ngu phap luyen toefl 1

8/14/2019 Ngu Phap Luyen TOEFL 1

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GRAMMAR REVIEWCu trc cu ting AnhSubject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.

Ch ng ng t v ng tn ng b ng

1.Ch ng (subject) ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1 V+ing, songnhiu nht vn l 1 danh t v 1 danh t c lin quan ti nhng vn sau:

1.1 Danh t m c v khng m c.- Danh t m c c th c dng vi s m do c hnh thi s t, snhiu. N c th dng c dng vi a (an) v the.- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi s m do n khng chnh thi s nhiu. Do , n khng dng c vi a (an).- Mt s cc danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people woman womenmouse - mice foot feettooth - teeth man -men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.

Sand soap physics mathem-

aticsNews mumps Air politicsmeasles

informa-tion

Meat homework

food econom-ics

advert-ising*

money

* Mc dadvertising l danh t khng m c, nhng advertisementli ldanh t m c.V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.There is too much advertising during television shows.- Mt s danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water, i lcc dng nh cc danh t m c ch cc dng khc nhau ca loi danht .V d:This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )He studies meats


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( chng hnpork, beef, lamb. vv...)Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi danh t m c v khngm c.

Danh t m c (withcount noun)

Danh t khng m c (with non-count noun)

a (an), the, some, anythis, that, these, those,none,one,two,three,...manya lot ofplenty ofa large number ofa great number of, a greatmany of.(a) few

few ... thanmore ... than

the, some, anythis, thatnonmuch (thng dng trong cu ph nhhoc cu hia lot of

a large amount ofa great deal of(a) little

less ... thanmore ... than

- Danh t time nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhng nu dngvi ngha s ln hoc thi i li l danh t m c.V d:We have spent too much time on this homework.She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2Qun t a (an) v the1- a v anan - c dng:- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m (vowel) a, e, i, o- hai bn nguyn m u, y- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.v d: u : an uncle.h : an hour- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.

V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MPa : c dng:- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc nh c th v mtc im, tnh cht, v tr hoc c nhc n ln u trong cu.


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- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm, hngngn.V d: a hundred, a thousand.

- trc halfkhi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and a half kilos.Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).- dng trc halfkhi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh t ghp.V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na c phn.

- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one thirdone fourth, one fifth .- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c, dng trong cucm thn.V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.

- a c th c t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.aMr Smith ngha l ngi n ng c gi l Smith v ng l ng ta l ngi l i vi ngi ni. Cn nu khng c a tc l ngi ni bit ng Smith.

2- The- c s dng khi danh t c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im, vtr hoc c nhc n ln th 2 trong cu.- The + noun + preposition + noun.V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the UnitedStates of America.- The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh phV d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.

- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.V d: She is in the garden.

- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.V d : The first week; the only way.- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c th bthe v i danh t sang s nhiu.V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep -freezes.


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Nhng i vi danh t man (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t (a, the) ngtrc.V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.- The + danh t s tch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.

- The + adji din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nhng ccoi l 1 danh t s nhiu v ng t sau n phi c chia ngi th 3 snhiu.V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngi tn tt; The

unemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip.- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s.V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.V d: the East/ West end.

The North / South Pole.Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nu n i km vi

tn ca mt khu vc a l.V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc phthng.V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.

V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.- The + tn h s nhiu c ngha l gia nh h nh ...V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l gia

nh nh Smith.- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c th c s dng phnbit ngi ny vi ngi khc cng tn.V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who

signed this letter.- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nh Home, church, bed, court, hospital, pris-on, school, college, universitykhi n i vi ng t v gii t ch chuynng (ch i ti lm mc ch chnh).V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.to bed ( ng)

to church ( cu nguyn)to court ( kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)


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to prison (i t)to school / college/ university ( hc)

Tng tin bedat church

We can be in court

in hospitalat school/ college/ universityWe can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.

leave schoolWe can leave hospitalbe released from prison.Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.V d:I went to the church to see the stained glass.He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

Student go to the university for a class party. SeaGo to sea (thy th i bin)to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu th i trn bin)Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin,ngh mt.We can live by / near the sea. Work and office.Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.Go to work.

nhng office li phi c the.Go to the office.V d:He is at / in the office.Nuto be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.To be out of office - thi gi chc. TownThe c th b i khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca ch th.V d:We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hp c bit.

Dng the Khng dng the


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Trc cc i dng, sng ngi,bin, vnh v cc h s nhiu.

V d:The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, thePersian Gulf, the Great Lackes. Trc tn cc dy ni.V d : The Rockey Moutains. Trc tn 1 vt th duy nht trn

th gii hoc v tr.V d:The earth, the moon, the GreatWall Trc School/college/university +

of+ nounV d:The University of Florida.The college of Arts and Sciences.

Trc cc s th t + noun.V d:The first world war.The third chapter. Trc cc cuc chin tranh khu vc

vi iu kin tn cc khu vc phi c tnh t ho.V d:The Korean war.

Trc tn cc nc c t 2 t tr ln.Ngoi tr Great Britain.

V d:The United States, the United

Kingdom, the Central Africal Repub-lic. Trc tn cc nc c coi l 1

quno.V d: The Philipin.

Trc cc ti liu hoc s kinmang tnh lch s.V d: The constitution, the

Magna Carta. Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu

s.V d: The Indians, the

Aztecs. Nn dng trc tn cc nhc c.

V d: To play the piano. Trc tn cc mn hc c th.

V d:The applied Math.

Trc tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).V d:Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Trc tn 1 ngn niV d:Mount Mckinley Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc

chm saoV d:Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion. Trc tn cc trng ny khi trc n

l 1 tn ring.V d:Coopers Art school, Stetson Uni-versity. Trc cc danh t m sau n l 1 s

m.

V d:World war onechapter three. Khng nn dng trc tn cc cuc

chin tranh khu vc nu tn khuvc nguyn.

Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh :Sweden, Venezuela v cc nc -c ng trc bi new hoc tnht ch phng hng.

V d: New Zealand, South Africa. Trc tn cc lc a, tiu bang,

tnh, thnh ph, qun, huyn.V d: Europe, California.

Trc tn bt c mn th thao no.V d:Base ball, basket ball.

Trc tn cc danh t mang tnhtru tng tr nhng trng hpc bit.V d: Freedom, happiness.

Trc tn cc mn hc chung.V d:Mathematics, Sociology.

Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.V d:Christmas, thanksgiving.


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The theoretical Physics.

1.3Cch s dng Other v another.Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ngphp.Dng vi danh t m c Dng vi danh t khng m c

another + dt2

s it = 1 cina, 1 ci khc, 1 ngi na, 1ngi khc.V d: another pencil

other + dt2 s nhiu = myci na, my ci khc, my ng-i na, my ngi khc.V d: other pencils = some

more.

the other + dt 2

s t = ngicui cng, ci cui cng ca 1b, 1 nhm.

other + dt khng 2 = 1 chtna.V d: other water = some

more water.other beer = some

more beer.


