Age of Exploitation?

Name: ____________________________________________ Per: ______

Age of Exploration Notes

WHAT DROVE EXPLORATION? Sense of ___________________________ & ______________________________ inspired by

the Renaissance- ________________________________________________________________________________

Desire for _____________________________________________ from Asia but _______________________________________________________________________________________________- Spices from _____________________- _______________________________________ from China

Europeans usually traveled by _________________________________________________________________________________- Had to go through _________________________________- ________________________________________________ WHY?

Christian Europe _________________________ (______________) against Muslims Spain & Portugal reconquered their lands &

___________________________________.

ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY - New technology from _________________ & _________________- Compass __________________________________- Astrolabe _________________________________- Faster & larger ships

PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION: _____________________________________________ Prince Henry wanted to find

_______________________________________________________ Bartolomeu Dias 1st to

_____________________________________________________________ Vasco da Gama reached

___________________________________________________________.

DA GAMA’S TRIPS TO INDIA 1st Voyage- King of Calicut mocked him because

_________________________________ - Most of his men

___________________________________________________ 2nd Voyage- More prepared

_________________________________________________

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- Attacked & rob ___________________________________________________

- Robbed & burned a ship carrying ___________________________________

- When he reached Calicut ________________________________________

- Demanded King of Calicut _____________________________ when he refused __________________________________________________________

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Wanted to

___________________________________________________________ Knew the world was

__________________________________________________ Made 2 calculation errors

1. __________________________________________________________________2. __________________________________________________________________

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS: WHAT REALLY HAPPENED? (video) - Why was Columbus interested in sailing west?

_______________________________________- Where did Columbus believed he landed in? Where did he actually landed in?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- Why did he call the native people, Indians? What were they actually called? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- What did the Taino have that Columbus wanted? ____________________________________

- What did Columbus bring back from the new world? Why did the Spanish monarch send him back? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- What happened on Columbus’ 2nd voyage?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- What happened to the Taino people under Columbus?

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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- What ultimately happened to Columbus?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CONQUISTADORS Means ____________________________ in Spanish Columbus paved way for Settled in _______________________________________________ forced Natives to:

_________________________________ Moved to _____________________________________ because stories of

___________________.

Hernan Cortes- Arrives to

__________________________________________________________ - Meets

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- With help from ______________________________________________________

Francisco Pizarro- Inspired by ____________________________________- Arrives ________________________________________- Inca emperor Atahaulpa refuse to

________________________________________________________________

- With help from other ___________________________________________________________________________

- Demands huge _____________ _______________ _______________________________ conquers the Inca Empire

Conquistador’s 3 reasons to go:1. ______________________2. ______________________3. ______________________

EUROPEAN SUCCESS IN THE AMERICAS Guns/Armor

_____________________________________________________________________

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Horses __________________________________________________________________________

Diseases _________________________________________________________________________

SPANISH & PORTUGUESE EMPIRE ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ Native Population

- ____________________________________________________- ____________________________________________________- ____________________________________________________- ____________________________________________________

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade _________________________________________________________________________________________

Success of Spain & Portugal ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TRIANGULAR TRADE (______________________________) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ex. ________________________________________________________________________________

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Primary SourcesExcerpts for the journal of Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) on his trip to the New World[Columbus often referred to himself and his men in 3rd person in his writing, he would refer to himself as, “the Admiral”]

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Thursday II October (1492) The land was first seen by a sailor called Rodrigo de Triana…

At two o'clock in the morning the land was discovered, at two leagues' distance…they found themselves near a small island, one of the Lucayos, called in the Indian language Guanahani. Presently they descried people, naked, and the Admiral landed in the boat, which was armed, along with Martin Alonzo Pinzon, and Vincent Yanez his brother, captain of the Nina.

…Numbers of the people of the island straightway collected together. Here follow the precise words of the Admiral: "As I saw that they were very friendly to us, and perceived that they could be much more easily converted to our holy faith by gentle means than by force, I presented them with some red caps, and strings of beads to wear upon the neck, and many other trifles of small value, wherewith they were much delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us. Afterwards they came swimming to the boats, bringing parrots, balls of cotton thread, javelins, and many other things which they exchanged for articles we gave them, such as glass beads, and hawk's bells; which trade was carried on with the utmost good will. But they seemed on the whole to me, to be a very poor people. They all go completely naked, even the women, though I saw but one girl. All whom I saw were young, not above thirty years of age, well made, with fine shapes and faces…

Weapons they have none, nor are acquainted with them, for I showed them swords which they grasped by the blades, and cut themselves through ignorance. They have no iron, their javelins being without it, and nothing more than sticks, though some have fish-bones or other things at the ends. They are all of a good size and stature, and handsomely formed. I saw some with scars of wounds upon their bodies, and demanded by signs the of them; they answered me in the same way, that there came people from the other islands in the neighborhood who endeavored to make prisoners of them, and they defended themselves. I thought then, and still believe, that these were from the continent. It appears to me, that the people are ingenious, and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it please our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language. I saw no beasts in the island, nor any sort of animals except parrots." These are the words of the Admiral.

