex for different participants of their corresponding purposes, which altar traditional stadiums that serving for sportsman only. An above-grade platform defines as “Sports Boulevard,” for linking other affiliated stadiums(Fig.21); the ground level consists of pathways, gardens and plazas for both public recreations and sports events. An extensive below-grade retail pavilion is at sunken spaces for boutique stores, restaurants and a multiplex cinema.

Algorithm designing and parametric modeling is key characteristic of this stadium. The exterior shell was fully developed and optimized through parametric scripts and modeling techniques. On the one hand, materials like shell by steel and bowl systems by concrete(Fig.22) were coordinated and optimized, so 33% steel was saved over similar stadiums like Beijing National Stadium. And design changing time was reduced as well1. One the other hand, it is possible to have cross-disciplinary collaboration with engineers and material consultants by parametric modeling tool. The engineers and consultants could use the design team’s output directly for performing their specialized design and analysis operations. The close communication between disciplines enabled the design team to ensure quality control and also find opportunities for further optimization.

1.njjb, a city blossoms, http://www.nbbj.com/work/hangzhou-stadium/#previous,Time:N.A.

Fig.20. Effect image of Hangzhou Olympic Sports CenterFig.21. Plan layout of Sports Center Area

Fig.22. Parametric design tools is uded to refine shell and bowl systems to maximize the fan experience, to use less materials

Fig.23. Parametric design process defined loose geometric rules, multiple variations could be created

Fig.24. Grasshopper script, shown here, was used in conjunction with Rhino3D software to generate the bowl’s truss configuration.

CONCEPTUALISATION 15

A3: Generation, projectBeijing National Aquatcis Centre (the Water Cube), China

As the Water Cube was one of a spectacular buildings remembered by people during the 2008 Olympic Games, its design, engineering and construction have much replied on parametric design. Since humans controlling mechanical forces more powerful than the human body by using actual tool, now it gradually happens in architecture but software tools, they are developed specially for parametric design.

The Water Cube was built into parametric software, i.e. MicroStation V&I(Fig.27), which are used by architects and engineers to automate design processes and accelerate design iterations. It gives designers and engineers new ways to explore alternative soap bubble-like structure(Fig.25&26) without manually building a detailed design model for each scenario. It also increases efficiency in managing conventional design and documentation.

Since parametric design is about designing a system that designs a building.” the system on engineering and design services for the Water Cube was provided from ArupSport. J Parrish, director of ArupSport, helped pioneer the rapid prototyping face of generative design and began working with Microsoft’s Visual Basic and Excel — “a useful interface” — and MicroStation in the 1970s to design stadiums quickly. For the Water Cube case, by tweaking any of 3,000–4,000 parameters, Parrish was able to quickly compare(Fig.28). For example, various 50,000-seat positioning schemes and optimize them for views, distance from the field, and other factors.1

1. Cadalyst, Generative Design Is Changing the Face of Architecture - See more at: http://www.cadalyst.com/cad/building-design/generative-design-is-changing-face-architecture-12948#sthash.J9j9wVo5.dpufhttp://www.cadalyst.com/cad/building-design/generative-design-is-changing-face-architecture-12948, July 2008

Fig.25. The ceiling over main pool showcases the Water Cube’s “soap bubble-like” structure, which was designed with parametric software

Fig.26. The optimal design for the Water Cube was determined by analyzing multiple configurations of the thousands of steel members and connecting nodes

Fig.27. The Strand7 Finite Element model of the Water Cube

https://yeswebim.wordpress.com/2015/04/13/bim-and-scripting-beijing-national-aquatics-center/

http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=418&P=3

Fig.28. Software that Arup developed helped designers optimize and size these components

16 CONCEPTUALISATION

A4: Conclusions

Through explorations of three parts, I further know about that architecture, as part of the design discipline, is continuously going forward with social conditions, technical conditions developing.

Part A explores design futuring topic, which is on how architecture shifts as social conditions changes. Human’s existence has encountered various challenges from nature or humans themselves, architecture has to focus on and solve these issues based on providing basic space needs.

Part B explores design computation topic, which is about revolutionary changes taken by widely using of parametric design on architecture itself and its participants. Architecture has shifted from conventional artificial thinking, molding and construction, to algorithm thinking, parametric modeling, and computational construction, so participants have to equip with this ability to deal with algorithm system issue, which also re-position their role in whole team, re-arrange their workload and their interactions with clients.

Part C explores composition / generation topic, further explores how parametric design changes architectural forms, materials, constructing period, etc. on composition and generation aspects. Parametric design also greatly affects outside fields of design, visualization and online sharing & teaching are typical examples.

In all, current architecture occurs huge and far-reaching changes today, which are required by needs on both coping with challenges, and various cost-saving to follow social trends. The appearance of parametric design is able to meet these needs, so it is widely used on architectural fields currently.

CONCEPTUALISATION 17

A5: Learning Outcomes

Through explorations of three parts, I further know about that aThrough learning this course, I gradually know about influences on current architecture taken by algorithmic or parametric design. Before I step into this field, I am always fascinated by those constructions by their ornate appearance and complex internals, but for how to construct them I do not have any conceptual knowledge. Through parametric design, I probably understand some of architectural components by knowing its core programming, so that ideas of how to construct them can be roughly described.