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the other + dt2 s nhiu =nhng ci cui cng, nhng ng-i cui cng cn li.V d: the other pencils = all

remaining pencils

the other + dt khng 2 = chcn st li.V d:The other beer = the remain-

ing beer. (ch bia cn li)

-Anotherv otherl khng xc nh trong khi the otherl xc nh. Nudanh t hoc ch ng trn c hiu hoc c nhc n, ch cn dnanotherv othernh 1 i t l .V d:I dont want this book. Please give me another.- Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu th otherc s dng theo 1 trong 2cch (other+ nouns hoc others) m khng bao gi c s dng (others +DTSN).- C th dng i t thay th one hoc ones cho danh t sau another, theotherv other.

Lu rng this v thatc th dng vi i t one nhng these v those tuyt khng dng vi ones.1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few- Little + dt khng m c : rt t, hu nh khng.V d:There is little water in the bottle.I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.-A little + dt khng m c: c 1 cht, dng.V d:I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

- few + dt m c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .V d:She has few books, not enough for references.- a few + dt m c s nhiu : c mt t, .V d:She has a few books, enough to read.- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a) few v (a)little nh 1 i t l .V d:Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5 S hu cchThe + nouns + noun.- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng chobt ng vt.V d:The students book.


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The cats legs.- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danht b s hu nht s mang du s hu.V d:Tom and Marks house.- i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l .

V d:The students books.- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s ti ui vnphi dng nguyn du s hu.V d:The childrens toys.- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)V d:The 1980 events.The 21 st centurys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu dns hu cch cho ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhn cch ho ma V d:The summers hot days.The winters cold days.The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dngtrong 1 s trng hp tht c bit khi danh t nm trong cc thnh ng.V d:A stones throw.- i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cn dngs hu cch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.V d:At the hairdressersAt the butchers

1.6 Some, anysome v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng c s dng v(hoc thay th) cc danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khng m c.+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s hu.V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.Did any of your photos come out well?

+ some c s dng vi :- Cc ng t th khng nh.

V d:


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They bought some honey.- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.

V d:Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni ch i cu tr li l

yes)- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:

V d:Would you like some wine?Could you do some typing for me?

+ any c s dng:- Vi ng t th ph nh

V d:I havent any matches.

- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang ngha phnh)

V d:I have hardly any spare time.- Vi without khi without any ... = with no ...

V d:He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.

- Vi cc cu hiHave you got any fish?Did he catch any fish?

- Sau if/ whethercc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.V d:If you need any more money, please let me know.I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2.ng t ( verb)ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:- Qu kh.- Hin ti.- Tng lai.Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xc thi giaca hnh ng.

2.1Hin ti (present)2.1.1Hinti n gin (simple present)Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi c cln.V d:John walks to school everyday.- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khng xcnh c th v mt thi gian v hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut


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- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays. c bit l1s ph t ch tn sut hot ng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.V d:They understand the problem now.Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

amSubject + is + [verb+ing ]...

are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian xc nh c th bng cc ph t nh now, right now, presently.- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.V d:He is learning in the US.L u : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cn c voph t trong cu)V d:The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin ti angkim tra)George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri ti Php vo ngymai)

2.1.3Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)Have + P2- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di v chmdt hin ti. Thi gian trong cu hon ton khng xc nh.- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hin ti.- Dng vi 2 gii t forv since + thi gian.- Dng vi alreadytrong cu khng nh, alreadyc th ng sau have nhng n cng c th ng cui cu.

HaveSubject+ + already+P2 has

V d:We have already written our reports.


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I have already read the entire book.Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.- Dng viyettrong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh,yetthngxuyn ng cui cu, cng thc sau:

have

Subject + not + P2 ...+yet ... has

V d:John hasnt written his report yet.The president hasnt decided what to do yet.We havent called on our teacher yet.

- Trong 1 s trng hpyetc th o ln ng sau to have v ng phpc thay i. Notmt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th c to.

haveSubject + + yet + [verb insimple form] ... has

V d:John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the material yet.We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent decided what

to do with the money yet.Ch : Cn thn s dngyettrong mu cu ko nhm viyettrong mu cucyetlm t ni mang ngha nhngV d:I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something onSaturday nights.

2.1.4Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.- Dng ging ht nhpresent perfectnhng hnh ng khng chm dt hinti m vn ang tip tc xy ra. N thng xuyn c dng vi 2 gii t for, sinc+ time.V d:John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in thesame house for ten years.

Mt s th d


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Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)They have been at home all day.We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).John has worked in Washington for three years.

HocJohn has been working in Washington for three years.(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

Present perfect Present perfect progressive Hnh ng chm dt hin

ti, do c kt qu r rt.V d:

I have waited for you for halfan hour (now I stop waiting)

Hnh ng vn tip tc tipdin hin ti do vy khngc kt qu r rt.

V d:I have been waiting for you forhalf an hour.

(and continue waiting hopingthat you will come)

2.2Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1Qu kh n gin (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng cphn t 2 c bit.- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:V d:Light - lighted - lighted

lit - litNgi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.V d:He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht NhtI can see the lit house from a distance.Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in. N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh,

khng lin quan g ti hin ti.


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Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vi mt s pht ch thi gian nh:yesterday, at that moment, last + thi gian nh:

Last nightmonthweek vv...

L u : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dngpresent perfectV d:John went to Spain last year.Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.Maria did her homework last night.Mark washed the dishes after dinner.We drove to grocery store this afternoon.George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

2.2.2

Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).Was / were + Ving

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im nhnh trong qu kh khng lin h g ti hin ti. Thi im trong cu cxc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:At + thi gian qu kh.V d:He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 lin t When v while ch 1 hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnh ng khc t ngxen vo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi ang ... th bng).

*Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past pro-gressive.

V d:Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 +simple past.V d:He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.L u : Mnh c when v while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhnsau when nht thit phi l 1 simple pastv sau while nht thit phi l 1

past progressive.- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhau bng lint while.


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Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + pastprogressive.

V d:He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kit-chen.

( Mnh khng c while c th c chuyn sang simple past nhng himkhi v s nhm ln vi *)V d:Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in ordeto talk to him.

2.2.3Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh(trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 gii t ch thi gian before vafter.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject +past simple

V d:

I had gone to the store before I went home.The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed themedication.

Subject + past simple + after+ subject +past perfect

V d:John went home after he had gone to the store.After the committee members had considered the consequences, they votedon the proposal.- Mnh c before v afterc th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau before nht thit phi l 1 simple pastv sau afternht thit phi l 1past perfect.- Before v afterc th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln vtrong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.


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V d:The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past perfect.)

2.2.4Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had + been + [Verb +ing]...

N c dng ging ht nhpast perfectnhng hnh ng khng dng li mtip tc tip din cho n thi im simple past. N thng c kt hp vi 1simple pastthng qua ph t before. Trong cu thng c since hoc for+thi gian.- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bngpast perfect.V d:Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California

George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he re-tired.

2.3T ng lai

2.3.1T ng lai n gin (simple future)

Will / shall+ [ Verb in

simple form ]Can / may.

- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt c cc ngicn shall ch c dng trong cc trng hp sau: Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.V d:Shall we go out for lunch?Shall I take your coat? ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.V d:

Shall I give you a hand with these packages. Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.V d:Shall we say : fifteen dollars?- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nhtrong tng lai. Thi im ny khng c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t thngdng l tomorrow, next+ thi gian, in the future.Near future. (tng lai gn)To be going to do smth - sp lm g.