.What was Columbus’ first encounter with the native people of Guanahani like? How did they treat him?

How did Columbus perceive these people? What were his intentions towards them?

Excerpts for the journal of Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) on his trip to the New World[Columbus often referred to himself and his men in 3rd person in his writing, he would refer to himself as, “the Admiral”]

Sunday, 14 October (1492) In the morning, I ordered the boats to be got ready, and coasted along the island toward the north- northeast to examine that part of it, we having landed first at the

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eastern part. Presently we discovered two or three villages, and the people all came down to the shore, calling out to us, and giving thanks to God. Some brought us water, and others victuals: others seeing that I was not disposed to land, plunged into the sea and swam out to us, and we perceived that they interrogated us if we had come from heaven. An old man came on board my boat; the others, both men and women cried with loud voices--"Come and see the men who have come from heavens. Bring them victuals and drink." There came many of both sexes, every one bringing something, giving thanks to God, prostrating themselves on the earth, and lifting up their hands to heaven. They called out to us loudly to come to land, but I was apprehensive on account of a reef of rocks, which surrounds the whole island…

…I do not, however, see the necessity of fortifying the place, as the people here are simple in war-like matters, as your Highnesses will see by those seven which I have ordered to be taken and carried to Spain in order to learn our language and return, unless your Highnesses should choose to have them all transported to Castile, or held captive in the island. I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased.

… the inhabitants [of these islands] living at war with one another, although a simple race, and with delicate bodies.

What was Columbus’ encounter with the native people like? How did they treat him?

How did Columbus perceive these people? What were his intentions towards them?

Excerpt from Columbus’s letter to Luis de Santangel (a patron who helped fund the first voyage)

…they are artless and generous with what they have, to such a degree as no one would believe but him who had seen it. Of anything they have, if it be asked for, they never say no, but do rather invite the person to accept it, and show as much lovingness as though they would give their hearts…

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…their Highnesses [Queen and King of Spain] may see that I shall give them as much gold as they need .... and slaves as many as they shall order to be shipped.

.According to this letter, how did Columbus perceive the native people of the Americas? What were his intentions towards them?

Excerpt from Michele de Cuneo’s Letter on the 2nd Voyage, 28 October 1495(de Cuneo was a friend of Christopher Columbus and also fellow explorer .)

While I was in the boat I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral [Christopher Columbus] gave to me, and with whom, having taken her into my cabin, she being naked according to their custom, I conceived desire to take pleasure. I wanted to put my desire into execution but she did not want it and treated me with her finger nails in such a manner that I wished I had never begun. But seeing that (to tell you the end of it all), I took a rope and thrashed her well, for which she raised such unheard of screams that you would not have believed your ears. Finally we came to an agreement in such manner that I can tell you that she seemed to have been brought up in a school of harlots.

According to Cuneo, what did the Admiral Columbus give to him?

What is being described in this letter?

Observations by Bartolome de las Casas from his book, “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies”, 1552 (Bartolome de Las Casas was a Spanish Catholic priest/missionary living in the Americas, this was written after he witnessed the cruelty against the Taino in the 1500s.

Since the Admiral [Columbus] perceived that daily the people of the land were taking up arms, ridiculous weapons in reality [wooden spears and bows]… he hastened [hurried] to

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proceed to the country and disperse and subdue, by force of arms, the people of the entire island… For this he chose 2000 foot soldiers and 20 cavalry [soldiers on horses], with many crossbows and small cannon, lances, and swords, and a still more terrible weapon against the Indians, in addition to the horses: this was 20 hunting dogs, who were turned loose and immediately tore the Indians apart…

…And thus pregnant and nursing women and children and old persons and any others they might take, they would throw them into the holes until the pits were filled, the Indians pierced through by the stakes, which was a sore thing to see, especially the women with their children…

…They [the Conquistadors] would erect long gibbets (gallows)… and bind thirteen of the Indians at one time, in honour and reverence, they said, of Our Redeemer and the twelve Apostles, and put firewood

around it and burn the Indians alive.

