nickel metal hydride (nimh)edge.rit.edu/content/p12005/public/nickelmetalhydride_appman.pdf · he...

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

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ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man

0 Energizer – This dnts herein do not co

Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics

Charging Characteristics

Storage

Device Design Considerations

Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.

document was preponstitute a warranty

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NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


Ta Ge

B Thnicenennic

ng

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| 800-383-732


Typical ApplFeature

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NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


A Cl

(F El Thdis ChAteleind Al Atnic Ni DiAtco Al At Ni

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http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/nickelmetalhydride_XSection.pdf

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


Ne Thstoto vopescallcade

(F Po ThThgo Thlimpodifha

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he basic concept orage of hydrogeform hydrides th

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ig. 2) Schematic

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of Metal-Alloy S

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lectrode Balances

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ery negative elecgy source in the hydrogen in volunts and proportioeed at room tempydrogen atom is

e has a theoreticas a result, nickel-uivalent nickel-ca

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draws heavily onbiting excellent he electrode is pas

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on: NiMH01.11

of 15

on the ere observed

mes their own e balanced to shown tices of an han the energy

m electrodes. life, and ier.

positive-ty than the ygen gas that ficient way of

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


El Thhy Se Thall Ba Thuspoins Niinsteelerethunof posareon

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ectrolyte

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attery Construc

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ckel-metal hydridsulated from eacrminal. Finished ectrical isolation sealable safety ve oxygen recomb

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ig. 4) Picture of

Dischargin

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efinitions of Ca

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de batteries are ch other. The casbattery designs between cells in

vent built into thebination cycle derating conditionsharge or incompen, and hydrogeen to reduce the

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apacity

ery parameter of nt use profile. Wry screening and tand the conditios on projected pefrom a new, but

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metal hydride baconstituents to e

rator, which provypically this is a n

nds itself to the wm, LI ion and primnsulated by separsealed after inje

typically sealed dse serves, as the may use a plasti typical battery ae top, as shown escribed earlier is, thus maintaininatible battery/ch

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Mechanism

teristics

kel-metal hydrideose requiring a st

interest to a proWhile establishing

initial design areons under which erformance. Thethoroughly cond

r.com

ocument as a legal

attery is alkaline, nhance battery p

vides electrical isnon-woven polyo

wound constructmary lithium batterators. The sandw

ection of electroly

designs with mete negative terminic insulating wrapapplications. Nickin (Fig. 4). The ns capable of recong pressure equiharger combinatioated faster than revent battery ruvent can carry el

e battery is genertable voltage for

oduct designer isactual run times

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a 20% to 40% wperformance.

solation betweenolefin.

tion shown in (Fieries. The basic wiched electrodeyte.

tallic cases and tnal for the batterypper shrunk overkel-metal hydridenickel-metal hydrombining gases flibrium within thons for the operait can be recombupture. The vent ectrolyte, which

rally well suited textended period

s usually the run s in the product ed using rated cais established an

ry rating, often asubjected to a co

Nickel Versio

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weight % solutio

the electrodes w

ig. 1), which is scomponents cones are wound tog

tops that are elecy while the top isr the case to proe batteries contaride battery is deformed during ove battery. Howevating environmenbined. In such careseals once themay form crysta

to the needs of tds of operations,

time available uis vital prior to fi

apacities. Designend the impact of

abbreviated as C,onstant-current d

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on: NiMH01.11

of 15

on of alkaline

while still

imilar to that nsist of the gether and

ctrically s the positive

ovide ain a esigned so vercharge ver, in cases nt, it is ases the e pressure is als or rust

today’s or high rate

nder a nal adoption ers should f differences , is the discharge at

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


rocanoall Maof In Nianpeth Thdiswoinc

(F Vo Thcocu Sh A ini

ng

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om temperature apacity ratings deormally determinlowed to reach fu

any charge and dvarying battery

nternal Resista

MH batteries havnd large surface aerformance. The e battery IR will

he graph below (scharge with a 1ould typically be creased as you c

ig. 5) Calculated

oltage During D

he discharge voltonditions, notablyurve retains the f

hape of Discha

typical dischargeitial drop from an

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after being optimepend on the disced at a dischargeull capacity.