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- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn, thi gian sc din t bng 1 s ph t nh : in a moment(lt na), tomorrow.V d:We are going to have a meeting in a moment.We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Present progressive

thay th.- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l tnglai gn.V d:Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us tolearn in the US.2.3.2T ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

Will / shall+ be +

[ verb + ing ]Can / may.

- N din t 1 hnh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi im nht nh ca t-ng lai. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng ngy, gi.V d:I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.- N c dng kt hp vi 1present progressive din t 2 hnh ngsong song xy ra, 1 hin ti, 1 tng lai.V d:Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be workingat the office.

2.3.3T ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

Will have + P2

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1 thi imno trong tng lai. Thi im ny thng c din t bng : by the endof, by tomorrow.V d:We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.L u : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng.3.S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chia theo ngich ng. Song c nhng trng hp khng phi nh vy.


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3.1Ch ng ng tch khi ng t.- ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii t m ukt hp vi cc danh t theo sau). Ng gii t ny khng quyt nh g nvic chia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch ng chnh.

Subject + [ng gii t] +

verbV d:The study of languages is very interesting.Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.Plural subject plura l verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.Singular subject singu lar verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.Plural subject plura l verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.Singular subject singu lar verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng di y cng vi cc danh t i ng sau n tonn hin tng ng ch ng. Cm ng ch ng ny phi ng tch bit rakhi ch ng chnh v ng t bng 2 du phy v khng c nh hng g tvic chia ng t.

Together with along

withaccompaniedby

as wellas

V d:The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party to-night.Singular subject singu lar verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.Singular subject singu lar verb

L u : - Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t and th ng t lp tphi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they).V d:The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin t orth ng t s phichia theo danh t ng sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phi chia ngith 3 s t v ngc li.V d:The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.


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3.2Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it. l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh ts t

no + danh ts t

Some + danh ts t

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someoneanything nothing somethingevery + danh t s it each + danh t s teverybodyeveryone either*everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or v nor.Lu :- either(1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi

dng any.V d:If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission othe instructor.- Neither(khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3 vt trln phi dng not any).V d:Neither of two his classes gets an cNot any of those pairs of shoes fits me.3.3Cch s dng none, nonone of the : c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s

None + of the + non-count noun + singularverb

V d:None of the counterfeit money has been found.- nu sau none of the l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None + of the + plural noun + plural verb

V d:None of the students have finished the exam yet.No c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.


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Singular nounNo + +singular verb

non-count nounV d:

No example is relevant to this case.- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh t m c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

No + plural noun + pluralverb

V d:No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4

Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phichia theo danh t sau orhoc nor. Nu danh t l s t th ng t phchia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Neither nor+ noun + singular noun + sin-

gular verb either or

V d:Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor+ noun + plural noun +

plural verb either or

V d:Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.Plural plural

L u :Khi ch ng l 1 verbing th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.3.5Cc danh t tp th l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngi hoc 1t chc. Cho d vy, chng vn c xem l danh t s t v do , cc ngt v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.


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congress fam-ily

group commit-tee

class

organiz-ation

team army club crowd

govern-

ment

jury major-

ity*

minority pub-

lic

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu thn m ch cc thnh vin ca t chc hoc nhm ang hot ng ringr.V d: The congress votes for the bill.The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).(TOEFL khng bt li ny)* MajorityDanh t ny c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.

The majority+ singular verbThe majorityof the plural noun +plural verb.

V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.L u : Danh tpolice lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiu do vy ngt ng sau n phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.V d:

The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.Mt s th d:The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.The family was elated by the news.The crowd was wild with excitement.Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.The organization has lost many members this year.Our team is going to win the game.Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho d danht ng sau gii t ofc s nhiu th ng t sau vn phi chia ngith 3 s t.

flock of birds,sheep

herd ofcattle

pack ofdogs

school offish

pride oflions

V d:The flock of birds is circling overhead.The herd of cattle is breaking away.


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A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.L u : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u i hicc ng t - i t - b ng i cng n phi ngi s t.(TOEFL bt li ny).V d:He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

a number of+ danh t s nhiu + ng t s nhiu

- a number of: mt s lng ln nhng... . i vi danh t s nhiu v ng tphi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.- the number of: mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + danh t s nhiu + ng t s t

V d:A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quitesmall

3.7Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trousers

eyeglasses tongs - cikp

shorts scissors- ciko

tweezers- cinhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - cikm

V d:The pants are in the drawer.A pair of pants is in the drawer.Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th,do vy cc ng t v i t i cng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.


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V d:The pliers are on the table.These scissors are dull.- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of... v lc ng t v t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.V d:

This pair of scissors is dull.The pair of pliers is on the table.

3.8Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 ni no . Phi phnbit chng vi ng t to have.There isThere are

To have ch s s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold instinctively).- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t l s nhiu th ng t chia s nhiu v ngc li.- Mi bin i v thi v th u nhm vo ng t to be cn phn t 2th da vo tr ng t to have/ has been.

there isthere was + singular subject

... there has been ( hoc non-count)

there arethere were + singular subject

... there have been ( hoc non-count)

V d:There is a storm approaching.

singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.Plural plural

There was an accident last night.singular singular

There were too many people at the party.Plural plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.Plural plural

ch s tn ti


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There was water on the floor where he fell.Plural non-count

4.i ti t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.

4.1

i t nhn x ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)Gm :I weyou youhe

theysheit

Chc nng:- ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.- ng ng sau ng t to be.V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as. Tuyt i khng c dng t nhn xng tn ng trong trng hp ny.V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.- i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nh we, you v i t nhn xng tn ngnh us c th dng 1 danh t s nhiu ngay sau .V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.Cc i t nh all, both c th c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.

weyou all/ boththeyV d:I am going to the store.We have lived here for twenty years.It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)George and I would like to leave now.We students are going to have a party.

4.2i t nhn x ng tn ng

me usyou youhim


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themherit

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mt tn ng

- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dng all hocboth ngay sau .usyou all / boththemV d:They called us on the phone.

complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.complement

John told her a story.complement

The policeman was looking for him.sau gii tTo us, it seems like a good bargain sau gii tL u : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnh phn khctrong cu, chng hn nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nhcc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ng cnh ch khng phi davo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nng ca chng.V d: Janet will make her presentation after him.

preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn,he l ch ng v finishes l ng t).

4.3Tnh t s hu

my ouryour

yourhisher

their


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its

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vt i vi danht ng ng sau.V d:John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.The cat has injured its foot.The boy broke his arm yesterday..She forgot her homework this morning.My food is cold.L u : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.

4.4 i t s hu

mine ours

yoursyourshishers

theirsits

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessiveadjective + noun

- N c th c ng lm ch ng trong cu.- ng ng sau ng t to be.- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gii t.Do you remember to take your money?

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh than, as.Your book is as good as mine.

Mt s th d:This is my book = This is mine.Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same as his.Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green and mine isred.Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.