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…Another time, because the Indians did not give him [Columbus] a coffer filled with gold… they killed an infinite number of souls, and cut off the hands and noses of countless women and men, and others they threw to the savage dogs, who ate them and tore them to pieces.

According to de las Casas, what did Columbus constantly fear? How did he deal with this fear?

What did the natives faces if they resisted or did not provide Columbus and his men with enough gold?

How does de las Casas depict Columbus? What kind of person is Christopher Columbus?

By: Alex Gendler TED-ed

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https://youtu.be/GD3dgiDreGc

1. What is the official status of Columbus Day in the United States?

2. Why might Native Americans living today be uncomfortable with Columbus Day as it has been celebrated through most of the 20th century?

3. Do humanity’s moral standards change with time, or are there certain things that would shock people in any era?

History vs. Christopher Columbus TranscriptBy: TED-ed

Narrator: Many people in the United States and Latin America have grown up celebrating the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's voyage, but was he an intrepid explorer who brought two worlds together or a ruthless exploiter who brought

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colonialism and slavery? And did he even discover America at all? It's time to put Columbus on the stand in History vs. Christopher Columbus.

Judge: "Order, order in the court. Wait, am I even supposed to be at work today?" [Cough]

Prosecutor: "Yes, your Honor. From 1792, Columbus Day was celebrated in many parts of the United States on October 12th, the actual anniversary date. But although it was declared an official holiday in 1934, individual states aren't required to observe it. Only 23 states close public services, and more states are moving away from it completely."

Defense: "What a pity. In the 70s, we even moved it to the second Monday in October so people could get a nice three-day weekend, but I guess you folks just hate celebrations."

Judge: "Uh, what are we celebrating again?"

Defense: "Come on, Your Honor, we all learned it in school. Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to send him on a mission to find a better trade route to India, not by going East over land but sailing West around the globe. Everyone said it was crazy because they still thought the world was flat, but he knew better. And when in 1492 he sailed the ocean blue, he found something better than India: a whole new continent."

Prosecutor: "What rubbish. First of all, educated people knew the world was round since Aristotle. Secondly, Columbus didn't discover anything. There were already people living here for millennia. And he wasn't even the first European to visit. The Norse had settled Newfoundland almost 500 years before."

Judge: "You don't say, so how come we're not all wearing those cow helmets?"

Prosecutor: "Actually, they didn't really wear those either."

Defense: "Who cares what some Vikings did way back when? Those settlements didn't last, but Columbus's did. And the news he brought back to Europe spread far and wide, inspiring all the explorers and settlers who came after. Without him, none of us would be here today."

Prosecutor: "And because of him, millions of Native Americans aren't here today. Do you know what Columbus did in the colonies he founded? He took the very first natives he met prisoner and wrote in his journal about how easily he could conquer and enslave all of them."

Defense: "Oh, come on. Everyone was fighting each other back then. Didn't the natives even tell Columbus about other tribes raiding and taking captives?"

Prosecutor: "Yes, but tribal warfare was sporadic and limited. It certainly didn't wipe out 90% of the population."

Judge: "Hmm. Why is celebrating this Columbus so important to you, anyway?"

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Defense: "Your Honor, Columbus's voyage was an inspiration to struggling people all across Europe, symbolizing freedom and new beginnings. And his discovery gave our grandparents and great-grandparents the chance to come here and build better lives for their children. Don't we deserve a hero to remind everyone that our country was built on the struggles of immigrants?"

Prosecutor: "And what about the struggles of Native Americans who were nearly wiped out and forced into reservations and whose descendants still suffer from poverty and discrimination? How can you make a hero out of a man who caused so much suffering?"

Defense: "That's history. You can't judge a guy in the 15th century by modern standards. People back then even thought spreading Christianity and civilization across the world was a moral duty."

Prosecutor: "Actually, he was pretty bad, even by old standards. While governing Hispaniola, he tortured and mutilated natives who didn't bring him enough gold and sold girls as young as nine into sexual slavery, and he was brutal even to the other colonists he ruled, to the point that he was removed from power and thrown in jail. When the missionary, Bartolomé de las Casas, visited the island, he wrote, 'From 1494 to 1508, over 3,000,000 people had perished from war, slavery and the mines. Who in future generations will believe this?'"

