Ill H KHANG (Chu bien)NGUYf: GT.0000026707 WaN UY, NGUYEN HONG PHU'ONG DO bA lam, do thi ngoc quynh, dotuan anh

GIAO TRINH

TfA/ H O C m c i M i c ;

i

TRAN DINH KHANG (Chu bien)NGUYEN LINK GIANG, DO VAN UY, NG UY£n HONG PHl/ONG,

DO BA LAM, DO THI NGQC QUYTVH, D 6 TUAN ANH

G I A O T R I N H

TIN HOC DAI CtrONG(Tai ban Ian thir ba)

NHA XUAT BAN BACH KHOA - H /lA ^ I

B4n quyen thugc ve tru6ng D?i hgc Bich Khoa H i Npi.

Mpi hinh thiic xuat bin, sao chep m i khong c6 s\r cho phep bing vim bin cua trubng li vi phmn phip lu|t.

M i so; 22 - 2014/CXB/244 - 80/BKHN

Bien muc tren xui't ban ph^m cua Thu viin Qu6c gia Viit Nam

Gido trtnh tin hpc dai cirong / TrSn Dinh Khang. Nguyfin Linh Giang, D6 van Uy... - Tii ban iSn thii rMt c6 siira chfla vi b6 sung. - H .: Bich khoa H i Ndi, 2014. - 246tr.: hmh ve, bing .;24cm,

Thu muc: tr. 245

ISBN 978-604-911-829-6

1. Tin hoc dai cuong 2. L iptnnh 3. Thuittoin 4. G iiotnnh

005.1 -dc l4BKB0050p-CIP

LOfI NOI d Au

Gido troth Tin hpc d^i cuomg dugc bien soan theo chiromg trinh mon hQC Tin hpc d^i cvong gidng day tai Truong Dai hpc Bach Khoa Hi Npi. Giao trinh cung c6 the lam tii lipu hpc tap cho sinh vien cac truong Dai hpc, Cao ding ky thuat va cong nghp Tong ca nuoc.

Vdi nyc tieu cung cap tai lipu hpc tpp cho sinh vien, nhom tic gia d i tap hpp bai giang va kinh nghipm ciia nhieu thay, c6 giao trong Vipn Cong nghp thong tin va Truyai thong, Truong Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Npi de bien tap thanh giao trinh nay.

Bo cvc giao trinh gdm ba phan chinh nhu sau:

Phan I: Tin hgc can ban. Phin nay trinh biy ve thong tin, du lipu, hp thong may tinh vi cac hp thong ung dyng. Day la nhCmg kien thtic c5n ban ve tin hpc va may tinh, giup cho ngucri hpc co nen tang tot khi buoc tiep vio the gioi v6 ciing rpng Idn thipc ITnh vyc cong nghp thong tin.

Phan II: Giai quyet bdi loan. Npi dung phan nay gioi thipu ve giai quySt bai toan, bieu dien thuyt toan va cac thuyt toan thong dyng. Voi kinh nghipm nhieu nim thatn gia giang dyy, cac tac gii nhyn thiy, khong it sinh vien thanh thyo ve tin hpc vi lip trinh nhung van thuong to ra Iting tung khi dung truoc mpt bai toin thyc te cin giai quyet. Do do, phan nay giiip sinh vien c6 dupe tu duy ban dau v i biSt cich ap dyng cic kien thuc tin hpc de giii quyet mpt bii toan trong thyc tien.

Phan III: Lqp trinh. Day li phan trpng tarn ciia giio trinh. gioi thipu nhftng kien thuc nen ting ctia ngon ngO- lap trinh C, mpt ngon ngii mi hau het lap trinh vien chuyen nghipp deu su dyng.

Cuoi moi phin li mpt so cau hoi v i bii tap nhim giup byn dpc cting c6 nhinig kien thuc da hpc.

Cic tic gii xin biy to sy biet cm chan thinh doi voi cic thay c6 giio, cic dong nghi§p trong Vipn Cong nghp thong tin v i Truyen thong, Truong Dyi hpc Bich Khoai Hi Npi, da giup do v i dpng vien rat nhieu trong qui trinh bien soyn giio trinh. Die bipt, xin gui loi cam om sau sic toi PCS. D$ng Vin Chuyet v i TS. Phym Ding: Hii da dinh thoi gian dpc bin thio v i cho nhung y kien dong g6p quy biu.