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4.5i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myselfourselves

yourselfyourselves

himselfthemselvesherselfitself

L u : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - selfbin thnh - selves.Chc nng:- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp ny nng ngay sau ng t hoc ng cui cu sau gii t forhoc to.V d:

He sent the letter to himself.You can see the differences for yourselves.- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny n ng ngsau ch ng hoc cui cu khi ni.V d:I myself believe that the proposal is good.He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.She prepared the nine-course meal herself.The students themselves decorated the room.You yourself must do this homework.John himself bought this gifts.By + one-self = alone.V d:John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.

5.ng t dng lm tn ng- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh thoc i t theo sau n lm tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tnng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loi sau:5.1ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

Bng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ng tkhc. Chng tun theo mu cu nh sau:agree to do something.desire to do something.decide to do something.

agre at- claim de- de-


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ede-sirehopeplanstriv

e

temptex-pectin-tendpre-

paretend

faillearnpre-tendwant

cidefor-getneedre-fuse

wish

mandhesit-ateofferseem

V d:John expects to begin studying law next semester.Mary learned to swim when she was very young.The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Ving theo cc mcu sau:admit doing something (th nhn lm g)V d: He admitted having done wrong.Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admitdelaymissreportsug-gest

appreci-atedenypost-poneresentavoid

enjoyprac-ticeresistcanthelpfinish

quitre-sumecon-sidermindrecallrisk

L u : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant helpcant resist

V d:With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.L u : Nu mun t ph nh cho cc trng hp ny t nottrc nguynth b to hoc Ving. Tuyt i khng c cu to dng ph nh ca ngt chnh.

+ (against) doing smth : khng th dng c, khng th


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V d:John decided not to by the car.We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt s th d:John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.Would you mind not smoking in this office?* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng c th lng t nguyn th hay Ving m ng ngha ca chng khng thay i.V d:begin to do smth = begin doing smth.

be-ginhatere-gret

cantstandlikestart

con-tinuelovetry

dreadprefer

L u :Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smth

doing smthV d:

waiting such a long time.to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle to school.

5.33 ng t c bit

l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng sau n l1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.

Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.V d:He stops to get gasoline.Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.V d:He stops writing and goes out.Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.V d:I remember to send a letter at the post office.

( Khng th chu ng c khi phi lmg)

cant

I cant


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Remember doing smth : nh lm g.V d:I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.

Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.V d:

He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

V d:I forget doing the homework yesterday.L u : ng t forgettrong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.

I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.5.4Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

- Tt c cc ng t ng ng sau gii t u phi dng Ving.

verbadj. +preposition + Vingnounng t + gii t + VingBng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.

approve of: tnthnhgive up: t brely on: phthuc voworry about: lolng v

be better off:insist on: ni nsucceed in: thnhcng trongcount on = rely on

keep on =continuethink aboutthink ofdepend onput off: trhon

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibil-ity ofchoice of

methodofintentionof

methodforexcusefor

reasonfor

V d:George has no excuse for dropping out of school.There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.There is no reason for leaving this early.Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

accus- afraid of capable fond


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tomed tointent on

inter-ested in

ofsuccess-ful in

oftiredof

V d:Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.Craig is fond of dancing.We are interested in seeing this film.- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ng sau nphi l 1 gii t, c mt s tnh t li i hi ng sau n l mt ng tnguyn th (xem bng sau).

anxious

eager: hohcpleasedusual

boring

easypre-paredcom-mon

danger-

ousgoodreadydifficult

hard

strangeable*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.hard to do smth : kh lm g.* able :able capableunable incapable

V d:These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.Mt s th d:Mohammad is eager to see his family.It is dangerous to drive in this weatherWe are ready to leave now.It is difficult to pass this test.It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.L u :- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng cnhm ln gii t vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ngt trong bng sau:

object to:phn i

look forward to :mong i

confess to : th nhn lm g

V d:

to do smth=

of doing smth


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John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.We are not looking forward to going back to school.Henry is thinking of going to France in August.You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5Vn i t i tr c ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng- ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phi ltn ng.

PronounSubject + verb + complement form + [ to +verb] ...

noun

Sau y l bng cc ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau n phi dng tn ng.

allowinvitere-mind

askor-derurge

begper-mitwant

con-vinceper-suadeexpect

in-structpre-pareprom-ise

V d:Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.We ordered him to appear in court.I urge you to consider your decision.They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.You should prepare your son to take this examination.Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Ving lm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoc i tphi dng s hu.

dng s hu ca danh tCh ng + ng t + +[verb + ing] ...

tnh t s hu

V d:We understand your not being able to stay longer.He regrets her leaving.We are looking forward to their coming next year.


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We dont approve of Johns buying this house.We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.We object to their calling at this hour.

6.Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

6.1

needng t ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ng sau nl ng vt hay bt ng vt.- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)

Subject as a living thing + need + to +verb

(cn phi lm g)

V d:I need to clean my house.John and his brother need to paint the house.My friend needs to learn Spanish.He will need to drive alone tonight.-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) th ng t sauneed s i khc.

Subject as unliving thing + need + [Verb +ing] tobe + P2

V d:The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be rewrit-ten.L u :

need = to be in need of + noun

to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn.V d:Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.The organization was in need of volunteers = The organization needed volun-teers.


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6.2Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch c dng ph nh vnghi vn. ng t sau n theo l thuyt l c to nhng trn thc t thng b toN c th dng vi tr ng t to do hoc dng trc tip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything= He dares not (to) say anything.Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare saymang 2ngha:

- Ti cho l.V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.- Ti cng nhn l.V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).V d:How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mucu sau:

To dare smb to dosmth

(thch ai lm g)They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

7.Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

BE + INFINITIVE- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn tt ngi th nht qua ngi th 2 ti ngi th 3.V d:No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnh st).He is to stay here until we return.(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).- Dng vi mnh ifmang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.

V d:Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be savedHe said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.- truyn t mt d nh.V d:She is to be married next month.(c y s ci vo thng ti)The expedition is to start in a weeks time.


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Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ngita b be i tit kim ch.V d:The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.- Was/ were + infinitive

din t 1 tng v s mnh.V d:They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

8.Cu hi8.1Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dngyes hoc no u cuNn nh rng:Yes + positive verbNo + negative verb.Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliary be + subject + verb ... do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?Was Mary sick yesterday?Have you seen this movie before?Will the committee decide on the proposal today?Do you want to use the telephone?Does George like peanut butter?Did you go to class yesterday?

8.2Cu hi thng bo

L loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoiyes hoc no ra cn phi thm mt

s cc thng tin khc. Cc cu hi ny dng vi mt s cc i t nghi vn.

8.2.1who v what lm ch ng.

Who+ verb + (complement) + (modi-

fier)what


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Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)What happened last night? (something happened last night.)Ch : Khng ng khi ni :Who did open the door?What did happen last night?

8.2.2Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

whom auxiliary+ + subject + verb +

( modifier) what do, does, did

Ch :Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong loi cuhi ny nhng tuyt i khng c dng nh vy trong vn vit (li c bn)V d:Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone fromVenezuela)What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)

8.2.3Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

whenwherewhyhow

When did John move to Jacksonville?Where does Mohamad live ?Why did George leave so early?

How did Maria get to school today?Where has Henry gone?When will Bertha go back to Mexico?

8.3Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

L loi cu hi c cc c im sau:- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.