Defense: "Well, I'm not sure I believe those numbers."

Judge: "Say, aren't there other ways the holiday is celebrated?"

Prosecutor: "In some Latin American countries, they celebrate the same date under different names, such as Día de la Raza. In these places, it's more a celebration of the native and mixed cultures that survived through the colonial period. Some places in the U.S. have also renamed the holiday, as Native American Day or Indigenous People's Day and changed the celebrations accordingly."

Judge: "So, why not just change the name if it's such a problem?"

Defense: "Because it's tradition. Ordinary people need their heroes and their founding myths. Can't we just keep celebrating the way we've been doing for a century, without having to delve into all this serious research? It's not like anyone is actually celebrating genocide."

Prosecutor: "Traditions change, and the way we choose to keep them alive says a lot about our values."

Judge: "Well, it looks like giving tired judges a day off isn't one of those values, anyway."

Narrator: Traditions and holidays are important to all cultures, but a hero in one era may become a villain in the next as our historical knowledge expands and our values evolve. And deciding what these traditions should mean today is a major part of putting history on trial.

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Why We Should Celebrate Columbus Day

• Columbus Day recognizes the achievements of a great Renaissance explorer who founded the first permanent European settlement in the New World. The arrival of Columbus in 1492 marks the beginning of recorded history in America.

• Columbus Day celebrates the beginning of cultural exchange between America and Europe. After Columbus, came millions of European immigrants who brought their art, music, science, medicine, philosophy and religious principles to America. These contributions have helped shape the United States and include Greek democracy, Roman law, Judeo-Christian ethics and the tenet that all men are created equal.

• Columbus Day is one of America s oldest holidays. The tradition of observing Columbus Day dates back to the 18th century. It was first celebrated on October 12, 1792, when the New York Society of Tammany honored Columbus on the 300th anniversary of his first voyage.

• Columbus Day is a patriotic holiday. In fact, the Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 in honor of the 400th anniversary of his first voyage. That year, President Benjamin Harrison declared Columbus Day a legal holiday.

• The United States has long admired Columbus. America has more monuments to Columbus than any nation in the world, according to the Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. These include a Columbus statue in Providence, R.I., cast by Frederic Auguste Bertholdi, who created the Statue of Liberty, and one in New York City, created by one of the six Italian American brothers who carved the Lincoln Memorial.

• The United States has a significant collection of Columbus memorabilia, including his desk, papers, and the cross he used to claim the New World for Spain. These are in the Columbus Chapel in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania.

• In 1971 Columbus Day became a federal holiday in all 50 states after Congress passed a law declaring the second Monday in October Columbus Day.

• Columbus Day also commemorates the arrival on these shores of more than 5 million Italians a century ago. Today, their children and grandchildren constitute the nation’s fifth largest ethnic group, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

• Columbus Day is the only day on which the nation recognizes the heritage of an estimated 26 million Italian Americans.

Prepared by: The Order Sons of Italy in America in Washington, D.C.

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Honoring Christopher Columbus By: Warren H. Carroll, 1992

On this five hundredth anniversary of what we have always called the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, unprecedented attention is being focused by historians, journalists, and public opinion samplers upon Columbus and what he did. Many are telling us that what Columbus did is not an event that should be honored — that it was not even a real discovery at all, because there were people already in the Americas when he found them. They tell us that this five hundredth anniversary should be an occasion to condemn Columbus, not to praise him.

Let us begin, therefore, by defining the word "discovery" in the context of history. A discovery is made when an individual or a nation finds something or someone or some people or some places of special importance, not previously known to them. When any previously unknown people is first found by another people, that people may be said to have been discovered. People as well as places can be discovered. The fact that people live in places unknown to another people does not mean that they, and the places where they live, cannot be discovered.

No people from any other part of the world ever discovered Europe; but Europeans discovered all other parts of the world…

…He was convinced that God had chosen him to reach that land, hidden from the Western world for ages, which the Roman philosopher Seneca had once prophesied would be revealed. His discovery would bring the Catholic Faith, to which he was devoted, to the people who lived in that land.[3]

It is for the boldness of his conception and his magnificent courage in laying his life on the line to carry it out that Christopher Columbus is most rightly honored…

…Upon the islands that he first discovered on the other side of the Atlantic, Columbus found native inhabitants, whom he called Indians, believing himself to be in "the Indies" of Asia. And here began the long and troubled story of Columbus' interaction with the native Americans.