Prong qud trinh bien scan, mac dii d§ rat c6 ging, nhimg sai sot la dieu kho tnranh di6i, ckc tic gia rat mong nhan du<jrc y ki6n dong g6p ciia ban dpc de \kn tai 1 ban sau dugc hoan thi?n hom.

Vlpi y kien dong gop xin guri ve: Vipn Cong nghp thong tin va Truyen thoong, rniong Dai hpc Bach Khoa Ha Npi, so 1 Dai Co Vipt, Hai Ba Tnmg, Ha Npi.

CAC TAC GIA

M yc Lyc

Danh muc hinh ve......................................................................................................

PHAN I. TIN HQC CAN BAN............................................................................ 11

1.1. Thong tin bieu dien thong tin.................................................................... 11

1.1.1. Cac khai niem ca ban ve thong tin va tin hpc............................................ 111.1.1.1. Thong tin va xii ly thong tin..............................................................111.1. 1.2. May tinh di?n tii v^ phan loai......................................................131.1.1.3. Tin hgc va cac nganh cong nghg lien quan....................................16

1.1.2. Bieu dien dir lieu trong may tinh............................................................... 181.1.2.1. Bieu dien so trong cac h? dem........................................................... 181.1.2.2. Bieu dien du ligu trong may tinh va dcm vj thong tin ....................... 231.1.2.3. Bieu dien so nguyen........................................................................... 251.1.2.4. Bieu dien so thgc................................................................................ 291.1.2.5. Bieu dien ky t\r................................................................................... 31

1.2. Hf thong may tinh.............................................................................................

1.2.1. He thong may ti'nh..................................................................................... 36

1.2.1.1. To chuc ben trong may tinh..............................................................361.2.1.2. Phan mem may tinh.......................................................................... 46

1.2.2. Mang may tinh........................................................................................... 49

1.2.2.1. Khai nigm va Ijch su phat trien cua mang may tinh.......................... 491.2.2.2. Phan loai mang mdy tlnh.................................................................... 501.2.2.3. Cac thanh phin ca bin cua mpt mang mdy tinh................................511.2.2.4. Mang Internet......................................................................................53

1.2.3. Gidi thigu hq dieu h ^ h ............................................................................. 581.2.3.1. Cac khai niem ca ban........................................................................ 581.2.3.2. H? Ignh cua h? dieu hanh..................................................................621.2.3.3. Hg dieu hanh Windows..................................................................... 62

[.3. CAc h§ thong ung dyng........................................................................................

1.3.1. H? thdng thong tin quan ly ............................................................................ 781.3.1.1 . Khai ................................................................................................781.3.1.2. Cac ch6c nSng cua h? thong thong tin qudn ly .....................................791.3.1.3. Cac dang va cac dSic tinh cua thong tin trong t6 chuc..........................791.3.1.4. Phuomg p h ^ xay d\mg \k phdt trim h? thdng thong tin............................ 80

1.3.2. H? som thao vSn ban.....................................................................................1.3.2.1. Khai ni?m...............................................................................................1.3.2.2. Mpt so quy t3c g5 v^n ban co ban.........................................................85

1.3.3. H? trinh dien vSn bin....................................................................................1.3.3. l.Khai ni?m.............................. 861.3.3.2. Mpt so liru y khi tao cic file trinh dien................................................89

1.3.4. H? thong tin bing tinh.................................................................................. 901.3.5. H? quin trj co so dtt li?u..............................................................................93

1.3.5.1. Khii ni?m............................................................................................... 931.3.5.2. Cic tinh ning ciia mpt h? quin tri co so dG li?u.................................95

1.3.6. Cic h? thdng thuomg mai di?n hi.................................................................961.3.6.1. Khii ni?m thuong mai di?n h i .............................................................961.3.6.2. Lgri ich ciia thuomg mai di?n h i............................................................961.3.6.3. Cic loai hinh ling d\ing thuong mai di?n hi........................................971.3.6.4. Thanh toin di?n h i ...............................................................................981.3.6.5. Quing cio tren internet........................................................................98

1.3.7. Cic h? thong thdng minh.............................................................................99I. 4. Cau hoi v i h ii ........ .....................................................................................