discharge paramsizes and capaci

nce

ve a relatively lowarea of the electIR of fresh, fullystay relatively co

(Fig. 5) shows th0 mA pulse everseen in a lower

cycle the battery

IR

Discharge

tage profile, in ady discharge tempflat plateau desira

rge Curve

e profile for a batn open-circuit vo

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mally charged. Scharge rate usede rate that fully d

eters are normaties is often iden

w internal resistarodes. The low b

y charged NiMH bonstant until nea

e calculated IR (ry 6 minutes. Theoperating voltagbased on age an

ddition to the traperature and discable for electron

ttery discharged oltage of approxim

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Since battery capd. For nickel-metdepletes the batt

lized by the C rantical when comp

ance (IR) due to battery IR allowsbatteries is typicaar end of life whe

(change in voltage IR of NiMH batge as well as a hind use.

ansient effects dicharge rate. Howics applications.

at the 5-hour ramately 1.4 volts


pacity varies invetal hydride battertery in five hours

te since battery pared on the C b

the wound conss NiMH batteries ally less than 50 ere it will rise sha

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Nickel Versio

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rsely with the disries, the rated cas. Up to five cycl

performance witbasis.

struction, enhancto have excellenmilliohms. Durin

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is affected by enst conditions the

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Metal Hydride

on: NiMH01.11

of 15

scharge rate, apacity is es are

thin a family

ced contacts nt high rate ng discharge,

750 mA use. This

s also

nvironmental e voltage

Fig. 6). The pidly.

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


(F Simthof pr En Thtenolowpr

(F Ththlar

ng

ride (Nin Manual

| 800-383-732


ig. 6) Typical Dis

milar to lithium Ae discharge whethe curve, the m

rovides a useful a

nvironmental E

he principal envirmperature and dot appreciably affwer temperaturerofile.

ig. 7) Midpoint V

he effect of dische discharge curvrger portion of th

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scharge Profile /

AA primary batteere the voltage drmid-point voltageapproximation to

Effects

ronmental influendischarge rate. Afect the nickel-mes, will reduce the

Voltage Variation

harge rate on volves for rates undehe discharge dur

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NiMH Battery

ries, the nickel-mrops quickly. As ce (MPV - the voltao average voltage

nces on the locats indicated in (Fi

metal hydride batte mid-point volta

with Temperatu

tage profile is sher 1C; for rates oation.

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ocument as a legal

metal hydride batcan be seen by t

tage when 50 pee throughout the

tion and shape oig. 7), small variatery voltage profage while mainta

ure

hown in (Fig. 8). over 1C; both the


ttery exhibits a sthe flatness of thrcent of the avai

e discharge.

of the voltage proations from roomfile. However maaining the genera

There is no signe beginning and

Nickel Versio

ity.

sharp "knee" at the plateau and thilable capacity is

ofile are the discm temperature (±ajor excursions, eal shape of the v

nificant effect on ending transient

Metal Hydride

on: NiMH01.11

of 15

the end of he symmetry discharged)

harge ± 10oC) do especially oltage

the shape of ts consume a

NicHan

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©2010Conten

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ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


(F Di AstethwhEf Thlowfo

(F (Fcarare

ng

ride (Nin Manual

| 800-383-732


ig. 8) Voltage Pr

ischarge Capac

s with the voltagemperature duringe battery, i.e. thhich has been reffect of Temper

he primary effectwer temperaturerce significant ca

ig. 9) Variation o

ig. 10) illustratesapacity for dischate of 4C, significaduction dependin

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rofile Variation w

city Behavior

e profile, the capg discharge and e charge/discharturned to it fromrature

ts of battery temes (<0oC) as showapacity derating f

of Discharge Cap

s the influence ofarge rates below ant reductions inng on the choice

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ith Discharge Ra

pacity available dthe rate of disch

rge/storage histom the previous ch

perature on discwn in (Fig. 9). Usfrom room-temp

pacity with Tempe

f discharge rate 1C. At discharge

n voltage deliverye of discharge ter

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ocument as a legal

ate

during discharge harge. The capacory of the batteryharge cycle less w

chargeable capacse of nickel meta

perature values.

erature

on total capacitye rates above 1Cy occur. This voltrmination voltage


is dramatically acity is also heavily. A battery can whatever is lost t

city, assuming adal hydride batteri

y available. ThereC and below the ctage reduction me.