Learning parametric language is an experience that painful process while delightful result. Since this modeling system is not conventional method that sketching or changing on visual models directly like Sketchup, Rhinoceros alone, but to model a system language, which will display visual model automatically. Due to lacking of direct manipulation on visual model, I feel that manipulating on system model, rather than visual model is indirect, in particular, I have to encounter various parametric language errors, and errors seems never happen on visual model. However, once the system parametric model is built, compared to direct visual modeling, modifying is simple by just changing a cell without affecting the entire system, while on visual model those steps following changed cell needs to be modified as well. Therefore, lots of new concepts can be made by small changes without painfulness.

Also looking back at previous works, I find that parametric design is not only limited to architecture field, industrial design can adopt it as well. For example, in studio earth, if I adopt parametric design, i can quickly adjust the amplitude of path trail, and locations and quantities of support poles; in past industrial design works, if the material properties or user experience data were inputted in parametric design, some products may be impossible, while some may exit further exploration spaces.

18 CONCEPTUALISATION

A6: Bibliography & image references

Anthony Dunne & Fiona Raby, speculative everything,design, friction and social dreaming(publisher and time no stated),p3

Cadalyst, Generative Design Is Changing the Face of Architecture - See more at: http://www.cadalyst.com/cad/building-design/generative-design-is-changing-face-architecture-12948#sthash.J9j9wVo5.dpufhttp://www.cadalyst.com/cad/building-design/generative-design-is-changing-face-architecture-12948, July 2008

CTBUH research paper, Design computation for the 21st century high-rise, http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/919-design-computation-for-the-21st-century-high-rise.pdf, 2012

http://www.infrastructurewriting.com/portfolio/magazine-article-written-for-bentley-systems/,2015

Infrastructure writing, Architecture Gets an Upgrade, http://www.infrastructurewriting.com/portfolio/magazine-article-written-for-bentley-systems/,2015

Inhabitat, Gallery Singapore’s Garden By the Bay, http://inhabitat.com/singapores-gardens-by-the-bay-features-the-worlds-largest-climate-controlled-greenhouses/cooled-conservatories-wilkinson-eyre-13/?extend=1 17 Jan 2013

njjb, a city blossoms, http://www.nbbj.com/work/hangzhou-stadium/#previous,Time:N.A.

Solar Building, Modelling of High-performance Envelope and Façadehttp://www.solarbuildings.ca/documents/Modelling_of_High-performance_Envelope_and_Fa%C3%A7ade_Integrated_Photovoltaic_Solar_Thermal_Systems_for_High_Latitude_Applications.pdf,2012

Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg, 2009), p2

Weiheadline.arcticle, brick boxing house-Taolei Architect Studio, http://wtt.wzaobao.com/p/b785tE.html 17 Apr 2015

CONCEPTUALISATION 19

Fig. 1 Retrieved from http://www.123rf.com/photo_15294213_aerial-view-of-newly-opened-gardens-by-the-bay-singapore-river-and-marina-barrage-in-singapore.html, Time: N.A.

Fig. 2 Retrieved from http://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg/en/the-gardens/attractions/flower-dome.html, April 2015

Fig. 3 Retrieved from http://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg/en/the-gardens/attractions/cloud-forest.html, March 2015

Fig. 4-5 Retrieved from http://www.gardensbythebay.com.sg/en/the-gardens/attractions/cloud-forest.html#!/gardens, March 2015

Fig. 6-9 Retrieved from http://wtt.wzaobao.com/p/b785tE.html, April 17th 2015

Fig. 10-11, 13-14 Retrieved from http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-633348-861386.html, Jan 21st 2015

Fig. 12 Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/8TV.NEWS/videos/975493162478326/?pnref=story, Jan 23rd 2015

Fig.15 Retrieved from http://www.chinabim.com/news/domestic/2015-04-20/11375_2.html, May 12th 2015

Fig. 16-19 Retrieved from http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/919-design-computation-for-the-21st-century-high-rise.pdf, 2012

Fig. 20-24 Retrieved from http://www.nbbj.com/work/hangzhou-stadium/#previous, Time: N.A.

Fig.25-26. Retrieved from http://www.cadalyst.com/cad/building-design/generative-design-is-changing-face-architecture-12948, Oct 19th, 2008

Fig.27. Retrieved from https://yeswebim.wordpress.com/2015/04/13/bim-and-scripting-beijing-national-aquatics-center/, Apr 13th, 2015

Fig.28. Retrieved from http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=418&P=3Oct, July 2008

ALGORITHMICSKETCHBOOK

Ning ZHU 730220

W01_ LOFTING 01

W01_ SWEEPING 02

W01_TRIANGULATION 2D 03

W01_ TRIANGULATION 3D 04

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W02_VECTOR & MESH GEOMETRY 05

06W02_ CURVE MENU

W02_ TRANSFORM MENU 07

W02_ Detailing Planar Joints 08

W02_ Contours, sections, Curve Intersections 08

Pyramid successive section still fails,exploring...

W03_ Gridshell and patterning list 09