PHAN II. GIAI QUY£t BAI t o a n ..................................................................105

II. I. G iii quyet hii to in ................................................................................... 105

II. 1.1. Khii ni§m ve bii toin.......................................................................... • 05II. 1.2. Qui trinh giii quyet bii toin bing miy tinh...................................... 106II. 1.3. Cic phuong phip giii quyet bii toin bing miy tinh.........................107

II.1.3.1. Giii quyet bii toin theo hudmg xic dinh true tiep Idi g ii i .........107II. 1.3.2. Giii quyet bii toin theo hudmg tim kiem lid g iii...................... 108

l l . l Thuat todn.......................................................................................................

r .2 1. Dinh nghia thuat todn.............................................................................1 1 ]r.22. Bieu dien thuat toan................................................................................. 113

n.2.2.1. Ngon ngO liru do.............................................................................. 114n.2.2.2. Ma gia...............................................................................................120

r.2 3. MqI so thuat toan thong dyng.................................................................. 121

n.2.3.1. Thuat todn hoan vj gia trj hai bien...................................................121n.2.3.2. Thuat toan Idem tra so nguyen to ....................................................121n.2.3.3. Thuat toan tim phan tir Ion nhat trong mpt d2y hvhi han so............122H.2.3.4. Thugt toan gidi phuong trinh bac hai...............................................123II.2.3.5. Thuat toan s5p xep ddy................................................................. 124

112.4. Thuat toan d? quy.................... 125112.5. Thuat giai heuristic.................................................................................. 127

11.2.5.1. Thuat giai - S\r mo rpng khai nipm cua thuat toan......................... 12711.2.5.2. Thuat gldi heuristic.......................................................................... 128

II. 3.Cau hoi vd bdi tap ..................................................................................... 129

PHAN III. LAP TRINH...................................................................................... ..

III. l Tong quan ve ng6n ngfr C ..................................................................... ..

IL. 1.1. Lich sii phat trien..................................................................................130

II’. 1.2. Cac phan hi co ban cua ngon ngir C .....................................................13 1III.1.2.1. Tap Id t\r..................................................................................... ..III. 1.2.2. Tirkhda........................................................................................III. 1.2.3. D jnh d a n h ..................................................................................................... ..

III. 1.2.4. Cac kieu dii lipu........................................................................... I34III.1.2.5. H5ng........................................................................................... ..III. 1.2.6. Bien......................................................................................... I37III. 1.2.7. Ham..............................................................................................III. 1.2.8. Bieu thuc.................................................................................. 13gIII. 1.2.9. Cau Ipnh........................................................................................HI.1.2.10. Chu thich................................................................................ I39

III 1.3. Cau true co bdn ciia mpt chuong trinh C ............................................. 140

III.1.4. Bien dich chuomg trinh ...... ................................................................... 143III. 1.4.1. Trinh bien djch Turbo C++.............................................................. * 43III. 1.4.2. Cai dat v i su dyng Turbo C++ 3.0.................................................... ’143III. 1.4.3. Sir dving moi tnrbng Turbo C++ 3.0............... 144

II.2. Kieu dir ll^u v i bieu thirc trong ......... ................................................ 145

111.2.1. Cac kiSu dil li?u chuan trong C................................................................ 145m.2.2. Ckc bieu thuc ............................................................................................ 147111.2.3. Cic phep ................................................................................................... 149

111.2.3.1. Phep toan so hpc.................................................................................149111.2.3.2. Phep toan quan h ? ..............................................................................151111.2.3.3. Cic phep to^n logic........................................................................... 151111.2.3.4. Phep toan gan.................................................................................... 152

111.2.4. Thu t\r uu tien cdc phip toan................................................................... 153111.2.5. Mqt so toin tu d§c trung trong C ..............................................................154

I I J . Cau true lip trinh trong ............................................................................. *58

111.3.1. Vio/ra....................................................................................................... 158111.3.1.1. C&c l?nh vko ra du li?u vdi ede bien (printf, scan!)....................... 158ni.3.1.2. Cac l?nh nhap xuat khac..................................................................165

111.3.2. Cau true khoi l?nh .................................................................................. 166m.3.3. C au tn ic if ................................................................................................168111.3.4. Cau true lya chpn switch.........................................................................169111.3.5. Vong Idp for.............................................................................................173111.3.6. V6ng lap while va do - while................................................................ 175111.3.7. Cic l?nh thay doi cau tnic lap trinh.......................................................179

ni.3.7.1. Continue..........................................................................................179111.3.7.2. Break...............................................................................................180

[II.4. M ing, con trd v i xiu t y ........................................................... . 181

III.4.1. M ing................................ ...................................................................... 181111.4.1.1. Khii ni?m m ing............................................................................. 181111.4.1.2. Khai bio v i su dyng m ing............................................................ 181111.4.1.3. Cic thao tic ca bin tren m ing ...................................................... 183