Nickel Versio

ity.

affected by the by influenced by tonly discharge thto self discharge

dequate chargingies in cold enviro

e is no significancurrent maximum

may also result in

Metal Hydride

on: NiMH01.11

of 15

attery the history of he capacity .

g, are at onments may

nt effect on m discharge n capacity

NicHan

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ckel Mendbook and

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Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


(F St A bavaunbe Tococa M Agderohatheffth Di Tothbavonere

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| 800-383-732


ig. 10) Effect of

tate-of-Charge

major question fatteries. Users waariety of schemesnder normal dische used to accurat

o date, the only fomparing the elecapacity remaining

emory/Voltage

gain, this is no loesigners of deviceutinely partially d

as been reportede severity of thisfect is generally e nickel-metal hy

ischarge Termi

o prevent the pote load from the

attery carried throltage plateaus aegative. At the posult in battery ve

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e Measurement

for users of portaant some form os for measuring sharge rates, andtely determine st

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e Depression

onger a concern. es, using nickel-cdischarged, a de when the discha

s problem in nickagreed to be in tydride battery, m

ination

tential for irreverbattery prior to tough a total discre caused by theoint both electrodenting as well as

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on Capacity

t

able electronics iof "fuel gauge" tostate-of-charge hdue to depende

tate-of-charge.

charge sensing fng charge and d

The issue of "mecadmium batterie

epression in the darge extends frokel-cadmium battthe structure of t

memory is no lon

rsible harm to thtotal discharge ischarge involves ae discharge of firdes are reversedirreversible dam

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ocument as a legal

s the run time leo help them detehave been suggeence on cycles an

found to consisteischarge with se

emory" or voltages. In some appldischarge voltagem the routinely dteries is open to the cadmium eleger a concern.

e battery causeds highly recommea dual plateau vorst the positive eld, substantial hydmage.


eft before they neermine when theyested. The flatnend time paramete

ently give reasonelf discharge com

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ectrode. With the

d by battery reveended. The typicoltage profile as ilectrode and thedrogen gas evolu

Nickel Versio

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eed to recharge y need to chargess of the voltageers, voltage sens

nable results is compensation to ind

as a concern for nickel-cadmium boximately 150 mVrely discharged zetations, the soue elimination of c

ersal in dischargecal voltage profileindicated in (Fig.n the residual caution occurs, whi

Metal Hydride

on: NiMH01.11

of 15

their e again. A e plateau sing cannot

oulometry—dicate the

many batteries are V per battery zones. While urce of the cadmium in

e, removal of e for a . 11). The apacity in the ich may

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

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ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

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tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


(F A ocan V Novolonch0.redisco Thso Cy Mateovwhidewoex

C Prchin fo Inba

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ig. 11) Nickel-Me

key to avoiding hccur. Two issues nd multiple-cell a

Voltage Cutoff a

ormally dischargeolt per battery nong-term discharghange in shape in9V/battery cutoffason, a better chscharge rate. No

onsiderations of p

here may be endome potential add

ycle Life

any factors can amperature, dept

ver discharge, stohich can lead to eal controlled coorld use, the factxperienced.

Charging Croper charging ofharging balances

prolonging life. r additional infor

general, the nicattery. Under cha

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harm to the battcomplicate the spplications.

at High Rates

e cutoff is based ominal mid-point ge for individual n the voltage curff may be premathoice for voltage ote, however, thapreventing dama

-application justiditional capacity.

affect NiMH (chah of discharge, dorage conditions,activation of the nditions, up to otors mentioned a

Characterif nickel-metal hythe need for quiIn addition, a sermation on charg

ckel-metal hydridarging can cause

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tery Polarity Reve

ery is to terminaselection of the p

on voltage dropvoltage) often bbattery applicatiorve with the moreture, leaving a sicutoff in high-ra

at this choice of ege to the battery

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stics dride batteries isick, thorough chalected charger sh

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ps with a value ofbeing used. 0.9 vons (<1C). Howee rounded "kneeignificant fractionate applications iend-of-dischargey.

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of these factorscharge current, es can cause gas grmanent deterioraned with NiMH bct on the number

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plateau where damination: high-rat

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l-cadmium

NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


Niprma (Fbode ThacSinththincgath

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NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


Re Typrbaac14(Cov

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hour) smart chargsmart charger ci

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NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


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NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


D MaThnic OrThob TeLikenex OpNiat te HoCope ShNiele BaThovduthcobath

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Device DesMaterials of Constrhe materials of cockel-plated steel,

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NicHan

Energi

©2010Conten

C

ckel Mendbook and

izer Battery Man


Contents

Introduction

Battery Description

Discharging

Characteristics


Storage


Care and Handlin

Disposal and

Recycling

tal Hyd Application

ufacturing Inc.


DTh

Coco

STh

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| 800-383-732


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nickel metal hydride (nimh)edge.rit.edu/content/p12005/public/nickelmetalhydride_appman.pdf · he...

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