Before going into the historical details of that interaction, it is essential to clear away the fog of idealization and special pleading that now surrounds so much talk about the American Indians. First of all we have to understand the situation that existed in the world of the Indian of the Caribbean and mid- America when Columbus arrived.

It seems to be true, as is so often repeated today, that when Columbus found them, the Indians inhabiting the Bahama Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the great island the Spanish called Hispaniola (now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic) were a gentle, happy, attractive people living peacefully in good ecological balance with their surroundings. They were known as Taino, or Arawaks.[8]

But they were not destined to remain in their Eden-like situation for long, even if Columbus and the Spanish had not come. Advancing steadily northward from the long chain of Caribbean islands called the Antilles was one of the most ferocious people in recorded history, the Caribs. They were savage conquerors who practiced cannibalism, not as an occasional cultic ritual, but as a regular diet. Captured prisoners were immediately eaten. Conquered peoples were systematically devoured. On every island they seized, the Caribs soon exterminated every Taino. On no island did the two tribes coexist.[9]

Across the island-studded Caribbean Sea lay Mexico. Though politically and culturally advanced beyond most other Indian cultures — the Mexica had a large army, a well-developed governmental administration, a system of writing, and stone temples — their empire, which we call Aztec, carried out ritual human sacrifice on a scale far exceeding any recorded of any other

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people in the history of the world. The law of the Mexica empire required a thousand human sacrifices to the god Huitzilopochtli in every town with a temple, every year; there were 371 subject towns in the empire, and the majority had full-scale temples. There were many other sacrifices as well. The total number was at least 50,000 a year, probably much more. The early Mexican historian Ixtlilxochitl estimated that one out of every five children in Mexico was sacrificed. When in the year 1487 the immense new temple of Huitzilopochtli was dedicated in Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), more than 80,000 men were sacrificed, at fifteen seconds per man, for four days and four nights of almost unimaginable horror.

… These facts of history totally dispose of the romantic fantasy of a hemisphere full of peaceful, nature-loving Indians who threatened no one until the cruel white man came…

…[Columbus] returning home to Spain to the wonder and admiration of his sovereigns and of all Christendom… Everyone sensed that history had been made, that their world would never be the same again…

…Within thirty to forty years the Indians of the Caribbean islands had disappeared as a distinct population, the greater part of them dying from diseases brought first by the white men, then by the black slaves they began to introduce. There were not nearly as many Caribbean natives as the Indians' champion Las Casas believed… The great population decline did not begin until 1508, after Columbus' death. Smallpox and malaria, the most deadly plagues in the history of Europe except for the Black Death, along with yellow fever from Africa, were the principal killers. In the state of medical knowledge of that time, there was no help for this mortality and no escape from it. The mingling of the peoples of the Old and New World, never before brought into contact with one another, carried this heavy and unavoidable price.

But ultimately the American Indians as well as the Europeans benefited from Columbus' great discovery. An interracial culture developed in much of Latin America, notably in Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Human sacrifice and cannibalism were ended, and the Indians were almost all converted to Christianity… Though many Indians were long held in a state of virtual serfdom and some were forced contrary to law to work against their will for long periods of time in gold and silver mines, none were enslaved after the first colonial generation. Spanish law never recognized Indian slavery…

Columbus was a flawed hero — as all men are flawed, including heroes — and his flaws are of a kind particularly offensive to today's culture. But he was nevertheless a hero, achieving in a manner unequalled in the history of exploration and the sea, changing history forever. For some strange reason heroism is almost anathema to our age, at least to many of its most vocal spokesmen. But heroes and the inspiration they give are essential to uplift men and women; without them, faceless mediocrity will soon descend into apathy and degradation. Heroes need not be perfect; indeed, given the fallen nature of man, none can be perfect. It is right to criticize their failings, but wrong to deny their greatness and the inspiration they can give.

Christopher Columbus is the discoverer of America, and by that discovery ultimately responsible for America's evangelization; and for this we should forever honor him.

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* Warren H. Carroll holds his Ph.D. in history from Columbia University and is Chairman of the History Department at Christendom Collegehttp://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/history/honoring-christopher-columbus.html

Socratic Seminar (Semester Final)Discussion Question: Should we still recognize Christopher Columbus as a national hero? Should we still celebrate Columbus Day?

YES, we should still recognize Christopher Columbus as a national hero and continue to celebrate Columbus Day.

NO, we must stop recognizing Christopher Columbus as a national hero and stop celebrating Columbus

Day.

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Notes during discussion

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