Auxiliary+ be + subject + verb + (complement) +(modi fier)


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- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c cu to chi thnh phn th 2.- i t nghi vn khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c th l 2 hoc 3 tchng hn: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, whatime, v what kind.

Subject + verb ( phrase) + question word + sub-ject + verbV d:Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.

Q word subject verb phrase

Cu hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?Cu hi gin tip : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed atthe wrong airport.

Q word subject phrase

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word +subject + verb

Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is?

Mt s th d:The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoon classI have no idea how long the interview will take.Do they know how often the bus runs at night?

Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.

8.4Cu hi c ui

Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hm nhm khng nh li kin ca bn thn mnh bit.- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l phnh v ngc li.- ng t to be c dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng tr ng t to docc ng t thi kp: future, perfect, progressive dng vi chnh tr ng tca thi .- Cc thnh ng there is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.- ng t to have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n dng vi tr ng t to do.V d:There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?


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Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?You have two children, dont you?

(Trong ting Anh, th s dng havent you?)L u :Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phi dngtr ng t do.V d:She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

9.Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.9.1Li ni ph ho khng nh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ng vi cuting vit cng th v ngi ta s dng so v too trong cu trc ny.- ng t to be c php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng vi tr ng tto do, cc ng t thi kp (future, perfect, progressive) dng vi chnhng t ca n.- Khi be c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng t be s dngtrong cu ph ho cng phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.

Subject + verb(be) +too

Affirmative statement (be) + and +So + verb(be) + subject

V d:I am happy, and you are too.I am happy, and so are you.- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go, should do, hasdone, have written, must examine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh thtr ng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng khng nh, v chng v ng t phi ho hp.

Subject + auxiliary only +tooAffirmative statement + and +

(ng t th kp) So + auxiliary only +subject

V d:They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.


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They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Subject +do, does, or did+ too.

Affirmative statement + and +(ng t n tr be) So + do, does, or did +

subject

V d:Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.

He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

9.2Li ni ph ho ph nh

- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cu ting vit cng khng.- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l eitherv neither.Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.

Subject + negative auxiliary or be +either.Negative statement + and +

Neither+ positive auxiliary or be +subject.

V d:I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to theconference.She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.


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She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

10.Cu ph nh

thnh lp cu ph nh ngi ta t notvo sau ng t to be, tr ngt to do ca ng t thng, v cc tr ng t ca ng t thi kp.- t anyng trc danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.- Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau b ph nh,ngi ta ng t nguyn th v t no trc danh t. ( no = not at all).

Nagative + nagative = Pos-itive

V d:Its really unbelievable that he has no money.

Nagative + comparative = Super-lative

V d:Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the most helpful.We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is the bestday to go to the beach.

Nagative ..., much less +noun.(khng m li cng khng)

V d:He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall,much less live to tell about it on TV.Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trongcu tuyt i khng c dng ph nh ca ng t na.V d:HardlyScarcely Hu nh khng ( Almost no)Barely

Hardly everRarely Hu nh khng bao gi ( almost never).Seldom


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Cng thc dng vi cc ph t trn.

Subject + nagative + adverb + posit-ive verb

L u : Barelyv scarcelyi khi mang ngha va , va son (just enough)Phi cn c theo ng cnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li di phn nghe tm ra ngha ng.V d:He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)

11.Mnh lnh thc

Chia lm 2 loi trc tip v gin tip.

11.1Mnh lnh thc trc tip.

Mnh lnh thc trc tip l cu m mt ngi ra lnh cho mt ngi khc lmvic g . N c th cplease i trc. Ch ng c hiu lyou. S dngdng n gin ca ng t (Nguyn th b to).V d:Close the door. Open the window.Leave the room. Pay your rent.Please turn off the light. Be quiet.Dng mnh lnh thc ph nh c thnh lp nh cng thm donttrc ngt.Dont close the door.Please dont turn off the light.Dont open the window, please.( Please c th ng u hoc cui cu mnh lnh thc lm cho cu trnn lch s hn).

11.2Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

Thng dng vi 4 ng t sau:to orderto askto tellto say

V d:John told Mary to close the door.

to do something.not to do somethingsmb


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Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.The teacher told Christopher to open the window.Please tell Jaime to leave the room.John ordered Bill to close his book.The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.L u :

ui ca Lets ...., shall we.V d:Lets go out for lunch, shall we?Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.V d:Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xin hy chochng ti i)

12.ng t khim khuyt.

S d gi l nh vy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh sau:- Khng c tiu t to ng trc.- ng t no i sau n cng phi b to.- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng vi nhau, nu c th btbuc ng t th 2 phi chuyn sang mt dng khc.V d:Will have to

must

Will be able tocan

Will be allowed tomay

ng t khim khuyt c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:12.1Din t thi t ng lai.12.2Din t cu iu kin.12.2.1iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Will/shallIf+ Subject + simple present + subject + + [verbin simple form] can/ may

V d:If I have the money, I will buy a new car.If you try more, you will improve your English.We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only tenoclock now.


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If+ subject + simple present tense + subject + ... +simple present tense

Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.V d:If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital inthe afternoon (khng c ng t khuyt thiu.)

John usually walks to school if he has enough time.

If+ Subject + simple present tense ... + commandform* ...

* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simple form)Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.V d:If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.Please call me if you hear from Jane.

12.2.2iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Would/shouldIf + Subject + simple past + subject + + verb insimple form

could/ mightV d:If I had enough money now, I would buy this house

( but now I dont have enough money.)If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)He would tell you about it if he were here.( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)L u :

ng t to be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt c cc ngiI... they were.

V d:If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.(but Im not you.)

12.2.3iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

Would/shouldIf + Subject + past perfect + subject +


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+ have + P2 could / might

V d:If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.

(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn,trong mt s trng hp 1 v ca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quy nh.V d:If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.

L u :Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qukh, ngi ta b ifi v o had ln u cu nhng ngha vn gi nguyn.

Had + subject + [verb in past parti-ciple ]...

V d:Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.

12.2.4Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh if

Thng thng nhng ng t ny khng c dng ng sau ifnhng nu c dng n s mang ngha sau:

Ifyou will /would.

Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Would lch s hn)

V d:If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.

If you could + verb in simple form.Nu ng vui lng - Ngi ni cho rng ngi kia s ng nhmt l tt nhin


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V d:If you could fill in this form.If you could open your books.

If + subject + will / would.

Nu ... chu - Din t tnguyn

V d:If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.

If + subject + will.Din t s ngoan c.

V d:If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFEL chc chnang ch n cu.

If + subject +should.

Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th c song kh nng rt t v khi ni ngi ni khng tin l s vic li c th xy ra.V d:

If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in cho ti s myny. (Ni vy nhng ngi ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khng bit s dngchic tivi .)If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel freeto ask me.(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhng bi tp -v chng rt d hoc cu hc tr rt thng minh)- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b ifi v o should ln u cu m ngngha khng thay i.

V d:Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel freeto ask me.Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander aroundfor food - a sign that spring is near.Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l con sc t si lang thang kim n - l du hiu ca ma Xun ang ti gn. Thc ra,khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khi con sc t chui ra th rt


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him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li xm li - c th l do kt quthng k.

13.Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

(C ngha l : dng nh l, nh th l)

- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny thng hay dng iu kin khngth thc hin c v chia lm 2 thi:

13.1Thi hin tiNu ng t mnh trc chia simple presentth ng t mnh sau phi chia simple past, ng t to be s phi chia l were tt c ccngi.

as ifSubject + verb (simple present) + + subject +verb (simple past) as though

V d:The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.

Hin ti qu kh

(It is not winter.)Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.

Hin ti qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)He acts as though he were rich.

Hin ti qu kh

(He is not rich)

13.2Thi qu kh.

Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple pastth ng t mnh 2phi chia past perfect.

Subject + verb (simple past) + + subject +

verb (past perfect)

V d:Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.

Past simple pas t perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

as if

as


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Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)He looked as though he had run ten miles.

Past simple past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

C 2 dng chia sau as ifu din t iu kin khng th thc hinc.L u :Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trn khngc tun theo. ng t li tr v dng bnh thng theo din bin ca cu.V d:He looks as if he has finish the test.

14.Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.+ ng sau ng t to hope l mt cu din bin bnh thng.V d:I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)( Ti hy vng l h s ti.)We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)+ Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt iu kin khngth thc hin c. iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi.

14.1Thi t ng lai.

ng t mnh sau s phi l Would / could + verb hoc were + Ving.

Could + verbSubject + wish + (that) + Subject* + would+ verb + ...

were + Ving

Subject* : c th l cng hoc khc ch ng vi ch ng trong mnh chnh.V d:We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You cant come.)I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.)She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)

14.2Thi hin ti


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ng t mnh 2 s chia simple past. ng t to be phi chia lm werett c cc ngi.

Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + verb insimple past ...

V d:I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enoughtime.)We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go toclass.)

14.3Thi qu kh.

ng t mnh sau s phi chia Past perfecthoc Could have + P2

Past perfectSubject + wish + (that) + Subject +

Could have + P2

V d:I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes yes-terday.)She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)L u :

ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau n bngcch buc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hin c. Nhngiu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh quyt nh khnh ph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.

V d:He wished that he could come to the party next week.

Qu kh iu kin tng lai Tng lai

Ph hp v thi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standingnow.

Qu kh iu kin hin ti hin ti

Ph hp v thi


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- Phi phn bit vi to wish dng cu ny vi ngha c g, mong gvi to wish trong mu cu sau:

To wish somebody something

V d:

I wish you a happy birthday.

15.Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to15.1used to.

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay,

tng)

Ch mt thi quen, hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra lp i lp li trong qukh.V d:When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trong qukh)Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:

Did + Subject + use to +Verb= Used + Subject + to +verb.

V d:When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?

used he to swim once a day?Cu ph nh:

Subject + didnt + use to + Verb= Subject + used not to + verb.

V d:When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.

he used not to swim once a day.

(*)


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15.2get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING( tr nn quen vi) (noun)

Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Would nhng d nhm ln.

16.Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

ng sau would ratherphi l mt ng t nguyn th b to (bare infinit-ive) nhng ng saupreferphi l mt verb+ing.

V d:John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.

John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.L u : Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v ngha ca

cu16.1Loi cu c mt ch ng. loi cu ny ch dng Would rather(khng c than) v chia lm 2 thi :

1. Thi hin ti.ng t sau Would ratherl nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph nh

nottrc ng t nguyn th b to ( cng thc 1)

Subject + Would rather+ (not) bare in-finitive

V d:Jim would rather go to class tomorrowTrong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm

nay Jim khng mun)2. Thi qu kh. thi qu kh sau would ratherl have + past participle (hay cn gi l phnt 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

Subject + would rather+ have + (P2)

V d:

(1)

(2)


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John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i hvo ngy hm qua hn ngy hm nay).

16.2Loi cu c 2 ch ng

loi cu ny thnh ng c s dng s l Would rather that(c g, mong

g) v chia lm nhng mu cu nh sau:1. Cu gi nhL loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mt vic g ,nhng lm hay khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngi th 2. Do vy cu trcng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn th b to - Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + Would rather that+ Subject2 +bare infinitive

V d:I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho tvo ngy mai - Nhng Jones c gi in cho ngi ni hay khng cn tu voJones).We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu hay khng cntu vo anh y - H ch mun vy).

2. iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vithc t).

ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng t to be s phi c chiathnh Were tt c cc ngi - Cng thc 2

Subject1 + would rather that+ Subject2 +Simple past...

V d:Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as hedoes(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)Jane would rather that it were winter now.(It is not winter now.)

Nhn xt:- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi im hiti.- Nu mun thnh lp th ph nh dng

(1)

Did not + verb

Were not + verb

(2)


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3. iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca cul tri vi thc t.)

Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Past perfectCng thc 1.

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Past

perfectV d:Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ngi ni ch lylm tic l Jill khng ti lp vo ngy hm qua.)Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that(vi ngha c,mong mun) trong trng hp trn l ging nhau nhng Wish c s dng trongting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn Would rather thatmang kch tnhnhiu hn.

17.

Cch s dng Would LikeThnh ng ny dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s hoc din tmong mun ca mnh mt cch nh nhn sau phi l ng t nguynth c to (infinitive).

Subject + would like + [to + verb] ...

V d:Would you like to dance with me?I would like to visit Hongkong.We would like to order now, please.The president would like to be re-elected.They would like to study at the university.Would you like to see a movie tonight?

Lu :- Nu hnh ng c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gian lhin ti th dng ng t nguyn th sau like.- Nhng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.

V d:Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng xc nh - ch s thchobby)Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.18.Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng th hin ti.

(1)


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18.1Could/may/might.

Could/may/might+ [Verb in simpleform]

C th /c l.Ch mt kh nng c th xy ra hin ti song ngi ni khng chc. C 3

ng t c gi tr nh nhau.V d:It might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrowIt may rain tomorrow = ORIt could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain tomorrow

Ch :Maybe l s kt hp ca mayv be, nhng n l mt t v khng phi l trng t. N ng ngha viperhaps.Mt s v d v Could, may, v might:

The president said that there might be a strike next month.I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stayhome.(Lu l ngi Anh thng ni l stay at home nhng ngi M li ni l stay home.It might be warmer tomorrow.I may not be able to go with you tonight.I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

18.2Should

Should + [Verb in simple form]Ngha l :- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng mnhlm)- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.V d:It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive next week).Lu :- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vi should viiu kin l ng t to be phi chia thi hin ti.- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi should cn mang ngha quynh phi, bt buc phi.V d:We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponed be-cause the Professor had to attend a science conference.( Theo quy nh l ....)


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18.3Must

Must+ [verb in simple form]

Ngha l :- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s la chn no khc)

V d:One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phi k sau tmsc trc khi rt tin).George must call his insurance agent today.A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.An automobile must have gasoline to run.An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.This freezer must be kept at -200.

- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht

hin ti.V d:Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.

(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)The grass is wet. It must be raining.(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)

Mustc thay th bng have to trong nhng trng hp sau y- ng sau Will thi tng lai.V d:

We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of this year.- Had to thay cho must qu kh.V d:

The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday. thi hin ti have to c thay th cho mustkhi:Hi xem mnh c b buc phi lm iu g khng hoc din t s btbuc do khch quan mang li lm gim nh tnh bt buc ca must.V d:Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry but thatsthe rule.

19.Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng th thi qu kh.

Could/ May/ might+ have +P2 (c l )

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.V d:


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It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.(C l m qua tri ma)The cause of death could have been bacteria.(Nguyn nhn ca ci cht c l l do vi trng)John might have gone to the movies yesterday.(C l John ti rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)

Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thc tth khng)

V d:We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)

SHOULD + HAVE + P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nhng thc tth khng)

Thnh ng ny tng ng vi Was / were / Supposed to.MUST HAVE P2 - Hn l (Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c thttrong qu kh)

V d:Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it manytimes this past week.(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp rnhiu ln ).

MIGHT HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - c l lc y ang(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c thttrong qu kh)

V d:I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention tothe argument.

MUST HAVE BEEN VERB+ ING - chc hn lc y ang(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c thttrong qu kh)

V d:I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.


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20.tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

Mt tnh t bao gi cng b ngha cho mt danh t v ch danh t. Nng ngay trc danh t . Trong ting Anh ch c mt danh t duy nhtng sau danh t m n b ngha l: galore ( nhiu, phong ph, dido).

V d:There are errors galore in the final exam.- Mt ph t bao gi cng b ngha cho:

+ Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t khc.V d:He runs very fast.

verb adv adv

She is terribly beautiful. Adv adj

-Adj + ly= advnhng phi cn thn v khng phi bt c t no c ui lyu l ph t. Mt s cc tnh t cng c tn cng l ly.V d:Lovely, friendly, lonely.- Mt s cc cm t m u bng gii t ch a im, thi gian, phntin hnh ng, tnh hung hnh ng cng c coi l ph t. V d: in theoffice.- Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit nh soon, very, almost.- V tr cc ph t trong ting Anh tng i thoi mi nhng cng c nhngphc tp. C mt s quy lut nh sau:+ Cc ph t b ng s thng xuyn ng cui cu theo th t u tin:ch phng thc hnh ng (ui ly),ch a im (here, there, at school...),ch thi gian,ch phng tin hnh ng,ch tnh hung hnh ng.

+ Mt ph t khng bao gi c ng xen vo gia ng t v tnng.

V d:

I have terribly a headache. (cu sai v ph t ng xen gia ng t vtn ng )+ Nu trong cu ch c ph t ch thi gian th n th ng ln u

cu.V d:In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.

+ Cc ph t ch tn s (always, sometimes...) thng bao gi cngng trc ng t chnh khi n l ng t hnh ng, nhng bao gi cngng sau ng t to be.


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V d:- They have often visited me recently.- He always comes in time.Nhng: The president is always in time.

21.ng t ni.

l cc ng t trong bng sau.

bebe-comeremainstay

ap-pearseemsound

feellooksmelltaste

Cc ng t trn c nhng c tnh sau: Khng din t hnh ng m din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic, nhmu sc, mi v ...

ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t khng c l mt ph t.

Lu : cc cp ng tappear to happenseem = to chance ( Dng nh)

- To appearc th thay th cho to seem v ngc li nhng khng th thay th

cho to happen v to chance.- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remain c nhng trng hp c mt danh thoc mt ng danh t theo sau, lc chng mt i chc nng ng t n- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smell v to taste trong mt s trng hp i hsau n l danh t lm tn ng v tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc nychng mt i chc nng ca mt ng t ni v tr thnh mt ng t dint hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i b tr (chng thay i vmt ng ngha).- To feel = s, nn, khm xt.- to look at : nhn

- to smeel : ngi.- to taste : nm.

22.So snh ca tnh t v danh t

22.1So snh bng.So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nhnhau) v ngc li nu cu trc so snh dng ph nh.Cu trc


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As ... as

adjnoun

S + verb + as + + as +adv

pronoun

Nu l cu trc ph nh as th nht c th thay bng so.V d:He is not so tall as his father.L u :Ta cn phi nh rng i t sau as lun dng ch ng.Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.Mt s th d v so snh bng.My book is as interesting as your.

Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.Ph t

John sings as well as his sister.Ph t

Their house is as big as that one.Tnh t

His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.Tnh t T nh t

They are as lucky as weTnh t

Danh t cng c th dng so snh cho cu trc ny nhng trc khi sosnh phi xc nh chc chn rng danh t c nhng tnh t tng ng nh trong bng sau:

Tnh t Danh theavy, lightwide, nar-rowdeep, shal-

lowlong, shortbig, small

weightwidthdepthlength

size

Cu trc dng cho loi ny s l the same ... as.nounSubject + verb + the same + (noun) + as


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pronoun

V d:My house is as high as hisMy house is the same height as his.L u :

- Do tnh cht phc tp ca loi cng thc ny nn vic s dng b hp votrong bng trn.- The same as >< different from.My nationality is different from hers.Our climate is different from Canadas.- Trong ting Anh ca ngi M c th dng different than nu sau l cmt cu hon chnh (khng ph bin).V d:His appearance is different from what I have expected.= His appearance is different than I have expected.

- From c th thay th bng to.Mt s th d v the same v different from:These trees are the same as those.He speaks the same language as she.Her address is the same as Ritas.Their teacher is different from ours.My typewriter types the same as yours.She takes the same courses as her husband.

22.2 So snh hn, km

- Trong loi so snh ny, ngi ta phn ra lm 2 loi ph t, tnh t ngn vph t, tnh t di.- i vi cc ph t v tnh t ngn, ta ch cn cng thm ui ER vo tncng.- i vi nhng tnh t ngn c 1 nguyn m kp gia 2 ph m, ta phi gi ph m cui khng phi thay i cch c.V d:big - bigger.red - redderhot - hotter- Nhng tnh t c tn cng bng bn nguyn m phi i thnh ier(y -ier)V d:happy - happierfriendly - friendlier (hoc more friendly than)- Trng hp ngoi l: strong - stronger.- i vi tt c cc ph t v tnh t di dng more (nu hn) v dng less( nu km).V d: more beautiful, more important, more believable.


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Subject + verb + +

adj + eradv + er

nounmore + adj/ adv

pronoun

less + adj

* c th thm ervo tn cng ca mt s ph t nh: faster, quicker, sooner, vlater.L u :- ng sau ph t so snh nh than v as phi l i t nhn xng ch ng,khng c php l i t nhn xng tn ng ( li c bn).V d:Johns grades are higher than his sisters.Today is hotter than yesterday.

This chair is more comfortable than the other.He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .He visits his family less frequently than she does.This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.

- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ngi ta dng farhoc much trcso snh.

Subject +

verb +

far

much

adv

+ adj

+er +

than

noun+

pronoun

Subject +verb +

far

much

more+

less

adj+

adv

+than

noun+

pro-noun

- Mt s thnh ng nhn mnh : much too muchad v adv adj

V d:Harrys watch is far more expensive than mine.That movie we saw last night was much less interesting than the one on televsion.A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.


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He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.His car is far better than yours. Danh t cng c th c dng so snh trong cc cu trc bng hoc

hn, km.- Trong cu trc so snh bng ch cn xc nh xem danh t l m chay khng m c v trc chng c mt s nh ng dng vi 2 loi danh t

.- Trong cu trc so snh hn km cng cn phi xc nh xem danh t lm c hay khng m c v ng trc chng c dng fewer(cho mc), less (khng m c) v more dng chung cho c 2 (cng thc diy). Do cu trc ny khng phc tp nn c dng rng ri hn so vi cutrc so snh bng.

many much noun

little pro-

noun few

hoc

morenounSubject + verb + fewer + noun + than +pronoun less

V d:I have more books than she.February has fewer days than March.He earns as much money as his brother.They have as few class as we.Their job allows them less freedom than ours does.Before pay-day, I have as little money as my brother.

22.3So snh hp l

Khi so snh nn nh rng cc mc t dng so snh phi tng ng vi nhav bn cht ng php ( ngi vi ngi, vt vi vt). Do vy 3 mc so snh hp ls l: s hu cch that of (cho s t) those of (cho s nhiu)

Subject + verb + as + + noun + as+


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Cu sai: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor (cu ny so snh draw-ings vi instructor)Cu ng : His drawings are as perfect as his instructors (instructors = in-structors drawings)Cu sai: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (cu ny so sngia lng ca 1 ng gio s vi mt c th k)

Cu ng: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. ( thatof = that salary of)Cu sai : The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher. (cuny so snh gia duties vi teacher)Cu ng: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of ateacher. (those of = those duties of).

Mt s th d v so snh hp l.Johns car runs better than Marys.(Marys = Marys car)

The climate in Florida is as mild as that of California.(that of = that climate of )Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.(those in = the classes in )The basketball games at the university are better than those of the highschool.(those of = the games of)Your accent is not as strong as my mothers.(my mothers = my mothers accent)My sewing machine is better than Janes.(Janes = Janes sewing machine).

22.4Cc dng so snh c bit

Bng di y l mt s dng so snh c bit ca tnh t v ph t. Trong lu rng fartherdng cho khong cch, furtherdng cho thng tin vnhng vn tru tng khc.

Tnh t vph t

so snh hnkm

so snhnht

far

little

muchmany

goodwell

fartherfurther

less

more

better

farthestfurthest

least

most

best


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badbadly

worse worst

I feel much better today than I did last week.The university is farther than the mall.

He has less time now than he had before.Marjorie has more books than Sue.This magazine is better than that one.He acts worse now than ever before.+ further = more.V d:The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine.He will come to the US for further education next year.

22.5So snh a b

L loi so snh gp ri, gp i, gp 3. Nn nh rng trong cu trc ny khngc dng so snh hn km m phi dng so snh bng.

Subject + verb + bi s+ as +

much+ noun + as

+many

noun

pronoun

V d:This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year.L u :- Khi dng so snh loi ny phi xc nh r danh t l m c haykhng m c v ng trc chng c much v many.- Cc cu trc twicethat much ... many

(gp i s )ch c dng trong vn ni, tuyt i khng c dng trong vn vit.V d:We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice that many showed up.(vn ni)We had expected eighty people at the rally, but twice as many as that numbeshowed up. (vn vit)

22.6So snh kp (cng ....th cng)


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Nhng cu ny bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn, v do mnh th 2 cng phi bt u bng mt cu trc so snh hn.

The + comparative + subject + verb + the comparative +subject + verb

V d:The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.The higher we flew, the worse Edna felt.The bigger they are, the harder they fall.The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.

The more + subject +verb + the + comparat-ive + subject + verb

The more you study, the smarter you will become.

The more he rowed the boat, the farther away he got.The more he slept, the more irritable he became.

22.7No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chng bao lu ... th)

Nu thnh ng no soonerxut hin u cu th than phi u chomnh 2. Lu rng tr ng t phi ng trc ch ng theo cng thcsau:

No sooner+ auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject+ verb

V d:No sooner had they started out for California than it started to rain.No sooner will he arrived than he will want to leave.No sooner had she entered the building than she felt the presence of some-body else.L u :No longerngha l not any more (khng cn... na). Khng bao gi c sdng not longertrong cu m ngha ca n nh vy.John no longer studies at the university.(John doesnt study at the university any more).Cynthia may no longer use the library because her card has expired.(Cynthia may not use the library any more)

23.Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.


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Phn ln cc tnh t din t (trng thi, tnh cch, v p...) u c 3 dng:dng nguyn (happy), dng so snh hn (happier) v so snh hn nht (happi-est).

Dng

nguyn

so snh so snh

nhthotinterestingsickcolorful

hottermore inter-estingsickermore color-ful

hottestmost inter-estingsickestmost color-ful

- Dng nguyn khng ch s so snh. N ch m t phm cht n thunca 1 ngi, 1 vt, hay mt nhm (ngi hoc vt).

V d:The house is big.The flowers are fragrant.- Dng so snh hn ch ra mc mnh hn hay yu hn v s khc nhaugia 2 ngi (2 vt).V d:My dog is smarter than yours.Bob is more atheletic than Richard.Spinach is less appealing than carrots.* Ta cng c th so snh 2 thc th (ngi hoc vt) m khng s dng than.

Trong trng hp ny thnh ng of the two s c s dng trong cu (n c thng u cu v sau danh t phi c du phy, hoc ng cui - Xem 2cng thc di y).

Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two +(noun)

hocof the two + (noun), + Subject + verb + the + compar-ative

Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake.Of the two landscapes that you have shown me, this one is the more pictur-esque.Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.Ghi nh:

2 thc th - so snh hn3 thc th tr ln - so snh hn


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nht

- cp so snh hn nht, 3 thc th tr ln c so snh vi nhau, mttrong chng tri hn hoc km hn so vi cc thc th cn li.

adj+ est

Subject + verb + the + most+ adj +least+ adj

John is the tallest boy in the family.Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.These shoes are the least expensive of all.Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.L u :- Sau thnh ng one of the + superlative, danh t phi dng s nhiu vng t chia ngi s t.

V d:One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjon Borg.Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.Cc ph t khng c i km bi -erhoc -est. M thay v , khi c dngtrong cu so snh chng i cng more hoc less i vi cp so snh hn, vvi mosthoc least thnh lp nn dng so snh hn nht.

Dngnguyn

So snhhn

So snh hnnht

carefully

cautiously

more care-

fullyless care-fully

more cau-tiouslyless cau-tiously

most care-

fullyleast care-fully

most cau-tiouslyleast cau-tiously

V d:

Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.That child behaves the most carelessly of all.Irene plays the most recklessly of all.

24.Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t

Trong ting Anh, rt nhiu danh t c th lm chc nng tnh t khi chngng trc cc danh t khc (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher).

In + dt2 s t

of+ dt2 s nhiu


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Danh t ng u ca s kt hp ng vai tr mt tnh t, m t danh tth 2 (ng vai tr danh t). Tt c cc danh t vi chc nng tnh t lun dng s t cho d danh t m n b ngha c s nhiu. S kt hp s - dant lun phi c du gch ngang -.V d:We took a tour that lasted five weeks.

(Weeks lm chc nng danh t trong cu ny).We took a five-week tour. Adj noun

His subscription to that magazine is for two years.(years : danh t)He has a two-year subscr

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